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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">constexpr specifier <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span></h1>
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<dl><dd><ul><li><code><b>constexpr</b></code> - specifies that the value of a variable or function can appear in <a href="constant_expression.html" title="cpp/language/constant expression">constant expressions</a>
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<table id="toc" class="toc"><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="constexpr.html#Explanation"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Explanation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="constexpr.html#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="constexpr.html#Keywords"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Keywords</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="constexpr.html#Example"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Example</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="constexpr.html#Defect_reports"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Defect reports</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="constexpr.html#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/constexpr&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Explanation">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Explanation">Explanation</span></h3>
<p>The <code>constexpr</code> specifier declares that it is possible to evaluate the value of the function or variable at compile time. Such variables and functions can then be used where only compile time <a href="constant_expression.html" title="cpp/language/constant expression">constant expressions</a> are allowed (provided that appropriate function arguments are given). A <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">constexpr</span></span></span> specifier used in an object declaration implies <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">const</span></span></span>. A <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">constexpr</span></span></span> specifier used in a function declaration implies <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">inline</span></span></span>.
</p><p>A <b><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">constexpr</span></span></span> variable</b> must satisfy the following requirements:
</p>
<dl><dd><ul><li> its type must be a <a href="../concept/LiteralType.html" title="cpp/concept/LiteralType"><code>LiteralType</code></a>.
</li><li> it must be immediately constructed or assigned a value.
</li><li> the constructor parameters or the value to be assigned must contain only literal values, <code>constexpr</code> variables and functions.
</li><li> the constructor used to construct the object (either implicit or explicit) must satisfy the requirements of <code>constexpr</code> constructor. In the case of explicit constructor, it must have <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">constexpr</span></span></span> specified.
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<p>A <b><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">constexpr</span></span></span> function</b> must satisfy the following requirements:
</p>
<dl><dd><ul><li> it must not be <a href="virtual.html" title="cpp/language/virtual">virtual</a>
</li><li> its return type must be <a href="../concept/LiteralType.html" title="cpp/concept/LiteralType"><code>LiteralType</code></a>
</li><li> each of its parameters must be literal type
</li><li> there exists at least one argument value such that an invocation of the function could be an evaluated subexpression of a <a href="constant_expression.html#Core_constant_expressions" title="cpp/language/constant expression">core constant expression</a> (for constexpr function templates, at least one specialization must satisfy this requirement <span class="t-rev-inl t-since-cxx14"><span>, for constructors, use in a constant initializer is sufficient)</span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx14">(since C++14)</span></span></span>)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-until-cxx14"><td>
<dl><dd><ul><li> the function body must be either deleted or defaulted or contain only the following:
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> null statements
</li><li> <a href="static_assert.html" title="cpp/language/static assert">static_assert</a> declarations
</li><li> <a href="typedef.html" title="cpp/language/typedef">typedef</a> declarations and <a href="type_alias.html" title="cpp/language/type alias">alias</a> declarations that do not define classes or enumerations
</li><li> <a href="namespace.html#Using-declarations" title="cpp/language/namespace">using declarations</a>
</li><li> <a href="namespace.html#Using-directives" title="cpp/language/namespace">using directives</a>
</li><li> exactly one <a href="return.html" title="cpp/language/return">return</a> statement.
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx14">(until C++14)</span></td></tr><tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx14"><td>
<dl><dd><ul><li> the function body must be either deleted or defaulted or contain <b>any statements except</b>:
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> an <a href="asm.html" title="cpp/language/asm">asm declaration</a>
</li><li> a <a href="goto.html" title="cpp/language/goto">goto</a> statement
</li><li> a <a href="try_catch.html" title="cpp/language/try catch">try-block</a>
</li><li> a definition of a variable of non-literal type
</li><li> a definition of a variable of static or thread <a href="storage_duration.html" title="cpp/language/storage duration">storage duration</a>
</li><li> a definition of a variable for which <a href="default_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/default initialization">no initialization is performed</a>.
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<ul><li> if the function is a defaulted copy/move assignment, the class of which it is a member must not have a mutable variant member
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx14">(since C++14)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<p>A <b><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">constexpr</span></span></span> constructor</b> must satisfy the following requirements:
</p>
<dl><dd><ul><li> each of its parameters must be literal type
</li><li> the class must have no virtual base classes
</li><li> the constructor must not have a <a href="function-try-block.html" title="cpp/language/function-try-block">function-try-block</a>
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-until-cxx14"><td>
<dl><dd><ul><li> the constructor body must be either deleted or defaulted or contain only the following:
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> null statements
</li><li> <a href="static_assert.html" title="cpp/language/static assert">static_assert</a> declarations
</li><li> <a href="typedef.html" title="cpp/language/typedef">typedef</a> declarations and <a href="type_alias.html" title="cpp/language/type alias">alias</a> declarations that do not define classes or enumerations
</li><li> using declarations
</li><li> using directives
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<ul><li> every base class and every non-static member must be initialized, either in the constructors initialization list or by a member brace-or-equal initializer. In addition, every constructor involved must be a constexpr constructor and every clause of every brace-or-equal initializer must be a constant expression
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx14">(until C++14)</span></td></tr><tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx14"><td>
<dl><dd><ul><li> the constructor body must be either deleted or defaulted or satisfy the following constraints:
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> the compound statement of the constructor body must satisfy the constraints for the body of a constexpr function
</li><li> for the constructor of a <a href="class.html" title="cpp/language/class">class or struct</a>, every base class sub-object and every <a href="union.html#Union-like_classes" title="cpp/language/union">non-variant</a> non-static data member must be initialized. If the class is a <a href="union.html#Union-like_classes" title="cpp/language/union">union-like class</a>, for each of its non-empty anonymous union members, exactly one variant member must be initialized
</li><li> for the constructor of a non-empty <a href="union.html" title="cpp/language/union">union</a>, exactly one non-static data member must be initialized
</li><li> every constructor selected to initializing non-static members and base class must be a constexpr constructor.
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<ul><li> if the constructor is a defaulted copy/move constructor, the class of which it is a member must not have a mutable variant member
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx14">(since C++14)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/constexpr&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h3>
<p>Because the <a href="noexcept.html" title="cpp/language/noexcept">noexcept</a> operator always returns <code>true</code> for a constant expression, it can be used to check if a particular invocation of a constexpr function takes the constant expression branch:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">constexpr</span> <span class="kw4">int</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw4">constexpr</span> <span class="kw4">bool</span> b1 <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="kw1">noexcept</span><span class="br0">(</span>f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// false, undefined constexpr function</span>
<span class="kw4">constexpr</span> <span class="kw4">int</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw1">return</span> <span class="nu0">0</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span>
<span class="kw4">constexpr</span> <span class="kw4">bool</span> b2 <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="kw1">noexcept</span><span class="br0">(</span>f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// true, f() is a constant expression</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Constexpr constructors are permitted for classes that aren't literal types. For example, the default constructor of <span class="t-lc"><a href="../memory/unique_ptr.html" title="cpp/memory/unique ptr">std::unique_ptr</a></span> is constexpr, allowing <a href="constant_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/constant initialization">constant initialization</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/constexpr&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Keywords">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Keywords">Keywords</span></h3>
<p><a href="../keyword/constexpr.html" title="cpp/keyword/constexpr"><tt>constexpr</tt></a>
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/constexpr&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Example">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Example">Example</span></h3>
<div class="t-example"><p>
<p>Definition of a C++11 constexpr function which computes factorials and a literal type that extends string literals:
</p>
</p><div class="t-example-live-link"><div class="coliru-btn coliru-btn-run-init">Run this code</div></div>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="co2">#include <iostream></span>
<span class="co2">#include <stdexcept></span>
 
<span class="co1">// C++11 constexpr functions use recursion rather than iteration</span>
<span class="co1">// (C++14 constexpr functions may use local variables and loops)</span>
<span class="kw4">constexpr</span> <span class="kw4">int</span> factorial<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> n<span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw1">return</span> n <span class="sy1"><=</span> <span class="nu0">1</span><span class="sy4">?</span> <span class="nu0">1</span> <span class="sy4">:</span> <span class="br0">(</span>n <span class="sy2">*</span> factorial<span class="br0">(</span>n <span class="sy2">-</span> <span class="nu0">1</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
 
<span class="co1">// literal class</span>
<span class="kw1">class</span> conststr <span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> p<span class="sy4">;</span>
<a href="../types/size_t.html"><span class="kw100">std::<span class="me2">size_t</span></span></a> sz<span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">public</span><span class="sy4">:</span>
<span class="kw1">template</span><span class="sy1"><</span><a href="../types/size_t.html"><span class="kw100">std::<span class="me2">size_t</span></span></a> N<span class="sy1">></span>
<span class="kw4">constexpr</span> conststr<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="sy3">&</span>a<span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">[</span>N<span class="br0">]</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">:</span> p<span class="br0">(</span>a<span class="br0">)</span>, sz<span class="br0">(</span>N <span class="sy2">-</span> <span class="nu0">1</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="br0">}</span>
 
<span class="co1">// constexpr functions signal errors by throwing exceptions</span>
<span class="co1">// in C++11, they must do so from the conditional operator ?:</span>
<span class="kw4">constexpr</span> <span class="kw4">char</span> operator<span class="br0">[</span><span class="br0">]</span><span class="br0">(</span><a href="../types/size_t.html"><span class="kw100">std::<span class="me2">size_t</span></span></a> n<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="kw4">const</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw1">return</span> n <span class="sy1"><</span> sz<span class="sy4">?</span> p<span class="br0">[</span>n<span class="br0">]</span> <span class="sy4">:</span> <span class="kw1">throw</span> <a href="../error/out_of_range/out_of_range.html"><span class="kw648">std::<span class="me2">out_of_range</span></span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">""</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
<span class="kw4">constexpr</span> <a href="../types/size_t.html"><span class="kw100">std::<span class="me2">size_t</span></span></a> size<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw1">return</span> sz<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<span class="co1">// C++11 constexpr functions had to put everything in a single return statement</span>
<span class="co1">// (C++14 doesn't have that requirement)</span>
<span class="kw4">constexpr</span> <a href="../types/size_t.html"><span class="kw100">std::<span class="me2">size_t</span></span></a> countlower<span class="br0">(</span>conststr s, <a href="../types/size_t.html"><span class="kw100">std::<span class="me2">size_t</span></span></a> n <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">0</span>,
<a href="../types/size_t.html"><span class="kw100">std::<span class="me2">size_t</span></span></a> c <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">0</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw1">return</span> n <span class="sy1">==</span> s.<span class="me1">size</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">?</span> c <span class="sy4">:</span>
s<span class="br0">[</span>n<span class="br0">]</span> <span class="sy1">>=</span> <span class="st0">'a'</span> <span class="sy3">&&</span> s<span class="br0">[</span>n<span class="br0">]</span> <span class="sy1"><=</span> <span class="st0">'z'</span><span class="sy4">?</span> countlower<span class="br0">(</span>s, n <span class="sy2">+</span> <span class="nu0">1</span>, c <span class="sy2">+</span> <span class="nu0">1</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy4">:</span>
countlower<span class="br0">(</span>s, n <span class="sy2">+</span> <span class="nu0">1</span>, c<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
 
<span class="co1">// output function that requires a compile-time constant, for testing</span>
<span class="kw1">template</span><span class="sy1"><</span><span class="kw4">int</span> n<span class="sy1">></span>
<span class="kw1">struct</span> constN
<span class="br0">{</span>
constN<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> n <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"4! = "</span> <span class="sy4">;</span>
constN<span class="sy1"><</span>factorial<span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu0">4</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy1">></span> out1<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// computed at compile time</span>
 
<span class="kw4">volatile</span> <span class="kw4">int</span> k <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">8</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// disallow optimization using volatile</span>
<a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> k <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"! = "</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> factorial<span class="br0">(</span>k<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// computed at run time</span>
 
<a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"the number of lowercase letters in <span class="es1">\"</span>Hello, world!<span class="es1">\"</span> is "</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
constN<span class="sy1"><</span>countlower<span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"Hello, world!"</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy1">></span> out2<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// implicitly converted to conststr</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Output:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="text source-text"><pre class="de1">4! = 24
8! = 40320
the number of lowercase letters in "Hello, world!" is 9</pre></div></div>
</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/constexpr&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Defect reports">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Defect_reports">Defect reports</span></h3>
<p>The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.
</p>
<table class="dsctable" style="font-size:0.8em">
<tr>
<th> DR
</th>
<th> Applied to
</th>
<th> Behavior as published
</th>
<th> Correct behavior
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG21/docs/cwg_defects.html#1911">CWG 1911</a>
</td>
<td> c++14
</td>
<td> constexpr constructors for non-literal types were not allowed
</td>
<td> allowed in constant initialization
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG21/docs/cwg_defects.html#2004">CWG 2004</a>
</td>
<td> c++14
</td>
<td> assignment of a union with a mutable member was allowed in a constant expression
</td>
<td> mutable variants disqualify implicit copy/move
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/constexpr&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h3>
<ul><li> <a href="constant_expression.html" title="cpp/language/constant expression">constant expression</a>
</li></ul>
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