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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="override.html" title="cpp/language/override">override</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="final.html" title="cpp/language/final">final</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="abstract_class.html" title="cpp/language/abstract class">pure virtual functions and abstract classes</a></td></tr>
</table></div>
</div><div><span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/language/classes/navbar_content&action=edit">[edit]</a></span></div></div></div></div><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div></div>
<p>Constructor is a special non-static <a href="member_functions.html" title="cpp/language/member functions">member function</a> of a class that is used to initialize objects of its class type.
</p><p>In the definition of a constructor of a class, <i>member initializer list</i> specifies the initializers for direct and virtual base subobjects and non-static data members.
( Not to be confused with <a href="../utility/initializer_list.html" title="cpp/utility/initializer list">std::initializer_list</a> )
</p>
<table id="toc" class="toc"><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="constructor.html#Syntax"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Syntax</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="constructor.html#Explanation"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Explanation</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="constructor.html#Delegating_constructor"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Delegating constructor</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="constructor.html#Inheriting_constructors"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Inheriting constructors</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="constructor.html#Initialization_order"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Initialization order</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="constructor.html#Example"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Example</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="constructor.html#Defect_reports"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Defect reports</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="constructor.html#References"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td></tr></table>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/initializer_list&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Syntax">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Syntax">Syntax</span></h2>
<p>Constructors are declared using member <a href="function.html" title="cpp/language/function">function declarators</a> of the following form:
</p>
<table class="t-sdsc-begin">
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <span class="t-spar">class-name</span> <code><b>(</b></code> <span class="t-spar">parameter-list</span><span class="t-mark">(optional)</span> <code><b>)</b></code> <span class="t-spar">except-spec</span><span class="t-mark">(optional)</span> <span class="t-spar">attr</span><span class="t-mark">(optional)</span>
</td>
<td> (1)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr></table>
<p>Where <span class="t-spar">class-name</span> must name the current class (or current instantiation of a class template), or, when declared at namespace scope or in a friend declaration, it must be a qualified class name.
</p><p>The only specifiers allowed in the <span class="t-spar">decl-specifier-seq</span> of a constructor declaration are <a href="friend.html" title="cpp/language/friend">friend</a>, <a href="inline.html" title="cpp/language/inline">inline</a>, <code>explicit</code> and <code>constexpr</code> (in particular, no return type is allowed). Note that <a href="member_functions.html" title="cpp/language/member functions">cv- and ref-qualifiers</a> are not allowed either; const and volatile semantics of an object under construction don't kick in until the most-derived constructor completes.
</p><p>The body of a <a href="function.html" title="cpp/language/function">function definition</a> of any constructor, before the opening brace of the compound statement, may include the <i>member initializer list</i>, whose syntax is the colon character <code><b>:</b></code>, followed by the comma-separated list of one or more <span class="t-spar">member-initializers</span>, each of which has the following syntax
</p>
<table class="t-sdsc-begin">
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <span class="t-spar">class-or-identifier</span> <code><b>(</b></code> <span class="t-spar">expression-list</span><span class="t-mark">(optional)</span> <code><b>)</b></code>
</td>
<td> (1)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <span class="t-spar">class-or-identifier</span> <span class="t-spar">brace-init-list</span>
</td>
<td> (2)
</td>
<td> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <span class="t-spar">parameter-pack</span> <code><b>...</b></code>
</td>
<td> (3)
</td>
<td> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr></table>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> Initializes the base or member named by <span class="t-spar">class-or-identifier</span> using <a href="direct_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/direct initialization">direct initialization</a> or, if <span class="t-spar">expression-list</span> is empty, <a href="value_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/value initialization">value-initialization</a></div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> Initializes the base or member named by <span class="t-spar">class-or-identifier</span> using <a href="list_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/list initialization">list-initialization</a> (which becomes <a href="value_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/value initialization">value-initialization</a> if the list is empty and <a href="aggregate_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/aggregate initialization">aggregate-initialization</a> when initializing an aggregate)</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">3)</span> Initializes multiple bases using a <a href="parameter_pack.html" title="cpp/language/parameter pack">pack expansion</a></div>
<table class="t-par-begin">
<tr class="t-par">
<td> <span class="t-spar">class-or-identifier</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> any identifier, class name, or <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">decltype</span></span> expression that names a non-static data member, a direct or virtual base, or (for delegating constructors) the class itself
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-par">
<td> <span class="t-spar">expression-list</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> possibly empty, comma-separated list of the parameters to pass to the constructor of the base or member
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-par">
<td> <span class="t-spar">brace-init-list</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> brace-enclosed list of comma-separated initializers and nested braced-init-lists
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-par">
<td> <span class="t-spar">parameter-pack</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> name of a variadic template parameter pack
</td></tr></table>
<div class="t-example"><div class="t-example-live-link"><div class="coliru-btn coliru-btn-run-init">Run this code</div></div>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw1">struct</span> S <span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> n<span class="sy4">;</span>
S<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// constructor declaration</span>
S<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy4">:</span> n<span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu0">7</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// constructor definition.</span>
<span class="co1">// ": n(7)" is the initializer list</span>
<span class="co1">// ": n(7) {}" is the function body</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
S<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">S</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> x<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy4">:</span> n<span class="br0">{</span>x<span class="br0">}</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// constructor definition. ": n{x}" is the initializer list</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
S s<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// calls S::S()</span>
S s2<span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu0">10</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// calls S::S(int)</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<p><br />
</p>
</div>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/initializer_list&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Explanation">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Explanation">Explanation</span></h2>
<p>Constructors have no names and cannot be called directly. They are invoked when <a href="initialization.html" title="cpp/language/initialization">initialization</a> takes place, and they are selected according to the rules of initialization. The constructors without <code>explicit</code> specifier are <a href="converting_constructor.html" title="cpp/language/converting constructor">converting constructors</a>. The constructors with a <code>constexpr</code> specifier make their type a <a href="../concept/LiteralType.html" title="cpp/concept/LiteralType"><code>LiteralType</code></a>. Constructors that may be called without any argument are <a href="default_constructor.html" title="cpp/language/default constructor">default constructors</a>. Constructors that take another object of the same type as the argument are <a href="copy_constructor.html" title="cpp/language/copy constructor">copy constructors</a> and <a href="move_constructor.html" title="cpp/language/move constructor">move constructors</a>.
</p><p>Before the compound statement that forms the function body of the constructor begins executing, initialization of all direct bases, virtual bases, and non-static data members is finished. Member initializer list is the place where non-default initialization of these objects can be specified. For members that cannot be default-initialized, such as members of reference and const-qualified types, member initializers must be specified.
</p><p>The initializers where <span class="t-spar">class-or-identifier</span> names a <a href="derived_class.html" title="cpp/language/derived class">virtual base class</a> are ignored during execution of constructors of any class that is not the most derived class of the object that's being constructed.
</p><p>Names that appear in <span class="t-spar">expression-list</span> or <span class="t-spar">brace-init-list</span> are evaluated in scope of the constructor:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw1">class</span> X <span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> a, b, i, j<span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">public</span><span class="sy4">:</span>
<span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">int</span><span class="sy3">&</span> r<span class="sy4">;</span>
X<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> i<span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="sy4">:</span> r<span class="br0">(</span>a<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="co1">// initializes X::r to refer to X::a</span>
, b<span class="br0">{</span>i<span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// initializes X::b to the value of the parameter i</span>
, i<span class="br0">(</span>i<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="co1">// initializes X::i to the value of the parameter i</span>
, j<span class="br0">(</span>this<span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">></span>i<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="co1">// initializes X::j to the value of X::i</span>
<span class="br0">{</span> <span class="br0">}</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Exceptions that are thrown from member initializers may be handled by <a href="function-try-block.html" title="cpp/language/function-try-block">function-try-block</a>
</p><p>Member functions (including virtual member functions) can be called from member initializers, but the behavior is undefined if not all direct bases are initialized at that point.
</p><p>For virtual calls (if the bases are initialized), the same rules apply as the rules for the virtual calls from constructors and destructors: virtual member functions behave as if the dynamic type of <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy2">*</span>this</span></span> is the class that's being constructed (dynamic dispatch does not propagate down the inheritance hierarchy) and virtual calls (but not static calls) to <a href="abstract_class.html" title="cpp/language/abstract class">pure virtual</a> member functions are undefined behavior.
</p>
<table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx11"><td>
<p>If a non-static data member has an <a href="data_members.html#Member_initialization" title="cpp/language/data members">in-class brace-or-equal initializer</a> and also appears in a member initializer list, then member initializer list is executed and brace-or-equal initializer is ignored:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw1">struct</span> S <span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> n <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">42</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
S<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy4">:</span> n<span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu0">7</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// will set n to 7, not 42</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span></pre></div></div>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx14"><td>
<p>Reference members cannot be bound to temporaries in a member initializer list:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw1">struct</span> A <span class="br0">{</span>
A<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy4">:</span> v<span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu0">42</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// Error</span>
<span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">int</span><span class="sy3">&</span> v<span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Note: same applies to <a href="data_members.html#Member_initialization" title="cpp/language/data members">in-class brace-or-equal initializer</a>
</p>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx14">(since C++14)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx11"><td>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Delegating_constructor">Delegating constructor</span></h3>
<p>If the name of the class itself appears as <span class="t-spar">class-or-identifier</span> in the member initializer list, then the list must consist of that one member initializer only; such constructor is known as the <i>delegating constructor</i>, and the constructor selected by the only member of the initializer list is the <i>target constructor</i>
</p><p>In this case, the target constructor is selected by overload resolution and executed first, then the control returns to the delegating constructor and its body is executed.
</p><p>Delegating constructors cannot be recursive.
</p>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Inheriting_constructors">Inheriting constructors</span></h3>
<p>See <a href="using_declaration.html" title="cpp/language/using declaration">using declaration</a>.
</p>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/initializer_list&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Initialization order">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Initialization_order">Initialization order</span></h2>
<p>The order of member initializers in the list is irrelevant: the actual order of initialization is as follows:
</p>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> If the constructor is for the most-derived class, virtual base classes are initialized in the order in which they appear in depth-first left-to-right traversal of the base class declarations (left-to-right refers to the appearance in base-specifier lists)</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> Then, direct base classes are initialized in left-to-right order as they appear in this class's base-specifier list</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">3)</span> Then, non-static data members are initialized in order of declaration in the class definition.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">4)</span> Finally, the body of the constructor is executed</div>
<p>(Note: if initialization order was controlled by the appearance in the member initializer lists of different constructors, then the <a href="destructor.html" title="cpp/language/destructor">destructor</a> wouldn't be able to ensure that the order of destruction is the reverse of the order of construction)
</p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/initializer_list&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Example">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Example">Example</span></h2>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw1">struct</span> Class <span class="sy4">:</span> <span class="kw1">public</span> Base
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw4">unsigned</span> <span class="kw4">char</span> x<span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw4">unsigned</span> <span class="kw4">char</span> y<span class="sy4">;</span>
 
Class <span class="br0">(</span> <span class="kw4">int</span> x <span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="sy4">:</span> Base <span class="br0">(</span> <span class="nu0">123</span> <span class="br0">)</span>, <span class="co1">// initialize base class</span>
x <span class="br0">(</span> x <span class="br0">)</span>, <span class="co1">// x (member) is initialized with x (parameter)</span>
y <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="nu0">0</span> <span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// y initialized to 0</span>
<span class="br0">{</span><span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// empty compound statement</span>
 
Class <span class="br0">(</span> <span class="kw4">double</span> a <span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="sy4">:</span> y <span class="br0">(</span> a<span class="sy2">+</span><span class="nu0">1</span> <span class="br0">)</span>,
x <span class="br0">(</span> y <span class="br0">)</span> <span class="co1">// x will be initialized before y, its value here is indeterminate</span>
<span class="br0">{</span><span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// base class constructor does not appear in the list, it is</span>
<span class="co1">// default-initialized (not the same as if Base() were used, which is value-init)</span>
 
Class<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="kw1">try</span> <span class="co1">// function-try block begins before the function body, which includes init list</span>
<span class="sy4">:</span> Base <span class="br0">(</span> <span class="nu0">789</span> <span class="br0">)</span>,
x <span class="br0">(</span> <span class="nu0">0</span> <span class="br0">)</span>,
y <span class="br0">(</span> <span class="nu0">0</span> <span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="co1">// ...</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
<span class="kw1">catch</span> <span class="br0">(</span>...<span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="co1">// exception occurred on initialization</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span></pre></div></div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/initializer_list&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Defect reports">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Defect_reports">Defect reports</span></h3>
<p>The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.
</p>
<table class="dsctable" style="font-size:0.8em">
<tr>
<th> DR
</th>
<th> Applied to
</th>
<th> Behavior as published
</th>
<th> Correct behavior
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG21/docs/cwg_defects.html#1696">CWG 1696</a>
</td>
<td> C++14
</td>
<td> reference members could be initialized to temporaries (whose lifetime would end at the end of ctor)
</td>
<td> such init is ill-formed
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/initializer_list&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h3>
<div class="t-ref-std-c++11">
<ul><li> C++11 standard (ISO/IEC 14882:2011):
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 12.1 Constructors [class.ctor]
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 12.6.2 Initializing bases and members [class.base.init]
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="t-ref-std-c++98">
<ul><li> C++98 standard (ISO/IEC 14882:1998):
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 12.1 Constructors [class.ctor]
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 12.6.2 Initializing bases and members [class.base.init]
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
</div>
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