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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_logical.html" title="cpp/language/operator logical"> Logical operators</a>: <code>a||b</code>, <code>a&&b</code>, <code>!a</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_comparison.html" title="cpp/language/operator comparison"> Comparison operators</a>: <code>a==b</code>, <code>a!=b</code>, <code>a<b</code>, <code>a>b</code>, <code>a<=b</code>, <code>a>=b</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_member_access.html" title="cpp/language/operator member access"> Member access operators</a>: <code>a[b]</code>, <code>*a</code>, <code>&a</code>, <code>a->b</code>, <code>a.b</code>, <code>a->*b</code>, <code>a.*b</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_other.html" title="cpp/language/operator other"> Other operators</a>: <code>a(...)</code>, <code>a,b</code>, <code>a?b:c</code> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_alternative.html" title="cpp/language/operator alternative">Alternative representations of operators</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_precedence.html" title="cpp/language/operator precedence">Precedence and associativity</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="fold.html" title="cpp/language/fold">Fold expression</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="new.html" title="cpp/language/new">new-expression</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="delete.html" title="cpp/language/delete">delete-expression</a></td></tr>
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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="alignof.html" title="cpp/language/alignof">alignof</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="sizeof.html" title="cpp/language/sizeof">sizeof</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="sizeof....html" title="cpp/language/sizeof...">sizeof...</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="typeid.html" title="cpp/language/typeid">typeid</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="noexcept.html" title="cpp/language/noexcept">noexcept</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operators.html" title="cpp/language/operators">Operator overloading</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Conversions </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="implicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/implicit cast">Implicit conversions</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="const_cast.html" title="cpp/language/const cast">const_cast</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="static_cast.html" title="cpp/language/static cast">static_cast</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="reinterpret_cast.html" title="cpp/language/reinterpret cast">reinterpret_cast</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <strong class="selflink">dynamic_cast</strong></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="explicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/explicit cast">Explicit conversions</a> <code>(T)a</code>, <code>T(a)</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="cast_operator.html" title="cpp/language/cast operator">User-defined conversion</a></td></tr>
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<p>Safely converts pointers and references to classes up, down, and sideways along the inheritance hierarchy.
</p>
<table id="toc" class="toc"><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="dynamic_cast.html#Syntax"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Syntax</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="dynamic_cast.html#Explanation"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Explanation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="dynamic_cast.html#Note"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Note</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="dynamic_cast.html#Keywords"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Keywords</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="dynamic_cast.html#Example"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Example</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="dynamic_cast.html#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/dynamic_cast&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Syntax">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Syntax">Syntax</span></h3>
<table class="t-sdsc-begin">
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad"> <code><b>dynamic_cast <</b></code> <span class="t-spar">new_type</span> <code><b>> (</b></code> <span class="t-spar">expression</span> <code><b>)</b></code>
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr></table>
<table class="t-par-begin">
<tr class="t-par">
<td> <span class="t-spar">new_type</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> pointer to complete class type, reference to complete class type, or pointer to (optionally cv-qualified) void
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-par">
<td> <span class="t-spar">expression</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> lvalue of a complete class type if <span class="t-spar">new_type</span> is a reference, prvalue of a pointer to complete class type if <span class="t-spar">new_type</span> is a pointer.
</td></tr></table>
<p>If the cast is successful, <code>dynamic_cast</code> returns a value of type <code>new_type</code>. If the cast fails and <code>new_type</code> is a pointer type, it returns a null pointer of that type. If the cast fails and <code>new_type</code> is a reference type, it throws an exception that matches a handler of type <code>std::bad_cast</code>.
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/dynamic_cast&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Explanation">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Explanation">Explanation</span></h3>
<p>Only the following conversions can be done with <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">dynamic_cast</span></span></span>, except when such conversions would cast away <i>constness</i> or <i>volatility</i>.
</p>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> If the type of <span class="t-spar">expression</span> is exactly <span class="t-spar">new_type</span> or a less cv-qualified version of <span class="t-spar">new_type</span>, the result is the value of <span class="t-spar">expression</span>, with type <span class="t-spar">new_type</span>. (In other words, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">dynamic_cast</span></span></span> can be used to add constness. An implicit cast and <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">static_cast</span></span></span> can perform this conversion as well.)</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> If the value of <span class="t-spar">expression</span> is the null pointer value, the result is the null pointer value of type <span class="t-spar">new_type</span>.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">3)</span> If <span class="t-spar">new_type</span> is a pointer or reference to <code>Base</code>, and the type of <span class="t-spar">expression</span> is a pointer or reference to <code>Derived</code>, where <code>Base</code> is a unique, accessible base class of <code>Derived</code>, the result is a pointer or reference to the <code>Base</code> class subobject within the <code>Derived</code> object pointed or identified by <span class="t-spar">expression</span>. (Note: an implicit cast and <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">static_cast</span></span></span> can perform this conversion as well.)</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">4)</span> If <span class="t-spar">expression</span> is a pointer or reference to a <a href="objects.html#Polymorphic_objects" title="cpp/language/object">polymorphic type</a>, and <code>new_type</code> is a pointer to <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">void</span></span></span>, the result is a pointer to the most derived object pointed or referenced by <span class="t-spar">expression</span>.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">5)</span> If <span class="t-spar">expression</span> is a pointer or reference to a <a href="objects.html#Polymorphic_objects" title="cpp/language/object">polymorphic type</a> <code>Base</code>, and <code>new_type</code> is a pointer or reference to the type <code>Derived</code> a run-time check is performed:</div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">a)</span> The most derived object pointed/identified by <span class="t-spar">expression</span> is examined. If, in that object, <span class="t-spar">expression</span> points/refers to a public base of <code>Derived</code>, and if only one subobject of <code>Derived</code> type is derived from the subobject pointed/identified by <span class="t-spar">expression</span>, then the result of the cast points/refers to that <code>Derived</code> subobject. (This is known as a "downcast".)</div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">b)</span> Otherwise, if <span class="t-spar">expression</span> points/refers to a public base of the most derived object, and, simultaneously, the most derived object has an unambiguous public base class of type <code>Derived</code>, the result of the cast points/refers to that <code>Derived</code> (This is known as a "sidecast".)</div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">c)</span> Otherwise, the runtime check fails. If the <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">dynamic_cast</span></span></span> is used on pointers, the null pointer value of type <span class="t-spar">new_type</span> is returned. If it was used on references, the exception <span class="t-lc"><a href="../types/bad_cast.html" title="cpp/types/bad cast">std::bad_cast</a></span> is thrown.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">6)</span> When <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">dynamic_cast</span></span></span> is used in a constructor or a destructor (directly or indirectly), and <span class="t-spar">expression</span> refers to the object that's currently under construction/destruction, the object is considered to be the most derived object. If <span class="t-spar">new_type</span> is not a pointer or reference to the construction's/destructor's own class or one of its bases, the behavior is undefined.</div>
<p>Similar to other cast expressions, the result is:
</p>
<ul><li> an lvalue if <span class="t-spar">new_type</span> is an lvalue reference type (<span class="t-spar">expression</span> must be an lvalue)
</li><li> an xvalue if <span class="t-spar">new_type</span> is an rvalue reference type (<span class="t-spar">expression</span> may be lvalue or rvalue)
</li><li> a prvalue otherwise (in this case, if <span class="t-spar">new_type</span> is a pointer type)
</li></ul>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/dynamic_cast&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Note">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Note">Note</span></h3>
<p>A downcast can also be performed with <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">static_cast</span></span></span>, which avoids the cost of the runtime check, but it's only safe if the program can guarantee (through some other logic) that the object pointed to by <span class="t-spar">expression</span> is definitely <code>Derived</code>.
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/dynamic_cast&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Keywords">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Keywords">Keywords</span></h3>
<p><a href="../keyword/dynamic_cast.html" title="cpp/keyword/dynamic cast"><tt>dynamic_cast</tt></a>
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/dynamic_cast&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Example">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Example">Example</span></h3>
<div class="t-example"><div class="t-example-live-link"><div class="coliru-btn coliru-btn-run-init">Run this code</div></div>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="co2">#include <iostream></span>
 
<span class="kw1">struct</span> V <span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw1">virtual</span> <span class="kw4">void</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// must be polymorphic to use runtime-checked dynamic_cast</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">struct</span> A <span class="sy4">:</span> <span class="kw1">virtual</span> V <span class="br0">{</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">struct</span> B <span class="sy4">:</span> <span class="kw1">virtual</span> V <span class="br0">{</span>
B<span class="br0">(</span>V<span class="sy2">*</span> v, A<span class="sy2">*</span> a<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="co1">// casts during construction (see the call in the constructor of D below)</span>
<span class="kw1">dynamic_cast</span><span class="sy1"><</span>B<span class="sy2">*</span><span class="sy1">></span><span class="br0">(</span>v<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// well-defined: v of type V*, V base of B, results in B*</span>
<span class="kw1">dynamic_cast</span><span class="sy1"><</span>B<span class="sy2">*</span><span class="sy1">></span><span class="br0">(</span>a<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// undefined behavior: a has type A*, A not a base of B</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">struct</span> D <span class="sy4">:</span> A, B <span class="br0">{</span>
D<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy4">:</span> B<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">(</span>A<span class="sy2">*</span><span class="br0">)</span>this, this<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="br0">}</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<span class="kw1">struct</span> Base <span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw1">virtual</span> ~Base<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="br0">}</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<span class="kw1">struct</span> Derived<span class="sy4">:</span> Base <span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw1">virtual</span> <span class="kw4">void</span> name<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="br0">}</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
D d<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// the most derived object</span>
A<span class="sy3">&</span> a <span class="sy1">=</span> d<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// upcast, dynamic_cast may be used, but unnecessary</span>
D<span class="sy3">&</span> new_d <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="kw1">dynamic_cast</span><span class="sy1"><</span>D<span class="sy3">&</span><span class="sy1">></span><span class="br0">(</span>a<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// downcast</span>
B<span class="sy3">&</span> new_b <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="kw1">dynamic_cast</span><span class="sy1"><</span>B<span class="sy3">&</span><span class="sy1">></span><span class="br0">(</span>a<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// sidecast</span>
 
 
Base<span class="sy2">*</span> b1 <span class="sy1">=</span> new Base<span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">if</span><span class="br0">(</span>Derived<span class="sy2">*</span> d <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="kw1">dynamic_cast</span><span class="sy1"><</span>Derived<span class="sy2">*</span><span class="sy1">></span><span class="br0">(</span>b1<span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"downcast from b1 to d successful<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
d<span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">></span>name<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// safe to call</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
 
Base<span class="sy2">*</span> b2 <span class="sy1">=</span> new Derived<span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">if</span><span class="br0">(</span>Derived<span class="sy2">*</span> d <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="kw1">dynamic_cast</span><span class="sy1"><</span>Derived<span class="sy2">*</span><span class="sy1">></span><span class="br0">(</span>b2<span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"downcast from b2 to d successful<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
d<span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">></span>name<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// safe to call</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
 
delete b1<span class="sy4">;</span>
delete b2<span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Output:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="text source-text"><pre class="de1">downcast from b2 to d successful</pre></div></div>
</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/dynamic_cast&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h3>
<ul><li> <a href="const_cast.html" title="cpp/language/const cast">const_cast</a>
</li><li> <a href="static_cast.html" title="cpp/language/static cast">static_cast</a>
</li><li> <a href="reinterpret_cast.html" title="cpp/language/reinterpret cast">reinterpret_cast</a>
</li><li> <a href="explicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/explicit cast">explicit cast</a>
</li><li> <a href="implicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/implicit cast">implicit conversions</a>
</li></ul>
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