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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="union.html" title="cpp/language/union"> union </a> </td></tr>
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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="auto.html" title="cpp/language/auto"><span class="t-lines"><span>auto</span></span></a></div><div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></span></span></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="alignas.html" title="cpp/language/alignas"><span class="t-lines"><span>alignas</span></span></a></div><div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></span></span></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="cv.html" title="cpp/language/cv"><span class="t-lines"><span>const/volatile</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="elaborated_type_specifier.html" title="cpp/language/elaborated type specifier"> elaborated type specifier</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="attributes.html" title="cpp/language/attributes"> attributes </a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Declarators </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="reference.html" title="cpp/language/reference"> reference </a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="pointer.html" title="cpp/language/pointer"> pointer </a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="array.html" title="cpp/language/array"> array </a> </td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Block declarations </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="declarations.html" title="cpp/language/declarations"> simple-declaration</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="type_alias.html" title="cpp/language/type alias"> alias declaration</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="namespace_alias.html" title="cpp/language/namespace alias"> namespace alias definition </a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="using_declaration.html" title="cpp/language/using declaration"> using-declaration</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="namespace.html#Using-directives" title="cpp/language/namespace"> using-directive</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="static_assert.html" title="cpp/language/static assert"> static_assert declaration</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="asm.html" title="cpp/language/asm"> asm-definition</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <strong class="selflink"> opaque enum declaration</strong><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Other declarations </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="namespace.html" title="cpp/language/namespace"> namespace definition</a> </td></tr>
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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="class_template.html" title="cpp/language/class template"> class template declaration</a> </td></tr>
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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="class_template.html#Explicit_instantiation" title="cpp/language/class template"> explicit template instantiation</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="template_specialization.html" title="cpp/language/template specialization"> explicit template specialization</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="language_linkage.html" title="cpp/language/language linkage"> linkage specification</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="declarations.html" title="cpp/language/declarations"> attribute declaration</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="declarations.html" title="cpp/language/declarations"> empty declaration</a> </td></tr>
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</table></div>
</div><div><span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/language/declarations/navbar_content&action=edit">[edit]</a></span></div></div></div></div><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div></div>
<p>An <i>enumeration</i> is a distinct type whose value is restricted to one of several explicitly named constants ("<i>enumerators</i>"). The values of the constants are values of an integral type known as the <i>underlying type</i> of the enumeration.
</p><p>An enumeration is defined by <i>enum-specifier</i>, which appears in <span class="t-spar">decl-specifier-seq</span> of the <a href="declarations.html" title="cpp/language/declarations">declaration</a> syntax. The <i>enum-specifier</i> has the following syntax:
</p>
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<td> <span class="t-spar">enum-key</span> <span class="t-spar">attr</span><span class="t-mark">(optional)</span> <span class="t-spar">identifier</span><span class="t-mark">(optional)</span> <span class="t-spar">enum-base</span><span class="t-mark">(optional)</span> <code><b>{ </b></code> <span class="t-spar">enumerator-list</span><span class="t-mark">(optional)</span> <code><b>} </b></code>
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<td> (1)
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<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
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<td> <span class="t-spar">enum-key</span> <span class="t-spar">attr</span><span class="t-mark">(optional)</span> <span class="t-spar">identifier</span> <span class="t-spar">enum-base</span><span class="t-mark">(optional)</span> <code><b>; </b></code>
</td>
<td> (2)
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<td> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span>
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<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> Definition of an enumeration type.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> <i>Opaque enum declaration</i>: defines the enumeration type but not its enumerators: after this declaration, the type is a complete type and its size is known.</div>
<table class="t-par-begin">
<tr class="t-par">
<td> <span class="t-spar">enum-key</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> one of <code><b>enum</b></code>, <code><b>enum class</b></code><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span>, or <code><b>enum struct</b></code><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span>
</td></tr>
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<td> <span class="t-spar">attr</span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> optional sequence of any number of <a href="attributes.html" title="cpp/language/attributes">attributes</a>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-par">
<td> <span class="t-spar">identifier</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> the name of the enumeration that's being declared. If present, and if this declaration is a re-declaration, it may be preceded by <span class="t-spar">nested-name-specifier</span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span>: sequence of names and scope-resolution operators <code>::</code>, ending with scope-resolution operator. The name can be omitted only in unscoped enumeration declarations
</td></tr>
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<td> <span class="t-spar">enum-base</span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> colon (<code><b>:</b></code>), followed by a <span class="t-spar">type-specifier-seq</span> that names an integral type (if it is cv-qualified, qualifications are ignored)
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-par">
<td> <span class="t-spar">enumerator-list</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> comma-separated list of enumerator definitions, each of which is either simply an <span class="t-spar">identifier</span>, which becomes the name of the enumerator, or an identifier with an initializer: <span class="t-spar">identifier</span> <code><b>=</b></code> <span class="t-spar">constexpr</span>. <span class="t-rev-inl t-since-cxx17"><span>In either case, the <span class="t-spar">identifier</span> can be directly followed by an optional <a href="attributes.html" title="cpp/language/attributes">attribute specifier sequence</a>.</span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(since C++17)</span></span></span>
</td></tr></table>
<p>There are two distinct kinds of enumerations: <i>unscoped enumeration</i> (declared with the <span class="t-spar">enum-key</span> <code><b>enum</b></code>) and <i>scoped enumeration</i> (declared with the <span class="t-spar">enum-key</span> <code><b>enum class</b></code> or <code><b>enum struct</b></code>).
</p>
<table id="toc" class="toc"><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="enum.html#Unscoped_enumeration"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Unscoped enumeration</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="enum.html#Scoped_enumerations"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Scoped enumerations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="enum.html#Example"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Example</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="enum.html#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/enum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Unscoped enumeration">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Unscoped_enumeration">Unscoped enumeration</span></h3>
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<td> <code><b>enum</b></code> <span class="t-spar">name</span> <code><b>{</b></code> <span class="t-spar">enumerator</span> <code><b>=</b></code> <span class="t-spar">constexpr</span> <code><b>,</b></code> <span class="t-spar">enumerator</span> <code><b>=</b></code> <span class="t-spar">constexpr</span> <code><b>,</b></code> ... <code><b>} </b></code>
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<td> (1)
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<td> <code><b>enum</b></code> <span class="t-spar">name</span> <code><b>:</b></code> <span class="t-spar">type</span> <code><b>{</b></code> <span class="t-spar">enumerator</span> <code><b>=</b></code> <span class="t-spar">constexpr</span> <code><b>,</b></code> <span class="t-spar">enumerator</span> <code><b>=</b></code> <span class="t-spar">constexpr</span> <code><b>,</b></code> ... <code><b>} </b></code>
</td>
<td> (2)
</td>
<td> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span>
</td></tr>
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<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
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<td> <code><b>enum</b></code> <span class="t-spar">name</span> <code><b>:</b></code> <span class="t-spar">type</span> <code><b>; </b></code>
</td>
<td> (3)
</td>
<td> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span>
</td></tr>
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<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> Declares an unscoped enumeration type whose underlying type is not fixed (in this case, the underlying type is either <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">int</span></span></span> or, if not all enumerator values can be represented as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">int</span></span></span>, an implementation-defined larger integral type that can represent all enumerator values. If the enumerator-list is empty, the underlying type is as if the enumeration had a single enumerator with value 0).</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> Declares an unscoped enumeration type whose underlying type is fixed.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">3)</span> Opaque enum declaration for an unscoped enumeration must specify the underlying type.</div>
<p>Each <span class="t-spar">enumerator</span> becomes a named constant of the enumeration's type (that is, <span class="t-spar">name</span>), visible in the enclosing scope, and can be used whenever constants are required.
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw2">enum</span> Color <span class="br0">{</span> RED, GREEN, BLUE <span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
Color r <span class="sy1">=</span> RED<span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">switch</span><span class="br0">(</span>r<span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw1">case</span> RED <span class="sy4">:</span> <a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"red<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="kw1">break</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">case</span> GREEN<span class="sy4">:</span> <a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"green<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="kw1">break</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">case</span> BLUE <span class="sy4">:</span> <a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"blue<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="kw1">break</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Each enumerator is associated with a value of the underlying type. When initializers are provided in the <span class="t-spar">enumerator-list</span>, the values of enumerators are defined by those initializers. If the first enumerator does not have an initializer, the associated value is zero. For any other enumerator whose definition does not have an initializer, the associated value is the value of the previous enumerator plus one.
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw2">enum</span> Foo <span class="br0">{</span> A, B, C <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">10</span>, D, E <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">1</span>, F, G <span class="sy1">=</span> F <span class="sy2">+</span> C <span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="co1">//A = 0, B = 1, C = 10, D = 11, E = 1, F = 2, G = 12</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Values of unscoped enumeration type are <a href="implicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/implicit cast">implicitly-convertible</a> to integral types. If the underlying type is not fixed, the value is convertible to the first type from the following list able to hold their entire value range: <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">int</span></span></span>, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">unsigned</span> <span class="kw4">int</span></span></span>, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">long</span></span></span>, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">unsigned</span> <span class="kw4">long</span></span></span>, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">long</span></span></span>, or <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">unsigned</span> <span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">long</span></span></span>. If the underlying type is fixed, the values can be converted to their promoted underlying type.
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw2">enum</span> color <span class="br0">{</span> red, yellow, green <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">20</span>, blue <span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
color col <span class="sy1">=</span> red<span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> n <span class="sy1">=</span> blue<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// n == 21</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Values of integer, floating-point, and other enumeration types can be converted, such as by <a href="static_cast.html" title="cpp/language/static cast"><tt>static_cast</tt></a>, to any enumeration type. The result is <span class="t-rev-inl t-until-cxx17"><span>unspecified</span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx17">(until C++17)</span></span></span><span class="t-rev-inl t-since-cxx17"><span>undefined behavior</span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(since C++17)</span></span></span> if the value, converted to the enumeration's underlying type, is out of this enumeration's <i>range</i>. If the underlying type is fixed, the <i>range</i> is the range of the underlying type. If the underlying type is not fixed, the <i>range</i> is all values possible for the smallest bit field large enough to hold all enumerators of the target enumeration. Note that the value after such conversion may not necessarily equal any of the named enumerators defined for the type.
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw2">enum</span> access_t <span class="br0">{</span> READ <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">1</span>, WRITE <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">2</span>, EXEC <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">4</span> <span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// enumerators: 1, 2, 4 range: 0..7</span>
access_t rw <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="kw1">static_cast</span><span class="sy1"><</span>access_t<span class="sy1">></span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu0">3</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<a href="../error/assert.html"><span class="kw654">assert</span></a><span class="br0">(</span>rw <span class="sy3">&</span> READ <span class="sy3">&&</span> rw <span class="sy3">&</span> WRITE<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></pre></div></div>
<p>The <span class="t-spar">name</span> of an unscoped enumeration may be omitted: such declaration only introduces the enumerators into the enclosing scope:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw2">enum</span> <span class="br0">{</span> A, B, C <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">0</span>, D <span class="sy1">=</span> A <span class="sy2">+</span> <span class="nu0">2</span> <span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// defines A = 0, B = 1, C = 0, D = 2</span></pre></div></div>
<p>When an unscoped enumeration is a class member, its enumerators may be accessed using class member access operators <code><b>.</b></code> and <code><b>-></b></code>:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw1">struct</span> X
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw2">enum</span> direction <span class="br0">{</span> left <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="st0">'l'</span>, right <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="st0">'r'</span> <span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
X x<span class="sy4">;</span>
X<span class="sy2">*</span> p <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="sy3">&</span>x<span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<span class="kw4">int</span> a <span class="sy1">=</span> X<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">direction</span><span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">left</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// allowed only in C++11 and later</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> b <span class="sy1">=</span> X<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">left</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> c <span class="sy1">=</span> x.<span class="me1">left</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> d <span class="sy1">=</span> p<span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">></span>left<span class="sy4">;</span></pre></div></div>
<table class="t-rev-begin">
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<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Scoped_enumerations">Scoped enumerations</span></h3>
<table class="t-sdsc-begin">
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<td> <code><b>enum</b></code> <code><b>struct|class</b></code> <span class="t-spar">name</span> <code><b>{</b></code> <span class="t-spar">enumerator</span> <code><b>=</b></code> <span class="t-spar">constexpr</span> <code><b>,</b></code> <span class="t-spar">enumerator</span> <code><b>=</b></code> <span class="t-spar">constexpr</span> <code><b>,</b></code> ... <code><b>} </b></code>
</td>
<td> (1)
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<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
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<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <code><b>enum</b></code> <code><b>struct|class</b></code> <span class="t-spar">name</span> <code><b>:</b></code> <span class="t-spar">type</span> <code><b>{</b></code> <span class="t-spar">enumerator</span> <code><b>=</b></code> <span class="t-spar">constexpr</span> <code><b>,</b></code> <span class="t-spar">enumerator</span> <code><b>=</b></code> <span class="t-spar">constexpr</span> <code><b>,</b></code> ... <code><b>} </b></code>
</td>
<td> (2)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <code><b>enum</b></code> <code><b>struct|class</b></code> <span class="t-spar">name</span> <code><b>; </b></code>
</td>
<td> (3)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <code><b>enum</b></code> <code><b>struct|class</b></code> <span class="t-spar">name</span> <code><b>:</b></code> <span class="t-spar">type</span> <code><b>; </b></code>
</td>
<td> (4)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr></table>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> declares a scoped enumeration type whose underlying type is <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">int</span></span></span> (the keywords <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">class</span></span></span> and <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">struct</span></span></span> are exactly equivalent)</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> declares a scoped enumeration type whose underlying type is <span class="t-spar">type</span></div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">3)</span> opaque enum declaration for an scoped enumeration whose underlying type is <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">int</span></span></span></div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">4)</span> opaque enum declaration for an scoped enumeration whose underlying type is <span class="t-spar">type</span></div>
<p>Each <span class="t-spar">enumerator</span> becomes a named constant of the enumeration's type (that is, <span class="t-spar">name</span>), which is contained within the scope of the enumeration, and can be accessed using scope resolution operator. There are no implicit conversions from the values of a scoped enumerator to integral types, although <a href="static_cast.html" title="cpp/language/static cast">static_cast</a> may be used to obtain the numeric value of the enumerator.
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw2">enum</span> <span class="kw1">class</span> Color <span class="br0">{</span> RED, GREEN <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">20</span>, BLUE <span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
Color r <span class="sy1">=</span> Color<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">BLUE</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">switch</span><span class="br0">(</span>r<span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw1">case</span> Color<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">RED</span> <span class="sy4">:</span> <a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"red<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="kw1">break</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">case</span> Color<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">GREEN</span><span class="sy4">:</span> <a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"green<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="kw1">break</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">case</span> Color<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">BLUE</span> <span class="sy4">:</span> <a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"blue<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="kw1">break</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
<span class="co1">// int n = r; // error: no scoped enum to int conversion</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> n <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="kw1">static_cast</span><span class="sy1"><</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="sy1">></span><span class="br0">(</span>r<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// OK, n = 21</span></pre></div></div>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/enum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Example">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Example">Example</span></h3>
<div class="t-example"><div class="t-example-live-link"><div class="coliru-btn coliru-btn-run-init">Run this code</div></div>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="co2">#include <iostream></span>
 
<span class="co1">// enum that takes 16 bits</span>
<span class="kw2">enum</span> smallenum<span class="sy4">:</span> int16_t
<span class="br0">{</span>
A,
B,
C
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
 
<span class="co1">// color may be red (value 0), yellow (value 1), green (value 20), or blue (value 21)</span>
<span class="kw2">enum</span> color
<span class="br0">{</span>
red,
yellow,
green <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">20</span>,
blue
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<span class="co1">// altitude may be altitude::high or altitude::low</span>
<span class="kw2">enum</span> <span class="kw1">class</span> altitude<span class="sy4">:</span> <span class="kw4">char</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
high<span class="sy1">=</span><span class="st0">'h'</span>,
low<span class="sy1">=</span><span class="st0">'l'</span>, <span class="co1">// C++11 allows the extra comma</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<span class="co1">// the constant d is 0, the constant e is 1, the constant f is 3</span>
<span class="kw2">enum</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
d,
e,
f <span class="sy1">=</span> e <span class="sy2">+</span> <span class="nu0">2</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<span class="co1">//enumeration types (both scoped and unscoped) can have overloaded operators</span>
<a href="../io/basic_ostream.html"><span class="kw1452">std::<span class="me2">ostream</span></span></a><span class="sy3">&</span> operator<span class="sy1"><<</span><span class="br0">(</span><a href="../io/basic_ostream.html"><span class="kw1452">std::<span class="me2">ostream</span></span></a><span class="sy3">&</span> os, color c<span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw1">switch</span><span class="br0">(</span>c<span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw1">case</span> red <span class="sy4">:</span> os <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"red"</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="kw1">break</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">case</span> yellow<span class="sy4">:</span> os <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"yellow"</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="kw1">break</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">case</span> green <span class="sy4">:</span> os <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"green"</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="kw1">break</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">case</span> blue <span class="sy4">:</span> os <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"blue"</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="kw1">break</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">default</span> <span class="sy4">:</span> os.<span class="me1">setstate</span><span class="br0">(</span><a href="../io/ios_base/iostate.html"><span class="kw1424">std::<span class="me2">ios_base</span><span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">failbit</span></span></a><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
<span class="kw1">return</span> os<span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
 
<a href="../io/basic_ostream.html"><span class="kw1452">std::<span class="me2">ostream</span></span></a><span class="sy3">&</span> operator<span class="sy1"><<</span><span class="br0">(</span><a href="../io/basic_ostream.html"><span class="kw1452">std::<span class="me2">ostream</span></span></a><span class="sy3">&</span> os, altitude al<span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw1">return</span> os <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="kw1">static_cast</span><span class="sy1"><</span><span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy1">></span><span class="br0">(</span>al<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
 
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
color col <span class="sy1">=</span> red<span class="sy4">;</span>
altitude a<span class="sy4">;</span>
a <span class="sy1">=</span> altitude<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">low</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"col = "</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> col <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span>
<span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"a = "</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> a <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span>
<span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"f = "</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> f <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Output:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="text source-text"><pre class="de1">col = red
a = l
f = 3</pre></div></div>
</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/enum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h3>
<table class="t-dsc-begin">
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td colspan="2"> <div class="t-dsc-see"><span><a href="../../c/language/enum.html" title="c/language/enum">C documentation</a></span> for <span class="t-dsc-see-tt"><span>Enumerations</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</table>
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