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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_alternative.html" title="cpp/language/operator alternative">Alternative representations of operators</a></td></tr>
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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="fold.html" title="cpp/language/fold">Fold expression</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17)</span></td></tr>
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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operators.html" title="cpp/language/operators">Operator overloading</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Conversions </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="implicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/implicit cast">Implicit conversions</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="const_cast.html" title="cpp/language/const cast">const_cast</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="static_cast.html" title="cpp/language/static cast">static_cast</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="reinterpret_cast.html" title="cpp/language/reinterpret cast">reinterpret_cast</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="dynamic_cast.html" title="cpp/language/dynamic cast">dynamic_cast</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <strong class="selflink">Explicit conversions</strong> <code>(T)a</code>, <code>T(a)</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="cast_operator.html" title="cpp/language/cast operator">User-defined conversion</a></td></tr>
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</div><div><span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/language/expressions/navbar_content&action=edit">[edit]</a></span></div></div></div></div><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div></div>
<p>Converts between types using a combination of explicit and implicit conversions.
</p>
<table id="toc" class="toc"><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="explicit_cast.html#Syntax"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Syntax</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="explicit_cast.html#Explanation"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Explanation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="explicit_cast.html#Example"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Example</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="explicit_cast.html#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="explicit_cast.html#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/explicit_cast&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Syntax">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Syntax">Syntax</span></h3>
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<td> <code><b>(</b></code> <span class="t-spar">new_type</span> <code><b>) </b></code> <span class="t-spar">expression</span>
</td>
<td> (1)
</td>
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</td></tr>
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<td> <span class="t-spar">new_type</span> <code><b>( </b></code> <span class="t-spar">expression</span> <code><b>) </b></code>
</td>
<td> (2)
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<td> <span class="t-spar">new_type</span> <code><b>( </b></code> <span class="t-spar">expressions</span> <code><b>) </b></code>
</td>
<td> (3)
</td>
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<td> <span class="t-spar">new_type</span> <code><b>( </b></code> <code><b>) </b></code>
</td>
<td> (4)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
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<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
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<td> <span class="t-spar">new_type</span> <code><b>{ </b></code> <span class="t-spar">expression-list</span><span class="t-mark">(optional)</span> <code><b>} </b></code>
</td>
<td> (5)
</td>
<td> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span>
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<p>Returns a value of type <code>new_type</code>.
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/explicit_cast&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Explanation">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Explanation">Explanation</span></h3>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> When the <i>C-style cast expression</i> is encountered, the compiler attempts to interpret it as the following cast expressions, in this order:</div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">a)</span> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">const_cast</span><span class="sy1"><</span>new_type<span class="sy1">></span><span class="br0">(</span>expression<span class="br0">)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">b)</span> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">static_cast</span><span class="sy1"><</span>new_type<span class="sy1">></span><span class="br0">(</span>expression<span class="br0">)</span></span></span>, with extensions: pointer or reference to a <a href="derived_class.html" title="cpp/language/derived class">derived class</a> is additionally allowed to be cast to pointer or reference to unambiguous base class (and vice versa) even if the base class is <a href="access.html" title="cpp/language/access">inaccessible</a> (that is, this cast ignores the private inheritance specifier). Same applies to casting <a href="pointer.html" title="cpp/language/pointer">pointer to member</a> to pointer to member of unambigous non-virtual base</div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">c)</span> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">static_cast</span></span></span> (with extensions) followed by <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">const_cast</span></span></span></div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">d)</span> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">reinterpret_cast</span><span class="sy1"><</span>new_type<span class="sy1">></span><span class="br0">(</span>expression<span class="br0">)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">e)</span> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">reinterpret_cast</span></span></span> followed by <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">const_cast</span></span></span></div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li"></span> The first choice that satisfies the requirements of the respective cast operator is selected, even if it cannot be compiled (see example). If the cast can be interpreted in more than one way as <code>static_cast</code> followed by a <code>const_cast</code>, it cannot be compiled.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li"></span> In addition, C-style cast notation is allowed to cast from, to, and between pointers to incomplete class type. If both <span class="t-spar">expression</span> and <span class="t-spar">new_type</span> are pointers to incomplete class types, it's unspecified whether static_cast or reinterpret_cast gets selected.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> The <i>functional cast expression</i> consists of a simple type specifier or a typedef specifier (in other words, a single-word type name: <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">unsigned</span> <span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">(</span>expression<span class="br0">)</span></span></span> or <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="sy2">*</span><span class="br0">(</span>expression<span class="br0">)</span></span></span> are not valid), followed by a single expression in parentheses. This cast expression is exactly equivalent to the corresponding C-style cast expression.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">3)</span> If there are more than one expression in parentheses, <span class="t-spar">new_type</span> must be a class with a suitably declared <a href="constructor.html" title="cpp/language/constructor" class="mw-redirect">constructor</a>. This expression creates a temporary object of type <span class="t-spar">new_type</span> <a href="direct_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/direct initialization">direct initialized</a> with <span class="t-spar">expressions</span>, and the result is that temporary object as a <a href="value_category.html" title="cpp/language/value category">prvalue</a>.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">4)</span> The expression <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></span>, where <code>T</code> names a non-array complete object type or (possibly <a href="cv.html" title="cpp/language/cv">cv-qualified</a>) <code>void</code>, is a prvalue temporary of type <code>T</code>. If <code>T</code> is a object type, the prvalue is <a href="value_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/value initialization">value-initialized</a>; otherwise, no initialization is done.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">5)</span> A single-word type name followed by a <i>braced-init-list</i> is a prvalue temporary of the specified type <a href="list_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/list initialization">direct-list-initialized</a> with the specified <i>braced-init-list</i>. This is the only cast expression that can create an <a href="array.html#Array_rvalues" title="cpp/language/array">array prvalue</a>.</div>
<p>As with all cast expressions, the result is:
</p>
<ul><li> an lvalue if <span class="t-spar">new_type</span> is an lvalue reference type or an rvalue reference to function type;
</li><li> an xvalue if <span class="t-spar">new_type</span> is an rvalue reference to object type;
</li><li> a prvalue otherwise.
</li></ul>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/explicit_cast&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Example">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Example">Example</span></h3>
<div class="t-example"><div class="t-example-live-link"><div class="coliru-btn coliru-btn-run-init">Run this code</div></div>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">double</span> f <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu16">3.14</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw4">unsigned</span> <span class="kw4">int</span> n1 <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">unsigned</span> <span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span>f<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// C-style cast</span>
<span class="kw4">unsigned</span> <span class="kw4">int</span> n2 <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="kw4">unsigned</span><span class="br0">(</span>f<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// functional cast</span>
 
<span class="kw1">class</span> C1<span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">class</span> C2<span class="sy4">;</span>
C2<span class="sy2">*</span> foo<span class="br0">(</span>C1<span class="sy2">*</span> p<span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw1">return</span> <span class="br0">(</span>C2<span class="sy2">*</span><span class="br0">)</span>p<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// casts incomplete type to incomplete type</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
 
<span class="co1">// In this example, C-style cast is interpreted as static_cast</span>
<span class="co1">// even though it would work as reinterpret_cast</span>
<span class="kw1">struct</span> A <span class="br0">{</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">struct</span> I1 <span class="sy4">:</span> A <span class="br0">{</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">struct</span> I2 <span class="sy4">:</span> A <span class="br0">{</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">struct</span> D <span class="sy4">:</span> I1, I2 <span class="br0">{</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
D<span class="sy2">*</span> d <span class="sy1">=</span> nullptr<span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="co1">// A* a = (A*)d; // compile-time error</span>
A<span class="sy2">*</span> a <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="kw1">reinterpret_cast</span><span class="sy1"><</span>A<span class="sy2">*</span><span class="sy1">></span><span class="br0">(</span>d<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// this compiles</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<p><br />
</p>
</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/explicit_cast&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h3>
<div class="t-ref-std-c++11">
<ul><li> C++11 standard (ISO/IEC 14882:2011):
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 5.2.3 Explicit type conversion (functional notation) [expr.type.conv]
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 5.4 Explicit type conversion (cast notation) [expr.cast]
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="t-ref-std-c++98">
<ul><li> C++98 standard (ISO/IEC 14882:1998):
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 5.2.3 Explicit type conversion (functional notation) [expr.type.conv]
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 5.4 Explicit type conversion (cast notation) [expr.cast]
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/explicit_cast&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h3>
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<td> <a href="const_cast.html" title="cpp/language/const cast"> const_cast conversion </a>
</td>
<td> adds or removes const<span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/language/dsc_const_cast&action=edit">[edit]</a></span>
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<td> <a href="static_cast.html" title="cpp/language/static cast"> static_cast conversion </a>
</td>
<td> performs basic conversions<span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/language/dsc_static_cast&action=edit">[edit]</a></span>
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<td> <a href="dynamic_cast.html" title="cpp/language/dynamic cast"> dynamic_cast conversion </a>
</td>
<td> performs checked polymorphic conversions<span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/language/dsc_dynamic_cast&action=edit">[edit]</a></span>
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<td> <a href="reinterpret_cast.html" title="cpp/language/reinterpret cast"> reinterpret_cast conversion </a>
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<td> performs general low-level conversions<span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/language/dsc_reinterpret_cast&action=edit">[edit]</a></span>
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<td> <a href="implicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/implicit cast"> standard conversions </a>
</td>
<td> implicit conversions from one type to another<span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/language/dsc_implicit_cast&action=edit">[edit]</a></span>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
<td colspan="2"> <div class="t-dsc-see"><span><a href="../../c/language/cast.html" title="c/language/cast">C documentation</a></span> for <span class="t-dsc-see-tt"><span>cast operator</span></span></div>
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