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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="move_operator.html" title="cpp/language/move operator" class="mw-redirect">move assignment operator</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="destructor.html" title="cpp/language/destructor">destructor</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Inheritance </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="derived_class.html" title="cpp/language/derived class">base and derived classes</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="virtual.html" title="cpp/language/virtual">virtual member functions</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="override.html" title="cpp/language/override">override</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="final.html" title="cpp/language/final">final</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="abstract_class.html" title="cpp/language/abstract class">pure virtual functions and abstract classes</a></td></tr>
</table></div>
</div><div><span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/language/classes/navbar_content&action=edit">[edit]</a></span></div></div></div></div><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div></div>
<p>A non-static member function is a function that is declared in a <a href="class.html" title="cpp/language/class">member specification</a> of a class without a <a href="static.html" title="cpp/language/static">static</a> or <a href="friend.html" title="cpp/language/friend">friend</a> specifier.
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw1">class</span> S <span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> mf1<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// non-static member function declaration</span>
<span class="kw4">void</span> mf2<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="kw4">volatile</span>, mf3<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy3">&&</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// can be cv-qualified and reference-qualified</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> mf4<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw1">return</span> data<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// can be defined inline</span>
<span class="kw1">virtual</span> <span class="kw4">void</span> mf5<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> final<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// can be virtual, can use final/override</span>
S<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy4">:</span> data<span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu0">12</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// constructors are member functions too</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> data<span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> S<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">mf1</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw1">return</span> <span class="nu0">7</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// if not defined inline, has to be defined at namespace</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Any <a href="function.html" title="cpp/language/function">function declarations</a> are allowed, with additional syntax elements that are only available for non-static member functions: <a href="final.html" title="cpp/language/final">final</a> and <a href="override.html" title="cpp/language/override">override</a> specifiers, <a href="abstract_class.html" title="cpp/language/abstract class">pure-specifiers</a>, cv-qualifiers, ref-qualifiers, and <a href="constructor.html" title="cpp/language/initializer list">member initialization lists</a>.
</p><p>A non-static member function of class X may be called
</p>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> For an object of type X using the class member access operator</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> For an object of a class <a href="derived_class.html" title="cpp/language/derived class">derived</a> from X</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">3)</span> Directly from within the body of a member function of X</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">4)</span> Directly from within the body of a member function of a class derived from X</div>
<p>Calling a member function of class X on an object of any other type invokes undefined behavior.
</p><p>Within the body of a non-static member function of X, any <a href="expressions.html" title="cpp/language/expressions">id-expression</a> E (e.g. an identifier) that resolves to a non-type non-static member of X or of a base class of X, is transformed to a member access expression <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="br0">(</span><span class="sy2">*</span>this<span class="br0">)</span>.<span class="me1">E</span></span></span> (unless it's already a part of a member access expression). This does not occur in template definition context, so a name may have to be prefixed with <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">this<span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">></span></span></span> explicitly to become <a href="dependent_name.html" title="cpp/language/dependent name">dependent</a>.
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw1">struct</span> S <span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> n<span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw4">void</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw4">void</span> S<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">f</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span>
n <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">1</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// transformed to (*this).n = 1;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span>
S s1, s2<span class="sy4">;</span>
s1.<span class="me1">f</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// changes s1.n</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Within the body of a non-static member function of X, any unqualified-id that resolves to a static member, an enumerator or a nested type of X or of a base class of X, is transformed to the corresponding qualified-id.
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw1">struct</span> S <span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw4">static</span> <span class="kw4">int</span> n<span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw4">void</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw4">void</span> S<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">f</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span>
n <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">1</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// transformed to S::n = 1;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span>
S s1, s2<span class="sy4">;</span>
s1.<span class="me1">f</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// changes S::n</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<table id="toc" class="toc"><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="member_functions.html#const-.2C_volatile-.2C_and_ref-qualified_member_functions"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">const-, volatile-, and ref-qualified member functions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="member_functions.html#Virtual_and_pure_virtual_functions"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Virtual and pure virtual functions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="member_functions.html#Special_member_functions"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Special member functions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="member_functions.html#Example"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Example</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="member_functions.html#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/member_functions&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: const-, volatile-, and ref-qualified member functions">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="const-.2C_volatile-.2C_and_ref-qualified_member_functions">const-, volatile-, and ref-qualified member functions</span></h3>
<p>A non-static member function can be declared with a const, volatile, or const volatile qualifier (this qualifier appears after the name of the function in <a href="function.html" title="cpp/language/function">function declaration</a>). Differently cv-qualified functions have different types and so may overload each other.
</p><p>In the body of a cv-qualified function, the <a href="this.html" title="cpp/language/this">this</a> pointer is cv-qualified, e.g. in a <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">const</span></span></span> member function, only other const member functions may be called normally. (A non-const member function may still be called if <a href="const_cast.html" title="cpp/language/const cast">const_cast</a> is applied or through an access path that does not involve <a href="this.html" title="cpp/language/this">this</a>.)
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="co2">#include <vector></span>
<span class="kw1">struct</span> Array <span class="br0">{</span>
<a href="../container/vector.html"><span class="kw1094">std::<span class="me2">vector</span></span></a><span class="sy1"><</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="sy1">></span> data<span class="sy4">;</span>
Array<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> sz<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy4">:</span> data<span class="br0">(</span>sz<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="br0">}</span>
<span class="co1">// const member function</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> operator<span class="br0">[</span><span class="br0">]</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> idx<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="co1">// this has type const Array*</span>
<span class="kw1">return</span> data<span class="br0">[</span>idx<span class="br0">]</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// transformed to (*this).data[idx];</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
<span class="co1">// non-const member function</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span><span class="sy3">&</span> operator<span class="br0">[</span><span class="br0">]</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> idx<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="co1">// this has type Array*</span>
<span class="kw1">return</span> data<span class="br0">[</span>idx<span class="br0">]</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// transformed to (*this).data[idx]</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
Array a<span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu0">10</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
a<span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">1</span><span class="br0">]</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">1</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// OK: the type of a[1] is int&</span>
<span class="kw4">const</span> Array ca<span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu0">10</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
ca<span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">1</span><span class="br0">]</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">2</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// Error: the type of ca[1] is int</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx11"><td>
<p>A non-static member function can be declared with either an lvalue ref-qualifier (the character <code>&</code> after the function name) or rvalue ref-qualifier (the character <code>&&</code> after the function name. During <a href="overload_resolution.html" title="cpp/language/overload resolution">overload resolution</a>, non-static cv-qualified member function of class X is treated as a function that takes an implicit parameter of type lvalue reference to cv-qualified X if it has no ref-qualifiers or if it has the lvalue ref-qualifier. Otherwise (if it has rvalue ref-qualifier), it is treated as a function taking an implicit parameter of type rvalue reference to cv-qualified X.
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="co2">#include <iostream></span>
<span class="kw1">struct</span> S <span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw4">void</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy3">&</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"lvalue<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span>
<span class="kw4">void</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy3">&&</span><span class="br0">{</span> <a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"rvalue<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">{</span>
S s<span class="sy4">;</span>
s.<span class="me1">f</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// prints "lvalue"</span>
std<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">move</span><span class="br0">(</span>s<span class="br0">)</span>.<span class="me1">f</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// prints "rvalue"</span>
S<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>.<span class="me1">f</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// prints "rvalue"</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Note: unlike cv-qualification, ref-qualification does not change the properties of the <a href="this.html" title="cpp/language/this">this</a> pointer: within a rvalue ref-qualified function, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy2">*</span>this</span></span> remains an lvalue expression.
</p>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/member_functions&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Virtual and pure virtual functions">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Virtual_and_pure_virtual_functions">Virtual and pure virtual functions</span></h3>
<p>A non-static member function may be declared <i>virtual</i> or <i>pure virtual</i>. See <a href="virtual.html" title="cpp/language/virtual">virtual functions</a> and <a href="abstract_class.html" title="cpp/language/abstract class">abstract classes</a> for details.
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/member_functions&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Special member functions">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Special_member_functions">Special member functions</span></h3>
<p><a href="constructor.html" title="cpp/language/constructor" class="mw-redirect">constructors</a> and <a href="destructor.html" title="cpp/language/destructor">destructors</a> are non-public member functions that use a special syntax for their declarations (see their pages for details).
</p><p>Some member functions are <i>special</i>: under certain circumstances they are defined by the compiler even if not defined by the user. They are:
</p>
<ul><li> <a href="default_constructor.html" title="cpp/language/default constructor">Default constructor</a>
</li><li> <a href="copy_constructor.html" title="cpp/language/copy constructor">Copy constructor</a>
</li><li> <a href="move_constructor.html" title="cpp/language/move constructor">Move constructor</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span>
</li><li> <a href="as_operator.html" title="cpp/language/as operator" class="mw-redirect">Copy assignment operator</a>
</li><li> <a href="move_operator.html" title="cpp/language/move operator" class="mw-redirect">Move assignment operator</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span>
</li><li> <a href="destructor.html" title="cpp/language/destructor">Destructor</a>
</li></ul>
<p>Special member functions are the only functions that can be <i>defaulted</i>, that is, defined using <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="kw1">default</span></span></span> instead of the function body (see their pages for details)
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/member_functions&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Example">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Example">Example</span></h3>
<div class="t-example"><div class="t-example-live-link"><div class="coliru-btn coliru-btn-run-init">Run this code</div></div>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="co2">#include <iostream></span>
<span class="co2">#include <string></span>
<span class="co2">#include <utility></span>
<span class="co2">#include <exception></span>
 
<span class="kw1">struct</span> S <span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> data<span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<span class="co1">// simple converting constructor (declaration)</span>
S<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> val<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<span class="co1">// simple explicit constructor (declaration)</span>
<span class="kw1">explicit</span> S<span class="br0">(</span><a href="../string/basic_string.html"><span class="kw1072">std::<span class="me2">string</span></span></a> str<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<span class="co1">// const member function (definition)</span>
<span class="kw1">virtual</span> <span class="kw4">int</span> getData<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw1">return</span> data<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span>
 
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<span class="co1">// definition of the constructor</span>
S<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">S</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> val<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy4">:</span> data<span class="br0">(</span>val<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span>
<a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"ctor1 called, data = "</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> data <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
 
<span class="co1">// this constructor has a catch clause</span>
S<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">S</span><span class="br0">(</span><a href="../string/basic_string.html"><span class="kw1072">std::<span class="me2">string</span></span></a> str<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="kw1">try</span> <span class="sy4">:</span> data<span class="br0">(</span><a href="../string/basic_string/stol.html"><span class="kw1081">std::<span class="me2">stoi</span></span></a><span class="br0">(</span>str<span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span>
<a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"ctor2 called, data = "</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> data <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span> <span class="kw1">catch</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> <a href="../error/exception.html"><span class="kw644">std::<span class="me2">exception</span></span></a><span class="sy3">&</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span>
<a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"ctor2 failed, string was '"</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> str <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"'<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">throw</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// ctor's catch clause should always rethrow</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
 
<span class="kw1">struct</span> D <span class="sy4">:</span> S <span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> data2<span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="co1">// constructor with a default argument</span>
D<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> v1, <span class="kw4">int</span> v2 <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">11</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy4">:</span> S<span class="br0">(</span>v1<span class="br0">)</span>, data2<span class="br0">(</span>v2<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="br0">}</span>
 
<span class="co1">// virtual member function</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> getData<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="kw4">const</span> override <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw1">return</span> data<span class="sy2">*</span>data2<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span>
 
<span class="co1">// lvalue-only assignment operator</span>
D<span class="sy3">&</span> operator<span class="sy1">=</span><span class="br0">(</span>D other<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy3">&</span> <span class="br0">{</span>
<a href="../algorithm/swap.html"><span class="kw1333">std::<span class="me2">swap</span></span></a><span class="br0">(</span>other.<span class="me1">data</span>, data<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<a href="../algorithm/swap.html"><span class="kw1333">std::<span class="me2">swap</span></span></a><span class="br0">(</span>other.<span class="me1">data2</span>, data2<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">return</span> <span class="sy2">*</span>this<span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
D d1 <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">1</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
S s2<span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"2"</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">try</span> <span class="br0">{</span>
S s3<span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"not a number"</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span> <span class="kw1">catch</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> <a href="../error/exception.html"><span class="kw644">std::<span class="me2">exception</span></span></a><span class="sy3">&</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="br0">}</span>
<a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> s2.<span class="me1">getData</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
D d2<span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu0">3</span>, <span class="nu0">4</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
d2 <span class="sy1">=</span> d1<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// OK: assignment to lvalue</span>
<span class="co1">// D(5) = d1; // ERROR: no suitable overload of operator=</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Output:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="text source-text"><pre class="de1">ctor1 called, data = 1
ctor2 called, data = 2
ctor2 failed, string was 'not a number'
2
ctor1 called, data = 3</pre></div></div>
</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/member_functions&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h3>
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