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<code>a=b</code>, <code>a+=b</code>, <code>a-=b</code>, <code>a*=b</code>, <code>a/=b</code>, <code>a%=b</code>, <code>a&=b</code>, <code>a|=b</code>, <code>a^=b</code>, <code>a<<=b</code>, <code>a>>=</code></td></tr>
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<code>+a</code>, <code>-a</code>, <code>a+b</code>, <code>a-b</code>, <code>a*b</code>, <code>a/b</code>, <code>a%b</code>, <code>~a</code>, <code>a&b</code>, <code>a|b</code>, <code>a^b</code>, <code>a<<b</code>, <code>a>>b</code> </td></tr>
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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_member_access.html" title="cpp/language/operator member access"> Member access operators</a>: <code>a[b]</code>, <code>*a</code>, <code>&a</code>, <code>a->b</code>, <code>a.b</code>, <code>a->*b</code>, <code>a.*b</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_other.html" title="cpp/language/operator other"> Other operators</a>: <code>a(...)</code>, <code>a,b</code>, <code>a?b:c</code> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <strong class="selflink">Alternative representations of operators</strong></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_precedence.html" title="cpp/language/operator precedence">Precedence and associativity</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="fold.html" title="cpp/language/fold">Fold expression</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="new.html" title="cpp/language/new">new-expression</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="delete.html" title="cpp/language/delete">delete-expression</a></td></tr>
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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="alignof.html" title="cpp/language/alignof">alignof</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="sizeof.html" title="cpp/language/sizeof">sizeof</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="sizeof....html" title="cpp/language/sizeof...">sizeof...</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="typeid.html" title="cpp/language/typeid">typeid</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="noexcept.html" title="cpp/language/noexcept">noexcept</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operators.html" title="cpp/language/operators">Operator overloading</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Conversions </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="implicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/implicit cast">Implicit conversions</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="const_cast.html" title="cpp/language/const cast">const_cast</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="static_cast.html" title="cpp/language/static cast">static_cast</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="reinterpret_cast.html" title="cpp/language/reinterpret cast">reinterpret_cast</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="dynamic_cast.html" title="cpp/language/dynamic cast">dynamic_cast</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="explicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/explicit cast">Explicit conversions</a> <code>(T)a</code>, <code>T(a)</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="cast_operator.html" title="cpp/language/cast operator">User-defined conversion</a></td></tr>
</table></div>
</div><div><span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/language/expressions/navbar_content&action=edit">[edit]</a></span></div></div></div></div><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div></div>
<p>C++ (and C) source code may be written in any non-ASCII 7-bit character set that includes the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.com/wiki/ISO_646" class="extiw" title="enwiki:ISO 646">ISO 646:1983</a> invariant character set. However, several C++ operators and punctuators require characters that are outside of the ISO 646 codeset: <code>{, }, [, ], #, \, ^, |, ~</code>. To be able to use character encodings where some or all of these symbols do not exist (such as the German <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIN_66003">DIN 66003</a>), C++ defines two kinds of alternatives: additional keywords that correspond to the operators that use these characters and special combinations of two or three ISO 646 compatible characters that are interpreted as if they were a single non-ISO 646 character.
</p>
<table id="toc" class="toc"><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="operator_alternative.html#Alternative_tokens"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Alternative tokens</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="operator_alternative.html#Compatibility_with_C"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Compatibility with C</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="operator_alternative.html#Digraphs_and_trigraphs"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Digraphs and trigraphs</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="operator_alternative.html#Keywords"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Keywords</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="operator_alternative.html#Example"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Example</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="operator_alternative.html#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td></tr></table>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/operator_alternative&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Alternative tokens">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Alternative_tokens">Alternative tokens</span></h2>
<p>There are alternative spellings for several operators defined as tokens with special meaning in the C++ standard.
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tr>
<th> Primary
</th>
<th> Alternative
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>&&</code>
</td>
<td> <code>and</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>&=</code>
</td>
<td> <code>and_eq</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>&</code>
</td>
<td> <code>bitand</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>|</code>
</td>
<td> <code>bitor</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>~</code>
</td>
<td> <code>compl</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>!</code>
</td>
<td> <code>not</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>!=</code>
</td>
<td> <code>not_eq</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>||
</td>
<td>or
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>|=</code>
</td>
<td> <code>or_eq</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>^</code>
</td>
<td> <code>xor</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>^=</code>
</td>
<td> <code>xor_eq</code>
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/operator_alternative&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Compatibility with C">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Compatibility_with_C">Compatibility with C</span></h3>
<p>The same words are defined in the C programming language in the include file <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy1"><</span>iso646.<span class="me1">h</span><span class="sy1">></span></span></span> as macros. Because in C++ these are built into the language, the C++ version of <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy1"><</span>iso646.<span class="me1">h</span><span class="sy1">></span></span></span>, as well as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy1"><</span>ciso646<span class="sy1">></span></span></span>, does not define anything.
</p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/operator_alternative&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Digraphs and trigraphs">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Digraphs_and_trigraphs">Digraphs and trigraphs</span></h2>
<p>The following combinations of two and three characters (digraphs and trigraphs) are valid substitutions for their respective primary characters:
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tr style="text-align: left;">
<th> Primary
</th>
<th> Digraph
</th>
<th> Trigraph<span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx17">(until C++17)</span>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>{</code> </td>
<td> <code><%</code> </td>
<td> <code>??<</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code></code>} </td>
<td> <code>%></code> </td>
<td> <code>??></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>[</code> </td>
<td> <code><:</code> </td>
<td> <code>??(</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>]</code> </td>
<td> <code>:></code> </td>
<td> <code>??)</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>#</code> </td>
<td> <code>%:</code> </td>
<td> <code>??=</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>\</code> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> <code>??/</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>^</code> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> <code>??'</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>|</code> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> <code>??!</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>~</code> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> <code>??-</code>
</td></tr></table>
<table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-until-cxx17"><td>
<p>Note that trigraphs (but not digraphs) are <a href="translation_phases.html" title="cpp/language/translation phases">parsed before comments and string literals are recognized</a>, so a comment such as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="co1">// Will the next line be executed?????/</span></span></span> will effectively comment out the following line, and the string literal such as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="st0">"Enter date ??/??/??"</span></span></span> is parsed as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="st0">"Enter date <span class="es1">\\</span>??"</span></span></span>.
</p>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx17">(until C++17)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx11"><td>
<p>When the parser meets the charater sequence <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy1"><</span><span class="sy4">::</span></span></span> and the subsequent character is neither <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy4">:</span></span></span> nor <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy1">></span></span></span>, the <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy1"><</span></span></span> is treated as a preprocessor token by itself and not as the first character of the alternative token <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy1"><</span><span class="sy4">:</span></span></span>. Thus <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><a href="../container/vector.html"><span class="kw1094">std::<span class="me2">vector</span></span></a><span class="sy1"><</span><span class="sy4">::</span><a href="../string/basic_string.html"><span class="kw1072">std::<span class="me2">string</span></span></a><span class="sy1">></span></span></span> won't be wrongly treated as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><a href="../container/vector.html"><span class="kw1094">std::<span class="me2">vector</span></span></a><span class="br0">[</span><span class="sy4">:</span><a href="../string/basic_string.html"><span class="kw1072">std::<span class="me2">string</span></span></a><span class="sy1">></span></span></span>.
</p>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<p><br />
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/operator_alternative&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Keywords">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Keywords">Keywords</span></h3>
<p><a href="../keyword/and.html" title="cpp/keyword/and"><tt>and</tt></a>,
<a href="../keyword/and_eq.html" title="cpp/keyword/and eq"><tt>and_eq</tt></a>,
<a href="../keyword/bitand.html" title="cpp/keyword/bitand"><tt>bitand</tt></a>,
<a href="../keyword/bitor.html" title="cpp/keyword/bitor"><tt>bitor</tt></a>,
<a href="../keyword/compl.html" title="cpp/keyword/compl"><tt>compl</tt></a>,
<a href="../keyword/not.html" title="cpp/keyword/not"><tt>not</tt></a>,
<a href="../keyword/not_eq.html" title="cpp/keyword/not eq"><tt>not_eq</tt></a>,
<a href="../keyword/or.html" title="cpp/keyword/or"><tt>or</tt></a>,
<a href="../keyword/or_eq.html" title="cpp/keyword/or eq"><tt>or_eq</tt></a>,
<a href="../keyword/xor.html" title="cpp/keyword/xor"><tt>xor</tt></a>,
<a href="../keyword/xor_eq.html" title="cpp/keyword/xor eq"><tt>xor_eq</tt></a>
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/operator_alternative&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Example">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Example">Example</span></h3>
<div class="t-example"><p> The following example demonstrates the use of several alternative tokens.
</p><div class="t-example-live-link"><div class="coliru-btn coliru-btn-run-init">Run this code</div></div>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="sy2">%</span><span class="sy4">:</span>include <span class="sy1"><</span>iostream<span class="sy1">></span>
 
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> argc, <span class="kw4">char</span> <span class="sy2">*</span>argv<span class="sy1"><</span><span class="sy4">::</span><span class="sy1">></span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="sy1"><</span><span class="sy2">%</span>
<span class="kw1">if</span> <span class="br0">(</span>argc <span class="sy1">></span> <span class="nu0">1</span> and argv<span class="sy1"><</span><span class="sy4">:</span><span class="nu0">1</span><span class="sy4">:</span><span class="sy1">></span> not_eq <a href="../types/NULL.html"><span class="kw103">NULL</span></a><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy1"><</span><span class="sy2">%</span>
<a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"Hello, "</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> argv<span class="sy1"><</span><span class="sy4">:</span><span class="nu0">1</span><span class="sy4">:</span><span class="sy1">></span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="sy2">%</span><span class="sy1">></span>
<span class="sy2">%</span><span class="sy1">></span></pre></div></div>
<p><br />
</p>
</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/operator_alternative&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h3>
<table class="t-dsc-begin">
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td colspan="2"> <div class="t-dsc-see"><span><a href="../../c/language/operator_alternative.html" title="c/language/operator alternative">C documentation</a></span> for <span class="t-dsc-see-tt"><span>Alternative operator representations</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</table>
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