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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="constant_expression.html" title="cpp/language/constant expression"> constant expressions</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="expressions.html#Unevaluated_expressions" title="cpp/language/expressions"> unevaluated expressions</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="expressions.html#Primary_expressions" title="cpp/language/expressions"> primary expressions</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="lambda.html" title="cpp/language/lambda">lambda-expression</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Literals </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="integer_literal.html" title="cpp/language/integer literal">integer literals</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="floating_literal.html" title="cpp/language/floating literal">floating-point literals</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="bool_literal.html" title="cpp/language/bool literal">boolean literals</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="character_literal.html" title="cpp/language/character literal">character literals</a> including <a href="escape.html" title="cpp/language/escape">escape sequences</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="string_literal.html" title="cpp/language/string literal">string literals</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="nullptr.html" title="cpp/language/nullptr">null pointer literal</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="user_literal.html" title="cpp/language/user literal">user-defined literal</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Operators </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <strong class="selflink"> Assignment operators</strong>:
<code>a=b</code>, <code>a+=b</code>, <code>a-=b</code>, <code>a*=b</code>, <code>a/=b</code>, <code>a%=b</code>, <code>a&=b</code>, <code>a|=b</code>, <code>a^=b</code>, <code>a<<=b</code>, <code>a>>=</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_incdec.html" title="cpp/language/operator incdec"> Increment and decrement</a>: <code>++a</code>, <code>--a</code>, <code>a++</code>, <code>a--</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_arithmetic.html" title="cpp/language/operator arithmetic"> Arithmetic operators</a>:
<code>+a</code>, <code>-a</code>, <code>a+b</code>, <code>a-b</code>, <code>a*b</code>, <code>a/b</code>, <code>a%b</code>, <code>~a</code>, <code>a&b</code>, <code>a|b</code>, <code>a^b</code>, <code>a<<b</code>, <code>a>>b</code> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_logical.html" title="cpp/language/operator logical"> Logical operators</a>: <code>a||b</code>, <code>a&&b</code>, <code>!a</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_comparison.html" title="cpp/language/operator comparison"> Comparison operators</a>: <code>a==b</code>, <code>a!=b</code>, <code>a<b</code>, <code>a>b</code>, <code>a<=b</code>, <code>a>=b</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_member_access.html" title="cpp/language/operator member access"> Member access operators</a>: <code>a[b]</code>, <code>*a</code>, <code>&a</code>, <code>a->b</code>, <code>a.b</code>, <code>a->*b</code>, <code>a.*b</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_other.html" title="cpp/language/operator other"> Other operators</a>: <code>a(...)</code>, <code>a,b</code>, <code>a?b:c</code> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_alternative.html" title="cpp/language/operator alternative">Alternative representations of operators</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_precedence.html" title="cpp/language/operator precedence">Precedence and associativity</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="fold.html" title="cpp/language/fold">Fold expression</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="new.html" title="cpp/language/new">new-expression</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="delete.html" title="cpp/language/delete">delete-expression</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="throw.html" title="cpp/language/throw">throw-expression</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="alignof.html" title="cpp/language/alignof">alignof</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="sizeof.html" title="cpp/language/sizeof">sizeof</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="sizeof....html" title="cpp/language/sizeof...">sizeof...</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="typeid.html" title="cpp/language/typeid">typeid</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="noexcept.html" title="cpp/language/noexcept">noexcept</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operators.html" title="cpp/language/operators">Operator overloading</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Conversions </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="implicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/implicit cast">Implicit conversions</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="const_cast.html" title="cpp/language/const cast">const_cast</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="static_cast.html" title="cpp/language/static cast">static_cast</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="reinterpret_cast.html" title="cpp/language/reinterpret cast">reinterpret_cast</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="dynamic_cast.html" title="cpp/language/dynamic cast">dynamic_cast</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="explicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/explicit cast">Explicit conversions</a> <code>(T)a</code>, <code>T(a)</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="cast_operator.html" title="cpp/language/cast operator">User-defined conversion</a></td></tr>
</table></div>
</div><div><span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/language/expressions/navbar_content&action=edit">[edit]</a></span></div></div></div></div><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div></div>
<p>Assignment operators modify the value of the object.
</p>
<table class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;">
<tr>
<th rowspan="2"> Operator name
</th>
<th rowspan="2"> Syntax
</th>
<th rowspan="2"> <a href="operators.html" title="cpp/language/operators">Over​load​able</a>
</th>
<th colspan="2"> Prototype examples (for <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">class</span> T</span></span>)
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th> Inside class definition
</th>
<th> Outside class definition
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td> simple assignment
</td>
<td> <code>a = b</code>
</td>
<td style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy3">&</span> T<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">operator</span> <span class="sy1">=</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> T2<span class="sy3">&</span> b<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>
</td>
<td style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> <small>N/A</small>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> addition assignment
</td>
<td> <code>a += b</code>
</td>
<td style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy3">&</span> T<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">operator</span> <span class="sy2">+</span><span class="sy1">=</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> T2<span class="sy3">&</span> b<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>
</td>
<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy3">&</span> operator <span class="sy2">+</span><span class="sy1">=</span><span class="br0">(</span>T<span class="sy3">&</span> a, <span class="kw4">const</span> T2<span class="sy3">&</span> b<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> subtraction assignment
</td>
<td> <code>a -= b</code>
</td>
<td style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy3">&</span> T<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">operator</span> <span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">=</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> T2<span class="sy3">&</span> b<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>
</td>
<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy3">&</span> operator <span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">=</span><span class="br0">(</span>T<span class="sy3">&</span> a, <span class="kw4">const</span> T2<span class="sy3">&</span> b<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> multiplication assignment
</td>
<td> <code>a *= b</code>
</td>
<td style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy3">&</span> T<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">operator</span> <span class="sy2">*</span><span class="sy1">=</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> T2<span class="sy3">&</span> b<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>
</td>
<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy3">&</span> operator <span class="sy2">*</span><span class="sy1">=</span><span class="br0">(</span>T<span class="sy3">&</span> a, <span class="kw4">const</span> T2<span class="sy3">&</span> b<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> division assignment
</td>
<td> <code>a /= b</code>
</td>
<td style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy3">&</span> T<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">operator</span> <span class="sy2">/</span><span class="sy1">=</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> T2<span class="sy3">&</span> b<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>
</td>
<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy3">&</span> operator <span class="sy2">/</span><span class="sy1">=</span><span class="br0">(</span>T<span class="sy3">&</span> a, <span class="kw4">const</span> T2<span class="sy3">&</span> b<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> modulo assignment
</td>
<td> <code>a %= b</code>
</td>
<td style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy3">&</span> T<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">operator</span> <span class="sy2">%</span><span class="sy1">=</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> T2<span class="sy3">&</span> b<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>
</td>
<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy3">&</span> operator <span class="sy2">%</span><span class="sy1">=</span><span class="br0">(</span>T<span class="sy3">&</span> a, <span class="kw4">const</span> T2<span class="sy3">&</span> b<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> bitwise AND assignment
</td>
<td> <code>a &= b</code>
</td>
<td style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy3">&</span> T<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">operator</span> <span class="sy3">&</span><span class="sy1">=</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> T2<span class="sy3">&</span> b<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>
</td>
<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy3">&</span> operator <span class="sy3">&</span><span class="sy1">=</span><span class="br0">(</span>T<span class="sy3">&</span> a, <span class="kw4">const</span> T2<span class="sy3">&</span> b<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> bitwise OR assignment
</td>
<td> <code>a |= b</code>
</td>
<td style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy3">&</span> T<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">operator</span> <span class="sy3">|</span><span class="sy1">=</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> T2<span class="sy3">&</span> b<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>
</td>
<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy3">&</span> operator <span class="sy3">|</span><span class="sy1">=</span><span class="br0">(</span>T<span class="sy3">&</span> a, <span class="kw4">const</span> T2<span class="sy3">&</span> b<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> bitwise XOR assignment
</td>
<td> <code>a ^= b</code>
</td>
<td style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy3">&</span> T<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">operator</span> <span class="sy3">^</span><span class="sy1">=</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> T2<span class="sy3">&</span> b<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>
</td>
<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy3">&</span> operator <span class="sy3">^</span><span class="sy1">=</span><span class="br0">(</span>T<span class="sy3">&</span> a, <span class="kw4">const</span> T2<span class="sy3">&</span> b<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> bitwise left shift assignment
</td>
<td> <code>a <<= b</code>
</td>
<td style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy3">&</span> T<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">operator</span> <span class="sy1"><<=</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> T2<span class="sy3">&</span> b<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>
</td>
<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy3">&</span> operator <span class="sy1"><<=</span><span class="br0">(</span>T<span class="sy3">&</span> a, <span class="kw4">const</span> T2<span class="sy3">&</span> b<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> bitwise right shift assignment
</td>
<td> <code>a >>= b</code>
</td>
<td style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy3">&</span> T<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">operator</span> <span class="sy1">>>=</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> T2<span class="sy3">&</span> b<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>
</td>
<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy3">&</span> operator <span class="sy1">>>=</span><span class="br0">(</span>T<span class="sy3">&</span> a, <span class="kw4">const</span> T2<span class="sy3">&</span> b<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="5">
<dl><dd><b>Notes</b><br />
</dd></dl>
<ul><li> All built-in assignment operators return <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy2">*</span>this</span></span>, and most <a href="operators.html" title="cpp/language/operators">user-defined overloads</a> also return <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy2">*</span>this</span></span> so that the user-defined operators can be used in the same manner as the built-ins. However, in a user-defined operator overload, any type can be used as return type (including <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">void</span></span></span>).
</li><li> <code>T2</code> can be any type including <code>T</code>
</li></ul>
</td></tr></table>
<table id="toc" class="toc"><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="operator_assignment.html#Explanation"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Explanation</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="operator_assignment.html#Builtin_direct_assignment"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Builtin direct assignment</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="operator_assignment.html#Example"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Example</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="operator_assignment.html#Builtin_compound_assignment"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Builtin compound assignment</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="operator_assignment.html#Example_2"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Example</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="operator_assignment.html#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/operator_assignment&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Explanation">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Explanation">Explanation</span></h3>
<p><i>copy assignment</i> operator replaces the contents of the object <code>a</code> with a copy of the contents of <code>b</code> (<code>b</code> is not modified). For class types, this is a special member function, described in <a href="as_operator.html" title="cpp/language/as operator" class="mw-redirect">copy assignment operator</a>.
</p><p><i>move assignment</i> operator replaces the contents of the object <code>a</code> with the contents of <code>b</code>, avoiding copying if possible (<code>b</code> may be modified). For class types, this is a special member function, described in <a href="move_operator.html" title="cpp/language/move operator" class="mw-redirect">move assignment operator</a>. <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span>
</p><p>For non-class types, copy and move assignment are indistinguishable and are referred to as <i>direct assignment</i>.
</p><p><i>compound assignment</i> operators replace the contents of the object <code>a</code> with the result of a binary operation between the previous value of <code>a</code> and the value of <code>b</code>.
</p>
<h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/operator_assignment&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Builtin direct assignment">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Builtin_direct_assignment">Builtin direct assignment</span></h4>
<p>For every type <code>T</code>, the following function signatures participate in overload resolution:
</p>
<table class="t-dcl-begin"><tbody>
<tr class="t-dcl">
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy2">*</span><span class="sy3">&</span> operator<span class="sy1">=</span><span class="br0">(</span>T<span class="sy2">*</span><span class="sy3">&</span>, T<span class="sy2">*</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl">
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy2">*</span><span class="kw4">volatile</span> <span class="sy3">&</span> operator<span class="sy1">=</span><span class="br0">(</span>T<span class="sy2">*</span><span class="kw4">volatile</span> <span class="sy3">&</span>, T<span class="sy2">*</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl-sep"><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>For every enumeration or pointer to member type <code>T</code>, optionally volatile-qualified, the following function signature participates in overload resolution:
</p>
<table class="t-dcl-begin"><tbody>
<tr class="t-dcl">
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy3">&</span> operator<span class="sy1">=</span><span class="br0">(</span>T<span class="sy3">&</span>, T <span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl-sep"><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>For every pair A1 and A2, where A1 is an arithmetic type (optionally volatile-qualified) and A2 is a promoted arithmetic type, the following function signature participates in overload resolution:
</p>
<table class="t-dcl-begin"><tbody>
<tr class="t-dcl">
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">A1<span class="sy3">&</span> operator<span class="sy1">=</span><span class="br0">(</span>A1<span class="sy3">&</span>, A2<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl-sep"><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>For expressions E1 of any scalar type <code>T</code>, the following additional forms of the builtin assignment expression are allowed:
</p>
<table class="t-dcl-begin"><tbody>
<tr class="t-dcl">
<td> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">E1 <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="br0">}</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
<td> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl">
<td> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">E1 <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="br0">{</span>E2<span class="br0">}</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
<td> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl-sep"><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>Note: the above includes all non-class types except reference types, array types, function types, and the type <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">void</span></span></span>, which are not directly assignable.
</p><p>The direct assignment operator expects a modifiable lvalue as its left operand and an rvalue expression <span class="t-rev-inl t-since-cxx11"><span>or a <i>braced-init-list</i></span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span></span></span> as its right operand, and returns an lvalue identifying the left operand after modification.
</p><p>For non-class types, the right operand is first <a href="implicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/implicit cast">implicitly converted</a> to the cv-unqualified type of the left operand, and then its value is copied into the object identified by left operand.
</p><p>When the left operand has reference type, the assignment operator modifies the referred-to object.
</p><p>If the left and the right operands identify overlapping objects, the behavior is undefined (unless the overlap is exact and the type is the same)
</p>
<table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx11"><td>
<p>If the right operand is a <i>braced-init-list</i>
</p>
<ul><li> the expression <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">E1 <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="br0">}</span></span></span> is equivalent to <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">E1 <span class="sy1">=</span> T<span class="br0">{</span><span class="br0">}</span></span></span>, where <code>T</code> is the type of <code>E1</code>.
</li><li> the expression <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">E1 <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="br0">{</span>E2<span class="br0">}</span></span></span> is equivalent to <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">E1 <span class="sy1">=</span> T<span class="br0">{</span>E2<span class="br0">}</span></span></span>, where <code>T</code> is the type of <code>E1</code>.
</li></ul>
<p>For class types, the syntax <code>E = {e1, e2, e3} </code> generates a call to the assignment operator with the <i>braced-init-list</i> as the argument, which then selects the appropriate assignment operator following the rules of <a href="overload_resolution.html" title="cpp/language/overload resolution">overload resolution</a>
</p>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/operator_assignment&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Example">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Example">Example</span></h3>
<div class="t-example"><div class="t-example-live-link"><div class="coliru-btn coliru-btn-run-init">Run this code</div></div>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="co2">#include <iostream></span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> n <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">0</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// not an assignment</span>
n <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">1</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// direct assignment</span>
<a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> n <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">' '</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
n <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// zero-initialization, then assignment</span>
<a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> n <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">' '</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
n <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="st0">'a'</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// integral promotion, then assignment</span>
<a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> n <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">' '</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
n <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="st0">'b'</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// explicit cast, then assignment</span>
<a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> n <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">' '</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
n <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu16">1.0</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// floating-point conversion, then assignment</span>
<a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> n <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">' '</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="co1">// n = {1.0}; // compiler error (narrowing conversion)</span>
 
<span class="kw4">int</span><span class="sy3">&</span> r <span class="sy1">=</span> n<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// not an assignment</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span><span class="sy2">*</span> p<span class="sy4">;</span>
 
r <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">2</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// assignment through reference</span>
<a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> n <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
p <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="sy3">&</span>n<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// direct assignment</span>
p <span class="sy1">=</span> nullptr<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// null-pointer conversion, then assignment </span>
 
<span class="kw1">struct</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="kw4">int</span> a<span class="sy4">;</span> <a href="../string/basic_string.html"><span class="kw1072">std::<span class="me2">string</span></span></a> s<span class="sy4">;</span><span class="br0">}</span> obj<span class="sy4">;</span>
obj <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="nu0">1</span>, <span class="st0">"abc"</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// assignment from a braced-init-list</span>
<a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> obj.<span class="me1">a</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">':'</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> obj.<span class="me1">s</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Output:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="text source-text"><pre class="de1">1 0 97 98 1 2
1:abc</pre></div></div>
</div>
<h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/operator_assignment&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Builtin compound assignment">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Builtin_compound_assignment">Builtin compound assignment</span></h4>
<p>For every pair A1 and A2, where A1 is an arithmetic type (optionally volatile-qualified) and A2 is a promoted arithmetic type, the following function signatures participate in overload resolution:
</p>
<table class="t-dcl-begin"><tbody>
<tr class="t-dcl">
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">A1<span class="sy3">&</span> operator<span class="sy2">*</span><span class="sy1">=</span><span class="br0">(</span>A1<span class="sy3">&</span>, A2<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl">
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">A1<span class="sy3">&</span> operator<span class="sy2">/</span><span class="sy1">=</span><span class="br0">(</span>A1<span class="sy3">&</span>, A2<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl">
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">A1<span class="sy3">&</span> operator<span class="sy2">+</span><span class="sy1">=</span><span class="br0">(</span>A1<span class="sy3">&</span>, A2<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl">
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">A1<span class="sy3">&</span> operator<span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">=</span><span class="br0">(</span>A1<span class="sy3">&</span>, A2<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl-sep"><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>For every pair I1 and I2, where I1 is an integral type (optionally volatile-qualified) and I2 is a promoted integral type, the following function signatures participate in overload resolution:
</p>
<table class="t-dcl-begin"><tbody>
<tr class="t-dcl">
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">I1<span class="sy3">&</span> operator<span class="sy2">%</span><span class="sy1">=</span><span class="br0">(</span>I1<span class="sy3">&</span>, I2<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl">
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">I1<span class="sy3">&</span> operator<span class="sy1"><<=</span><span class="br0">(</span>I1<span class="sy3">&</span>, I2<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl">
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">I1<span class="sy3">&</span> operator<span class="sy1">>>=</span><span class="br0">(</span>I1<span class="sy3">&</span>, I2<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl">
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">I1<span class="sy3">&</span> operator<span class="sy3">&</span><span class="sy1">=</span><span class="br0">(</span>I1<span class="sy3">&</span>, I2<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl">
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">I1<span class="sy3">&</span> operator<span class="sy3">^</span><span class="sy1">=</span><span class="br0">(</span>I1<span class="sy3">&</span>, I2<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl">
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">I1<span class="sy3">&</span> operator<span class="sy3">|</span><span class="sy1">=</span><span class="br0">(</span>I1<span class="sy3">&</span>, I2<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl-sep"><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>For every optionally cv-qualified object type <code>T</code>, the following function signatures participate in overload resolution:
</p>
<table class="t-dcl-begin"><tbody>
<tr class="t-dcl">
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy2">*</span><span class="sy3">&</span> operator<span class="sy2">+</span><span class="sy1">=</span><span class="br0">(</span>T<span class="sy2">*</span><span class="sy3">&</span>, <a href="../types/ptrdiff_t.html"><span class="kw101">std::<span class="me2">ptrdiff_t</span></span></a><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl">
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy2">*</span><span class="sy3">&</span> operator<span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">=</span><span class="br0">(</span>T<span class="sy2">*</span><span class="sy3">&</span>, <a href="../types/ptrdiff_t.html"><span class="kw101">std::<span class="me2">ptrdiff_t</span></span></a><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl">
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy2">*</span><span class="kw4">volatile</span> <span class="sy3">&</span> operator<span class="sy2">+</span><span class="sy1">=</span><span class="br0">(</span>T<span class="sy2">*</span><span class="kw4">volatile</span> <span class="sy3">&</span>, <a href="../types/ptrdiff_t.html"><span class="kw101">std::<span class="me2">ptrdiff_t</span></span></a><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl">
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy2">*</span><span class="kw4">volatile</span> <span class="sy3">&</span> operator<span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">=</span><span class="br0">(</span>T<span class="sy2">*</span><span class="kw4">volatile</span> <span class="sy3">&</span>, <a href="../types/ptrdiff_t.html"><span class="kw101">std::<span class="me2">ptrdiff_t</span></span></a><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl-sep"><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>The behavior of every builtin compound-assignment expression <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">E1 op<span class="sy1">=</span> E2</span></span> (where E1 is a modifiable lvalue expression and E2 is an rvalue expression <span class="t-rev-inl t-since-cxx11"><span>or a <i>braced-init-list</i></span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span></span></span>) is exactly the same as the behavior of the expression <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">E1 <span class="sy1">=</span> E1 op E2</span></span>, except that the expression <code>E1</code> is evaluated only once and that it behaves as a single operation with respect to indeterminately-sequenced function calls (e.g. in <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">f<span class="br0">(</span>a <span class="sy2">+</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b, g<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></span>, the += is either not started at all or is completed as seen from inside <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">g<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></span>).
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/operator_assignment&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Example">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Example_2">Example</span></h3>
<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" style=""><tr><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td><td class="mbox-text" style="">This section is incomplete<br />Reason: no example </td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/operator_assignment&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h3>
<p><a href="operator_precedence.html" title="cpp/language/operator precedence"> Operator precedence</a>
</p><p><a href="operators.html" title="cpp/language/operators"> Operator overloading</a>
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tr style="text-align:center">
<th colspan="7"> Common operators
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center">
<td> <strong class="selflink"> assignment</strong>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_incdec.html" title="cpp/language/operator incdec"> increment<br />decrement</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_arithmetic.html" title="cpp/language/operator arithmetic"> arithmetic</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_logical.html" title="cpp/language/operator logical"> logical</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_comparison.html" title="cpp/language/operator comparison"> comparison</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_member_access.html" title="cpp/language/operator member access"> member<br />access</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_other.html" title="cpp/language/operator other"> other</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center">
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">a <span class="sy1">=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy2">+</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy2">*</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy2">/</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy2">%</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy3">&</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy3">|</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy3">^</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy1"><<=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy1">>>=</span> b</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy2">++</span>a<br />
<span class="sy2">--</span>a<br />
a<span class="sy2">++</span><br />
a<span class="sy2">--</span></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy2">+</span>a<br />
<span class="sy2">-</span>a<br />
a <span class="sy2">+</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy2">-</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy2">*</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy2">/</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy2">%</span> b<br />
~a<br />
a <span class="sy3">&</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy3">|</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy3">^</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy1"><<</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy1">>></span> b</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy3">!</span>a<br />
a <span class="sy3">&&</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy3">||</span> b</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">a <span class="sy1">==</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy3">!</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy1"><</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy1">></span> b<br />
a <span class="sy1"><=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy1">>=</span> b</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">a<span class="br0">[</span>b<span class="br0">]</span><br />
<span class="sy2">*</span>a<br />
<span class="sy3">&</span>a<br />
a<span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">></span>b<br />
a.<span class="me1">b</span><br />
a<span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">></span><span class="sy2">*</span>b<br />
a.<span class="sy2">*</span>b</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">a<span class="br0">(</span>...<span class="br0">)</span><br />
a, b<br />
<span class="sy4">?</span> <span class="sy4">:</span></span></span>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="7"> Special operators
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7">
<p><a href="static_cast.html" title="cpp/language/static cast"><tt>static_cast</tt></a> converts one type to another related type <br />
<a href="dynamic_cast.html" title="cpp/language/dynamic cast"><tt>dynamic_cast</tt></a> converts within inheritance hierarchies <br />
<a href="const_cast.html" title="cpp/language/const cast"><tt>const_cast</tt></a> adds or removes <a href="cv.html" title="cpp/language/cv">cv</a> qualifiers<br />
<a href="reinterpret_cast.html" title="cpp/language/reinterpret cast"><tt>reinterpret_cast</tt></a> converts type to unrelated type<br />
<a href="explicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/explicit cast">C-style cast</a> converts one type to another by a mix of <code>static_cast</code>, <code>const_cast</code>, and <code>reinterpret_cast</code> <br />
<a href="../memory/new/operator_new.html" title="cpp/memory/new/operator new"><tt>new</tt></a> allocates memory<br />
<a href="../memory/new/operator_delete.html" title="cpp/memory/new/operator delete"><tt>delete</tt></a> deallocates memory<br />
<a href="sizeof.html" title="cpp/language/sizeof"><tt>sizeof</tt></a> queries the size of a type<br />
<a href="sizeof....html" title="cpp/language/sizeof..."><tt>sizeof...</tt></a> queries the size of a <a href="parameter_pack.html" title="cpp/language/parameter pack">parameter pack</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span><br />
<a href="typeid.html" title="cpp/language/typeid"><tt>typeid</tt></a> queries the type information of a type<br />
<a href="noexcept.html" title="cpp/language/noexcept"><tt>noexcept</tt></a> checks if an expression can throw an exception <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span><br />
<a href="alignof.html" title="cpp/language/alignof"><tt>alignof</tt></a> queries alignment requirements of a type <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span>
</p>
</td></tr></table>
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