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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="integer_literal.html" title="cpp/language/integer literal">integer literals</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="floating_literal.html" title="cpp/language/floating literal">floating-point literals</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="bool_literal.html" title="cpp/language/bool literal">boolean literals</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="character_literal.html" title="cpp/language/character literal">character literals</a> including <a href="escape.html" title="cpp/language/escape">escape sequences</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="string_literal.html" title="cpp/language/string literal">string literals</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="nullptr.html" title="cpp/language/nullptr">null pointer literal</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="user_literal.html" title="cpp/language/user literal">user-defined literal</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Operators </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_assignment.html" title="cpp/language/operator assignment"> Assignment operators</a>:
<code>a=b</code>, <code>a+=b</code>, <code>a-=b</code>, <code>a*=b</code>, <code>a/=b</code>, <code>a%=b</code>, <code>a&=b</code>, <code>a|=b</code>, <code>a^=b</code>, <code>a<<=b</code>, <code>a>>=</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <strong class="selflink"> Increment and decrement</strong>: <code>++a</code>, <code>--a</code>, <code>a++</code>, <code>a--</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_arithmetic.html" title="cpp/language/operator arithmetic"> Arithmetic operators</a>:
<code>+a</code>, <code>-a</code>, <code>a+b</code>, <code>a-b</code>, <code>a*b</code>, <code>a/b</code>, <code>a%b</code>, <code>~a</code>, <code>a&b</code>, <code>a|b</code>, <code>a^b</code>, <code>a<<b</code>, <code>a>>b</code> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_logical.html" title="cpp/language/operator logical"> Logical operators</a>: <code>a||b</code>, <code>a&&b</code>, <code>!a</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_comparison.html" title="cpp/language/operator comparison"> Comparison operators</a>: <code>a==b</code>, <code>a!=b</code>, <code>a<b</code>, <code>a>b</code>, <code>a<=b</code>, <code>a>=b</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_member_access.html" title="cpp/language/operator member access"> Member access operators</a>: <code>a[b]</code>, <code>*a</code>, <code>&a</code>, <code>a->b</code>, <code>a.b</code>, <code>a->*b</code>, <code>a.*b</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_other.html" title="cpp/language/operator other"> Other operators</a>: <code>a(...)</code>, <code>a,b</code>, <code>a?b:c</code> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_alternative.html" title="cpp/language/operator alternative">Alternative representations of operators</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_precedence.html" title="cpp/language/operator precedence">Precedence and associativity</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="fold.html" title="cpp/language/fold">Fold expression</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="new.html" title="cpp/language/new">new-expression</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="delete.html" title="cpp/language/delete">delete-expression</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="throw.html" title="cpp/language/throw">throw-expression</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="alignof.html" title="cpp/language/alignof">alignof</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="sizeof.html" title="cpp/language/sizeof">sizeof</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="sizeof....html" title="cpp/language/sizeof...">sizeof...</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="typeid.html" title="cpp/language/typeid">typeid</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="noexcept.html" title="cpp/language/noexcept">noexcept</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operators.html" title="cpp/language/operators">Operator overloading</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Conversions </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="implicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/implicit cast">Implicit conversions</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="const_cast.html" title="cpp/language/const cast">const_cast</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="static_cast.html" title="cpp/language/static cast">static_cast</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="reinterpret_cast.html" title="cpp/language/reinterpret cast">reinterpret_cast</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="dynamic_cast.html" title="cpp/language/dynamic cast">dynamic_cast</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="explicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/explicit cast">Explicit conversions</a> <code>(T)a</code>, <code>T(a)</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="cast_operator.html" title="cpp/language/cast operator">User-defined conversion</a></td></tr>
</table></div>
</div><div><span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/language/expressions/navbar_content&action=edit">[edit]</a></span></div></div></div></div><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div></div>
<p>Increment/decrement operators increments or decrements the value of the object.
</p>
<table class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;">
<tr>
<th rowspan="2"> Operator name
</th>
<th rowspan="2"> Syntax
</th>
<th rowspan="2"> <a href="operators.html" title="cpp/language/operators">Over​load​able</a>
</th>
<th colspan="2"> Prototype examples (for <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">class</span> T</span></span>)
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th> Inside class definition
</th>
<th> Outside class definition
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td> pre-increment
</td>
<td> <code>++a</code>
</td>
<td style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy3">&</span> T<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">operator</span><span class="sy2">++</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>
</td>
<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy3">&</span> operator<span class="sy2">++</span><span class="br0">(</span>T<span class="sy3">&</span> a<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> pre-decrement
</td>
<td> <code>--a</code>
</td>
<td style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy3">&</span> T<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">operator</span><span class="sy2">--</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>
</td>
<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy3">&</span> operator<span class="sy2">--</span><span class="br0">(</span>T<span class="sy3">&</span> a<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> post-increment
</td>
<td> <code>a++</code>
</td>
<td style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T T<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">operator</span><span class="sy2">++</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>
</td>
<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T operator<span class="sy2">++</span><span class="br0">(</span>T<span class="sy3">&</span> a, <span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> post-decrement
</td>
<td> <code>a--</code>
</td>
<td style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T T<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">operator</span><span class="sy2">--</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>
</td>
<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T operator<span class="sy2">--</span><span class="br0">(</span>T<span class="sy3">&</span> a, <span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="5">
<dl><dd><b>Notes</b><br />
</dd></dl>
<ul><li> Prefix versions of the built-in operators return <i>references</i> and postfix versions return <i>values</i>, and typical <a href="operators.html" title="cpp/language/operators">user-defined overloads</a> follow the pattern so that the user-defined operators can be used in the same manner as the built-ins. However, in a user-defined operator overload, any type can be used as return type (including <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">void</span></span></span>).
</li><li> The <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">int</span></span></span> parameter is a dummy parameter used to differentiate between prefix and postfix versions of the operators. When the user-defined postfix operator is called, the value passed in that parameter is always zero, although it may be changed by calling the operator using function call notation (e.g., <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">a.<span class="me1">operator</span><span class="sy2">++</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu0">2</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></span> or <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">operator<span class="sy2">++</span><span class="br0">(</span>a, <span class="nu0">2</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></span>).
</li></ul>
</td></tr></table>
<table id="toc" class="toc"><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="operator_incdec.html#Explanation"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Explanation</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="operator_incdec.html#Built-in_prefix_operators"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Built-in prefix operators</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="operator_incdec.html#Built-in_postfix_operators"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Built-in postfix operators</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="operator_incdec.html#Example"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Example</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="operator_incdec.html#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="operator_incdec.html#Standard_library"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Standard library</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="operator_incdec.html#overloads_for_arithmetic_types"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">overloads for arithmetic types</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="operator_incdec.html#overloads_for_iterator_types"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">overloads for iterator types</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="operator_incdec.html#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/operator_incdec&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Explanation">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Explanation">Explanation</span></h3>
<p><i>Pre-increment</i> and <i>pre-decrement</i> operators increments or decrements the value of the object and returns a reference to the result.
</p><p><i>Post-increment</i> and <i>post-decrement</i> creates a copy of the object, increments or decrements the value of the object and returns the copy from before the increment or decrement.
</p>
<h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/operator_incdec&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Built-in prefix operators">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Built-in_prefix_operators">Built-in prefix operators</span></h4>
<p>For every optionally volatile-qualified arithmetic type <code>A</code> other than <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">bool</span></span></span>, and for every optionally volatile-qualified pointer <code>P</code> to optionally cv-qualified object type, the following function signatures participate in overload resolution:
</p>
<table class="t-dcl-begin"><tbody>
<tr class="t-dcl">
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">A<span class="sy3">&</span> operator<span class="sy2">++</span><span class="br0">(</span>A<span class="sy3">&</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl">
<td> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">bool</span><span class="sy3">&</span> operator<span class="sy2">++</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">bool</span><span class="sy3">&</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
<td> <span class="t-mark">(deprecated)</span><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx17">(until C++17)</span> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl">
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">P<span class="sy3">&</span> operator<span class="sy2">++</span><span class="br0">(</span>P<span class="sy3">&</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl">
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">A<span class="sy3">&</span> operator<span class="sy2">--</span><span class="br0">(</span>A<span class="sy3">&</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl">
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">P<span class="sy3">&</span> operator<span class="sy2">--</span><span class="br0">(</span>P<span class="sy3">&</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl-sep"><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>The operand of a built-in prefix increment or decrement operator must be a modifiable (non-const) <a href="value_category.html" title="cpp/language/value category">lvalue</a> of non-boolean arithmetic type or pointer to complete <a href="type-id.html" title="cpp/language/type">object type</a>. For non-boolean operands, the expression <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy2">++</span>x</span></span> is exactly equivalent to <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">x <span class="sy2">+</span><span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">1</span></span></span>, and the expression <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy2">--</span>x</span></span> is exactly equivalent to <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">x <span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">1</span></span></span>, that is, the prefix increment or decrement is an lvalue expression that identifies the modified operand. All arithmetic conversion rules and pointer arithmetic rules defined for <a href="operator_arithmetic.html" title="cpp/language/operator arithmetic">arithmetic operators</a> apply.
</p><p><span class="t-rev-inl t-until-cxx17"><span>If the operand of the pre-increment operator is of type <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">bool</span></span></span>, it is set to <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw2">true</span></span></span> <span class="t-mark">(deprecated)</span>.</span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx17">(until C++17)</span></span></span>
</p>
<h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/operator_incdec&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Built-in postfix operators">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Built-in_postfix_operators">Built-in postfix operators</span></h4>
<p>For every optionally volatile-qualified arithmetic type <code>A</code> other than <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">bool</span></span></span>, and for every optionally volatile-qualified pointer <code>P</code> to optionally cv-qualified object type, the following function signatures participate in overload resolution:
</p>
<table class="t-dcl-begin"><tbody>
<tr class="t-dcl">
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">A operator<span class="sy2">++</span><span class="br0">(</span>A<span class="sy3">&</span>, <span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl">
<td> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">bool</span> operator<span class="sy2">++</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">bool</span><span class="sy3">&</span>, <span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
<td> <span class="t-mark">(deprecated)</span><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx17">(until C++17)</span> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl">
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">P operator<span class="sy2">++</span><span class="br0">(</span>P<span class="sy3">&</span>, <span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl">
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">A operator<span class="sy2">--</span><span class="br0">(</span>A<span class="sy3">&</span>, <span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl">
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">P operator<span class="sy2">--</span><span class="br0">(</span>P<span class="sy3">&</span>, <span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl-sep"><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>The operand of a built-in postfix increment or decrement operator must be a modifiable (non-const) <a href="value_category.html" title="cpp/language/value category">lvalue</a> of non-boolean arithmetic type or pointer to complete <a href="type-id.html" title="cpp/language/type">object type</a>. The result is <a href="value_category.html" title="cpp/language/value category">prvalue</a> copy of the original value of the operand. As a side-effect, for non-boolean operands, the expression <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">x<span class="sy2">++</span></span></span> modifies the value of its operand as if by evaluating <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">x <span class="sy2">+</span><span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">1</span></span></span>, and the expression <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">x<span class="sy2">--</span></span></span> modifies the value of its operand as if by evaluating <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">x <span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">1</span></span></span>. All arithmetic conversion rules and pointer arithmetic rules defined for <a href="operator_arithmetic.html" title="cpp/language/operator arithmetic">arithmetic operators</a> apply.
</p><p><span class="t-rev-inl t-until-cxx17"><span>If the operand of the post-increment operator is of type <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">bool</span></span></span>, it is set to <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw2">true</span></span></span> <span class="t-mark">(deprecated)</span>.</span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx17">(until C++17)</span></span></span>
</p>
<h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/operator_incdec&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Example">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Example">Example</span></h4>
<div class="t-example"><div class="t-example-live-link"><div class="coliru-btn coliru-btn-run-init">Run this code</div></div>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="co2">#include <iostream></span>
 
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> n1 <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">1</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> n2 <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="sy2">++</span>n1<span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> n3 <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="sy2">++</span> <span class="sy2">++</span>n1<span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> n4 <span class="sy1">=</span> n1<span class="sy2">++</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="co1">// int n5 = n1++ ++; // error</span>
<span class="co1">// int n6 = n1 + ++n1; // undefined behavior</span>
<a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"n1 = "</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> n1 <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span>
<span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"n2 = "</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> n2 <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span>
<span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"n3 = "</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> n3 <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span>
<span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"n4 = "</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> n4 <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Output:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="text source-text"><pre class="de1">n1 = 5
n2 = 2
n3 = 4
n4 = 4</pre></div></div>
</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/operator_incdec&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h3>
<p>Because of the side-effects involved, built-in increment and decrement operators must be used with care to avoid undefined behavior due to violations of <a href="eval_order.html" title="cpp/language/eval order">sequencing rules</a>.
</p><p>Because a temporary copy of the object is constructed during post-increment and post-decrement, <i>pre-increment</i> or <i>pre-decrement</i> operators are usually more efficient in contexts where the returned value is not used.
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/operator_incdec&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Standard library">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Standard_library">Standard library</span></h3>
<p>Increment and decrement operators are overloaded for many standard library types. In particular, every <a href="../concept/Iterator.html" title="cpp/concept/Iterator"><code>Iterator</code></a> overloads operator++ and every <a href="../concept/BidirectionalIterator.html" title="cpp/concept/BidirectionalIterator"><code>BidirectionalIterator</code></a> overloads operator--, even if those operators are no-ops for the particular iterator.
</p>
<table class="t-dsc-begin">
<tr>
<td colspan="2"> <h5> <span class="mw-headline" id="overloads_for_arithmetic_types"> overloads for arithmetic types </span></h5>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td> <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="../atomic/atomic/operator_arith.html" title="cpp/atomic/atomic/operator arith"> <span class="t-lines"><span>operator++</span><span>operator++<span class="t-dsc-small">(int)</span></span><span>operator--</span><span>operator--<span class="t-dsc-small">(int)</span></span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td> increments or decrements the atomic value by one <br /> <span class="t-mark">(public member function of <code>std::atomic</code>)</span> <span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/atomic/atomic/dsc_operator_arith&action=edit">[edit]</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td> <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="../chrono/duration/operator_arith2.html" title="cpp/chrono/duration/operator arith2"> <span class="t-lines"><span>operator++</span><span>operator++<span class="t-dsc-small">(int)</span></span><span>operator--</span><span>operator--<span class="t-dsc-small">(int)</span></span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td> increments or decrements the tick count <br /> <span class="t-mark">(public member function of <code>std::chrono::duration</code>)</span> <span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/chrono/duration/dsc_operator_arith2&action=edit">[edit]</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"> <h5> <span class="mw-headline" id="overloads_for_iterator_types"> overloads for iterator types </span></h5>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td> <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="../memory/raw_storage_iterator/operator_arith.html" title="cpp/memory/raw storage iterator/operator arith"> <span class="t-lines"><span>operator++</span><span>operator++<span class="t-dsc-small">(int)</span></span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td> advances the iterator <br /> <span class="t-mark">(public member function of <code>std::raw_storage_iterator</code>)</span> <span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/memory/raw_storage_iterator/dsc_operator_arith&action=edit">[edit]</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td> <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="../iterator/reverse_iterator/operator_arith.html" title="cpp/iterator/reverse iterator/operator arith"> <span class="t-lines"><span>operator++</span><span>operator++<span class="t-dsc-small">(int)</span></span><span>operator+=</span><span>operator+</span><span>operator--</span><span>operator--<span class="t-dsc-small">(int)</span></span><span>operator-=</span><span>operator-</span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td> advances or decrements the iterator <br /> <span class="t-mark">(public member function of <code>std::reverse_iterator</code>)</span> <span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/iterator/adaptor/dsc_operator_arith&action=edit">[edit]</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td> <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="../iterator/move_iterator/operator_arith.html" title="cpp/iterator/move iterator/operator arith"> <span class="t-lines"><span>operator++</span><span>operator++<span class="t-dsc-small">(int)</span></span><span>operator+=</span><span>operator+</span><span>operator--</span><span>operator--<span class="t-dsc-small">(int)</span></span><span>operator-=</span><span>operator-</span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td> advances or decrements the iterator <br /> <span class="t-mark">(public member function of <code>std::move_iterator</code>)</span> <span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/iterator/adaptor/dsc_operator_arith&action=edit">[edit]</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td> <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="../iterator/front_insert_iterator/operator++.html" title="cpp/iterator/front insert iterator/operator++"> <span class="t-lines"><span>operator++</span><span>operator++<span class="t-dsc-small">(int)</span></span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td> no-op <br /> <span class="t-mark">(public member function of <code>std::front_insert_iterator</code>)</span> <span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/iterator/inserter/dsc_operator_arith&action=edit">[edit]</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td> <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="../iterator/back_insert_iterator/operator++.html" title="cpp/iterator/back insert iterator/operator++"> <span class="t-lines"><span>operator++</span><span>operator++<span class="t-dsc-small">(int)</span></span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td> no-op <br /> <span class="t-mark">(public member function of <code>std::back_insert_iterator</code>)</span> <span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/iterator/inserter/dsc_operator_arith&action=edit">[edit]</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td> <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="../iterator/insert_iterator/operator++.html" title="cpp/iterator/insert iterator/operator++"> <span class="t-lines"><span>operator++</span><span>operator++<span class="t-dsc-small">(int)</span></span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td> no-op <br /> <span class="t-mark">(public member function of <code>std::insert_iterator</code>)</span> <span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/iterator/inserter/dsc_operator_arith&action=edit">[edit]</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td> <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="../iterator/istream_iterator/operator_arith.html" title="cpp/iterator/istream iterator/operator arith"> <span class="t-lines"><span>operator++</span><span>operator++<span class="t-dsc-small">(int)</span></span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td> advances the iterator <br /> <span class="t-mark">(public member function of <code>std::istream_iterator</code>)</span> <span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/iterator/istream_iterator/dsc_operator_arith&action=edit">[edit]</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td> <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="../iterator/ostream_iterator/operator_arith.html" title="cpp/iterator/ostream iterator/operator arith"> <span class="t-lines"><span>operator++</span><span>operator++<span class="t-dsc-small">(int)</span></span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td> no-op <br /> <span class="t-mark">(public member function of <code>std::ostream_iterator</code>)</span> <span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/iterator/ostream_iterator/dsc_operator_arith&action=edit">[edit]</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td> <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="../iterator/istreambuf_iterator/operator_arith.html" title="cpp/iterator/istreambuf iterator/operator arith"> <span class="t-lines"><span>operator++</span><span>operator++<span class="t-dsc-small">(int)</span></span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td> advances the iterator <br /> <span class="t-mark">(public member function of <code>std::istreambuf_iterator</code>)</span> <span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/iterator/istreambuf_iterator/dsc_operator_arith&action=edit">[edit]</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td> <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="../iterator/ostreambuf_iterator/operator_arith.html" title="cpp/iterator/ostreambuf iterator/operator arith"> <span class="t-lines"><span>operator++</span><span>operator++<span class="t-dsc-small">(int)</span></span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td> no-op <br /> <span class="t-mark">(public member function of <code>std::ostreambuf_iterator</code>)</span> <span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/iterator/ostreambuf_iterator/dsc_operator_arith&action=edit">[edit]</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td> <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="../regex/regex_iterator/operator_arith.html" title="cpp/regex/regex iterator/operator arith"> <span class="t-lines"><span>operator++</span><span>operator++<span class="t-dsc-small">(int)</span></span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td> advances the iterator to the next match <br /> <span class="t-mark">(public member function of <code>std::regex_iterator</code>)</span> <span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/regex/regex_iterator/dsc_operator_arith&action=edit">[edit]</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td> <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="../regex/regex_token_iterator/operator_arith.html" title="cpp/regex/regex token iterator/operator arith"> <span class="t-lines"><span>operator++</span><span>operator++<span class="t-dsc-small">(int)</span></span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td> advances the iterator to the next submatch <br /> <span class="t-mark">(public member function of <code>std::regex_token_iterator</code>)</span> <span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/regex/regex_token_iterator/dsc_operator_arith&action=edit">[edit]</a></span>
</td></tr>
</table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/operator_incdec&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h3>
<p><a href="operator_precedence.html" title="cpp/language/operator precedence"> Operator precedence</a>
</p><p><a href="operators.html" title="cpp/language/operators"> Operator overloading</a>
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tr style="text-align:center">
<th colspan="7"> Common operators
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center">
<td> <a href="operator_assignment.html" title="cpp/language/operator assignment"> assignment</a>
</td>
<td> <strong class="selflink"> increment<br />decrement</strong>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_arithmetic.html" title="cpp/language/operator arithmetic"> arithmetic</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_logical.html" title="cpp/language/operator logical"> logical</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_comparison.html" title="cpp/language/operator comparison"> comparison</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_member_access.html" title="cpp/language/operator member access"> member<br />access</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_other.html" title="cpp/language/operator other"> other</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center">
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">a <span class="sy1">=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy2">+</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy2">*</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy2">/</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy2">%</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy3">&</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy3">|</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy3">^</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy1"><<=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy1">>>=</span> b</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy2">++</span>a<br />
<span class="sy2">--</span>a<br />
a<span class="sy2">++</span><br />
a<span class="sy2">--</span></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy2">+</span>a<br />
<span class="sy2">-</span>a<br />
a <span class="sy2">+</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy2">-</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy2">*</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy2">/</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy2">%</span> b<br />
~a<br />
a <span class="sy3">&</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy3">|</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy3">^</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy1"><<</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy1">>></span> b</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy3">!</span>a<br />
a <span class="sy3">&&</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy3">||</span> b</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">a <span class="sy1">==</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy3">!</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy1"><</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy1">></span> b<br />
a <span class="sy1"><=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy1">>=</span> b</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">a<span class="br0">[</span>b<span class="br0">]</span><br />
<span class="sy2">*</span>a<br />
<span class="sy3">&</span>a<br />
a<span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">></span>b<br />
a.<span class="me1">b</span><br />
a<span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">></span><span class="sy2">*</span>b<br />
a.<span class="sy2">*</span>b</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">a<span class="br0">(</span>...<span class="br0">)</span><br />
a, b<br />
<span class="sy4">?</span> <span class="sy4">:</span></span></span>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="7"> Special operators
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7">
<p><a href="static_cast.html" title="cpp/language/static cast"><tt>static_cast</tt></a> converts one type to another related type <br />
<a href="dynamic_cast.html" title="cpp/language/dynamic cast"><tt>dynamic_cast</tt></a> converts within inheritance hierarchies <br />
<a href="const_cast.html" title="cpp/language/const cast"><tt>const_cast</tt></a> adds or removes <a href="cv.html" title="cpp/language/cv">cv</a> qualifiers<br />
<a href="reinterpret_cast.html" title="cpp/language/reinterpret cast"><tt>reinterpret_cast</tt></a> converts type to unrelated type<br />
<a href="explicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/explicit cast">C-style cast</a> converts one type to another by a mix of <code>static_cast</code>, <code>const_cast</code>, and <code>reinterpret_cast</code> <br />
<a href="../memory/new/operator_new.html" title="cpp/memory/new/operator new"><tt>new</tt></a> allocates memory<br />
<a href="../memory/new/operator_delete.html" title="cpp/memory/new/operator delete"><tt>delete</tt></a> deallocates memory<br />
<a href="sizeof.html" title="cpp/language/sizeof"><tt>sizeof</tt></a> queries the size of a type<br />
<a href="sizeof....html" title="cpp/language/sizeof..."><tt>sizeof...</tt></a> queries the size of a <a href="parameter_pack.html" title="cpp/language/parameter pack">parameter pack</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span><br />
<a href="typeid.html" title="cpp/language/typeid"><tt>typeid</tt></a> queries the type information of a type<br />
<a href="noexcept.html" title="cpp/language/noexcept"><tt>noexcept</tt></a> checks if an expression can throw an exception <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span><br />
<a href="alignof.html" title="cpp/language/alignof"><tt>alignof</tt></a> queries alignment requirements of a type <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span>
</p>
</td></tr></table>
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