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<p>Terminates current function and returns specified value to the caller function.
</p>
<table id="toc" class="toc"><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="return.html#Syntax"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Syntax</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="return.html#Explanation"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Explanation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="return.html#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="return.html#Keywords"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Keywords</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="return.html#Example"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Example</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="return.html#Defect_reports"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Defect reports</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="return.html#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/return&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Syntax">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Syntax">Syntax</span></h3>
<table class="t-sdsc-begin">
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <span class="t-spar">attr</span><span class="t-mark">(optional)</span> <code><b>return</b></code> <span class="t-spar">expression</span><span class="t-mark">(optional)</span> <code><b>;</b></code>
</td>
<td> (1)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <span class="t-spar">attr</span><span class="t-mark">(optional)</span> <code><b>return</b></code> <span class="t-spar">braced-init-list</span> <code><b>;</b></code>
</td>
<td> (2)
</td>
<td> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr></table>
<table class="t-par-begin">
<tr class="t-par">
<td> <span class="t-spar">attr</span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> optional sequence of any number of <a href="attributes.html" title="cpp/language/attributes">attributes</a>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-par">
<td> <span class="t-spar">expression</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> <a href="expressions.html" title="cpp/language/expressions">expression</a>, convertible to the function return type
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-par">
<td> <span class="t-spar">braced-init-list</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> brace-enclosed list of initializers and other braced-init-lists
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/return&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Explanation">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Explanation">Explanation</span></h3>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> Evaluates the <span class="t-spar">expression</span>, terminates the current function and returns the result of the <span class="t-spar">expression</span> to the caller, after <a href="implicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/implicit cast">implicit conversion</a> to the function return type. The <span class="t-spar">expression</span> is optional in functions whose return type is (possibly cv-qualified) <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">void</span></span></span>, in constructors and in destructors.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> Uses <a href="list_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/list initialization">copy-list-initialization</a> to construct the return value of the function.</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/return&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h3>
<p>If control reaches the end of a function without encountering a return statement, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">return</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span> is executed (except in the <a href="main_function.html" title="cpp/language/main function">main function</a>, where <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">return</span> <span class="nu0">0</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span> is executed).
</p><p>Flowing off the end of a value-returning function (except <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">main</span></span>) without a return statement is undefined behavior.
</p><p>In a function returning <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">void</span></span></span>, the return statement with <span class="t-spar">expression</span> can be used, if the expression type is <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">void</span></span></span>.
</p><p>Returning by value may involve construction and copy/move of a temporary object, unless <a href="copy_elision.html" title="cpp/language/copy elision">copy elision</a> is used.
</p>
<table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx11"><td>
<p>If <span class="t-spar">expression</span> is an lvalue expression and the conditions for <a href="copy_elision.html" title="cpp/language/copy elision">copy elision</a> are met, or would be met, except that <span class="t-spar">expression</span> names a function parameter, then <a href="overload_resolution.html" title="cpp/language/overload resolution">overload resolution</a> to select the constructor to use for initialization of the returned value is performed <i>twice</i>: first as if <span class="t-spar">expression</span> were an rvalue expression (thus it may select the move constructor or a copy constructor taking reference to const), and if no suitable conversion is available, overload resolution is performed the second time, with lvalue <span class="t-spar">expression</span> (so it may select the copy constructor taking a reference to non-const).
</p><p>The above rule applies even if the function return type is different from the type of <span class="t-spar">expression</span> (copy elision requires same type)
</p>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx14"><td>
<p>The copy-initialization of the temporary that is the result of evaluating a function call is <a href="eval_order.html" title="cpp/language/eval order">sequenced-before</a> the destruction of all temporaries at the end of <span class="t-spar">expression</span>, which, in turn, is <i>sequenced-before</i> the destruction of local variables of the block enclosing the return statement.
</p>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx14">(since C++14)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/return&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Keywords">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Keywords">Keywords</span></h3>
<p><a href="../keyword/return.html" title="cpp/keyword/return"><tt>return</tt></a>
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/return&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Example">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Example">Example</span></h3>
<div class="t-example"><div class="t-example-live-link"><div class="coliru-btn coliru-btn-run-init">Run this code</div></div>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="co2">#include <iostream></span>
<span class="co2">#include <string></span>
<span class="co2">#include <utility></span>
 
<span class="kw4">void</span> fa<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> i<span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw1">if</span> <span class="br0">(</span>i <span class="sy1">==</span> <span class="nu0">2</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="kw1">return</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> i <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// implied return;</span>
 
<span class="kw4">int</span> fb<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> i<span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw1">if</span> <span class="br0">(</span>i <span class="sy1">></span> <span class="nu0">4</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="kw1">return</span> <span class="nu0">4</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> i <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">return</span> <span class="nu0">2</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
 
<a href="../utility/pair.html"><span class="kw936">std::<span class="me2">pair</span></span></a><span class="sy1"><</span><a href="../string/basic_string.html"><span class="kw1072">std::<span class="me2">string</span></span></a>, <span class="kw4">int</span><span class="sy1">></span> fc<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> p, <span class="kw4">int</span> x<span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw1">return</span> <span class="br0">{</span>p, x<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
 
<span class="kw4">void</span> fd<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw1">return</span> fa<span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu0">10</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// fa(10) is a void expression</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
 
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
fa<span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu0">2</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// returns, does nothing when i==2</span>
fa<span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu0">1</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// prints its argument, then returns</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> i <span class="sy1">=</span> fb<span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu0">5</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// prints its argument, returns 2</span>
i <span class="sy1">=</span> fb<span class="br0">(</span>i<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// prints its argument, returns 4</span>
<a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> i <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span>
<span class="sy1"><<</span> fc<span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"Hello"</span>, <span class="nu0">7</span><span class="br0">)</span>.<span class="me1">second</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;;</span>
fd<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Output:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="text source-text"><pre class="de1">1
4
2
7
10</pre></div></div>
</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/return&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Defect reports">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Defect_reports">Defect reports</span></h3>
<p>The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.
</p>
<table class="dsctable" style="font-size:0.8em">
<tr>
<th> DR
</th>
<th> Applied to
</th>
<th> Behavior as published
</th>
<th> Correct behavior
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG21/docs/cwg_defects.html#1579">CWG 1579</a>
</td>
<td> C++11
</td>
<td> return by converting move constructor was not allowed
</td>
<td> converting move constructor look up enabled
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG21/docs/cwg_defects.html#1885">CWG 1885</a>
</td>
<td> C++14
</td>
<td> sequencing of the destruction of atomatic variables was not explicit
</td>
<td> sequencing rules added
</td></tr></table>
<p><br />
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/return&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h3>
<table class="t-dsc-begin">
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td colspan="2"> <div class="t-dsc-see"><span><a href="../../c/language/return.html" title="c/language/return">C documentation</a></span> for <span class="t-dsc-see-tt"><span>return statement</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</table>
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