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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="cast_operator.html" title="cpp/language/cast operator">User-defined conversion</a></td></tr>
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<p>Converts between types using a combination of implicit and user-defined conversions.
</p>
<table id="toc" class="toc"><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="static_cast.html#Syntax"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Syntax</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="static_cast.html#Explanation"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Explanation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="static_cast.html#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="static_cast.html#Keywords"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Keywords</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="static_cast.html#Example"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Example</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="static_cast.html#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/static_cast&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Syntax">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Syntax">Syntax</span></h3>
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<td class="t-sdsc-nopad"> <code><b>static_cast &lt;</b></code> <span class="t-spar">new_type</span> <code><b>&gt; (</b></code> <span class="t-spar">expression</span> <code><b>)</b></code>
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<p>Returns a value of type <code>new_type</code>.
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/static_cast&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Explanation">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Explanation">Explanation</span></h3>
<p>Only the following conversions can be done with <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">static_cast</span></span></span>, except when such conversions would cast away <i>constness</i> or <i>volatility</i>.
</p>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> If a temporary object of type <span class="t-spar">new_type</span> can be declared and initialized with <span class="t-spar">expression</span>, as by <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">new_type Temp<span class="br0">&#40;</span>expression<span class="br0">&#41;</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>, which may involve <a href="implicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/implicit cast">implicit conversions</a>, a call to the <a href="constructor.html" title="cpp/language/constructor" class="mw-redirect">constructor</a> of <span class="t-spar">new_type</span> or a call to a <a href="cast_operator.html" title="cpp/language/cast operator">user-defined conversion operator</a>, then <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">static_cast</span><span class="sy1">&lt;</span>type<span class="sy1">&gt;</span><span class="br0">&#40;</span>expression<span class="br0">&#41;</span></span></span> computes and returns the value of that temporary object.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> If <span class="t-spar">new_type</span> is a pointer or reference to some class <code>D</code> and the type of <span class="t-spar">expression</span> is a pointer or reference to its non-virtual base <code>B</code>, <code>static_cast</code> performs a <i>downcast</i>. Such <code>static_cast</code> makes no runtime checks to ensure that the object's runtime type is actually <code>D</code>, and may only be used safely if this precondition is guaranteed by other means, such as when implementing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.com/wiki/Curiously_recurring_template_pattern#Static_polymorphism" class="extiw" title="enwiki:Curiously recurring template pattern">static polymorphism</a>. Safe downcast may be done with <a href="dynamic_cast.html" title="cpp/language/dynamic cast"><tt>dynamic_cast</tt></a>.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">3)</span> If <span class="t-spar">new_type</span> is an rvalue reference type, <code>static_cast</code> converts the value of <span class="t-spar">expression</span> to <i>xvalue</i> referring to the same object as the expression, or to its base sub-object (depending on <span class="t-spar">new_type</span>). If the target type is an inaccessible or ambiguous base of the type of the expression, the program is ill-formed. If the expression is a <a href="bit_field.html" title="cpp/language/bit field">bit field</a> lvalue, it is first converted to prvalue of the underlying type. This type of <code>static_cast</code> is used to implement move semantics in <span class="t-lc">std::move</span>. <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span></div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">4)</span> If <span class="t-spar">new_type</span> is the type <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">void</span></span></span> (possibly cv-qualified), <code>static_cast</code> discards the value of <span class="t-spar">expression</span> after evaluating it.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">5)</span> If a <a href="implicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/implicit cast">standard conversion</a> sequence from <span class="t-spar">new_type</span> to the type of <span class="t-spar">expression</span> exists, that does not include lvalue-to-rvalue, array-to-pointer, function-to-pointer, null pointer, null member pointer, <span class="t-rev-inl t-since-cxx17"><span>function pointer,</span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(since C++17)</span></span></span> or boolean conversion, then <code>static_cast</code> can perform the inverse of that implicit conversion.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">6)</span> If conversion of <span class="t-spar">expression</span> to <span class="t-spar">new_type</span> involves lvalue-to-rvalue, array-to-pointer, or function-to-pointer conversion, it can be performed explicitly by <code>static_cast</code>.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">7)</span> <a href="enum.html" title="cpp/language/enum">Scoped enumeration</a> type can be converted to an integer or floating-point type. When the target type is <i>cv</i> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">bool</span></span></span>, the result is <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw2">false</span></span></span> if the original value is zero and <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw2">true</span></span></span> for all other values. For the remaining integral types, the result is the value of the enum if it can be represented by the target type and unspecified otherwise. <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span></div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">8)</span> Integer, floating-point, or enumeration type can be converted to any complete <a href="enum.html" title="cpp/language/enum">enumeration type</a>. The result is <span class="t-rev-inl t-until-cxx17"><span>unspecified</span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx17">(until C++17)</span></span></span><span class="t-rev-inl t-since-cxx17"><span>undefined behavior</span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(since C++17)</span></span></span> if the value of <span class="t-spar">expression</span>, converted to the enumeration's underlying type, is out of range (if the underlying type is fixed, the range is the range of the type. If the underlying type is not fixed, the range is all values possible for the smallest bit field large enough to hold all enumerators of the target enumeration)</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">9)</span> A pointer to member of some class <code>D</code> can be upcast to a pointer to member of its base class <code>B</code>. This <code>static_cast</code> makes no checks to ensure the member actually exists in the runtime type of the pointed-to object.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">10)</span> A prvalue of type pointer to <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">void</span></span></span> (possibly cv-qualified) can be converted to pointer to any type. If the value of the original pointer satisfies the alignment requirement of the target type, then the resulting pointer value is unchanged, otherwise it is unspecified. Conversion of any pointer to pointer to void and back to pointer to the original (or more cv-qualified) type preserves its original value.</div>
<p>As with all cast expressions, the result is:
</p>
<ul><li> an lvalue if <span class="t-spar">new_type</span> is an lvalue reference type or an rvalue reference to function type;
</li><li> an xvalue if <span class="t-spar">new_type</span> is an rvalue reference to object type; 
</li><li> a prvalue otherwise.
</li></ul>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/static_cast&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h3>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">static_cast</span></span></span> may also be used to disambiguate function overloads by performing a function-to-pointer conversion to specific type, as in <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><a href="../algorithm/transform.html"><span class="kw1322">std::<span class="me2">transform</span></span></a><span class="br0">&#40;</span>s.<span class="me1">begin</span><span class="br0">&#40;</span><span class="br0">&#41;</span>, s.<span class="me1">end</span><span class="br0">&#40;</span><span class="br0">&#41;</span>, s.<span class="me1">begin</span><span class="br0">&#40;</span><span class="br0">&#41;</span>, <span class="kw1">static_cast</span><span class="sy1">&lt;</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">&#40;</span><span class="sy2">*</span><span class="br0">&#41;</span><span class="br0">&#40;</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">&#41;</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span><span class="br0">&#40;</span><a href="../string/byte/toupper.html"><span class="kw968">std::<span class="me2">toupper</span></span></a><span class="br0">&#41;</span><span class="br0">&#41;</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/static_cast&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Keywords">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Keywords">Keywords</span></h3>
<p><a href="../keyword/static_cast.html" title="cpp/keyword/static cast"><tt>static_cast</tt></a>
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/static_cast&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Example">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Example">Example</span></h3>
<div class="t-example"><div class="t-example-live-link"><div class="coliru-btn coliru-btn-run-init">Run this code</div></div>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="co2">#include &lt;vector&gt;</span>
<span class="co2">#include &lt;iostream&gt;</span>
&#160;
<span class="kw1">struct</span> B <span class="br0">&#123;</span><span class="br0">&#125;</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">struct</span> D <span class="sy4">:</span> B <span class="br0">&#123;</span><span class="br0">&#125;</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
&#160;
<span class="kw2">enum</span> <span class="kw1">class</span> E <span class="br0">&#123;</span> ONE, TWO, THREE <span class="br0">&#125;</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw2">enum</span> EU <span class="br0">&#123;</span> ONE, TWO, THREE <span class="br0">&#125;</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
&#160;
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">&#40;</span><span class="br0">&#41;</span>
<span class="br0">&#123;</span>
    <span class="co1">// 1: initializing conversion</span>
    <span class="kw4">int</span> n <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="kw1">static_cast</span><span class="sy1">&lt;</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span><span class="br0">&#40;</span><span class="nu16">3.14</span><span class="br0">&#41;</span><span class="sy4">;</span> 
    <a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">&quot;n = &quot;</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> n <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
    <a href="../container/vector.html"><span class="kw1094">std::<span class="me2">vector</span></span></a><span class="sy1">&lt;</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span> v <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="kw1">static_cast</span><span class="sy1">&lt;</span><a href="../container/vector.html"><span class="kw1094">std::<span class="me2">vector</span></span></a><span class="sy1">&lt;</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="sy1">&gt;&gt;</span><span class="br0">&#40;</span><span class="nu0">10</span><span class="br0">&#41;</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
    <a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">&quot;v.size() = &quot;</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> v.<span class="me1">size</span><span class="br0">&#40;</span><span class="br0">&#41;</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
&#160;
    <span class="co1">// 2: static downcast</span>
    D d<span class="sy4">;</span>
    B<span class="sy3">&amp;</span> br <span class="sy1">=</span> d<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// upcast via implicit conversion</span>
    D<span class="sy3">&amp;</span> another_d <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="kw1">static_cast</span><span class="sy1">&lt;</span>D<span class="sy3">&amp;</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span><span class="br0">&#40;</span>br<span class="br0">&#41;</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// downcast</span>
&#160;
    <span class="co1">// 3: lvalue to xvalue</span>
    <a href="../container/vector.html"><span class="kw1094">std::<span class="me2">vector</span></span></a><span class="sy1">&lt;</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span> v2 <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="kw1">static_cast</span><span class="sy1">&lt;</span><a href="../container/vector.html"><span class="kw1094">std::<span class="me2">vector</span></span></a><span class="sy1">&lt;</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span><span class="sy3">&amp;&amp;</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span><span class="br0">&#40;</span>v<span class="br0">&#41;</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
    <a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">&quot;after move, v.size() = &quot;</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> v.<span class="me1">size</span><span class="br0">&#40;</span><span class="br0">&#41;</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
&#160;
    <span class="co1">// 4: discarded-value expression</span>
    <span class="kw1">static_cast</span><span class="sy1">&lt;</span><span class="kw4">void</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span><span class="br0">&#40;</span>v2.<span class="me1">size</span><span class="br0">&#40;</span><span class="br0">&#41;</span><span class="br0">&#41;</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
&#160;
    <span class="co1">// 5. inverse of implicit conversion</span>
    <span class="kw4">void</span><span class="sy2">*</span> nv <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="sy3">&amp;</span>n<span class="sy4">;</span>
    <span class="kw4">int</span><span class="sy2">*</span> ni <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="kw1">static_cast</span><span class="sy1">&lt;</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="sy2">*</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span><span class="br0">&#40;</span>nv<span class="br0">&#41;</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
    <a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">&quot;*ni = &quot;</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="sy2">*</span>ni <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
&#160;
    <span class="co1">// 6. array-to-pointer followed by upcast</span>
    D a<span class="br0">&#91;</span><span class="nu0">10</span><span class="br0">&#93;</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
    B<span class="sy2">*</span> dp <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="kw1">static_cast</span><span class="sy1">&lt;</span>B<span class="sy2">*</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span><span class="br0">&#40;</span>a<span class="br0">&#41;</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
&#160;
    <span class="co1">// 7. scoped enum to int or float</span>
    E e <span class="sy1">=</span> E<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">ONE</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
    <span class="kw4">int</span> one <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="kw1">static_cast</span><span class="sy1">&lt;</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span><span class="br0">&#40;</span>e<span class="br0">&#41;</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
&#160;
    <span class="co1">// 8. int to enum, enum to another enum</span>
    E e2 <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="kw1">static_cast</span><span class="sy1">&lt;</span>E<span class="sy1">&gt;</span><span class="br0">&#40;</span>one<span class="br0">&#41;</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
    EU eu <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="kw1">static_cast</span><span class="sy1">&lt;</span>EU<span class="sy1">&gt;</span><span class="br0">&#40;</span>e2<span class="br0">&#41;</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
&#160;
    <span class="co1">// 9. pointer to member upcast</span>
    <span class="co1">// todo</span>
&#160;
    <span class="co1">// 10. void* to any type</span>
    <span class="kw4">void</span><span class="sy2">*</span> voidp <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="sy3">&amp;</span>e<span class="sy4">;</span>
    <a href="../container/vector.html"><span class="kw1094">std::<span class="me2">vector</span></span></a><span class="sy1">&lt;</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span><span class="sy2">*</span> p <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="kw1">static_cast</span><span class="sy1">&lt;</span><a href="../container/vector.html"><span class="kw1094">std::<span class="me2">vector</span></span></a><span class="sy1">&lt;</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span><span class="sy2">*</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span><span class="br0">&#40;</span>voidp<span class="br0">&#41;</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">&#125;</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Output:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="text source-text"><pre class="de1">n = 3
v.size() = 10
after move, v.size() = 0
*ni = 3</pre></div></div> 
</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/static_cast&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h3>
<ul><li> <a href="const_cast.html" title="cpp/language/const cast">const_cast</a>
</li><li> <a href="dynamic_cast.html" title="cpp/language/dynamic cast">dynamic_cast</a>
</li><li> <a href="reinterpret_cast.html" title="cpp/language/reinterpret cast">reinterpret_cast</a>
</li><li> <a href="explicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/explicit cast">explicit cast</a>
</li><li> <a href="implicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/implicit cast">implicit conversions</a>
</li></ul>

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