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<code>a=b</code>, <code>a+=b</code>, <code>a-=b</code>, <code>a*=b</code>, <code>a/=b</code>, <code>a%=b</code>, <code>a&=b</code>, <code>a|=b</code>, <code>a^=b</code>, <code>a<<=b</code>, <code>a>>=</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_incdec.html" title="cpp/language/operator incdec"> Increment and decrement</a>: <code>++a</code>, <code>--a</code>, <code>a++</code>, <code>a--</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_arithmetic.html" title="cpp/language/operator arithmetic"> Arithmetic operators</a>:
<code>+a</code>, <code>-a</code>, <code>a+b</code>, <code>a-b</code>, <code>a*b</code>, <code>a/b</code>, <code>a%b</code>, <code>~a</code>, <code>a&b</code>, <code>a|b</code>, <code>a^b</code>, <code>a<<b</code>, <code>a>>b</code> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_logical.html" title="cpp/language/operator logical"> Logical operators</a>: <code>a||b</code>, <code>a&&b</code>, <code>!a</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_comparison.html" title="cpp/language/operator comparison"> Comparison operators</a>: <code>a==b</code>, <code>a!=b</code>, <code>a<b</code>, <code>a>b</code>, <code>a<=b</code>, <code>a>=b</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_member_access.html" title="cpp/language/operator member access"> Member access operators</a>: <code>a[b]</code>, <code>*a</code>, <code>&a</code>, <code>a->b</code>, <code>a.b</code>, <code>a->*b</code>, <code>a.*b</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_other.html" title="cpp/language/operator other"> Other operators</a>: <code>a(...)</code>, <code>a,b</code>, <code>a?b:c</code> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_alternative.html" title="cpp/language/operator alternative">Alternative representations of operators</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_precedence.html" title="cpp/language/operator precedence">Precedence and associativity</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="fold.html" title="cpp/language/fold">Fold expression</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="new.html" title="cpp/language/new">new-expression</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="delete.html" title="cpp/language/delete">delete-expression</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="throw.html" title="cpp/language/throw">throw-expression</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="alignof.html" title="cpp/language/alignof">alignof</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="sizeof.html" title="cpp/language/sizeof">sizeof</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="sizeof....html" title="cpp/language/sizeof...">sizeof...</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="typeid.html" title="cpp/language/typeid">typeid</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="noexcept.html" title="cpp/language/noexcept">noexcept</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operators.html" title="cpp/language/operators">Operator overloading</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Conversions </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="implicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/implicit cast">Implicit conversions</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="const_cast.html" title="cpp/language/const cast">const_cast</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="static_cast.html" title="cpp/language/static cast">static_cast</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="reinterpret_cast.html" title="cpp/language/reinterpret cast">reinterpret_cast</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="dynamic_cast.html" title="cpp/language/dynamic cast">dynamic_cast</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="explicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/explicit cast">Explicit conversions</a> <code>(T)a</code>, <code>T(a)</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="cast_operator.html" title="cpp/language/cast operator">User-defined conversion</a></td></tr>
</table></div>
</div><div><span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/language/expressions/navbar_content&action=edit">[edit]</a></span></div></div></div></div><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div></div>
<table id="toc" class="toc"><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="string_literal.html#Syntax"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Syntax</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="string_literal.html#Explanation"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Explanation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="string_literal.html#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="string_literal.html#Example"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Example</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="string_literal.html#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/string_literal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Syntax">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Syntax">Syntax</span></h3>
<table class="t-sdsc-begin">
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <code><b>"</b></code> (<span class="t-spar">unescaped_character</span>|<span class="t-spar">escaped_character</span>)* <code><b>"</b></code>
</td>
<td> (1)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <code><b>L</b></code> <code><b>"</b></code> (<span class="t-spar">unescaped_character</span>|<span class="t-spar">escaped_character</span>)* <code><b>"</b></code>
</td>
<td> (2)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <code><b>u8</b></code> <code><b>"</b></code> (<span class="t-spar">unescaped_character</span>|<span class="t-spar">escaped_character</span>)* <code><b>"</b></code>
</td>
<td> (3)
</td>
<td> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <code><b>u</b></code> <code><b>"</b></code> (<span class="t-spar">unescaped_character</span>|<span class="t-spar">escaped_character</span>)* <code><b>"</b></code>
</td>
<td> (4)
</td>
<td> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <code><b>U</b></code> <code><b>"</b></code> (<span class="t-spar">unescaped_character</span>|<span class="t-spar">escaped_character</span>)* <code><b>"</b></code>
</td>
<td> (5)
</td>
<td> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <span class="t-spar">prefix</span><span class="t-mark">(optional)</span> <code><b>R</b></code> <code><b>"</b></code><span class="t-spar">delimiter</span><code><b>(</b></code> <span class="t-spar">raw_character</span>* <code><b>)</b></code><span class="t-spar">delimiter</span><code><b>"</b></code>
</td>
<td> (6)
</td>
<td> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/string_literal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Explanation">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Explanation">Explanation</span></h3>
<table class="t-par-begin">
<tr class="t-par">
<td> unescaped_character
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> Any valid character
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-par">
<td> escaped_character
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> See <a href="escape.html" title="cpp/language/escape">escape sequences</a>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-par">
<td> prefix
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> One of <code><b>L</b></code>, <code><b>u8</b></code>, <code><b>u</b></code>, <code><b>U</b></code>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-par">
<td> delimiter
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> A string made of any source character but parentheses, backslash and <a href="../string/byte/isspace.html" title="cpp/string/byte/isspace">spaces</a> (can be empty, and at most 16 characters long)
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-par">
<td> raw_character
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> Must not contain the closing sequence <code><b>)</b></code><span class="t-spar">delimiter</span><code><b>"</b></code>
</td></tr></table>
<p><br />
</p>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> Narrow multibyte string literal. The type of an unprefixed string literal is <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="br0">[</span><span class="br0">]</span></span></span>.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> Wide string literal. The type of a <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">L<span class="st0">"..."</span></span></span> string literal is <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">wchar_t</span><span class="br0">[</span><span class="br0">]</span></span></span>.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">3)</span> UTF-8 encoded string literal. The type of a <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">u8<span class="st0">"..."</span></span></span> string literal is <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="br0">[</span><span class="br0">]</span></span></span>.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">4)</span> UTF-16 encoded string literal. The type of a <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">u<span class="st0">"..."</span></span></span> string literal is <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">char16_t</span><span class="br0">[</span><span class="br0">]</span></span></span>.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">5)</span> UTF-32 encoded string literal. The type of a <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">U<span class="st0">"..."</span></span></span> string literal is <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">char32_t</span><span class="br0">[</span><span class="br0">]</span></span></span>.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">6)</span> Raw string literal. Used to avoid escaping of any character, anything between the delimiters becomes part of the string, if <span class="t-spar">prefix</span> is present has the same meaning as described above.</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/string_literal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h3>
<p>The null character (<span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="st0">'<span class="es5">\0</span>'</span></span></span>, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">L<span class="st0">'<span class="es5">\0</span>'</span></span></span>, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">char16_t</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></span>, etc) is always appended to the string literal: thus, a string literal <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="st0">"Hello"</span></span></span> is a <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">6</span><span class="br0">]</span></span></span> holding the characters <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="st0">'H'</span></span></span>, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="st0">'e'</span></span></span>, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="st0">'l'</span></span></span>, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="st0">'l'</span></span></span>, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="st0">'o'</span></span></span>, and <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="st0">'<span class="es5">\0</span>'</span></span></span>.
</p><p>String literals placed side-by-side are concatenated at <a href="translation_phases.html" title="cpp/language/translation phases">translation phase 6</a> (after the preprocessor). That is, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="st0">"Hello,"</span>  <span class="st0">" world!"</span></span></span> yields the (single) string <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="st0">"Hello, world!"</span></span></span>. If the two strings have the same encoding prefix (or neither has one), the resulting string will have the same encoding prefix (or no prefix).
</p>
<table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx11"><td> If one of the strings has an encoding prefix and the other doesn't, the one that doesn't will be considered to have the same encoding prefix as the other.
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1">L<span class="st0">"Δx = %"</span> <a href="../types/integer.html"><span class="kw177">PRId16</span></a> <span class="co1">// at phase 4, PRId16 expands to "d"</span>
<span class="co1">// at phase 6, L"Δx = %" and "d" form L"Δx = %d"</span></pre></div></div>
<p>If a UTF-8 string literal and a wide string literal are side by side, the program is ill-formed.
</p>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<p>Any other combination of encoding prefixes may or may not be supported by the implementation. The result of such a concatenation is implementation-defined.
</p><p>String literals have static storage duration, and thus exist in memory for the life of the program.
</p><p>String literals can be used to <a href="aggregate_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/aggregate initialization">initialize character arrays</a>. If an array is initialized like <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">char</span> str<span class="br0">[</span><span class="br0">]</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="st0">"foo"</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">str</span></span> will contain a copy of the string <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="st0">"foo"</span></span></span>.
</p><p>The compiler is allowed, <i>but not required</i>, to combine storage for equal or overlapping string literals. That means that identical string literals may or may not compare equal when compared by pointer.
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">bool</span> b <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="st0">"bar"</span> <span class="sy1">==</span> <span class="nu0">3</span><span class="sy2">+</span><span class="st0">"foobar"</span> <span class="co1">// could be true or false, implementation-defined</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Attempting to modify a string literal results in <i>undefined behavior</i>: they may be stored in read-only storage (such as <code>.rodata</code>) or combined with other string literals:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> pc <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="st0">"Hello"</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> p <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="kw1">const_cast</span><span class="sy1"><</span><span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span><span class="sy1">></span><span class="br0">(</span>pc<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
p<span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">0</span><span class="br0">]</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="st0">'M'</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// undefined behavior</span></pre></div></div>
<p>In C, string literals are of type <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">char</span><span class="br0">[</span><span class="br0">]</span></span></span>, and can be assigned directly to a (non-const) <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span></span></span>. C++03 allowed it as well (but deprecated it, as literals are <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">const</span></span></span> in C++). C++11 no longer allows such assignments without a cast.
</p><p>A string literal is not necessarily a C string: if a string literal has embedded null characters, it represents an array which contains more than one string.
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> p <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="st0">"abc<span class="es5">\0</span>def"</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// std::strlen(p) == 3, but the array has size 8</span></pre></div></div>
<p>If a valid hex digit follows a hex escape in a string literal, it would fail to compile as an invalid escape sequence, but string concatenation can be used as a workaround:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="co1">//const char* p = "\xfff"; // error: hex escape sequence out of range</span>
<span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> p <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="st0">"<span class="es2">\xff</span>"</span><span class="st0">"f"</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// OK: the literal is const char[3] holding {'\xff','f','\0'}</span></pre></div></div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/string_literal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Example">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Example">Example</span></h3>
<div class="t-example"><div class="t-example-live-link"><div class="coliru-btn coliru-btn-run-init">Run this code</div></div>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="co2">#include <iostream></span>
 
<span class="kw4">char</span> array1<span class="br0">[</span><span class="br0">]</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="st0">"Foo"</span> <span class="st0">"bar"</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="co1">// same as</span>
<span class="kw4">char</span> array2<span class="br0">[</span><span class="br0">]</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="st0">'F'</span>, <span class="st0">'o'</span>, <span class="st0">'o'</span>, <span class="st0">'b'</span>, <span class="st0">'a'</span>, <span class="st0">'r'</span>, <span class="st0">'<span class="es5">\0</span>'</span> <span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> s1 <span class="sy1">=</span> R<span class="st0">"foo(
Hello
World
)foo"</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="co1">//same as</span>
<span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> s2 <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="st0">"<span class="es1">\n</span>Hello<span class="es1">\n</span>World<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> array1 <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> array2 <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> s1 <span class="sy1"><<</span> s2<span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Output:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="text source-text"><pre class="de1">Foobar
Foobar
 
Hello
World
 
Hello
World</pre></div></div>
</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/string_literal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h3>
<table class="t-dsc-begin">
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td colspan="2"> <div class="t-dsc-see"><span><a href="../../c/language/string_literal.html" title="c/language/string literal">C documentation</a></span> for <span class="t-dsc-see-tt"><span>string literal</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
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