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<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="t-navbar" style=""><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div><div class="t-navbar-head"><a href="../../cpp.html" title="cpp"> C++</a><div class="t-navbar-menu"><div><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="line-height:1.1em;">
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</table></div><div><span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/navbar_content&action=edit">[edit]</a></span></div></div></div></div><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div><div class="t-navbar-head"><a href="../language.1.html" title="cpp/language"> C++ language</a></div><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div><div class="t-navbar-head"><strong class="selflink"> Templates</strong><div class="t-navbar-menu"><div><div style="display:inline-block">
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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="template_parameters.html" title="cpp/language/template parameters"> parameters and arguments</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="class_template.html" title="cpp/language/class template"> class templates</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="function_template.html" title="cpp/language/function template"> function templates</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="member_template.html" title="cpp/language/member template"> class member templates</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="variable_template.html" title="cpp/language/variable template"> variable templates</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx14">(C++14)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="template_argument_deduction.html" title="cpp/language/template argument deduction"> template argument deduction</a> </td></tr>
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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="partial_specialization.html" title="cpp/language/partial specialization"> partial specialization</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="dependent_name.html" title="cpp/language/dependent name"> dependent names</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="parameter_pack.html" title="cpp/language/parameter pack"> parameter packs</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="fold.html" title="cpp/language/fold"> fold-expressions</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="sfinae.html" title="cpp/language/sfinae"> SFINAE</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="concepts.html" title="cpp/language/constraints"> Constraints and concepts</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-concepts-ts t-mark-ts">(concepts TS)</span> </td></tr>
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</div><div><span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/language/templates/navbar_content&action=edit">[edit]</a></span></div></div></div></div><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div></div>
<p>A template is a C++ entity that defines one of the following:
</p>
<ul><li> a family of classes (<a href="class_template.html" title="cpp/language/class template">class template</a>), which may be <a href="member_template.html" title="cpp/language/member template">nested classes</a>
</li><li> a family of functions (<a href="function_template.html" title="cpp/language/function template">function template</a>), which may be <a href="member_template.html" title="cpp/language/member template">member functions</a>
</li><li> an alias to a family of types (<a href="type_alias.html" title="cpp/language/type alias">alias template</a>) <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span>
</li><li> a family of variables (<a href="variable_template.html" title="cpp/language/variable template">variable template</a>) <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx14">(since C++14)</span>
</li></ul>
<p>Templates are parametrized by one or more <a href="template_parameters.html" title="cpp/language/template parameters">template parameters</a>, of three kinds: type template parameters, non-type template parameters, and template template parameters.
</p><p>When template arguments are provided or, for function templates only, <a href="function_template.html#Template_argument_deduction" title="cpp/language/function template">deduced</a>, they are substituted for the template parameters to obtain a <i>specialization</i> of the template, that is, a specific type or a specific function lvalue. Specializations may also be provided explicitly: <a href="template_specialization.html" title="cpp/language/template specialization">full specializations</a> are allowed for both class and function templates, <a href="partial_specialization.html" title="cpp/language/partial specialization">partial specializations</a> are only allowed for class templates.
</p><p>When a class template specialization is referenced in context that requires a complete object type, or when a function template specialization is referenced in context that requires a function definition to exist, the template is <i>instantiated</i> (the code for it is actually compiled), unless the template was already explicitly specialized or explicitly instantiated. Instantiation of a class template doesn't instantiate any of its member functions unless they are also used. At link time, identical instantiations generated by different translation units are merged.
</p><p>The definition of a template must be visible at the point of implicit instantiation, which is why template libraries typically provide all template definitions in the headers (e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/release/more/getting_started/unix-variants.html#header-only-libraries">most boost libraries are header-only</a>)
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/templates&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Syntax">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Syntax">Syntax</span></h3>
<table class="t-sdsc-begin">
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <code><b>template</b></code> <code><b><</b></code> <span class="t-spar">parameter-list</span> <code><b>></b></code> <span class="t-spar">declaration</span>
</td>
<td> (1)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <code><b>export</b></code> <code><b>template</b></code> <code><b><</b></code> <span class="t-spar">parameter-list</span> <code><b>></b></code> <span class="t-spar">declaration</span>
</td>
<td> (2)
</td>
<td> <span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx11">(until C++11)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr></table>
<table class="t-par-begin">
<tr class="t-par">
<td> <span class="t-spar">declaration</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> declaration of a <a href="class_template.html" title="cpp/language/class template">class (including struct and union)</a>, a <a href="member_template.html" title="cpp/language/member template">member class or member enumeration type</a>, a <a href="function_template.html" title="cpp/language/function template">function</a> or <a href="member_template.html" title="cpp/language/member template">member function</a>, a static data member at namespace scope, <span class="t-rev-inl t-since-cxx14"><span><a href="variable_template.html" title="cpp/language/variable template">a variable or static data member at class scope</a>,</span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx14">(since C++14)</span></span></span> <span class="t-rev-inl t-since-cxx11"><span>or an <a href="type_alias.html" title="cpp/language/type alias">alias template</a></span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span></span></span> It may also define a <a href="template_specialization.html" title="cpp/language/template specialization">template specialization</a>.
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-par">
<td> <span class="t-spar">parameter-list</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> a non-empty comma-separated list of the <a href="template_parameters.html" title="cpp/language/template parameters">template parameters</a>, each of which is either <a href="template_parameters.html#Non-type_template_parameter" title="cpp/language/template parameters">non-type parameter</a>, a <a href="template_parameters.html#Type_template_parameter" title="cpp/language/template parameters">type parameter</a>, a <a href="template_parameters.html#Template_template_parameter" title="cpp/language/template parameters">template parameter</a>, or a <a href="parameter_pack.html" title="cpp/language/parameter pack">parameter pack</a> of any of those.
</td></tr></table>
<table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-until-cxx11"><td> <code>export</code> was an optional modifier which declared the template as <i>exported</i> (when used with a class template, it declared all of its members exported as well). Files that instantiated exported templates did not need to include their definitions: the declaration was sufficient. Implementations of <code>export</code> were rare and disagreed with each other on details.
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx11">(until C++11)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" style=""><tr><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td><td class="mbox-text" style="">This section is incomplete<br />Reason: core syntax, template parameters, and instantiations, take content common between class_template and function_template </td></tr></table>
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