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<p>The C++ source file is processed by the compiler as if the following phases take place, in this exact order:
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<table id="toc" class="toc"><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="translation_phases.html#Phase_1"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Phase 1</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="translation_phases.html#Phase_2"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Phase 2</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="translation_phases.html#Phase_3"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Phase 3</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="translation_phases.html#Phase_4"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Phase 4</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="translation_phases.html#Phase_5"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Phase 5</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="translation_phases.html#Phase_6"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Phase 6</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="translation_phases.html#Phase_7"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Phase 7</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="translation_phases.html#Phase_8"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Phase 8</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="translation_phases.html#Phase_9"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Phase 9</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="translation_phases.html#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="translation_phases.html#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
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<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/translation_phases&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Phase 1">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Phase_1">Phase 1</span></h3>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> The individual bytes of the source code file are mapped (in implementation defined manner) to the characters of the <i>basic source character set</i>. In particular, OS-dependent end-of-line indicators are replaced by newline characters. The <i>basic source character set</i> consists of 96 characters:</div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">a)</span> 5 whitespace characters (space, horizontal tab, vertical tab, form feed, new-line)</div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">b)</span> 10 digit characters from <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="st0">'0'</span></span></span> to <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="st0">'9'</span></span></span></div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">c)</span> 52 letters from <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="st0">'a'</span></span></span> to <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="st0">'z'</span></span></span> and from <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="st0">'A'</span></span></span> to <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="st0">'Z'</span></span></span></div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">d)</span> 29 punctuation characters: <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">_ <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="br0">}</span> <span class="br0">[</span> <span class="br0">]</span> <span class="co2"># ( ) < > % : ; . ? * + - / ^ & | ~ ! = , \ " ’</span></span></span></div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> Any source file character that cannot be mapped to a character in basic source character set is replaced by its <a href="escape.html" title="cpp/language/escape">universal character name</a> (escaped with <code>\u</code> or <code>\U</code>) or by some internal form that is handled equivalently.</div>
<table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-until-cxx17"><td>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">3)</span> <a href="operator_alternative.html" title="cpp/language/operator alternative">Trigraph sequences</a> are replaced by corresponding single-character representations.
</div></td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx17">(until C++17)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/translation_phases&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phase 2">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Phase_2">Phase 2</span></h3>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> Whenever backslash appears at the end of a line (immediately followed by the newline character), both backslash and newline are deleted, combining two physical source lines into one logical source line. This is a single-pass operation; a line ending in two backslashes followed by an empty line does not combine three lines into one. If a universal character name (<span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">\uXXX</span></span>) is formed on this phase, the behavior is undefined.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> If a non-empty source file does not end with a newline character after this step (whether it had no newline originally, or it ended with a backslash), <span class="t-rev-inl t-until-cxx11"><span>the behavior is undefined</span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx11">(until C++11)</span></span></span><span class="t-rev-inl t-since-cxx11"><span>a terminating newline character is added</span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span></span></span>.</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/translation_phases&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phase 3">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Phase_3">Phase 3</span></h3>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> The source file is decomposed into <a href="../comments.html" title="cpp/comment">comments</a>, sequences of whitespace characters (space, horizontal tab, new-line, vertical tab, and form-feed), and <i>preprocessing tokens</i>, which are the following:</div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">a)</span> header names such as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy1"><</span>iostream<span class="sy1">></span></span></span> or <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="st0">"myfile.h"</span></span></span> (only recognized after <a href="../preprocessor/include.html" title="cpp/preprocessor/include"><tt>
#include</tt></a>)</div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">b)</span> <a href="name.html" title="cpp/language/identifiers">identifiers</a></div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">c)</span> numbers</div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">d)</span> <a href="character_literal.html" title="cpp/language/character literal">character</a> and <a href="string_literal.html" title="cpp/language/string literal">string</a> literals <span class="t-rev-inl t-since-cxx11"><span>, including <a href="user_literal.html" title="cpp/language/user literal">user-defined</a></span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">e)</span> operators and punctuators (including <a href="operator_alternative.html" title="cpp/language/operator alternative">alternative tokens</a>), such as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy2">+</span></span></span>, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy1"><<=</span></span></span>, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">new</span></span>, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy1"><</span><span class="sy2">%</span></span></span>, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="co2">##</span></span></span>, or <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">and</span></span></div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">f)</span> individual non-whitespace characters that do not fit in any other category</div>
<table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx11"><td>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> Any transformations performed during phases 1 and 2 between the initial and the final double quote of any <a href="string_literal.html" title="cpp/language/string literal">raw string literal</a> are reverted.</div></td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">3)</span> Each comment is replaced by one space character.</div>
<p>Newlines are kept, and it's unspecified whether non-newline whitespace sequences may be collapsed into single space characters.
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/translation_phases&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phase 4">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Phase_4">Phase 4</span></h3>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> The <a href="../preprocessor.html" title="cpp/preprocessor">preprocessor</a> is executed.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> Each file introduced with the <a href="../preprocessor/include.html" title="cpp/preprocessor/include">#include</a> directive goes through phases 1 through 4, recursively.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">3)</span> At the end of this phase, all preprocessor directives are removed from the source.</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/translation_phases&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phase 5">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Phase_5">Phase 5</span></h3>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> All characters in <a href="character_literal.html" title="cpp/language/character literal">character literals</a> and <a href="string_literal.html" title="cpp/language/string literal">string literals</a> are converted from the source character set to the <i>execution character set</i> (which may be a multibyte character set such as UTF-8, as long as the 96 characters of the <i>basic source character set</i> listed in phase 1 have single-byte representations).</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> <a href="escape.html" title="cpp/language/escape">Escape sequences</a> and universal character names in character literals and non-raw string literals are expanded and converted to the <i>execution character set</i>.
If the character specified by a universal character name isn't a member of the execution character set, the result is implementation-defined, but is guaranteed not to be a null (wide) character.</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/translation_phases&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phase 6">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Phase_6">Phase 6</span></h3>
<p>Adjacent <a href="string_literal.html" title="cpp/language/string literal">string literals</a> are concatenated.
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/translation_phases&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Phase 7">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Phase_7">Phase 7</span></h3>
<p>Compilation takes place: the tokens are syntactically and semantically analyzed and translated as a translation unit.
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/translation_phases&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Phase 8">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Phase_8">Phase 8</span></h3>
<p>Each translation unit is examined to produce a list of required template instantiations, including the ones requested by <a href="class_template.html" title="cpp/language/class template">explicit instantiations</a>. The definitions of the templates are located, and the required instantiations are performed to produce <i>instantiation units</i>.
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/translation_phases&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Phase 9">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Phase_9">Phase 9</span></h3>
<p>Translation units, instantiation units, and library components needed to satisfy external references are collected into a program image which contains information needed for execution in its execution environment.
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/translation_phases&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h3>
<p>Some compilers don't implement instantiation units (also known as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E18659_01/html/821-1383/bkagr.html#scrolltoc">template repositories</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SSXVZZ_12.1.0/com.ibm.xlcpp121.linux.doc/compiler_ref/fcat_template.html?lang=en">template registries</a>) and simply compile each template instantiation at Phase 7, storing the code in the object file where it is implicitly or explicitly requested, and then the linker collapses these compiled instantiations into one at Phase 9.
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/translation_phases&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h3>
<div class="t-ref-std-c++11">
<ul><li> C++11 standard (ISO/IEC 14882:2011):
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 2.2 Phases of translation [lex.phases]
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="t-ref-std-c++98">
<ul><li> C++98 standard (ISO/IEC 14882:1998):
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 2.1 Phases of translation [lex.phases]
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/translation_phases&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h3>
<table class="t-dsc-begin">
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td colspan="2"> <div class="t-dsc-see"><span><a href="../../c/language/translation_phases.html" title="c/language/translation phases">C documentation</a></span> for <span class="t-dsc-see-tt"><span>phases of translation</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</table>
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