1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
|
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" dir="ltr" class="client-nojs">
<head>
<title>User-defined literals (since C++11) - cppreference.com</title>
<meta charset="UTF-8" />
<meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.21.2" />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/user_literal&action=edit" />
<link rel="edit" title="Edit" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/user_literal&action=edit" />
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="../../../favicon.ico" />
<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="../../../mwiki/opensearch_desc.php" title="cppreference.com (en)" />
<link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/api.php?action=rsd" />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="cppreference.com Atom feed" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../mwiki/load.php%3Fdebug=false&lang=en&modules=ext.gadget.ColiruCompiler%257Cext.rtlcite%257Cmediawiki.legacy.commonPrint%252Cshared%257Cskins.cppreference2&only=styles&skin=cppreference2&*.css" />
<meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content="" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../mwiki/load.php%3Fdebug=false&lang=en&modules=site&only=styles&skin=cppreference2&*.css" />
<style>a:lang(ar),a:lang(ckb),a:lang(fa),a:lang(kk-arab),a:lang(mzn),a:lang(ps),a:lang(ur){text-decoration:none}#toc{display:none}.editsection{display:none}
/* cache key: mwiki1-mwiki_en_:resourceloader:filter:minify-css:7:472787eddcf4605d11de8c7ef047234f */</style>
<script src="../../../mwiki/load.php%3Fdebug=false&lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&skin=cppreference2&*"></script>
<script>if(window.mw){
mw.config.set({"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"cpp/language/user_literal","wgTitle":"cpp/language/user literal","wgCurRevisionId":77027,"wgArticleId":5061,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":[],"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgMonthNamesShort":["","Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"wgRelevantPageName":"cpp/language/user_literal","wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[]});
}</script><script>if(window.mw){
mw.loader.implement("user.options",function(){mw.user.options.set({"ccmeonemails":0,"cols":80,"date":"default","diffonly":0,"disablemail":0,"disablesuggest":0,"editfont":"default","editondblclick":0,"editsection":0,"editsectiononrightclick":0,"enotifminoredits":0,"enotifrevealaddr":0,"enotifusertalkpages":1,"enotifwatchlistpages":0,"extendwatchlist":0,"externaldiff":0,"externaleditor":0,"fancysig":0,"forceeditsummary":0,"gender":"unknown","hideminor":0,"hidepatrolled":0,"imagesize":2,"justify":0,"math":1,"minordefault":0,"newpageshidepatrolled":0,"nocache":0,"noconvertlink":0,"norollbackdiff":0,"numberheadings":0,"previewonfirst":0,"previewontop":1,"quickbar":5,"rcdays":7,"rclimit":50,"rememberpassword":0,"rows":25,"searchlimit":20,"showhiddencats":0,"showjumplinks":1,"shownumberswatching":1,"showtoc":0,"showtoolbar":1,"skin":"cppreference2","stubthreshold":0,"thumbsize":2,"underline":2,"uselivepreview":0,"usenewrc":0,"watchcreations":0,"watchdefault":0,"watchdeletion":0,
"watchlistdays":3,"watchlisthideanons":0,"watchlisthidebots":0,"watchlisthideliu":0,"watchlisthideminor":0,"watchlisthideown":0,"watchlisthidepatrolled":0,"watchmoves":0,"wllimit":250,"variant":"en","language":"en","searchNs0":true,"searchNs1":false,"searchNs2":false,"searchNs3":false,"searchNs4":false,"searchNs5":false,"searchNs6":false,"searchNs7":false,"searchNs8":false,"searchNs9":false,"searchNs10":false,"searchNs11":false,"searchNs12":false,"searchNs13":false,"searchNs14":false,"searchNs15":false,"gadget-ColiruCompiler":1});;},{},{});mw.loader.implement("user.tokens",function(){mw.user.tokens.set({"editToken":"+\\","patrolToken":false,"watchToken":false});;},{},{});
/* cache key: mwiki1-mwiki_en_:resourceloader:filter:minify-js:7:ca03345b1e2c4d90a25d968753a73b92 */
}</script>
<script>if(window.mw){
mw.loader.load(["mediawiki.page.startup","mediawiki.legacy.wikibits","mediawiki.legacy.ajax"]);
}</script>
<style type="text/css">/*<![CDATA[*/
.source-cpp {line-height: normal;}
.source-cpp li, .source-cpp pre {
line-height: normal; border: 0px none white;
}
/**
* GeSHi Dynamically Generated Stylesheet
* --------------------------------------
* Dynamically generated stylesheet for cpp
* CSS class: source-cpp, CSS id:
* GeSHi (C) 2004 - 2007 Nigel McNie, 2007 - 2008 Benny Baumann
* (http://qbnz.com/highlighter/ and http://geshi.org/)
* --------------------------------------
*/
.cpp.source-cpp .de1, .cpp.source-cpp .de2 {font: normal normal 1em/1.2em monospace; margin:0; padding:0; background:none; vertical-align:top;}
.cpp.source-cpp {font-family:monospace;}
.cpp.source-cpp .imp {font-weight: bold; color: red;}
.cpp.source-cpp li, .cpp.source-cpp .li1 {font-weight: normal; vertical-align:top;}
.cpp.source-cpp .ln {width:1px;text-align:right;margin:0;padding:0 2px;vertical-align:top;}
.cpp.source-cpp .li2 {font-weight: bold; vertical-align:top;}
.cpp.source-cpp .kw1 {color: #0000dd;}
.cpp.source-cpp .kw2 {color: #0000ff;}
.cpp.source-cpp .kw3 {color: #0000dd;}
.cpp.source-cpp .kw4 {color: #0000ff;}
.cpp.source-cpp .co1 {color: #909090;}
.cpp.source-cpp .co2 {color: #339900;}
.cpp.source-cpp .coMULTI {color: #ff0000; font-style: italic;}
.cpp.source-cpp .es0 {color: #008000; font-weight: bold;}
.cpp.source-cpp .es1 {color: #008000; font-weight: bold;}
.cpp.source-cpp .es2 {color: #008000; font-weight: bold;}
.cpp.source-cpp .es3 {color: #008000; font-weight: bold;}
.cpp.source-cpp .es4 {color: #008000; font-weight: bold;}
.cpp.source-cpp .es5 {color: #008000; font-weight: bold;}
.cpp.source-cpp .br0 {color: #008000;}
.cpp.source-cpp .sy0 {color: #008000;}
.cpp.source-cpp .sy1 {color: #000080;}
.cpp.source-cpp .sy2 {color: #000040;}
.cpp.source-cpp .sy3 {color: #000040;}
.cpp.source-cpp .sy4 {color: #008080;}
.cpp.source-cpp .st0 {color: #008000;}
.cpp.source-cpp .nu0 {color: #000080;}
.cpp.source-cpp .nu6 {color: #000080;}
.cpp.source-cpp .nu8 {color: #000080;}
.cpp.source-cpp .nu12 {color: #000080;}
.cpp.source-cpp .nu16 {color:#000080;}
.cpp.source-cpp .nu17 {color:#000080;}
.cpp.source-cpp .nu18 {color:#000080;}
.cpp.source-cpp .nu19 {color:#000080;}
.cpp.source-cpp .ln-xtra, .cpp.source-cpp li.ln-xtra, .cpp.source-cpp div.ln-xtra {background-color: #ffc;}
.cpp.source-cpp span.xtra { display:block; }
/*]]>*/
</style><style type="text/css">/*<![CDATA[*/
.source-text {line-height: normal;}
.source-text li, .source-text pre {
line-height: normal; border: 0px none white;
}
/**
* GeSHi Dynamically Generated Stylesheet
* --------------------------------------
* Dynamically generated stylesheet for text
* CSS class: source-text, CSS id:
* GeSHi (C) 2004 - 2007 Nigel McNie, 2007 - 2008 Benny Baumann
* (http://qbnz.com/highlighter/ and http://geshi.org/)
* --------------------------------------
*/
.text.source-text .de1, .text.source-text .de2 {font: normal normal 1em/1.2em monospace; margin:0; padding:0; background:none; vertical-align:top;}
.text.source-text {font-family:monospace;}
.text.source-text .imp {font-weight: bold; color: red;}
.text.source-text li, .text.source-text .li1 {font-weight: normal; vertical-align:top;}
.text.source-text .ln {width:1px;text-align:right;margin:0;padding:0 2px;vertical-align:top;}
.text.source-text .li2 {font-weight: bold; vertical-align:top;}
.text.source-text .ln-xtra, .text.source-text li.ln-xtra, .text.source-text div.ln-xtra {background-color: #ffc;}
.text.source-text span.xtra { display:block; }
/*]]>*/
</style><!--[if lt IE 7]><style type="text/css">body{behavior:url("/mwiki/skins/cppreference2/csshover.min.htc")}</style><![endif]--></head>
<body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr ns-0 ns-subject page-cpp_language_user_literal skin-cppreference2 action-view cpp-navbar">
<!-- header -->
<div id="mw-head" class="noprint">
<div id="cpp-head-first-base">
<div id="cpp-head-first">
<h5><a href="../../../index.html">
cppreference.com </a></h5>
<div id="cpp-head-search">
<!-- 0 -->
<div id="p-search">
<h5><label for="searchInput">Search</label></h5>
<form action="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php" id="searchform">
<input type='hidden' name="title" value="Special:Search"/>
<div id="simpleSearch">
<input name="search" title="Search cppreference.com [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" /> <button type="submit" name="button" title="Search the pages for this text" id="searchButton"><img src="../../../mwiki/skins/cppreference2/images/search-ltr.png%3F303" alt="Search" /></button> </div>
</form>
</div>
<!-- /0 -->
</div>
<div id="cpp-head-personal">
<!-- 0 -->
<div id="p-personal" class="">
<span id="pt-createaccount"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=cpp%2Flanguage%2Fuser+literal&type=signup">Create account</a></span> <div class="menu">
<ul>
<li id="pt-login"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=cpp%2Flanguage%2Fuser+literal" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o">Log in</a></li> </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!-- /0 -->
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="cpp-head-second-base">
<div id="cpp-head-second">
<div id="cpp-head-tools-left">
<!-- 0 -->
<div id="p-namespaces" class="vectorTabs">
<h5>Namespaces</h5>
<ul>
<li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected"><span><a href="user_literal.html" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Page</a></span></li>
<li id="ca-talk" class="new"><span><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Talk:cpp/language/user_literal&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Discussion about the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Discussion</a></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<!-- /0 -->
<!-- 1 -->
<div id="p-variants" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet">
<h5><span>Variants</span><a href="user_literal.html#"></a></h5>
<div class="menu">
<ul>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<!-- /1 -->
</div>
<div id="cpp-head-tools-right">
<!-- 0 -->
<div id="p-views" class="vectorTabs">
<h5>Views</h5>
<ul>
<li id="ca-view" class="selected"><span><a href="user_literal.html" >View</a></span></li>
<li id="ca-edit"><span><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/user_literal&action=edit" title="You can edit this page. Please use the preview button before saving [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></span></li>
<li id="ca-history" class="collapsible"><span><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/user_literal&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">History</a></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<!-- /0 -->
<!-- 1 -->
<div id="p-cactions" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet">
<h5><span>Actions</span><a href="user_literal.html#"></a></h5>
<div class="menu">
<ul>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<!-- /1 -->
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- /header -->
<!-- content -->
<div id="cpp-content-base">
<div id="content">
<a id="top"></a>
<div id="mw-js-message" style="display:none;"></div>
<!-- firstHeading -->
<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">User-defined literals <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span></h1>
<!-- /firstHeading -->
<!-- bodyContent -->
<div id="bodyContent">
<!-- tagline -->
<div id="siteSub">From cppreference.com</div>
<!-- /tagline -->
<!-- subtitle -->
<div id="contentSub"><span class="subpages">< <a href="../../cpp.html" title="cpp">cpp</a>‎ | <a href="../language.1.html" title="cpp/language">language</a></span></div>
<!-- /subtitle -->
<!-- bodycontent -->
<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="t-navbar" style=""><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div><div class="t-navbar-head"><a href="../../cpp.html" title="cpp"> C++</a><div class="t-navbar-menu"><div><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="line-height:1.1em;">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language.1.html" title="cpp/language"> Language</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../header.html" title="cpp/header"> Standard library headers</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../concept.html" title="cpp/concept"> Concepts</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../utility.html" title="cpp/utility"> Utilities library</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../string.html" title="cpp/string"> Strings library</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../container.html" title="cpp/container"> Containers library</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../algorithm.html" title="cpp/algorithm"> Algorithms library</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../iterator.html" title="cpp/iterator"> Iterators library</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../numeric.html" title="cpp/numeric"> Numerics library</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../io.html" title="cpp/io"> Input/output library</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../locale.html" title="cpp/locale"> Localizations library</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../regex.html" title="cpp/regex"> Regular expressions library</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../atomic.html" title="cpp/atomic"> Atomic operations library</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../thread.html" title="cpp/thread"> Thread support library</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../experimental.html" title="cpp/experimental"> Technical Specifications</a> </td></tr>
</table></div><div><span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/navbar_content&action=edit">[edit]</a></span></div></div></div></div><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div><div class="t-navbar-head"><a href="../language.1.html" title="cpp/language"> C++ language</a></div><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div><div class="t-navbar-head"><a href="expressions.html" title="cpp/language/expressions"> Expressions</a><div class="t-navbar-menu"><div><div style="display:inline-block">
<div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> General </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="value_category.html" title="cpp/language/value category"> value categories</a> (lvalue, rvalue, xvalue)</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="eval_order.html" title="cpp/language/eval order"> order of evaluation</a> (sequence points)</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="constant_expression.html" title="cpp/language/constant expression"> constant expressions</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="expressions.html#Unevaluated_expressions" title="cpp/language/expressions"> unevaluated expressions</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="expressions.html#Primary_expressions" title="cpp/language/expressions"> primary expressions</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="lambda.html" title="cpp/language/lambda">lambda-expression</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Literals </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="integer_literal.html" title="cpp/language/integer literal">integer literals</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="floating_literal.html" title="cpp/language/floating literal">floating-point literals</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="bool_literal.html" title="cpp/language/bool literal">boolean literals</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="character_literal.html" title="cpp/language/character literal">character literals</a> including <a href="escape.html" title="cpp/language/escape">escape sequences</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="string_literal.html" title="cpp/language/string literal">string literals</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="nullptr.html" title="cpp/language/nullptr">null pointer literal</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <strong class="selflink">user-defined literal</strong><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Operators </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_assignment.html" title="cpp/language/operator assignment"> Assignment operators</a>:
<code>a=b</code>, <code>a+=b</code>, <code>a-=b</code>, <code>a*=b</code>, <code>a/=b</code>, <code>a%=b</code>, <code>a&=b</code>, <code>a|=b</code>, <code>a^=b</code>, <code>a<<=b</code>, <code>a>>=</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_incdec.html" title="cpp/language/operator incdec"> Increment and decrement</a>: <code>++a</code>, <code>--a</code>, <code>a++</code>, <code>a--</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_arithmetic.html" title="cpp/language/operator arithmetic"> Arithmetic operators</a>:
<code>+a</code>, <code>-a</code>, <code>a+b</code>, <code>a-b</code>, <code>a*b</code>, <code>a/b</code>, <code>a%b</code>, <code>~a</code>, <code>a&b</code>, <code>a|b</code>, <code>a^b</code>, <code>a<<b</code>, <code>a>>b</code> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_logical.html" title="cpp/language/operator logical"> Logical operators</a>: <code>a||b</code>, <code>a&&b</code>, <code>!a</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_comparison.html" title="cpp/language/operator comparison"> Comparison operators</a>: <code>a==b</code>, <code>a!=b</code>, <code>a<b</code>, <code>a>b</code>, <code>a<=b</code>, <code>a>=b</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_member_access.html" title="cpp/language/operator member access"> Member access operators</a>: <code>a[b]</code>, <code>*a</code>, <code>&a</code>, <code>a->b</code>, <code>a.b</code>, <code>a->*b</code>, <code>a.*b</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_other.html" title="cpp/language/operator other"> Other operators</a>: <code>a(...)</code>, <code>a,b</code>, <code>a?b:c</code> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_alternative.html" title="cpp/language/operator alternative">Alternative representations of operators</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_precedence.html" title="cpp/language/operator precedence">Precedence and associativity</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="fold.html" title="cpp/language/fold">Fold expression</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="new.html" title="cpp/language/new">new-expression</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="delete.html" title="cpp/language/delete">delete-expression</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="throw.html" title="cpp/language/throw">throw-expression</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="alignof.html" title="cpp/language/alignof">alignof</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="sizeof.html" title="cpp/language/sizeof">sizeof</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="sizeof....html" title="cpp/language/sizeof...">sizeof...</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="typeid.html" title="cpp/language/typeid">typeid</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="noexcept.html" title="cpp/language/noexcept">noexcept</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operators.html" title="cpp/language/operators">Operator overloading</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Conversions </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="implicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/implicit cast">Implicit conversions</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="const_cast.html" title="cpp/language/const cast">const_cast</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="static_cast.html" title="cpp/language/static cast">static_cast</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="reinterpret_cast.html" title="cpp/language/reinterpret cast">reinterpret_cast</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="dynamic_cast.html" title="cpp/language/dynamic cast">dynamic_cast</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="explicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/explicit cast">Explicit conversions</a> <code>(T)a</code>, <code>T(a)</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="cast_operator.html" title="cpp/language/cast operator">User-defined conversion</a></td></tr>
</table></div>
</div><div><span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/language/expressions/navbar_content&action=edit">[edit]</a></span></div></div></div></div><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div></div>
<p>Allows integer, floating-point, character, and string literals to produce objects of user-defined type by defining a user-defined suffix.
</p>
<table id="toc" class="toc"><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="user_literal.html#Syntax"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Syntax</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="user_literal.html#Literal_operators"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Literal operators</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="user_literal.html#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="user_literal.html#Examples"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Examples</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="user_literal.html#Standard_library"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Standard library</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/user_literal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Syntax">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Syntax">Syntax</span></h3>
<p>A user-defined literal is an expression of any of the following forms
</p>
<table class="t-sdsc-begin">
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <span class="t-spar">decimal-literal</span> <span class="t-spar">ud-suffix</span>
</td>
<td> (1)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <span class="t-spar">octal-literal</span> <span class="t-spar">ud-suffix</span>
</td>
<td> (2)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <span class="t-spar">hex-literal</span> <span class="t-spar">ud-suffix</span>
</td>
<td> (3)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <span class="t-spar">binary-literal</span> <span class="t-spar">ud-suffix</span>
</td>
<td> (4)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <span class="t-spar">fractional-constant</span> <span class="t-spar">exponent-part</span><span class="t-mark">(optional)</span> <span class="t-spar">ud-suffix</span>
</td>
<td> (5)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <span class="t-spar">digit-sequence</span> <span class="t-spar">exponent-part</span> <span class="t-spar">ud-suffix</span>
</td>
<td> (6)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <span class="t-spar">character-literal</span> <span class="t-spar">ud-suffix</span>
</td>
<td> (7)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <span class="t-spar">string-literal</span> <span class="t-spar">ud-suffix</span>
</td>
<td> (8)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr></table>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1-4)</span> user-defined integer literals, such as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="nu0">12</span>_km</span></span></div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">5-6)</span> user-defined floating-point literals, such as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="nu16">0.5</span>_Pa</span></span></div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">7)</span> user-defined character literal, such as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="st0">'c'</span>_X</span></span></div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">8)</span> user-defined string literal, such as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="st0">"abd"</span>_L</span></span> or <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">u16<span class="st0">"xyz"</span>_M</span></span></div>
<table class="t-par-begin">
<tr class="t-par">
<td> <span class="t-spar">decimal-literal</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> same as in <a href="integer_literal.html" title="cpp/language/integer literal">integer literal</a>, a non-zero decimal digit followed by zero or more decimal digits
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-par">
<td> <span class="t-spar">octal-literal</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> same as in <a href="integer_literal.html" title="cpp/language/integer literal">integer literal</a>, a zero followed by zero or more octal digits
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-par">
<td> <span class="t-spar">hex-literal</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> same as in <a href="integer_literal.html" title="cpp/language/integer literal">integer literal</a>, <code>0x</code> or <code>0X</code> followed by one or more hexadecimal digits
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-par">
<td> <span class="t-spar">binary-literal</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> same as in <a href="integer_literal.html" title="cpp/language/integer literal">integer literal</a>, <code>0b</code> or <code>0B</code> followed by one or more binary digits
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-par">
<td> <span class="t-spar">digit-sequence</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> same as in <a href="floating_literal.html" title="cpp/language/floating literal">floating literal</a>, a sequence of decimal digits
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-par">
<td> <span class="t-spar">fractional-constant</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> same as in <a href="floating_literal.html" title="cpp/language/floating literal">floating literal</a>, either a <span class="t-spar">digit-sequence</span> followed by a dot (<span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="nu0">123</span>.</span></span>) or an optional <span class="t-spar">digit-sequence</span> followed by a dot and another <span class="t-spar">digit-sequence</span> (<span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="nu16">1.0</span></span></span> or <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="nu18">.12</span></span></span>)
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-par">
<td> <span class="t-spar">exponent-part</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> same as in <a href="floating_literal.html" title="cpp/language/floating literal">floating literal</a>, the letter <code>e</code> or the letter <code>E</code> followed by optional sign, followed by <span class="t-spar">digit-sequence</span>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-par">
<td> <span class="t-spar">character-literal</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> same as in <a href="character_literal.html" title="cpp/language/character literal">character literal</a>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-par">
<td> <span class="t-spar">string-literal</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> same as in <a href="string_literal.html" title="cpp/language/string literal">string literal</a>, including raw string literals
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-par">
<td> <span class="t-spar">ud-suffix</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> an identifier, introduced by a <i>literal operator</i> or a <i>literal operator template</i> declaration (see below). All <span class="t-spar">ud-suffix</span>es introduced by a program must begin with the underscore character <code><b>_</b></code>. The standard library <span class="t-spar">ud-suffix</span>es do not begin with underscores.
</td></tr></table>
<table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx14"><td>
In the integer and floating-point digit sequences, optional separators <code><b>'</b></code> are allowed between any two digits and are ignored</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx14">(since C++14)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<p>If a token matches a user-defined literal syntax and a regular literal syntax, it is assumed to be a regular literal (that is, it's impossible to overload <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">LL</span></span> in <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">123LL</span></span>)
</p><p>When the compiler encounters a user-defined literal with <span class="t-spar">ud-suffix</span> <code>X</code>, it performs <a href="lookup.html#Unqualified_name_lookup" title="cpp/language/lookup">unqualified name lookup</a>, looking for a function with the name <code>operator "" X</code>. If the lookup does not find a declaration, the program is ill-formed. Otherwise,
</p>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> For user-defined integer literals</div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">a)</span> if the overload set includes a literal operator with the parameter type <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">unsigned</span> <span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">long</span></span></span>, the user-defined literal expression is treated as a function call <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">operator <span class="st0">""</span> X<span class="br0">(</span>nULL<span class="br0">)</span></span></span>, where n is the literal without <span class="t-spar">ud-suffix</span></div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">b)</span> otherwise, the overload set must include either, but not both, a raw literal operator or a raw literal operator template. If the overload set includes a raw literal operator, the user-defined literal expression is treated as a function call <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">operator <span class="st0">""</span> X<span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"n"</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">c)</span> otherwise, if the overload set includes a raw literal operator template, the user-defined literal expression is treated as a function call <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">operator <span class="st0">""</span> X<span class="sy1"><</span><span class="st0">'c1'</span>, <span class="st0">'c2'</span>, <span class="st0">'c3'</span>..., <span class="st0">'ck'</span><span class="sy1">></span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></span>, where c1..ck are the individual characters of <code>n</code>.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> For user-defined floating-point literals,</div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">a)</span> If the overload set includes a literal operator with the parameter type <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">double</span></span></span>, the user-defined literal expression is treated as a function call <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">operator <span class="st0">""</span> X<span class="br0">(</span>fL<span class="br0">)</span></span></span>, where <code>f</code> is the literal without <span class="t-spar">ud-suffix</span></div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">b)</span> otherwise, the overload set must include either, but not both, a raw literal operator or a raw literal operator template. If the overload set includes a raw literal operator, the user-defined literal expression is treated as a function call <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">operator <span class="st0">""</span> X<span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"f"</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">c)</span> otherwise, if the overload set includes a raw literal operator template, the user-defined literal expression is treated as a function call <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">operator <span class="st0">""</span> X<span class="sy1"><</span><span class="st0">'c1'</span>, <span class="st0">'c2'</span>, <span class="st0">'c3'</span>..., <span class="st0">'ck'</span><span class="sy1">></span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></span>, where c1..ck are the individual characters of <code>f</code>.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">3)</span> For user-defined string literals, the user-defined literal expression is treated as a function call <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">operator <span class="st0">""</span> X <span class="br0">(</span>str, len<span class="br0">)</span></span></span>, where <code>str</code> is the literal without <span class="t-spar">ud-suffix</span> and <code>len</code> is its length excluding the terminating null character</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">4)</span> For user-defined character literals, the user-defined literal expression is treated as a function call <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">operator <span class="st0">""</span> X <span class="br0">(</span>ch<span class="br0">)</span></span></span>, where <code>ch</code> is the literal without <span class="t-spar">ud-suffix</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">double</span> operator <span class="st0">""</span> _w<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">double</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<a href="../string/basic_string.html"><span class="kw1072">std::<span class="me2">string</span></span></a> operator <span class="st0">""</span> _w<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">char16_t</span><span class="sy2">*</span>, size_t<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw4">unsigned</span> operator <span class="st0">""</span> _w<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="nu16">1.2</span>_w<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// calls operator "" _w(1.2L)</span>
u<span class="st0">"one"</span>_w<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// calls operator "" _w(u"one", 3)</span>
<span class="nu0">12</span>_w<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// calls operator "" _w("12")</span>
<span class="st0">"two"</span>_w<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// error: no applicable literal operator</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<p>When string literal concatenation takes place in <a href="translation_phases.html" title="cpp/language/translation phases">translation phase 6</a>, user-defined string literals are concatenated as well, and their <span class="t-spar">ud-suffix</span>es are ignored for the purpose of concatenation, except that only one suffix may appear on all concatenated literals:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span>
L<span class="st0">"A"</span> <span class="st0">"B"</span> <span class="st0">"C"</span>_x<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// OK: same as L"ABC"_x</span>
<span class="st0">"P"</span>_x <span class="st0">"Q"</span> <span class="st0">"R"</span>_y<span class="sy4">;</span><span class="co1">// error: two different ud-suffixes (_x and _y)</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/user_literal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Literal operators">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Literal_operators">Literal operators</span></h3>
<p>The function called by a user-defined literal is known as <i>literal operator</i> (or, if it's a template, <i>literal operator template</i>). It is declared just like any other <a href="function.html" title="cpp/language/function">function</a> or <a href="function_template.html" title="cpp/language/function template">function template</a> at namespace scope (it may also be a friend function, an explicit instantiation or specialization of a function template, or introduced by a using-declaration), except for the following restrictions:
</p><p>The name of this function can have one of the two forms:
</p>
<table class="t-sdsc-begin">
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad"> <code><b>operator</b></code> <code><b>""</b></code> <span class="t-spar">identifier</span>
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad"> <code><b>operator</b></code> <span class="t-spar">user-defined-string-literal</span> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx14">(since C++14)</span>
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr></table>
<table class="t-par-begin">
<tr class="t-par">
<td> <span class="t-spar">identifier</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> the identifier to use as the <span class="t-spar">ud-suffix</span> for the user-defined literals that will call this function. Must begin with the underscore <code><b>_</b></code>: the suffixes that do not begin with the underscore are reserved for the literal operators provided by the standard library.
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-par">
<td> <span class="t-spar">user-defined-string-literal</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> the character sequence <code><b>""</b></code> followed, without a space, by the character sequence that becomes the <span class="t-spar">ud-suffix</span>. This special syntax makes it possible to use language keywords and <a href="../keywords.html" title="cpp/keywords" class="mw-redirect">reserved identifiers</a> as ud-suffixes, and is used by the declaration of <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">operator <span class="st0">""</span><span class="kw1">if</span></span></span> from the header <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy1"><</span>complex<span class="sy1">></span></span></span>. Note that using this form does not change the rules that user-defined literal operators must begin with an underscore: declarations such as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">operator <span class="st0">""</span><span class="kw1">if</span></span></span> may only appear as part of a standard library header. However, it allows the use of an underscore followed by a capital letter (which is otherwise a <a href="name.html" title="cpp/language/identifiers">reserved identifier</a>)
</td></tr></table>
<p>If the literal operator is a template, it must have an empty parameter list and can have only one template parameter, which must be a non-type template parameter pack with element type char
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw1">template</span> <span class="sy1"><</span><span class="kw4">char</span>...<span class="sy1">></span> <span class="kw4">double</span> operator <span class="st0">""</span> _x<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Only the following parameter lists are allowed on literal operators :
</p>
<table class="t-sdsc-begin">
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <code><b>(</b></code> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">char</span> <span class="sy2">*</span></span></span> <code><b>)</b></code>
</td>
<td> (1)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <code><b>(</b></code> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">unsigned</span> <span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">int</span></span></span> <code><b>)</b></code>
</td>
<td> (2)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <code><b>(</b></code> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">double</span></span></span> <code><b>)</b></code>
</td>
<td> (3)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <code><b>(</b></code> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">char</span></span></span> <code><b>)</b></code>
</td>
<td> (4)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <code><b>(</b></code> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">wchar_t</span></span></span> <code><b>)</b></code>
</td>
<td> (5)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <code><b>(</b></code> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">char16_t</span></span></span> <code><b>)</b></code>
</td>
<td> (6)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <code><b>(</b></code> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">char32_t</span></span></span> <code><b>)</b></code>
</td>
<td> (7)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <code><b>(</b></code> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">char</span> <span class="sy2">*</span></span></span> <code><b>,</b></code> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><a href="../types/size_t.html"><span class="kw100">std::<span class="me2">size_t</span></span></a></span></span> <code><b>)</b></code>
</td>
<td> (8)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <code><b>(</b></code> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">wchar_t</span> <span class="sy2">*</span></span></span> <code><b>,</b></code> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><a href="../types/size_t.html"><span class="kw100">std::<span class="me2">size_t</span></span></a></span></span> <code><b>)</b></code>
</td>
<td> (9)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <code><b>(</b></code> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">char16_t</span> <span class="sy2">*</span></span></span> <code><b>,</b></code> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><a href="../types/size_t.html"><span class="kw100">std::<span class="me2">size_t</span></span></a></span></span> <code><b>)</b></code>
</td>
<td> (10)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <code><b>(</b></code> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">char32_t</span> <span class="sy2">*</span></span></span> <code><b>,</b></code> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><a href="../types/size_t.html"><span class="kw100">std::<span class="me2">size_t</span></span></a></span></span> <code><b>)</b></code>
</td>
<td> (11)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr></table>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> Literal operators with this parameter list are the <i>raw literal operators</i>, used as fallbacks for integer and floating-point user-defined literals (see above)</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> Literal operators with these parameter lists are the first-choice literal operator for user-defined integer literals</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">3)</span> Literal operators with these parameter lists are the first-choice literal operator for user-defined floating-point literals</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">4-7)</span> Literal operators with these parameter lists are called by user-defined character literals</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">8-11)</span> Literal operators with these parameter lists are called by user-defined string literals</div>
<p><a href="default_arguments.html" title="cpp/language/default arguments">Default arguments</a> are not allowed
</p><p>C <a href="language_linkage.html" title="cpp/language/language linkage">language linkage</a> is not allowed
</p><p>Other than the restrictions above, literal operators and literal operator templates are normal functions (and function templates), they can be declared inline or constexpr, they may have internal or external linkage, they can be called explicitly, their addresses can be taken, etc.
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">void</span> operator <span class="st0">""</span> _km<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">double</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// OK, will be called for 1.0_km</span>
<a href="../string/basic_string.html"><span class="kw1072">std::<span class="me2">string</span></span></a> operator <span class="st0">""</span> _i18n<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span>, <a href="../types/size_t.html"><span class="kw100">std::<span class="me2">size_t</span></span></a><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// OK</span>
<span class="kw1">template</span> <span class="sy1"><</span><span class="kw4">char</span>...<span class="sy1">></span> <span class="kw4">double</span> operator <span class="st0">""</span> _π<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// OK</span>
<span class="kw4">float</span> operator <span class="st0">""</span>_e<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// OK</span>
 
<span class="kw4">float</span> operator <span class="st0">""</span>E<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// error: suffix must begin with underscore</span>
<span class="kw4">double</span> operator<span class="st0">""</span> _E<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">double</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// error: all names that begin with underscore</span>
<span class="co1">// followed by uppercase letter are reserved</span>
<span class="kw4">double</span> operator<span class="st0">""</span>_E<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">double</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// OK: even though _E is reserved ""_E is allowed</span></pre></div></div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/user_literal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h3>
<p>Since the introduction of user-defined literals, the code that uses <a href="../../c/types/integer.html" title="c/types/integer">format macro constants for fixed-width integer types</a> with no space after the preceding string literal became invalid: <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><a href="../io/c/printf.html"><span class="kw1568">std::<span class="me2">printf</span></span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"%"</span><a href="../types/integer.html"><span class="kw179">PRId64</span></a><span class="st0">"<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span>,<a href="../types/integer.html"><span class="kw137">INT64_MIN</span></a><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span> has to be replaced by <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><a href="../io/c/printf.html"><span class="kw1568">std::<span class="me2">printf</span></span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"%"</span> <a href="../types/integer.html"><span class="kw179">PRId64</span></a><span class="st0">"<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span>,<a href="../types/integer.html"><span class="kw137">INT64_MIN</span></a><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/user_literal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Examples">Examples</span></h3>
<div class="t-example"><div class="t-example-live-link"><div class="coliru-btn coliru-btn-run-init">Run this code</div></div>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="co2">#include <iostream></span>
 
<span class="co1">// used as conversion</span>
<span class="kw4">constexpr</span> <span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">double</span> operator<span class="st0">""</span> _deg <span class="br0">(</span> <span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">double</span> deg <span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw1">return</span> deg<span class="sy2">*</span><span class="nu16">3.141592</span><span class="sy2">/</span><span class="nu0">180</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
 
<span class="co1">// used with custom type</span>
<span class="kw1">struct</span> mytype
<span class="br0">{</span>
mytype <span class="br0">(</span> <span class="kw4">unsigned</span> <span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">long</span> m<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">:</span>m<span class="br0">(</span>m<span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">{</span><span class="br0">}</span>
<span class="kw4">unsigned</span> <span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">long</span> m<span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
mytype operator<span class="st0">""</span> _mytype <span class="br0">(</span> <span class="kw4">unsigned</span> <span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">long</span> n <span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw1">return</span> mytype<span class="br0">(</span>n<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
 
<span class="co1">// used for side-effects</span>
<span class="kw4">void</span> operator<span class="st0">""</span> _print <span class="br0">(</span> <span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> str <span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> str<span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
 
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw4">double</span> x <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu16">90.0</span>_deg<span class="sy4">;</span>
<a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <a href="../io/manip/fixed.html"><span class="kw1507">std::<span class="me2">fixed</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> x <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
mytype y <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">123</span>_mytype<span class="sy4">;</span>
<a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> y.<span class="me1">m</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="nu12">0x123ABC</span>_print<span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Output:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="text source-text"><pre class="de1">1.570796
123
0x123ABC</pre></div></div>
</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/user_literal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Standard library">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Standard_library">Standard library</span></h3>
<p>The following literal operators are defined in the standard library
</p>
<table class="t-dsc-begin">
<tr class="t-dsc-header">
<td colspan="2"> <div>Defined in inline namespace <code>std::literals::complex_literals</code> </div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td> <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="../numeric/complex/operator""i.html" title="cpp/numeric/complex/operator""i"> <span class="t-lines"><span>operator""if</span><span>operator""i</span><span>operator""il</span></span></a></div><div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx14">(C++14)</span></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td> A <span class="t-lc"><a href="../numeric/complex.html" title="cpp/numeric/complex">std::complex</a></span> literal representing pure imaginary number <br /> <span class="t-mark">(function)</span> <span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/numeric/dsc_operator%22%22i&action=edit">[edit]</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-dsc-header">
<td colspan="2"> <div>Defined in inline namespace <code>std::literals::chrono_literals</code> </div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td> <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="../chrono/operator""h.html" title="cpp/chrono/operator""h"> <span class="t-lines"><span>operator""h</span></span></a></div><div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx14">(C++14)</span></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td> A <span class="t-lc"><a href="../chrono/duration.html" title="cpp/chrono/duration">std::chrono::duration</a></span> literal representing hours <br /> <span class="t-mark">(function)</span> <span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/chrono/dsc_operator%22%22h&action=edit">[edit]</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td> <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="../chrono/operator""min.html" title="cpp/chrono/operator""min"> <span class="t-lines"><span>operator""min</span></span></a></div><div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx14">(C++14)</span></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td> A <span class="t-lc"><a href="../chrono/duration.html" title="cpp/chrono/duration">std::chrono::duration</a></span> literal representing minutes <br /> <span class="t-mark">(function)</span> <span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/chrono/dsc_operator%22%22min&action=edit">[edit]</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td> <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="../chrono/operator""s.html" title="cpp/chrono/operator""s"> <span class="t-lines"><span>operator""s</span></span></a></div><div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx14">(C++14)</span></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td> A <span class="t-lc"><a href="../chrono/duration.html" title="cpp/chrono/duration">std::chrono::duration</a></span> literal representing seconds <br /> <span class="t-mark">(function)</span> <span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/chrono/dsc_operator%22%22s&action=edit">[edit]</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td> <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="../chrono/operator""ms.html" title="cpp/chrono/operator""ms"> <span class="t-lines"><span>operator""ms</span></span></a></div><div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx14">(C++14)</span></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td> A <span class="t-lc"><a href="../chrono/duration.html" title="cpp/chrono/duration">std::chrono::duration</a></span> literal representing milliseconds <br /> <span class="t-mark">(function)</span> <span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/chrono/dsc_operator%22%22ms&action=edit">[edit]</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td> <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="../chrono/operator""us.html" title="cpp/chrono/operator""us"> <span class="t-lines"><span>operator""us</span></span></a></div><div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx14">(C++14)</span></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td> A <span class="t-lc"><a href="../chrono/duration.html" title="cpp/chrono/duration">std::chrono::duration</a></span> literal representing microseconds <br /> <span class="t-mark">(function)</span> <span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/chrono/dsc_operator%22%22us&action=edit">[edit]</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td> <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="../chrono/operator""ns.html" title="cpp/chrono/operator""ns"> <span class="t-lines"><span>operator""ns</span></span></a></div><div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx14">(C++14)</span></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td> A <span class="t-lc"><a href="../chrono/duration.html" title="cpp/chrono/duration">std::chrono::duration</a></span> literal representing nanoseconds <br /> <span class="t-mark">(function)</span> <span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/chrono/dsc_operator%22%22ns&action=edit">[edit]</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-dsc-header">
<td colspan="2"> <div>Defined in inline namespace <code>std::literals::string_literals</code> </div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td> <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="../string/basic_string/operator""s.html" title="cpp/string/basic string/operator""s"> <span class="t-lines"><span>operator""s</span></span></a></div><div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx14">(C++14)</span></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td> Converts a character array literal to <code>basic_string</code> <br /> <span class="t-mark">(function)</span> <span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/string/basic_string/dsc_operator%22%22s&action=edit">[edit]</a></span>
</td></tr>
</table>
<!--
NewPP limit report
Preprocessor visited node count: 4806/1000000
Preprocessor generated node count: 9060/1000000
Post‐expand include size: 120964/2097152 bytes
Template argument size: 29573/2097152 bytes
Highest expansion depth: 20/40
Expensive parser function count: 0/100
-->
<!-- Saved in parser cache with key mwiki1-mwiki_en_:pcache:idhash:5061-0!*!0!!en!*!* and timestamp 20150920000623 -->
</div> <!-- /bodycontent -->
<!-- printfooter -->
<div class="printfooter">
Retrieved from "<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/user_literal&oldid=77027">http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/user_literal&oldid=77027</a>" </div>
<!-- /printfooter -->
<!-- catlinks -->
<div id='catlinks' class='catlinks catlinks-allhidden'></div> <!-- /catlinks -->
<div class="visualClear"></div>
<!-- debughtml -->
<!-- /debughtml -->
</div>
<!-- /bodyContent -->
</div>
</div>
<!-- /content -->
<!-- footer -->
<div id="cpp-footer-base" class="noprint">
<div id="footer">
<div id="cpp-navigation">
<h5>Navigation</h5>
<ul>
<li id="n-Support-us"><a href="http://www.cppreference.com/support" rel="nofollow">Support us</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-FAQ"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/Cppreference:FAQ">FAQ</a></li><li id="n-Offline-version"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/Cppreference:Archives">Offline version</a></li> </ul>
</div>
<div id="cpp-toolbox">
<h5><span>Toolbox</span><a href="user_literal.html#"></a></h5>
<ul>
<li id="t-whatlinkshere"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/Special:WhatLinksHere/cpp/language/user_literal" title="A list of all wiki pages that link here [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/Special:RecentChangesLinked/cpp/language/user_literal" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload"><a href="http://upload.cppreference.com/w/Special:Upload" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-print"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/user_literal&printable=yes" rel="alternate" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li><li id="t-permalink"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/user_literal&oldid=77027" title="Permanent link to this revision of the page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/user_literal&action=info">Page information</a></li> </ul>
</div>
<div id="cpp-languages">
<div><ul><li>In other languages</li></ul></div>
<div><ul>
<li class="interwiki-de"><a href="http://de.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/user_literal" title="cpp/language/user literal" lang="de" hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interwiki-es"><a href="http://es.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/user_literal" title="cpp/language/user literal" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li><li class="interwiki-fr"><a href="http://fr.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/user_literal" title="cpp/language/user literal" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li><li class="interwiki-it"><a href="http://it.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/user_literal" title="cpp/language/user literal" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li><li class="interwiki-ja"><a href="http://ja.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/user_literal" title="cpp/language/user literal" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li><li class="interwiki-pt"><a href="http://pt.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/user_literal" title="cpp/language/user literal" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li><li class="interwiki-ru"><a href="http://ru.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/user_literal" title="cpp/language/user literal" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li><li class="interwiki-zh"><a href="http://zh.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/user_literal" title="cpp/language/user literal" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li> </ul></div>
</div>
<ul id="footer-info">
<li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last modified on 12 March 2015, at 11:50.</li>
<li id="footer-info-viewcount">This page has been accessed 65,762 times.</li>
</ul>
<ul id="footer-places">
<li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/Cppreference:Privacy_policy" title="Cppreference:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li>
<li id="footer-places-about"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/Cppreference:About" title="Cppreference:About">About cppreference.com</a></li>
<li id="footer-places-disclaimer"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/Cppreference:General_disclaimer" title="Cppreference:General disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li>
</ul>
<ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint">
<li id="footer-poweredbyico">
<a href="http://www.mediawiki.org/"><img src="../../../mwiki/skins/common/images/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" /></a> <a href="http://qbnz.com/highlighter/"><img src="../../../../upload.cppreference.com/mwiki/images/2/2b/powered_by_geshi_88x31.png" alt="Powered by GeSHi" height="31" width="88" /></a> <a href="http://www.tigertech.net/referral/cppreference.com"><img src="../../../../upload.cppreference.com/mwiki/images/9/94/powered_by_tigertech_88x31.png" alt="Hosted by Tiger Technologies" height="31" width="88" /></a> </li>
</ul>
<div style="clear:both">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- /footer -->
<script>if(window.mw){
mw.loader.state({"site":"loading","user":"missing","user.groups":"ready"});
}</script>
<script src="../../../mwiki/load.php%3Fdebug=false&lang=en&modules=skins.cppreference2&only=scripts&skin=cppreference2&*"></script>
<script>if(window.mw){
mw.loader.load(["mediawiki.action.view.postEdit","mediawiki.user","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.searchSuggest","mediawiki.hidpi","ext.gadget.ColiruCompiler"], null, true);
}</script>
<script src="../../../mwiki/load.php%3Fdebug=false&lang=en&modules=site&only=scripts&skin=cppreference2&*"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? "https://ssl." : "http://www.");
document.write(unescape("%3Cscript src='" + gaJsHost + "google-analytics.com/ga.js' type='text/javascript'%3E%3C/script%3E"));
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
var _gaq = _gaq || [];
_gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-2828341-1']);
_gaq.push(['_setDomainName', 'cppreference.com']);
_gaq.push(['_trackPageview']);
</script><!-- Served in 6.020 secs. -->
</body>
<!-- Cached 20150920000623 -->
</html>
|
