1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
|
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" dir="ltr" class="client-nojs">
<head>
<title>Source file inclusion - cppreference.com</title>
<meta charset="UTF-8" />
<meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.21.2" />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/preprocessor/include&action=edit" />
<link rel="edit" title="Edit" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/preprocessor/include&action=edit" />
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="../../../favicon.ico" />
<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="../../../mwiki/opensearch_desc.php" title="cppreference.com (en)" />
<link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/api.php?action=rsd" />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="cppreference.com Atom feed" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../mwiki/load.php%3Fdebug=false&lang=en&modules=ext.gadget.ColiruCompiler%257Cext.rtlcite%257Cmediawiki.legacy.commonPrint%252Cshared%257Cskins.cppreference2&only=styles&skin=cppreference2&*.css" />
<meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content="" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../mwiki/load.php%3Fdebug=false&lang=en&modules=site&only=styles&skin=cppreference2&*.css" />
<style>a:lang(ar),a:lang(ckb),a:lang(fa),a:lang(kk-arab),a:lang(mzn),a:lang(ps),a:lang(ur){text-decoration:none}#toc{display:none}.editsection{display:none}
/* cache key: mwiki1-mwiki_en_:resourceloader:filter:minify-css:7:472787eddcf4605d11de8c7ef047234f */</style>
<script src="../../../mwiki/load.php%3Fdebug=false&lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&skin=cppreference2&*"></script>
<script>if(window.mw){
mw.config.set({"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"cpp/preprocessor/include","wgTitle":"cpp/preprocessor/include","wgCurRevisionId":81496,"wgArticleId":1383,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":[],"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgMonthNamesShort":["","Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"wgRelevantPageName":"cpp/preprocessor/include","wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[]});
}</script><script>if(window.mw){
mw.loader.implement("user.options",function(){mw.user.options.set({"ccmeonemails":0,"cols":80,"date":"default","diffonly":0,"disablemail":0,"disablesuggest":0,"editfont":"default","editondblclick":0,"editsection":0,"editsectiononrightclick":0,"enotifminoredits":0,"enotifrevealaddr":0,"enotifusertalkpages":1,"enotifwatchlistpages":0,"extendwatchlist":0,"externaldiff":0,"externaleditor":0,"fancysig":0,"forceeditsummary":0,"gender":"unknown","hideminor":0,"hidepatrolled":0,"imagesize":2,"justify":0,"math":1,"minordefault":0,"newpageshidepatrolled":0,"nocache":0,"noconvertlink":0,"norollbackdiff":0,"numberheadings":0,"previewonfirst":0,"previewontop":1,"quickbar":5,"rcdays":7,"rclimit":50,"rememberpassword":0,"rows":25,"searchlimit":20,"showhiddencats":0,"showjumplinks":1,"shownumberswatching":1,"showtoc":0,"showtoolbar":1,"skin":"cppreference2","stubthreshold":0,"thumbsize":2,"underline":2,"uselivepreview":0,"usenewrc":0,"watchcreations":0,"watchdefault":0,"watchdeletion":0,
"watchlistdays":3,"watchlisthideanons":0,"watchlisthidebots":0,"watchlisthideliu":0,"watchlisthideminor":0,"watchlisthideown":0,"watchlisthidepatrolled":0,"watchmoves":0,"wllimit":250,"variant":"en","language":"en","searchNs0":true,"searchNs1":false,"searchNs2":false,"searchNs3":false,"searchNs4":false,"searchNs5":false,"searchNs6":false,"searchNs7":false,"searchNs8":false,"searchNs9":false,"searchNs10":false,"searchNs11":false,"searchNs12":false,"searchNs13":false,"searchNs14":false,"searchNs15":false,"gadget-ColiruCompiler":1});;},{},{});mw.loader.implement("user.tokens",function(){mw.user.tokens.set({"editToken":"+\\","patrolToken":false,"watchToken":false});;},{},{});
/* cache key: mwiki1-mwiki_en_:resourceloader:filter:minify-js:7:ca03345b1e2c4d90a25d968753a73b92 */
}</script>
<script>if(window.mw){
mw.loader.load(["mediawiki.page.startup","mediawiki.legacy.wikibits","mediawiki.legacy.ajax"]);
}</script>
<style type="text/css">/*<![CDATA[*/
.source-cpp {line-height: normal;}
.source-cpp li, .source-cpp pre {
line-height: normal; border: 0px none white;
}
/**
* GeSHi Dynamically Generated Stylesheet
* --------------------------------------
* Dynamically generated stylesheet for cpp
* CSS class: source-cpp, CSS id:
* GeSHi (C) 2004 - 2007 Nigel McNie, 2007 - 2008 Benny Baumann
* (http://qbnz.com/highlighter/ and http://geshi.org/)
* --------------------------------------
*/
.cpp.source-cpp .de1, .cpp.source-cpp .de2 {font: normal normal 1em/1.2em monospace; margin:0; padding:0; background:none; vertical-align:top;}
.cpp.source-cpp {font-family:monospace;}
.cpp.source-cpp .imp {font-weight: bold; color: red;}
.cpp.source-cpp li, .cpp.source-cpp .li1 {font-weight: normal; vertical-align:top;}
.cpp.source-cpp .ln {width:1px;text-align:right;margin:0;padding:0 2px;vertical-align:top;}
.cpp.source-cpp .li2 {font-weight: bold; vertical-align:top;}
.cpp.source-cpp .kw1 {color: #0000dd;}
.cpp.source-cpp .kw2 {color: #0000ff;}
.cpp.source-cpp .kw3 {color: #0000dd;}
.cpp.source-cpp .kw4 {color: #0000ff;}
.cpp.source-cpp .co1 {color: #909090;}
.cpp.source-cpp .co2 {color: #339900;}
.cpp.source-cpp .coMULTI {color: #ff0000; font-style: italic;}
.cpp.source-cpp .es0 {color: #008000; font-weight: bold;}
.cpp.source-cpp .es1 {color: #008000; font-weight: bold;}
.cpp.source-cpp .es2 {color: #008000; font-weight: bold;}
.cpp.source-cpp .es3 {color: #008000; font-weight: bold;}
.cpp.source-cpp .es4 {color: #008000; font-weight: bold;}
.cpp.source-cpp .es5 {color: #008000; font-weight: bold;}
.cpp.source-cpp .br0 {color: #008000;}
.cpp.source-cpp .sy0 {color: #008000;}
.cpp.source-cpp .sy1 {color: #000080;}
.cpp.source-cpp .sy2 {color: #000040;}
.cpp.source-cpp .sy3 {color: #000040;}
.cpp.source-cpp .sy4 {color: #008080;}
.cpp.source-cpp .st0 {color: #008000;}
.cpp.source-cpp .nu0 {color: #000080;}
.cpp.source-cpp .nu6 {color: #000080;}
.cpp.source-cpp .nu8 {color: #000080;}
.cpp.source-cpp .nu12 {color: #000080;}
.cpp.source-cpp .nu16 {color:#000080;}
.cpp.source-cpp .nu17 {color:#000080;}
.cpp.source-cpp .nu18 {color:#000080;}
.cpp.source-cpp .nu19 {color:#000080;}
.cpp.source-cpp .ln-xtra, .cpp.source-cpp li.ln-xtra, .cpp.source-cpp div.ln-xtra {background-color: #ffc;}
.cpp.source-cpp span.xtra { display:block; }
/*]]>*/
</style><style type="text/css">/*<![CDATA[*/
.source-text {line-height: normal;}
.source-text li, .source-text pre {
line-height: normal; border: 0px none white;
}
/**
* GeSHi Dynamically Generated Stylesheet
* --------------------------------------
* Dynamically generated stylesheet for text
* CSS class: source-text, CSS id:
* GeSHi (C) 2004 - 2007 Nigel McNie, 2007 - 2008 Benny Baumann
* (http://qbnz.com/highlighter/ and http://geshi.org/)
* --------------------------------------
*/
.text.source-text .de1, .text.source-text .de2 {font: normal normal 1em/1.2em monospace; margin:0; padding:0; background:none; vertical-align:top;}
.text.source-text {font-family:monospace;}
.text.source-text .imp {font-weight: bold; color: red;}
.text.source-text li, .text.source-text .li1 {font-weight: normal; vertical-align:top;}
.text.source-text .ln {width:1px;text-align:right;margin:0;padding:0 2px;vertical-align:top;}
.text.source-text .li2 {font-weight: bold; vertical-align:top;}
.text.source-text .ln-xtra, .text.source-text li.ln-xtra, .text.source-text div.ln-xtra {background-color: #ffc;}
.text.source-text span.xtra { display:block; }
/*]]>*/
</style><!--[if lt IE 7]><style type="text/css">body{behavior:url("/mwiki/skins/cppreference2/csshover.min.htc")}</style><![endif]--></head>
<body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr ns-0 ns-subject page-cpp_preprocessor_include skin-cppreference2 action-view cpp-navbar">
<!-- header -->
<div id="mw-head" class="noprint">
<div id="cpp-head-first-base">
<div id="cpp-head-first">
<h5><a href="../../../index.html">
cppreference.com </a></h5>
<div id="cpp-head-search">
<!-- 0 -->
<div id="p-search">
<h5><label for="searchInput">Search</label></h5>
<form action="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php" id="searchform">
<input type='hidden' name="title" value="Special:Search"/>
<div id="simpleSearch">
<input name="search" title="Search cppreference.com [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" /> <button type="submit" name="button" title="Search the pages for this text" id="searchButton"><img src="../../../mwiki/skins/cppreference2/images/search-ltr.png%3F303" alt="Search" /></button> </div>
</form>
</div>
<!-- /0 -->
</div>
<div id="cpp-head-personal">
<!-- 0 -->
<div id="p-personal" class="">
<span id="pt-createaccount"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=cpp%2Fpreprocessor%2Finclude&type=signup">Create account</a></span> <div class="menu">
<ul>
<li id="pt-login"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=cpp%2Fpreprocessor%2Finclude" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o">Log in</a></li> </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!-- /0 -->
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="cpp-head-second-base">
<div id="cpp-head-second">
<div id="cpp-head-tools-left">
<!-- 0 -->
<div id="p-namespaces" class="vectorTabs">
<h5>Namespaces</h5>
<ul>
<li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected"><span><a href="include.html" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Page</a></span></li>
<li id="ca-talk" class="new"><span><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Talk:cpp/preprocessor/include&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Discussion about the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Discussion</a></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<!-- /0 -->
<!-- 1 -->
<div id="p-variants" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet">
<h5><span>Variants</span><a href="include.html#"></a></h5>
<div class="menu">
<ul>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<!-- /1 -->
</div>
<div id="cpp-head-tools-right">
<!-- 0 -->
<div id="p-views" class="vectorTabs">
<h5>Views</h5>
<ul>
<li id="ca-view" class="selected"><span><a href="include.html" >View</a></span></li>
<li id="ca-edit"><span><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/preprocessor/include&action=edit" title="You can edit this page. Please use the preview button before saving [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></span></li>
<li id="ca-history" class="collapsible"><span><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/preprocessor/include&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">History</a></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<!-- /0 -->
<!-- 1 -->
<div id="p-cactions" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet">
<h5><span>Actions</span><a href="include.html#"></a></h5>
<div class="menu">
<ul>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<!-- /1 -->
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- /header -->
<!-- content -->
<div id="cpp-content-base">
<div id="content">
<a id="top"></a>
<div id="mw-js-message" style="display:none;"></div>
<!-- firstHeading -->
<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Source file inclusion</h1>
<!-- /firstHeading -->
<!-- bodyContent -->
<div id="bodyContent">
<!-- tagline -->
<div id="siteSub">From cppreference.com</div>
<!-- /tagline -->
<!-- subtitle -->
<div id="contentSub"><span class="subpages">< <a href="../../cpp.html" title="cpp">cpp</a>‎ | <a href="../preprocessor.html" title="cpp/preprocessor">preprocessor</a></span></div>
<!-- /subtitle -->
<!-- bodycontent -->
<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="t-navbar" style=""><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div><div class="t-navbar-head"><a href="../../cpp.html" title="cpp"> C++</a><div class="t-navbar-menu"><div><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="line-height:1.1em;">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language.1.html" title="cpp/language"> Language</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../header.html" title="cpp/header"> Standard library headers</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../concept.html" title="cpp/concept"> Concepts</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../utility.html" title="cpp/utility"> Utilities library</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../string.html" title="cpp/string"> Strings library</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../container.html" title="cpp/container"> Containers library</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../algorithm.html" title="cpp/algorithm"> Algorithms library</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../iterator.html" title="cpp/iterator"> Iterators library</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../numeric.html" title="cpp/numeric"> Numerics library</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../io.html" title="cpp/io"> Input/output library</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../locale.html" title="cpp/locale"> Localizations library</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../regex.html" title="cpp/regex"> Regular expressions library</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../atomic.html" title="cpp/atomic"> Atomic operations library</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../thread.html" title="cpp/thread"> Thread support library</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../experimental.html" title="cpp/experimental"> Technical Specifications</a> </td></tr>
</table></div><div><span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/navbar_content&action=edit">[edit]</a></span></div></div></div></div><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div><div class="t-navbar-head"><a href="../language.1.html" title="cpp/language"> C++ language</a><div class="t-navbar-menu"><div><div style="display:inline-block">
<div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv-h1"><td colspan="5"> General topics</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../preprocessor.html" title="cpp/preprocessor"> Preprocessor</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../comments.html" title="cpp/comment"> Comments</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../keywords.html" title="cpp/keyword"> Keywords</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/escape.html" title="cpp/language/escape"> Escape sequences</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h1"><td colspan="5"> Flow control</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Conditional execution statements</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/if.html" title="cpp/language/if"> <code>if</code></a></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/switch.html" title="cpp/language/switch"> <code>switch</code></a></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Iteration statements (loops)</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/for.html" title="cpp/language/for"> <code>for</code></a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/range-for.html" title="cpp/language/range-for"> range-<code>for</code></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/while.html" title="cpp/language/while"> <code>while</code></a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/do.html" title="cpp/language/do"> <code>do-while</code></a></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Jump statements </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/continue.html" title="cpp/language/continue"> <code>continue</code></a> - <a href="../language/break.html" title="cpp/language/break"> <code>break</code></a></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/goto.html" title="cpp/language/goto"> <code>goto</code></a> - <a href="../language/return.html" title="cpp/language/return"> <code>return</code></a></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h1"><td colspan="5"> Functions</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/function.html" title="cpp/language/function"> Function declaration</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/lambda.html" title="cpp/language/lambda"> Lambda function declaration</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/inline.html" title="cpp/language/inline"> <code>inline</code> specifier</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/except_spec.html" title="cpp/language/except spec"> Exception specifications</a> <span class="t-mark">(deprecated)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/noexcept_spec.html" title="cpp/language/noexcept spec"> <code>noexcept</code> specifier</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h1"><td colspan="5"> Exceptions</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/throw.html" title="cpp/language/throw"> <code>throw</code>-expression</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/try_catch.html" title="cpp/language/try catch"> <code>try</code>-<code>catch</code> block</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h1"><td colspan="5"> Namespaces</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/namespace.html" title="cpp/language/namespace"> Namespace declaration</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/namespace_alias.html" title="cpp/language/namespace alias"> Namespace aliases</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h1"><td colspan="5"> Types</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/types.html" title="cpp/language/types"> Fundamental types</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/enum.html" title="cpp/language/enum"> Enumeration types</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/function.html" title="cpp/language/function"> Function types</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/class.html" title="cpp/language/class"> Compound types</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/union.html" title="cpp/language/union"> Union types</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Specifiers</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/decltype.html" title="cpp/language/decltype"> <code>decltype</code></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/auto.html" title="cpp/language/auto"> <code>auto</code></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/alignas.html" title="cpp/language/alignas"> <code>alignas</code></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/cv.html" title="cpp/language/cv"> <code>const</code>/<code>volatile</code></a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/constexpr.html" title="cpp/language/constexpr"> <code>constexpr</code></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/storage_duration.html" title="cpp/language/storage duration"> Storage duration specifiers</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Initialization</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/default_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/default initialization"> Default initialization</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/value_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/value initialization"> Value initialization</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/zero_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/zero initialization"> Zero initialization</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/copy_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/copy initialization"> Copy initialization</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/direct_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/direct initialization"> Direct initialization</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/aggregate_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/aggregate initialization"> Aggregate initialization</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/list_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/list initialization"> List initialization</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/constant_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/constant initialization"> Constant initialization</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/reference_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/reference initialization"> Reference initialization</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
</table></div>
</div>
<div style="display:inline-block">
<div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv-h1"><td colspan="5"> Expressions</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/value_category.html" title="cpp/language/value category"> Value categories</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/eval_order.html" title="cpp/language/eval order"> Order of evaluation</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/operators.html" title="cpp/language/operators"> Operators</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/operator_precedence.html" title="cpp/language/operator precedence"> Operator precedence</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/operator_alternative.html" title="cpp/language/operator alternative"> Alternative representations</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Literals</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/bool_literal.html" title="cpp/language/bool literal"> Boolean</a> - <a href="../language/integer_literal.html" title="cpp/language/integer literal"> Integer</a> - <a href="../language/floating_literal.html" title="cpp/language/floating literal"> Floating-point</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/character_literal.html" title="cpp/language/character literal"> Character</a> - <a href="../language/string_literal.html" title="cpp/language/string literal"> String</a> - <a href="../language/nullptr.html" title="cpp/language/nullptr"> <code>nullptr</code></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/user_literal.html" title="cpp/language/user literal"> User-defined</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h1"><td colspan="5"> Utilities</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/attributes.html" title="cpp/language/attributes"> Attributes</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Types</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/typedef.html" title="cpp/language/typedef"> <code>typedef</code> declaration</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/type_alias.html" title="cpp/language/type alias"> Type alias declaration</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Casts</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/implicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/implicit cast"> Implicit conversions</a> - <a href="../language/explicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/explicit cast"> Explicit conversions</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/static_cast.html" title="cpp/language/static cast"> <code>static_cast</code></a> - <a href="../language/dynamic_cast.html" title="cpp/language/dynamic cast"> <code>dynamic_cast</code></a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/const_cast.html" title="cpp/language/const cast"> <code>const_cast</code></a> - <a href="../language/reinterpret_cast.html" title="cpp/language/reinterpret cast"> <code>reinterpret_cast</code></a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Memory allocation</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/new.html" title="cpp/language/new"> <code>new</code> expression</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/delete.html" title="cpp/language/delete"> <code>delete</code> expression</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h1"><td colspan="5"> Classes</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/class.html" title="cpp/language/class"> Class declaration</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/constructor.html" title="cpp/language/initializer list"> Initializer lists</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/this.html" title="cpp/language/this"> <code>this</code> pointer</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/access.html" title="cpp/language/access"> Access specifiers</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/friend.html" title="cpp/language/friend"> <code>friend</code> specifier</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Class-specific function properties</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/virtual.html" title="cpp/language/virtual"> Virtual function</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/override.html" title="cpp/language/override"> override specifier</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/final.html" title="cpp/language/final"> final specifier</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/explicit.html" title="cpp/language/explicit"> <code>explicit</code></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/static.html" title="cpp/language/static"> <code>static</code></a> </td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Special member functions</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/default_constructor.html" title="cpp/language/default constructor"> Default constructor</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/copy_constructor.html" title="cpp/language/copy constructor"> Copy constructor</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/move_constructor.html" title="cpp/language/move constructor"> Move constructor</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/as_operator.html" title="cpp/language/as operator" class="mw-redirect"> Copy assignment</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/move_operator.html" title="cpp/language/move operator" class="mw-redirect"> Move assignment</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/destructor.html" title="cpp/language/destructor"> Destructor</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h1"><td colspan="5">Templates </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/class_template.html" title="cpp/language/class template"> Class template </a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/function_template.html" title="cpp/language/function template"> Function template </a></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/template_specialization.html" title="cpp/language/template specialization"> Template specialization</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/parameter_pack.html" title="cpp/language/parameter pack"> Parameter packs</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h1"><td colspan="5"> Miscellaneous </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/asm.html" title="cpp/language/asm"> Inline assembly</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language/history.html" title="cpp/language/history"> History of C++</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
</table></div>
</div><div><span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/language/navbar_content&action=edit">[edit]</a></span></div></div></div></div><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div><div class="t-navbar-head"><a href="../preprocessor.html" title="cpp/preprocessor"> Preprocessor</a><div class="t-navbar-menu"><div><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="conditional.html" title="cpp/preprocessor/conditional"><span class="t-lines"><span>#if</span><span>#ifdef</span><span>#ifndef</span><span>#else</span><span>#elif</span><span>#endif</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="replace.html" title="cpp/preprocessor/replace"><span class="t-lines"><span>#define</span><span>#undef</span><span>#,## operators</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><strong class="selflink"><span class="t-lines"><span>#include</span><span>__has_include<span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17)</span></span></span></strong></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="error.html" title="cpp/preprocessor/error"><span class="t-lines"><span>#error</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="impl.html" title="cpp/preprocessor/impl"><span class="t-lines"><span>#pragma</span><span>_Pragma<span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="line.html" title="cpp/preprocessor/line"><span class="t-lines"><span>#line</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
</table></div><div><span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/preprocessor/navbar_content&action=edit">[edit]</a></span></div></div></div></div><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div></div>
<p>Includes other source file into current source file at the line immediately after the directive .
</p>
<table id="toc" class="toc"><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="include.html#Syntax"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Syntax</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="include.html#Explanation"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Explanation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="include.html#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="include.html#Example"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Example</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="include.html#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/preprocessor/include&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Syntax">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Syntax">Syntax</span></h3>
<table class="t-sdsc-begin">
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <code><b>#include <</b></code><span class="t-spar">filename</span><code><b>></b></code>
</td>
<td> (1)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <code><b>#include "</b></code><span class="t-spar">filename</span><code><b>"</b></code>
</td>
<td> (2)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <code><b>__has_include</b></code> <code><b>(</b></code> <code><b>"</b></code> <span class="t-spar">filename</span> <code><b>"</b></code> <code><b>)</b></code><br /><code><b>__has_include</b></code> <code><b>(</b></code> <code><b><</b></code> <span class="t-spar">filename</span> <code><b>></b></code> <code><b>)</b></code>
</td>
<td> (3)
</td>
<td> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(since C++17)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr></table>
<p>Any preprocessing tokens (macro constants or expressions) are permitted as arguments to <code>#include</code> <span class="t-rev-inl t-since-cxx17"><span>and <code>__has_include</code> </span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(since C++17)</span></span></span> as long as they expand to a sequence of characters surrounded by <code><b><</b></code> <code><b>></b></code> or <code><b>"</b></code> <code><b>"</b></code>.
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/preprocessor/include&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Explanation">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Explanation">Explanation</span></h3>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1,2)</span> Includes source file, identified by <span class="t-spar">filename</span> into the current source file at the line immediately after the directive. In the case the file is not found, program is ill-formed.</div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">1)</span> Searches for the file in implementation-defined mannner. The intent of this syntax is to search for the files under control of the implementation. Typical implementations search only standard include directories. The standard C++ library and the standard C library are implicitly included in these standard include directories. The standard include directories usually can be controlled by the user through compiler options. </div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">2)</span> Searches for the file in implementation-defined manner. The intent of this syntax is to search for the files that are not controlled by the implementation. Typical implementations first search the directory where the current file resides and, only if the file is not found, search the standard include directories as with <span class="t-v">(1)</span>.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">3)</span> Preprocessor constant expression that evaluates to <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="nu0">1</span></span></span> if the file name is found and <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="nu0">0</span></span></span> if not. The program is ill-formed if the argument would not be a valid argument to the <code>#include</code> directive.</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/preprocessor/include&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h3>
<p>When a file is included, it is processed by <a href="../language/translation_phases.html" title="cpp/language/translation phases">translation phases</a> 1-4, which may include, recursively, expansion of the nested <code>#include</code> directives. To avoid repeated inclusion of the same file and endless recursion when a file includes itself, perhaps transitively, <i>header guards</i> are commonly used: the entire header is wrapped in
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="co2">#ifndef FOO_H_INCLUDED /* any name uniquely mapped to file name */</span>
<span class="co2">#define FOO_H_INCLUDED</span>
<span class="co1">// contents of the file are here</span>
<span class="co2">#endif</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Many compilers also implement the non-standard <a href="impl.html" title="cpp/preprocessor/impl"><tt>pragma</tt></a> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="co2">#pragma once</span></span></span> with similar effects: it disables processing of a file if the same file (where file identity is determined in OS-specific way) has already been included.
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/preprocessor/include&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Example">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Example">Example</span></h3>
<div class="t-example"><div class="t-example-live-link"><div class="coliru-btn coliru-btn-run-init">Run this code</div></div>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="co2">#if __has_include(<optional>)</span>
<span class="co2"># include <optional></span>
<span class="co2"># define have_optional 1</span>
<span class="co2">#elif __has_include(<experimental/optional>)</span>
<span class="co2"># include <experimental/optional></span>
<span class="co2"># define have_optional 1</span>
<span class="co2"># define experimental_optional 1</span>
<span class="co2">#else</span>
<span class="co2"># define have_optional 0</span>
<span class="co2">#endif</span>
 
<span class="co2">#ifndef TEXT</span>
<span class="co2">#include <iostream></span>
 
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="co2">#define TEXT "Hello, world!"</span>
<span class="co2">#include __FILE__</span>
<span class="co2">#define TEXT "Hello again!"</span>
<span class="co2">#include __FILE__</span>
 
<span class="br0">}</span>
<span class="co2">#else</span>
<a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> TEXT <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="co2">#undef TEXT</span>
<span class="co2">#endif</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Output:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="text source-text"><pre class="de1">Hello, world!
Hello again!</pre></div></div>
</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/preprocessor/include&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h3>
<table class="t-dsc-begin">
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td> <a href="../header.html" title="cpp/header">cpp/header</a>
</td>
<td> a list of C++ Standard Library header files
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td colspan="2"> <div class="t-dsc-see"><span><a href="../../c/preprocessor/include.html" title="c/preprocessor/include">C documentation</a></span> for <span class="t-dsc-see-tt"><span>Source file inclusion</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</table>
<!--
NewPP limit report
Preprocessor visited node count: 2148/1000000
Preprocessor generated node count: 6525/1000000
Post‐expand include size: 114121/2097152 bytes
Template argument size: 13314/2097152 bytes
Highest expansion depth: 16/40
Expensive parser function count: 0/100
-->
<!-- Saved in parser cache with key mwiki1-mwiki_en_:pcache:idhash:1383-0!*!0!!en!*!* and timestamp 20151130153043 -->
</div> <!-- /bodycontent -->
<!-- printfooter -->
<div class="printfooter">
Retrieved from "<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/preprocessor/include&oldid=81496">http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/preprocessor/include&oldid=81496</a>" </div>
<!-- /printfooter -->
<!-- catlinks -->
<div id='catlinks' class='catlinks catlinks-allhidden'></div> <!-- /catlinks -->
<div class="visualClear"></div>
<!-- debughtml -->
<!-- /debughtml -->
</div>
<!-- /bodyContent -->
</div>
</div>
<!-- /content -->
<!-- footer -->
<div id="cpp-footer-base" class="noprint">
<div id="footer">
<div id="cpp-navigation">
<h5>Navigation</h5>
<ul>
<li id="n-Support-us"><a href="http://www.cppreference.com/support" rel="nofollow">Support us</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-FAQ"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/Cppreference:FAQ">FAQ</a></li><li id="n-Offline-version"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/Cppreference:Archives">Offline version</a></li> </ul>
</div>
<div id="cpp-toolbox">
<h5><span>Toolbox</span><a href="include.html#"></a></h5>
<ul>
<li id="t-whatlinkshere"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/Special:WhatLinksHere/cpp/preprocessor/include" title="A list of all wiki pages that link here [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/Special:RecentChangesLinked/cpp/preprocessor/include" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload"><a href="http://upload.cppreference.com/w/Special:Upload" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-print"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/preprocessor/include&printable=yes" rel="alternate" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li><li id="t-permalink"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/preprocessor/include&oldid=81496" title="Permanent link to this revision of the page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/preprocessor/include&action=info">Page information</a></li> </ul>
</div>
<div id="cpp-languages">
<div><ul><li>In other languages</li></ul></div>
<div><ul>
<li class="interwiki-ar"><a href="http://ar.cppreference.com/w/cpp/preprocessor/include" title="cpp/preprocessor/include" lang="ar" hreflang="ar">العربية</a></li><li class="interwiki-de"><a href="http://de.cppreference.com/w/cpp/preprocessor/include" title="cpp/preprocessor/include" lang="de" hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interwiki-es"><a href="http://es.cppreference.com/w/cpp/preprocessor/include" title="cpp/preprocessor/include" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li><li class="interwiki-fr"><a href="http://fr.cppreference.com/w/cpp/preprocessor/include" title="cpp/preprocessor/include" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li><li class="interwiki-it"><a href="http://it.cppreference.com/w/cpp/preprocessor/include" title="cpp/preprocessor/include" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li><li class="interwiki-ja"><a href="http://ja.cppreference.com/w/cpp/preprocessor/include" title="cpp/preprocessor/include" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li><li class="interwiki-pl"><a href="http://pl.cppreference.com/w/cpp/preprocessor/include" title="cpp/preprocessor/include" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li><li class="interwiki-pt"><a href="http://pt.cppreference.com/w/cpp/preprocessor/include" title="cpp/preprocessor/include" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li><li class="interwiki-ru"><a href="http://ru.cppreference.com/w/cpp/preprocessor/include" title="cpp/preprocessor/include" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li><li class="interwiki-zh"><a href="http://zh.cppreference.com/w/cpp/preprocessor/include" title="cpp/preprocessor/include" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li> </ul></div>
</div>
<ul id="footer-info">
<li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last modified on 27 October 2015, at 06:27.</li>
<li id="footer-info-viewcount">This page has been accessed 23,629 times.</li>
</ul>
<ul id="footer-places">
<li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/Cppreference:Privacy_policy" title="Cppreference:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li>
<li id="footer-places-about"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/Cppreference:About" title="Cppreference:About">About cppreference.com</a></li>
<li id="footer-places-disclaimer"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/Cppreference:General_disclaimer" title="Cppreference:General disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li>
</ul>
<ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint">
<li id="footer-poweredbyico">
<a href="http://www.mediawiki.org/"><img src="../../../mwiki/skins/common/images/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" /></a> <a href="http://qbnz.com/highlighter/"><img src="../../../../upload.cppreference.com/mwiki/images/2/2b/powered_by_geshi_88x31.png" alt="Powered by GeSHi" height="31" width="88" /></a> <a href="http://www.tigertech.net/referral/cppreference.com"><img src="../../../../upload.cppreference.com/mwiki/images/9/94/powered_by_tigertech_88x31.png" alt="Hosted by Tiger Technologies" height="31" width="88" /></a> </li>
</ul>
<div style="clear:both">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- /footer -->
<script>if(window.mw){
mw.loader.state({"site":"loading","user":"missing","user.groups":"ready"});
}</script>
<script src="../../../mwiki/load.php%3Fdebug=false&lang=en&modules=skins.cppreference2&only=scripts&skin=cppreference2&*"></script>
<script>if(window.mw){
mw.loader.load(["mediawiki.action.view.postEdit","mediawiki.user","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.searchSuggest","mediawiki.hidpi","ext.gadget.ColiruCompiler"], null, true);
}</script>
<script src="../../../mwiki/load.php%3Fdebug=false&lang=en&modules=site&only=scripts&skin=cppreference2&*"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? "https://ssl." : "http://www.");
document.write(unescape("%3Cscript src='" + gaJsHost + "google-analytics.com/ga.js' type='text/javascript'%3E%3C/script%3E"));
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
var _gaq = _gaq || [];
_gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-2828341-1']);
_gaq.push(['_setDomainName', 'cppreference.com']);
_gaq.push(['_trackPageview']);
</script><!-- Served in 1.588 secs. -->
</body>
<!-- Cached 20151130153043 -->
</html>
|
