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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="../piecewise_construct.html" title="cpp/utility/piecewise construct"><span class="t-lines"><span>piecewise_construct</span></span></a></div><div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></span></span></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="../integer_sequence.html" title="cpp/utility/integer sequence"><span class="t-lines"><span>integer_sequence</span></span></a></div><div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx14">(C++14)</span></span></span></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Swap, forward and move</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="../../algorithm/swap.html" title="cpp/algorithm/swap"><span class="t-lines"><span>swap</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="../exchange.html" title="cpp/utility/exchange"><span class="t-lines"><span>exchange</span></span></a></div><div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx14">(C++14)</span></span></span></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="../forward.html" title="cpp/utility/forward"><span class="t-lines"><span>forward</span></span></a></div><div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></span></span></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="../move.html" title="cpp/utility/move"><span class="t-lines"><span>move</span></span></a></div><div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></span></span></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="../move_if_noexcept.html" title="cpp/utility/move if noexcept"><span class="t-lines"><span>move_if_noexcept</span></span></a></div><div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></span></span></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Type operations</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="../declval.html" title="cpp/utility/declval"><span class="t-lines"><span>declval</span></span></a></div><div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></span></span></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="../as_const.html" title="cpp/utility/as const"><span class="t-lines"><span>as_const</span></span></a></div><div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17)</span></span></span></div></div></td></tr>
</table></div><div><span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/utility/navbar_content&action=edit">[edit]</a></span></div></div></div></div><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div><div class="t-navbar-head"><a href="../program.html" title="cpp/utility/program"> Program support utilities</a><div class="t-navbar-menu"><div><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv-h1"><td colspan="5"> Program termination</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="abort.html" title="cpp/utility/program/abort"><span class="t-lines"><span>abort</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><strong class="selflink"><span class="t-lines"><span>exit</span></span></strong></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="quick_exit.html" title="cpp/utility/program/quick exit"><span class="t-lines"><span>quick_exit</span></span></a></div><div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></span></span></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="_Exit.html" title="cpp/utility/program/ Exit"><span class="t-lines"><span>_Exit</span></span></a></div><div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></span></span></div></div></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="atexit.html" title="cpp/utility/program/atexit"><span class="t-lines"><span>atexit</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="at_quick_exit.html" title="cpp/utility/program/at quick exit"><span class="t-lines"><span>at_quick_exit</span></span></a></div><div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></span></span></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="EXIT_status.html" title="cpp/utility/program/EXIT status"><span class="t-lines"><span>EXIT_SUCCESS</span><span>EXIT_FAILURE</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h1"><td colspan="5"> Communicating with the environment</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="system.html" title="cpp/utility/program/system"><span class="t-lines"><span>system</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="getenv.html" title="cpp/utility/program/getenv"><span class="t-lines"><span>getenv</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h1"><td colspan="5"> Signals</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="signal.html" title="cpp/utility/program/signal"><span class="t-lines"><span>signal</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="raise.html" title="cpp/utility/program/raise"><span class="t-lines"><span>raise</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="sig_atomic_t.html" title="cpp/utility/program/sig atomic t"><span class="t-lines"><span>sig_atomic_t</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="SIG_strategies.html" title="cpp/utility/program/SIG strategies"><span class="t-lines"><span>SIG_DFL</span><span>SIG_IGN</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="SIG_ERR.html" title="cpp/utility/program/SIG ERR"><span class="t-lines"><span>SIG_ERR</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Signal types</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="SIG_types.html" title="cpp/utility/program/SIG types"><span class="t-lines"><span>SIGABRT</span><span>SIGFPE</span><span>SIGILL</span><span>SIGINT</span><span>SIGSEGV</span><span>SIGTERM</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h1"><td colspan="5"> Non-local jumps</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="setjmp.html" title="cpp/utility/program/setjmp"><span class="t-lines"><span>setjmp</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="longjmp.html" title="cpp/utility/program/longjmp"><span class="t-lines"><span>longjmp</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Types</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="jmp_buf.html" title="cpp/utility/program/jmp buf"><span class="t-lines"><span>jmp_buf</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
</table></div><div><span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/utility/program/navbar_content&action=edit">[edit]</a></span></div></div></div></div><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div></div>
<table class="t-dcl-begin"><tbody>
<tr class="t-dsc-header">
<td> <div>Defined in header <code><a href="../../header/cstdlib.html" title="cpp/header/cstdlib"><cstdlib></a></code>
</div></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tbody class="t-dcl-rev">
<tr class="t-dcl t-until-cxx11">
<td> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"> <span class="kw4">void</span> exit<span class="br0">(</span> <span class="kw4">int</span> exit_code <span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
<td> <span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx11">(until C++11)</span> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl t-since-cxx11">
<td> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="br0">[</span><span class="br0">[</span>noreturn<span class="br0">]</span><span class="br0">]</span> <span class="kw4">void</span> exit<span class="br0">(</span> <span class="kw4">int</span> exit_code <span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> </td>
<td> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span> </td>
</tr>
</tbody><tbody>
<tr class="t-dcl-sep"><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>Causes normal program termination to occur.
</p><p>Several cleanup steps are performed:
</p>
<table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-until-cxx11"><td>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> destructors of objects with static storage duration are called in reverse order of completion of their constructors or the completion of their dynamic initialization, and the functions passed to <span class="t-lc">std::atexit</span> are called in reverse order they are registered (last one first).</div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">a)</span> any static objects whose initialization was completed before the call to <span class="t-lc">std::atexit</span> for some function F will be destroyed after the call to F during program termination.</div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">b)</span> any static objects whose construction began after the call to <span class="t-lc">std::atexit</span> for some function F will be destroyed before the call to F during program termination (this includes the case where <span class="t-lc">std::atexit</span> was called from the constructor of the static object)
</div></td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx11">(until C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx11"><td>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> The destructors of objects with thread local <a href="../../language/storage_duration.html" title="cpp/language/storage duration">storage duration</a>, the destructors of objects with static storage duration, and the functions registered with <span class="t-lc">std::atexit</span> are executed concurrently, while maintaining the following guarantees:</div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">a)</span> The last destructor for thread-local objects is sequenced-before the first destructor for a static object</div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">b)</span> If the completion of the constructor or dynamic initialization for thread-local or static object A was sequenced-before thread-local or static object B, the completion of the destruction of B is sequenced-before the start of the destruction of A</div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">c)</span> If the completion of the initialization of a static object A was sequenced-before the call to <span class="t-lc">std::atexit</span> for some function F, the call to F during termination is sequenced-before the start of the destruction of A</div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">d)</span> If the call to <span class="t-lc">std::atexit</span> for some function F was sequenced-before the completion of initialization of a static object A, the start of the destruction of A is sequenced-before the call to F during termination.</div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">e)</span> If a call to <span class="t-lc">std::atexit</span> for some function F1 was sequenced-before the call to <span class="t-lc">std::atexit</span> for some function F2, then the call to F2 during termination is sequenced-before the call to F1</div></td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<dl><dd><ul><li> In the above,
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> if any function registered with <code>atexit</code> or any destructor of static/thread-local object throws an exception, <span class="t-lc">std::terminate</span> is called
</li><li> if the compiler opted to lift dynamic initialization of an object to the static initialization phase of <a href="../../language/initialization.html" title="cpp/language/initialization">non-local initialization</a>, the sequencing of destruction honors its would-be dynamic initialization.
</li><li> If a function-local (block-scope) static object was destroyed and then that function is called from the destructor of another static object and the control flow passes through the definition of that object (or if it is used indirectly, via pointer or reference), the behavior is undefined.
</li><li> if a function-local (block-scope) static object was initialized during construction of a subobject of a class or array, it is only destroyed after all subobjects of that class or all elements of that array were destroyed.
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> all C streams are flushed and closed</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">3)</span> files created by <span class="t-lc">std::tmpfile</span> are removed</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">4)</span> control is returned to the host environment. If <code>exit_code</code> is <span class="t-lc">0</span> or <span class="t-lc">EXIT_SUCCESS</span>, an implementation-defined status indicating successful termination is returned. If <code>exit_code</code> is <span class="t-lc">EXIT_FAILURE</span>, an implementation-defined status indicating unsuccessful termination is returned. In other cases implementation-defined status value is returned.</div>
<p>Stack is not unwound: destructors of variables with automatic <a href="../../language/storage_duration.html" title="cpp/language/storage duration"> storage durations</a> are not called.
</p>
<table id="toc" class="toc"><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="exit.html#Relationship_with_the_main_function"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Relationship with the main function</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="exit.html#Parameters"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Parameters</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="exit.html#Return_value"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Return value</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="exit.html#Example"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Example</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="exit.html#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/utility/program/exit&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Relationship with the main function">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Relationship_with_the_main_function">Relationship with the main function</span></h3>
<p>Returning from the <a href="../../language/main_function.html" title="cpp/language/main function">the main function</a>, either by a <code>return</code> statement or by reaching the end of the function performs the normal function termination (calls the destructors of the variables with automatic <a href="../../language/storage_duration.html" title="cpp/language/storage duration"> storage durations</a>) and then executes <span class="t-lc">std::exit</span>, passing the argument of the return statement (or <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="nu0">0</span></span></span> if implicit return was used) as <code>exit_code</code>.
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/utility/program/exit&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Parameters">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Parameters">Parameters</span></h3>
<table class="t-par-begin">
<tr class="t-par">
<td> exit_code
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> exit status of the program
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/utility/program/exit&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Return value">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Return_value">Return value</span></h3>
<p>(none)
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/utility/program/exit&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Example">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Example">Example</span></h3>
<div class="t-example"><div class="t-example-live-link"><div class="coliru-btn coliru-btn-run-init">Run this code</div></div>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="co2">#include <iostream></span>
<span class="co2">#include <cstdlib></span>
 
<span class="kw1">class</span> Static <span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw1">public</span><span class="sy4">:</span>
 
~Static<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<a href="../../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1480">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"Static dtor<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<span class="kw1">class</span> Local <span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw1">public</span><span class="sy4">:</span>
~Local<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<a href="../../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1480">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"Local dtor<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
Static static_variable<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// dtor of this object *will* be called</span>
 
<span class="kw4">void</span> atexit_handler<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<a href="../../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1480">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"atexit handler<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
 
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
Local local_variable<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// dtor of this object will *not* be called</span>
<span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">int</span> result <span class="sy1">=</span> <a href="atexit.html"><span class="kw847">std::<span class="me2">atexit</span></span></a><span class="br0">(</span>atexit_handler<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// handler will be called</span>
 
<span class="kw1">if</span> <span class="br0">(</span>result <span class="sy3">!</span><span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">0</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span>
<a href="../../io/cerr.html"><span class="kw1482">std::<span class="me2">cerr</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"atexit registration failed<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">return</span> <a href="EXIT_status.html"><span class="kw850">EXIT_FAILURE</span></a><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
 
<a href="../../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1480">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"test<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
std<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">exit</span><span class="br0">(</span><a href="EXIT_status.html"><span class="kw850">EXIT_FAILURE</span></a><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Output:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="text source-text"><pre class="de1">test
atexit handler
Static dtor</pre></div></div>
</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/utility/program/exit&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h3>
<table class="t-dsc-begin">
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td> <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="abort.html" title="cpp/utility/program/abort"> <span class="t-lines"><span>abort</span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td> causes abnormal program termination (without cleaning up) <br /> <span class="t-mark">(function)</span> <span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/utility/program/dsc_abort&action=edit">[edit]</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td> <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="atexit.html" title="cpp/utility/program/atexit"> <span class="t-lines"><span>atexit</span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td> registers a function to be called on <span class="t-lc">std::exit()</span> invocation <br /> <span class="t-mark">(function)</span> <span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/utility/program/dsc_atexit&action=edit">[edit]</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td> <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="quick_exit.html" title="cpp/utility/program/quick exit"> <span class="t-lines"><span>quick_exit</span></span></a></div><div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td> causes quick program termination without completely cleaning up <br /> <span class="t-mark">(function)</span> <span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/utility/program/dsc_quick_exit&action=edit">[edit]</a></span>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
<td colspan="2"> <div class="t-dsc-see"><span><a href="../../../c/program/exit.html" title="c/program/exit">C documentation</a></span> for <span class="t-dsc-see-tt"><span>exit</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</table>
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