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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="function_definition.html" title="c/language/function definition"><span class="t-lines"><span>function definition</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="variadic.html" title="c/language/variadic"><span class="t-lines"><span>variadic arguments</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="inline.html" title="c/language/inline"><span class="t-lines"><span>inline</span></span></a></div><div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c99">(C99)</span></span></span></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="noreturn.html" title="c/language/noreturn" class="mw-redirect"><span class="t-lines"><span>noreturn</span></span></a></div><div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c11">(C11)</span></span></span></div></div></td></tr>
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<p>A function declaration introduces an <a href="identifier.html" title="c/language/identifier">identifier</a> that designates a function and, optionally, specifies the types of the function parameters (the <i>prototype</i>). Function declarations (unlike <a href="function_definition.html" title="c/language/function definition">definitions</a>) may appear at block scope as well as file scope.
</p>
<table id="toc" class="toc"><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="function_declaration.html#Syntax"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Syntax</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="function_declaration.html#Explanation"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Explanation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="function_declaration.html#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="function_declaration.html#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="function_declaration.html#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/function_declaration&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Syntax">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Syntax">Syntax</span></h3>
<p>In the <a href="declarations.html" title="c/language/declarations">declaration grammar</a> of a function declaration, the <i>type-specifier</i> sequence, possibly modified by the declarator, designates the <i>return type</i> (which may be any type other than array or function type), and the <i>declarator</i> has one of two forms:
</p>
<table class="t-sdsc-begin">
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</td></tr>
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<td> <span class="t-spar">noptr-declarator</span> <code><b>(</b></code> <span class="t-spar">parameter-list</span> <code><b>)</b></code>
</td>
<td> (1)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
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<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <span class="t-spar">noptr-declarator</span> <code><b>(</b></code> <span class="t-spar">identifier-list</span><span class="t-mark">(optional)</span> <code><b>)</b></code>
</td>
<td> (2)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
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<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr></table>
<p>where
</p>
<table class="t-par-begin">
<tr class="t-par">
<td> <span class="t-spar">noptr-declarator</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> any <a href="declarations.html#Declarators" title="c/language/declarations">declarator</a> except unparenthesized pointer declarator. The identifier that is contained in this declarator is the identifier that becomes the function designator.
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-par">
<td> <span class="t-spar">parameter-list</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> either the single keyword <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="kw4">void</span></span></span> or a comma-separated list of <i>parameters</i>, which may end with an <a href="variadic.html" title="c/language/variadic">ellipsis parameter</a>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-par">
<td> <span class="t-spar">identifier-list</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> comma-separated list of identifiers (only if this declarator is used as part of old-style <a href="function_definition.html" title="c/language/function definition">function definition</a>), must be omitted for old-style declarations that are not definitions.
</td></tr></table>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> New-style (C89) function declaration. This declaration both introduces the function designator itself and also serves as a function prototype for any future <a href="operator_other.html#Function_call" title="c/language/operator other">function call expressions</a>, forcing conversions from argument expressions to the declared parameter types and compile-time checks for the number of arguments.
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">int</span> max<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> a, <span class="kw4">int</span> b<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// declaration</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> n <span class="sy1">=</span> max<span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu16">12.01</span>, <span class="nu16">3.14</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// OK, conversion from double to int</span></pre></div></div></div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> Old-style (K&R) function declaration. This declaration does not behave as a prototype and any future <a href="operator_other.html#Function_call" title="c/language/operator other">function call expressions</a> will perform default argument promotions and will invoke undefined behavior if the number of arguments doesn't match the number of parameters.
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">int</span> max<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> n <span class="sy1">=</span> max<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw2">true</span>, <span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">char</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="st0">'a'</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// calls max with two int args (after promotions)</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> n <span class="sy1">=</span> max<span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu17">12.01f</span>, <span class="nu16">3.14</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// calls max with two double args (after promotions)</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> max<span class="br0">(</span>a, b<span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> a, b<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw1">return</span> a<span class="sy1">></span>b<span class="sy4">?</span>a<span class="sy4">:</span>b<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// definition expects ints; the second call is undefined</span></pre></div></div></div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/function_declaration&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Explanation">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Explanation">Explanation</span></h3>
<p>The return type of the function, determined by the type specifier in <span class="t-spar">specifiers-and-qualifiers</span> and possibly modified by the <span class="t-spar">declarator</span> as usual in <a href="declarations.html" title="c/language/declarations">declarations</a>, must be a complete non-array object type or the type <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="kw4">void</span></span></span>.
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">void</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">char</span> <span class="sy2">*</span>s<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// return type is void</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> sum<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> a, <span class="kw4">int</span> b<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// return type of sum is int.</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> <span class="br0">(</span><span class="sy2">*</span>foo<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">void</span> <span class="sy2">*</span>p<span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">3</span><span class="br0">]</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// return type is pointer to array of 3 int</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Function declarators can be combined with other declarators as long as they can share their type specifiers and qualifiers
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">int</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">void</span><span class="br0">)</span>, <span class="sy2">*</span>fip<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>, <span class="br0">(</span><span class="sy2">*</span>pfi<span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>, <span class="sy2">*</span>ap<span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">3</span><span class="br0">]</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// declares two functions and two objects</span>
<span class="kw1">inline</span> <span class="kw4">int</span> g<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span>, n<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// error: inline qualifier is for functions only</span>
<span class="kw1">typedef</span> <span class="kw4">int</span> array_t<span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">3</span><span class="br0">]</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
array_t a, h<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// error: array type cannot be a return type for a function</span></pre></div></div>
<p>If a function declaration appears outside of any function, the identifier it introduces has <a href="scope.html" title="c/language/scope">file scope</a> and <a href="storage_duration.html" title="c/language/storage duration">external linkage</a>, unless <code>static</code> is used or an earlier static declaration is visible. If the declaration occurs inside another function, the identifier has block scope (and also either internal or external linkage).
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">void</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// external linkage, file scope</span>
f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu0">1</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// definition needs to be available somewhere in the program</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<p>The parameters in a declaration that is not part of a <a href="function_definition.html" title="c/language/function definition">function definition</a> do not need to be named:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">int</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span>, <span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// declaration</span>
<span class="co1">// int f(int, int) { return 7; } // Error, parameters must be named in definitions</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Each parameter in a <span class="t-spar">parameter-list</span> is a <a href="declarations.html" title="c/language/declarations">declaration</a> that introduced a single variable, with the following additional properties:
</p>
<ul><li> the identifier in the declarator is optional (except if this function declaration is part of a function definition)
</li></ul>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">int</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span>, <span class="kw4">double</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// OK</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> g<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> a, <span class="kw4">double</span> b<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// also OK</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span>, <span class="kw4">double</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw1">return</span> <span class="nu0">1</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// Error: definition must name parameters</span></pre></div></div>
<ul><li> the only <a href="storage_duration.html" title="c/language/storage duration">storage class specifier</a> allowed for parameters is <code>register</code>, and it is ignored in function declarations that are not definitions
</li></ul>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">int</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">static</span> <span class="kw4">int</span> x<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// Error</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> <span class="br0">[</span><span class="kw4">static</span> <span class="nu0">10</span><span class="br0">]</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// OK (array index static is not a storage class specifier)</span></pre></div></div>
<ul><li> any parameter of array type is adjusted to the corresponding pointer type<span class="t-rev-inl t-since-c99"><span>, which may be qualified if there are qualifiers between the square brackets of the array declarator</span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c99">(since C99)</span></span></span>
</li></ul>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">int</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">[</span><span class="br0">]</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// declares int f(int*)</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> g<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">10</span><span class="br0">]</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// declares int g(const int*)</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> h<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">[</span><span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">volatile</span><span class="br0">]</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// declares int h(int * const volatile)</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> x<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">[</span><span class="sy2">*</span><span class="br0">]</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// declares int x(int*)</span></pre></div></div>
<ul><li> any parameter of function type is adjusted to the corresponding pointer type
</li></ul>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">int</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">char</span> g<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">double</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// declares int f(char (*g)(double))</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> h<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">void</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// declares int h(int (*)(void))</span></pre></div></div>
<ul><li> the parameter list may terminate with <code><b>, ...</b></code>, see <a href="variadic.html" title="c/language/variadic">variadic functions</a> for details.
</li></ul>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">int</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span>, ...<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></pre></div></div>
<ul><li> parameters cannot have type <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="kw4">void</span></span></span> (but can have type pointer to void). The special parameter list that consists entirely of the keyword <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="kw4">void</span></span></span> is used to declare functions that take no parameters.
</li></ul>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">int</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">void</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// OK</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> g<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">void</span> x<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// Error</span></pre></div></div>
<ul><li> any identifier that appears in a parameter list that could be treated as a typedef name or as a parameter name is treated as a typedef name: <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="kw4">int</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><a href="../types/size_t.html"><span class="kw100">size_t</span></a>, <a href="../types/integer.html"><span class="kw133">uintptr_t</span></a><span class="br0">)</span></span></span> is parsed as a new-style declarator for a function taking two unnamed parameters of type size_t and uintptr_t, not an old-style declarator that begins the definition of a function taking two parameters named "size_t" and "uintptr_t"
</li><li> parameters may have incomplete type<span class="t-rev-inl t-since-c99"><span> and may use the VLA notation [*]</span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c99">(since C99)</span></span></span> (except that in a <a href="function_definition.html" title="c/language/function definition">function definition</a>, the parameter types after array-to-pointer and functino-to-pointer adjustment must be complete)
</li></ul>
<p>See <a href="operator_other.html#Function_call" title="c/language/operator other">function call operator</a> for other details on the mechanics of a function call and <a href="return.html" title="c/language/return">return</a> for returning from functions.
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/function_declaration&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h3>
<p>Unlike in C++, the declarators <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></span> and <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">void</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></span> have different meaning: the declarator <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">void</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></span> is a new-style (prototype) declarator that declares a function that takes no parameters. The declarator <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></span> is an old-style (K&R) declarator that declares a function that takes <i>unspecified</i> number of parameters (unless used in an old-style function definition)
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">int</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">void</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// declaration: takes no parameters</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> g<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// declaration: takes unknown parameters</span>
 
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">void</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span>
f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu0">1</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// compile-time error</span>
g<span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu0">2</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// undefined behavior</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
 
<span class="kw4">int</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">void</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw1">return</span> <span class="nu0">1</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">)</span> <span class="co1">// actual definition</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> g<span class="br0">(</span>a,b,c,d<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="kw4">int</span> a,b,c,d<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw1">return</span> <span class="nu0">2</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// actual definition</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Unlike in a <a href="function_definition.html" title="c/language/function definition">function definition</a>, the parameter list may be inherited from a typedef
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw1">typedef</span> <span class="kw4">int</span> p<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> q, <span class="kw4">int</span> r<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// p is a function type int(int, int)</span>
p f<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// declares inf f(int, int)</span></pre></div></div>
<table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-until-c99"><td>
<p>In C89, <span class="t-spar">specifiers-and-qualifiers</span> was optional, and if omitted, the return type of the function defaulted to <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="kw4">int</span></span></span> (possibly amended by the <span class="t-spar">declarator</span>).
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="sy2">*</span>f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="co1">// function returning int*</span>
<span class="kw1">return</span> <a href="../types/NULL.html"><span class="kw103">NULL</span></a><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark">(until C99)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/function_declaration&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h3>
<div class="t-ref-std-11">
<ul><li> C11 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2011):
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 6.7.6.3 Function declarators (including prototypes) (p: 133-136)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<div class="t-ref-std-c99">
<ul><li> C99 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1999):
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 6.7.5.3 Function declarators (including prototypes) (p: 118-121)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<div class="t-ref-std-c89">
<ul><li> C89/C90 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1990):
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 3.5.4.3 Function declarators (including prototypes)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/function_declaration&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h3>
<table class="t-dsc-begin">
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td colspan="2"> <div class="t-dsc-see"><span><a href="../../cpp/language/function.html" title="cpp/language/function">C++ documentation</a></span> for <span class="t-dsc-see-tt"><span>Declaring functions</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</table></div>
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