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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><strong class="selflink"><span class="t-lines"><span>increment and decrement</span></span></strong></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="operator_other.html" title="c/language/operator other"><span class="t-lines"><span>function call, comma, conditional operator</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="cast.html" title="c/language/cast"><span class="t-lines"><span>cast operators</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
</table></div>
</div><div><span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:c/language/expressions/navbar_content&action=edit">[edit]</a></span></div></div></div></div><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div></div>
<p>Increment/decrement operators are unary operators that increment/decrement the value of a variable by 1.
</p><p>They can have postfix form:
</p>
<table class="t-sdsc-begin">
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad"> <span class="t-spar">expr</span> <code><b>++</b></code>
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad"> <span class="t-spar">expr</span> <code><b>--</b></code>
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr></table>
<p>As well as the prefix form:
</p>
<table class="t-sdsc-begin">
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad"> <code><b>++</b></code> <span class="t-spar">expr</span>
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad"> <code><b>--</b></code> <span class="t-spar">expr</span>
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr></table>
<p>The operand <span class="t-spar">expr</span> of both prefix and postfix increment or decrement must be a <a href="value_category.html" title="c/language/value category">modifiable lvalue</a> of <a href="compatible_type.html" title="c/language/type">integer type</a> (including <code>_Bool</code> and enums), real floating type, or a pointer type. It may be cvr-qualified, unqualified, or <a href="atomic.html" title="c/language/atomic">atomic</a>.
</p><p>The result of the postfix increment and decrement operators is the value of <span class="t-spar">expr</span>.
</p><p>The result of the prefix increment operator is the result of adding the value <code>1</code> to the value of <span class="t-spar">expr</span>: the expression <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="sy2">++</span>e</span></span> is equivalent to <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">e<span class="sy2">+</span><span class="sy1">=</span><span class="nu0">1</span></span></span>. The result of the prefix decrement operator is the result of subtracting the value <code>1</code> from the value of <span class="t-spar">expr</span>: the expression <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="sy2">--</span>e</span></span> is equivalent to <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">e<span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">=</span><span class="nu0">1</span></span></span>.
</p><p>Increment operators initiate the side-effect of adding the value <code>1</code> of appropriate type to the operand. Decrement operators initiate the side-effect of subtracting the value <code>1</code> of appropriate type from the operand. As with any other side-effects, these operations complete at or before the next <a href="eval_order.html" title="c/language/eval order">sequence point</a>.
<span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="kw4">int</span> a <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">1</span><span class="sy4">;</span><br />
<span class="kw4">int</span> b <span class="sy1">=</span> a<span class="sy2">++</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// stores 1+a (which is 2) to a</span><br />
             <span class="co1">// returns the value of a (which is 1)</span><br />
             <span class="co1">// After this line, b == 1 and a == 2</span><br />
a <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">1</span><span class="sy4">;</span><br />
<span class="kw4">int</span> c <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="sy2">++</span>a<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// stores 1+a (which is 2) to a</span><br />
             <span class="co1">// returns 1+a (which is 2)</span><br />
             <span class="co1">// after this line, c == 2 and a == 2</span></span></span>
</p>
<table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-since-c11"><td>
<p>Post-increment or post-decrement on any <a href="atomic.html" title="c/language/atomic">atomic variable</a> is an atomic read-modify-write operation with memory order <span class="t-lc"><a href="../atomic/memory_order.html" title="c/atomic/memory order">memory_order_seq_cst</a></span>.
</p>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c11">(since C11)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<p>See <a href="operator_arithmetic.html" title="c/language/operator arithmetic">arithmetic operators</a> for limitations on pointer arithmetic, as well as for implicit conversions applied to the operands.
</p>
<table id="toc" class="toc"><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="operator_incdec.html#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="operator_incdec.html#Example"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Example</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="operator_incdec.html#References"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="operator_incdec.html#See_Also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See Also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="operator_incdec.html#See_also_2"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/operator_incdec&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h3>
<p>Because of the side-effects involved, increment and decrement operators must be used with care to avoid undefined behavior due to violations of <a href="eval_order.html" title="c/language/eval order">sequencing rules</a>.
</p><p>Increment/decrement operators are not defined for complex or imaginary types: the usual definition of adding/subtracting the real number 1 would have no effect on imaginary types, and making it add/subtract <code>i</code> for imaginaries but <code>1</code> for complex numbers would have made it handle <code>0+yi</code> different from <code>yi</code>.
</p><p>Unlike C++ (and some implementations of C), the increment/decrement expressions are never themselves lvalues: <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="sy3">&</span><span class="sy2">++</span>a</span></span> is invalid.
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/operator_incdec&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Example">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Example">Example</span></h3>
<div class="t-example"><div class="t-example-live-link"><div class="coliru-btn coliru-btn-run-init">Run this code</div></div>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="co2">#include <stdlib.h></span>
<span class="co2">#include <stdio.h></span>
 
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">void</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span>
 
<span class="kw4">int</span> a <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">1</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> b <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">1</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<a href="../io/fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<a href="../io/fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"original values: a == %d, b == %d<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span>, a, b<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<a href="../io/fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"result of postfix operators: a++ == %d, b-- == %d<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span>, a<span class="sy2">++</span>, b<span class="sy2">--</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<a href="../io/fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"after postfix operators applied: a == %d, b == %d<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span>, a, b<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<span class="co1">// Reset a and b.</span>
a <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">1</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
b <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">1</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<a href="../io/fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<a href="../io/fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"original values: a == %d, b == %d<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span>, a, b<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<a href="../io/fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"result of prefix operators: ++a == %d, --b == %d<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span>, <span class="sy2">++</span>a, <span class="sy2">--</span>b<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<a href="../io/fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"after prefix operators applied: a == %d, b == %d<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span>, a, b<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Output:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="text source-text"><pre class="de1">original values: a == 1, b == 1
result of postfix operators: a++ == 1, b-- == 1
after postfix operators applied: a == 2, b == 0
 
original values: a == 1, b == 1
result of prefix operators: ++a == 2, --b == 0
after prefix operators applied: a == 2, b == 0</pre></div></div>
</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/operator_incdec&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h3>
<div class="t-ref-std-11">
<ul><li> C11 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2011):
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 6.5.2.4 Postfix increment and decrement operators (p: 85)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 6.5.3.1 Prefix increment and decrement operators (p: 88)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<div class="t-ref-std-c99">
<ul><li> C99 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1999):
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 6.5.2.4 Postfix increment and decrement operators (p: 75)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 6.5.3.1 Prefix increment and decrement operators (p: 78)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<div class="t-ref-std-c89">
<ul><li> C89/C90 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1990):
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 3.3.2.4 Postfix increment and decrement operators
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 3.3.3.1 Prefix increment and decrement operators
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/operator_incdec&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See Also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_Also">See Also</span></h3>
<p><a href="operator_precedence.html" title="c/language/operator precedence"> Operator precedence</a>
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tr style="text-align:center">
<th colspan="7"> Common operators
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center">
<td> <a href="operator_assignment.html" title="c/language/operator assignment"> assignment</a>
</td>
<td> <strong class="selflink"> increment<br />decrement</strong>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_arithmetic.html" title="c/language/operator arithmetic"> arithmetic</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_logical.html" title="c/language/operator logical"> logical</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_comparison.html" title="c/language/operator comparison"> comparison</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_member_access.html" title="c/language/operator member access"> member<br />access</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_other.html" title="c/language/operator other"> other</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center">
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">a <span class="sy1">=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy2">+</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy2">*</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy2">/</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy2">%</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy3">&</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy3">|</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy3">^</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy1"><<=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy1">>>=</span> b</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="sy2">++</span>a<br />
<span class="sy2">--</span>a<br />
a<span class="sy2">++</span><br />
a<span class="sy2">--</span></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="sy2">+</span>a<br />
<span class="sy2">-</span>a<br />
a <span class="sy2">+</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy2">-</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy2">*</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy2">/</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy2">%</span> b<br />
~a<br />
a <span class="sy3">&</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy3">|</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy3">^</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy1"><<</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy1">>></span> b</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="sy3">!</span>a<br />
a <span class="sy3">&&</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy3">||</span> b</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">a <span class="sy1">==</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy3">!</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy1"><</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy1">></span> b<br />
a <span class="sy1"><=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy1">>=</span> b</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">a<span class="br0">[</span>b<span class="br0">]</span><br />
<span class="sy2">*</span>a<br />
<span class="sy3">&</span>a<br />
a<span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">></span>b<br />
a.<span class="me1">b</span></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">a<span class="br0">(</span>...<span class="br0">)</span><br />
a, b<br />
<span class="br0">(</span>type<span class="br0">)</span> a<br />
<span class="sy4">?</span> <span class="sy4">:</span><br />
<span class="kw4">sizeof</span><br />
_Alignof</span></span> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c11">(since C11)</span>
</p>
</td></tr>
</table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/operator_incdec&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also_2">See also</span></h3>
<table class="t-dsc-begin">
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td colspan="2"> <div class="t-dsc-see"><span><a href="../../cpp/language/operator_incdec.html" title="cpp/language/operator incdec">C++ documentation</a></span> for <span class="t-dsc-see-tt"><span>Increment/decrement operators</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</table></div>
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