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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><strong class="selflink"><span class="t-lines"><span>struct</span></span></strong></div></div></td></tr>
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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="extern.html" title="c/language/extern"><span class="t-lines"><span>external and tentative definitions</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
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<p>A struct is a type consisting of a sequence of members whose storage is allocated in an ordered sequence (as opposed to union, which is a type consisting of a sequence of members whose storage overlaps).
</p><p>The <a href="declarations.html" title="c/language/declarations">type specifier</a> for a struct is identical to the <a href="union.html" title="c/language/union"> <code>union</code></a> type specifier except for the keyword used:
</p>
<table id="toc" class="toc"><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="struct.html#Syntax"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Syntax</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="struct.html#Explanation"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Explanation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="struct.html#Forward_declaration"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Forward declaration</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="struct.html#Keywords"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Keywords</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="struct.html#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="struct.html#Example"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Example</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="struct.html#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="struct.html#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/struct&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Syntax">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Syntax">Syntax</span></h3>
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<td> <code><b>struct</b></code> <span class="t-spar">name</span><span class="t-mark">(optional)</span> <code><b>{ </b></code> <span class="t-spar">struct-declaration-list</span> <code><b>} </b></code>
</td>
<td> (1)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
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<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <code><b>struct</b></code> <span class="t-spar">name</span>
</td>
<td> (2)
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<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> Struct definition: introduces the new type struct <span class="t-spar">name</span> and defines its meaning</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> If used on a line of its own, as in <code>struct</code> <span class="t-spar">name</span> <code><b>;</b></code>, <i>declares</i> but doesn't define the struct <code>name</code> (see forward declaration below). In other contexts, names the previously-declared struct.</div>
<table class="t-par-begin">
<tr class="t-par">
<td> <span class="t-spar">name</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> the name of the struct that's being defined
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-par">
<td> <span class="t-spar">struct-declaration-list</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> any number of variable declarations, <a href="bit_field.html" title="c/language/bit field">bit field</a> declarations, and <a href="static_assert.html" title="c/language/static assert" class="mw-redirect">static assert</a> declarations. Members of incomplete type and members of function type are not allowed (except for the flexible array member described below)
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/struct&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Explanation">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Explanation">Explanation</span></h3>
<p>Within a struct object, addresses of its elements (and the addresses of the bit field allocation units) increase in order in which the members were defined. A pointer to a struct can be cast to a pointer to its first member (or, if the member is a bit field, to its allocation unit). Likewise, a pointer to the first member of a struct can be cast to a pointer to the enclosing struct. There may be unnamed padding between any two members of a struct or after the last member, but not before the first member. The size of a struct is at least as large as the sum of the sizes of its members.
</p>
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<p>If a struct defines at least one named member, it is allowed to additionally declare its last member with incomplete array type. When an element of the flexible array member is accessed (in an expression that uses operator <code><b>.</b></code> or <code><b>-></b></code> with the flexible array member's name as the right-hand-side operand), then the struct behaves as if the array member had the longest size fitting in the memory allocated for this object. If no additional storage was allocated, it behaves as if an array with 1 element, except that the behavior is undefined if that element is accessed or a pointer one past that element is produced. Initialization, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="kw4">sizeof</span></span></span>, and the assignment operator ignore the flexible array member. Structures with flexible array members (or unions whose last member is a structure with flexible array member) cannot appear as array elements or as members of other structures.
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw1">struct</span> s <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw4">int</span> n<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="kw4">double</span> d<span class="br0">[</span><span class="br0">]</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// s.d is a flexible array member </span>
 
<span class="kw1">struct</span> s t1 <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="nu0">0</span> <span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// OK, d is as if double d[1], but UB to access</span>
<span class="kw1">struct</span> s t2 <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="nu0">1</span>, <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="nu16">4.2</span> <span class="br0">}</span> <span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// error: initialization ignores flexible array</span>
 
<span class="co1">// if sizeof (double) == 8</span>
<span class="kw1">struct</span> s <span class="sy2">*</span>s1 <span class="sy1">=</span> <a href="../memory/malloc.html"><span class="kw403">malloc</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">sizeof</span> <span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw1">struct</span> s<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy2">+</span> <span class="nu0">64</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// as if d was double d[8]</span>
<span class="kw1">struct</span> s <span class="sy2">*</span>s2 <span class="sy1">=</span> <a href="../memory/malloc.html"><span class="kw403">malloc</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">sizeof</span> <span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw1">struct</span> s<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy2">+</span> <span class="nu0">46</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// as if d was double d[5]</span>
 
s1 <span class="sy1">=</span> <a href="../memory/malloc.html"><span class="kw403">malloc</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">sizeof</span> <span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw1">struct</span> s<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy2">+</span> <span class="nu0">10</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// now as if d was double d[1]</span>
s2 <span class="sy1">=</span> <a href="../memory/malloc.html"><span class="kw403">malloc</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">sizeof</span> <span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw1">struct</span> s<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy2">+</span> <span class="nu0">6</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// same, but UB to access</span>
<span class="kw4">double</span> <span class="sy2">*</span>dp <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="sy3">&</span><span class="br0">(</span>s1<span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">></span>d<span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">0</span><span class="br0">]</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// OK</span>
<span class="sy2">*</span>dp <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">42</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// OK</span>
dp <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="sy3">&</span><span class="br0">(</span>s2<span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">></span>d<span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">0</span><span class="br0">]</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// OK</span>
<span class="sy2">*</span>dp <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">42</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// undefined behavior</span>
 
<span class="sy2">*</span>s1 <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="sy2">*</span>s2<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// only copies s.n, not any element of s.d</span>
<span class="co1">// except those caught in sizeof (struct s)</span></pre></div></div>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c99">(since C99)</span></td></tr>
</table>
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<tr class="t-rev t-since-c11"><td>
<p>Similar to union, an unnamed member of a struct whose type is a struct without <span class="t-spar">name</span> is known as <i>anonymous struct</i>. Every member of an anonymous struct is considered to be a member of the enclosing struct or union. This applies recursively if the enclosing struct or union is also anonymous.
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw1">struct</span> v <span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw1">union</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="co1">// anonymous union</span>
<span class="kw1">struct</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw4">int</span> i, j<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// anonymous structure</span>
<span class="kw1">struct</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw4">long</span> k, l<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span> w<span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> m<span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span> v1<span class="sy4">;</span>
 
v1.<span class="me1">i</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">2</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// valid</span>
v1.<span class="me1">k</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">3</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// invalid: inner structure is not anonymous</span>
v1.<span class="me1">w</span>.<span class="me1">k</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">5</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// valid</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Similar to union, the behavior of the program is undefined if struct is defined without any named members (including those obtained via anonymous nested structs or unions).
</p>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c11">(since C11)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/struct&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Forward declaration">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Forward_declaration">Forward declaration</span></h3>
<p>A declaration of the following form
</p>
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<td class="t-sdsc-nopad"> <code><b>struct</b></code> <span class="t-spar">name</span> <code><b>;</b></code>
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
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<p>hides any previously declared meaning for the name <span class="t-spar">name</span> in the tag name space and declares <span class="t-spar">name</span> as a new struct name in current scope, which will be defined later. Until the definition appears, this struct name has <a href="compatible_type.html#Incomplete_types" title="c/language/type">incomplete type</a>.
</p><p>This allows structs that refer to each other:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw1">struct</span> y<span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">struct</span> x <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw1">struct</span> y <span class="sy2">*</span>p<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="coMULTI">/* ... */</span> <span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">struct</span> y <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw1">struct</span> x <span class="sy2">*</span>q<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="coMULTI">/* ... */</span> <span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Note that a new struct name may also be introduced just by using a struct tag within another declaration, but if a previously declared struct with the same name exists in the tag <a href="name_space.html" title="c/language/name space">name space</a>, the tag would refer to that name
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw1">struct</span> s<span class="sy2">*</span> p <span class="sy1">=</span> <a href="../types/NULL.html"><span class="kw103">NULL</span></a><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// tag naming an unknown struct declares it</span>
<span class="kw1">struct</span> s <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw4">int</span> a<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// definition for the struct pointed to by p</span>
<span class="kw4">void</span> g<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">void</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw1">struct</span> s<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// forward declaration of a new, local struct s</span>
<span class="co1">// this hides global struct s until the end of this block</span>
<span class="kw1">struct</span> s <span class="sy2">*</span>p<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// pointer to local struct s</span>
<span class="co1">// without the forward declaration above,</span>
<span class="co1">// this would point at the file-scope s</span>
<span class="kw1">struct</span> s <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> p<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// definitions of the local struct s</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<p><br />
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/struct&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Keywords">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Keywords">Keywords</span></h3>
<p><a href="../keyword/struct.html" title="c/keyword/struct"><tt>struct</tt></a>
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/struct&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h3>
<p>See <a href="struct_initialization.html" title="c/language/struct initialization">struct initialization</a> for the rules regarding the initializers for structs.
</p><p>Because members of incomplete type are not allowed, and a struct type is not complete until the end of the definition, a struct cannot have a member of its own type. A pointer to its own type is allowed, and is commonly used to implement nodes in linked lists or trees.
</p><p>Because a struct declaration does not establish <a href="scope.html" title="c/language/scope">scope</a>, nested types, enumerations and enumerators introduced by declarations within <span class="t-spar">struct-declaration-list</span> are visible in the surrounding scope where the struct is defined.
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/struct&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Example">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Example">Example</span></h3>
<div class="t-example"><div class="t-example-live-link"><div class="coliru-btn coliru-btn-run-init">Run this code</div></div>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="co2">#include <stddef.h></span>
<span class="co2">#include <stdio.h></span>
 
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">void</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw1">struct</span> car <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw4">char</span> <span class="sy2">*</span>make<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="kw4">char</span> <span class="sy2">*</span>model<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="kw4">int</span> year<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// declares the struct type</span>
<span class="co1">// declares and initializes an object of a previously-declared struct type</span>
<span class="kw1">struct</span> car c <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="br0">{</span>.<span class="me1">year</span><span class="sy1">=</span><span class="nu0">1923</span>, .<span class="me1">make</span><span class="sy1">=</span><span class="st0">"Nash"</span>, .<span class="me1">model</span><span class="sy1">=</span><span class="st0">"48 Sports Touring Car"</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<a href="../io/fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"car: %d %s %s<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span>, c.<span class="me1">year</span>, c.<span class="me1">make</span>, c.<span class="me1">model</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<span class="co1">// declares a struct type, an object of that type, and a pointer to it</span>
<span class="kw1">struct</span> spaceship <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw4">char</span> <span class="sy2">*</span>make<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="kw4">char</span> <span class="sy2">*</span>model<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="kw4">char</span> <span class="sy2">*</span>year<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span>
ship <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="st0">"Incom Corporation"</span>, <span class="st0">"T-65 X-wing starfighter"</span>, <span class="st0">"128 ABY"</span><span class="br0">}</span>,
<span class="sy2">*</span>pship <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="sy3">&</span>ship<span class="sy4">;</span>
<a href="../io/fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"spaceship: %s %s %s<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span>, ship.<span class="me1">year</span>, ship.<span class="me1">make</span>, ship.<span class="me1">model</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<span class="co1">// addresses increase in order of definition</span>
<span class="co1">// padding may be inserted</span>
<span class="kw1">struct</span> A <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw4">char</span> a<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="kw4">double</span> b<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="kw4">char</span> c<span class="sy4">;</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<a href="../io/fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"offset of char a = %zu<span class="es1">\n</span>offset of double b = %zu<span class="es1">\n</span>offset of char c = %zu<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span>
<span class="st0">"sizeof(struct A)=%zu<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span>, <a href="../types/offsetof.html"><span class="kw105">offsetof</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw1">struct</span> A, a<span class="br0">)</span>, <a href="../types/offsetof.html"><span class="kw105">offsetof</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw1">struct</span> A, b<span class="br0">)</span>,
<a href="../types/offsetof.html"><span class="kw105">offsetof</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw1">struct</span> A, c<span class="br0">)</span>, <span class="kw4">sizeof</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw1">struct</span> A<span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">struct</span> B <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw4">char</span> a<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="kw4">char</span> b<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="kw4">double</span> c<span class="sy4">;</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<a href="../io/fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"offset of char a = %zu<span class="es1">\n</span>offset of char b = %zu<span class="es1">\n</span>offset of double c = %zu<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span>
<span class="st0">"sizeof(struct B)=%zu<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span>, <a href="../types/offsetof.html"><span class="kw105">offsetof</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw1">struct</span> B, a<span class="br0">)</span>, <a href="../types/offsetof.html"><span class="kw105">offsetof</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw1">struct</span> B, b<span class="br0">)</span>,
<a href="../types/offsetof.html"><span class="kw105">offsetof</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw1">struct</span> B, c<span class="br0">)</span>, <span class="kw4">sizeof</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw1">struct</span> B<span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<span class="co1">// A pointer to a struct can be cast to a pointer to its first member and vice versa</span>
<span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> pmake <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy3">&</span>ship<span class="sy4">;</span>
pship <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw1">struct</span> spaceship <span class="sy2">*</span><span class="br0">)</span>pmake<span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Possible output:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="text source-text"><pre class="de1">car: 1923 Nash 48 Sports Touring Car
spaceship: 128 ABY Incom Corporation T-65 X-wing starfighter
offset of char a = 0
offset of double b = 8
offset of char c = 16
sizeof(struct A)=24
offset of char a = 0
offset of char b = 1
offset of double c = 8
sizeof(struct B)=16</pre></div></div>
</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/struct&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h3>
<div class="t-ref-std-11">
<ul><li> C11 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2011):
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 6.7.2.1 Structure and union specifiers (p: 112-117)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<div class="t-ref-std-c99">
<ul><li> C99 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1999):
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 6.7.2.1 Structure and union specifiers (p: 101-104)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<div class="t-ref-std-c89">
<ul><li> C89/C90 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1990):
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 3.5.2.1 Structure and union specifiers
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/struct&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h3>
<ul><li> <a href="operator_member_access.html" title="c/language/operator member access">struct and union member access</a>
</li><li> <a href="bit_field.html" title="c/language/bit field">bit field</a>
</li><li> <a href="struct_initialization.html" title="c/language/struct initialization">struct initialization</a>
</li></ul>
<table class="t-dsc-begin">
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td colspan="2"> <div class="t-dsc-see"><span><a href="../../cpp/language/class.html" title="cpp/language/class">C++ documentation</a></span> for <span class="t-dsc-see-tt"><span>Class declaration</span></span></div>
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