File: links.html

package info (click to toggle)
cppreference-doc 20170409-1
  • links: PTS, VCS
  • area: main
  • in suites: buster
  • size: 259,868 kB
  • sloc: xml: 570,184; python: 1,923; php: 520; makefile: 167; sh: 25; cpp: 9; ansic: 9
file content (293 lines) | stat: -rw-r--r-- 27,519 bytes parent folder | download | duplicates (2)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" dir="ltr" class="client-nojs">
<head>
<title>Useful resources - cppreference.com</title>
<meta charset="UTF-8" />
<meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.21.2" />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/links&amp;action=edit" />
<link rel="edit" title="Edit" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/links&amp;action=edit" />
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="../../favicon.ico" />
<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="../../mwiki/opensearch_desc.php" title="cppreference.com (en)" />
<link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/api.php?action=rsd" />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="cppreference.com Atom feed" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&amp;feed=atom" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../mwiki/load.php%3Fdebug=false&amp;lang=en&amp;modules=ext.gadget.ColiruCompiler%257Cext.rtlcite%257Cmediawiki.legacy.commonPrint%252Cshared%257Cskins.cppreference2&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=cppreference2&amp;*.css" />
<meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content="" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../mwiki/load.php%3Fdebug=false&amp;lang=en&amp;modules=site&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=cppreference2&amp;*.css" />
<style>a:lang(ar),a:lang(ckb),a:lang(fa),a:lang(kk-arab),a:lang(mzn),a:lang(ps),a:lang(ur){text-decoration:none}#toc{display:none}.editsection{display:none}
/* cache key: mwiki1-mwiki_en_:resourceloader:filter:minify-css:7:472787eddcf4605d11de8c7ef047234f */</style>

<script src="../../mwiki/load.php%3Fdebug=false&amp;lang=en&amp;modules=startup&amp;only=scripts&amp;skin=cppreference2&amp;*"></script>
<script>if(window.mw){
mw.config.set({"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"cpp/links","wgTitle":"cpp/links","wgCurRevisionId":92069,"wgArticleId":6541,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":[],"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgMonthNamesShort":["","Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"wgRelevantPageName":"cpp/links","wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[]});
}</script><script>if(window.mw){
mw.loader.implement("user.options",function(){mw.user.options.set({"ccmeonemails":0,"cols":80,"date":"default","diffonly":0,"disablemail":0,"disablesuggest":0,"editfont":"default","editondblclick":0,"editsection":0,"editsectiononrightclick":0,"enotifminoredits":0,"enotifrevealaddr":0,"enotifusertalkpages":1,"enotifwatchlistpages":0,"extendwatchlist":0,"externaldiff":0,"externaleditor":0,"fancysig":0,"forceeditsummary":0,"gender":"unknown","hideminor":0,"hidepatrolled":0,"imagesize":2,"justify":0,"math":1,"minordefault":0,"newpageshidepatrolled":0,"nocache":0,"noconvertlink":0,"norollbackdiff":0,"numberheadings":0,"previewonfirst":0,"previewontop":1,"quickbar":5,"rcdays":7,"rclimit":50,"rememberpassword":0,"rows":25,"searchlimit":20,"showhiddencats":0,"showjumplinks":1,"shownumberswatching":1,"showtoc":0,"showtoolbar":1,"skin":"cppreference2","stubthreshold":0,"thumbsize":2,"underline":2,"uselivepreview":0,"usenewrc":0,"watchcreations":0,"watchdefault":0,"watchdeletion":0,
"watchlistdays":3,"watchlisthideanons":0,"watchlisthidebots":0,"watchlisthideliu":0,"watchlisthideminor":0,"watchlisthideown":0,"watchlisthidepatrolled":0,"watchmoves":0,"wllimit":250,"variant":"en","language":"en","searchNs0":true,"searchNs1":false,"searchNs2":false,"searchNs3":false,"searchNs4":false,"searchNs5":false,"searchNs6":false,"searchNs7":false,"searchNs8":false,"searchNs9":false,"searchNs10":false,"searchNs11":false,"searchNs12":false,"searchNs13":false,"searchNs14":false,"searchNs15":false,"gadget-ColiruCompiler":1});;},{},{});mw.loader.implement("user.tokens",function(){mw.user.tokens.set({"editToken":"+\\","patrolToken":false,"watchToken":false});;},{},{});
/* cache key: mwiki1-mwiki_en_:resourceloader:filter:minify-js:7:ca03345b1e2c4d90a25d968753a73b92 */
}</script>
<script>if(window.mw){
mw.loader.load(["mediawiki.page.startup","mediawiki.legacy.wikibits","mediawiki.legacy.ajax"]);
}</script>
<!--[if lt IE 7]><style type="text/css">body{behavior:url("/mwiki/skins/cppreference2/csshover.min.htc")}</style><![endif]--></head>
<body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr ns-0 ns-subject page-cpp_links skin-cppreference2 action-view">
        <!-- header -->
        <div id="mw-head" class="noprint">
            <div id="cpp-head-first-base">
                <div id="cpp-head-first">
                    <h5><a href="../../index.html">
                        cppreference.com                        </a></h5>
                    <div id="cpp-head-search">
                        
<!-- 0 -->
<div id="p-search">
	<h5><label for="searchInput">Search</label></h5>
	<form action="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php" id="searchform">
		<input type='hidden' name="title" value="Special:Search"/>
				<div id="simpleSearch">
						<input name="search" title="Search cppreference.com [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" />						<button type="submit" name="button" title="Search the pages for this text" id="searchButton"><img src="../../mwiki/skins/cppreference2/images/search-ltr.png%3F303" alt="Search" /></button>					</div>
			</form>
</div>

<!-- /0 -->
                    </div>
                    <div id="cpp-head-personal">
                        
<!-- 0 -->
<div id="p-personal" class="">
<span id="pt-createaccount"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&amp;returnto=cpp%2Flinks&amp;type=signup">Create account</a></span>	<div class="menu">
        <ul>
<li id="pt-login"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&amp;returnto=cpp%2Flinks" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o">Log in</a></li>        </ul>
    </div>
</div>

<!-- /0 -->
                    </div>

                </div>
            </div>
            <div id="cpp-head-second-base">
                <div id="cpp-head-second">
                    <div id="cpp-head-tools-left">
                        
<!-- 0 -->
<div id="p-namespaces" class="vectorTabs">
	<h5>Namespaces</h5>
	<ul>
					<li  id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected"><span><a href="links.html"  title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Page</a></span></li>
					<li  id="ca-talk"><span><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/Talk:cpp/links"  title="Discussion about the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Discussion</a></span></li>
			</ul>
</div>

<!-- /0 -->

<!-- 1 -->
<div id="p-variants" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet">
		<h5><span>Variants</span><a href="links.html#"></a></h5>
	<div class="menu">
		<ul>
					</ul>
	</div>
</div>

<!-- /1 -->
                    </div>
                    <div id="cpp-head-tools-right">
                        
<!-- 0 -->
<div id="p-views" class="vectorTabs">
	<h5>Views</h5>
	<ul>
					<li id="ca-view" class="selected"><span><a href="links.html" >View</a></span></li>
					<li id="ca-edit"><span><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/links&amp;action=edit"  title="You can edit this page. Please use the preview button before saving [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></span></li>
					<li id="ca-history" class="collapsible"><span><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/links&amp;action=history"  title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">History</a></span></li>
			</ul>
</div>

<!-- /0 -->

<!-- 1 -->
<div id="p-cactions" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet">
	<h5><span>Actions</span><a href="links.html#"></a></h5>
	<div class="menu">
		<ul>
					</ul>
	</div>
</div>

<!-- /1 -->
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
        <!-- /header -->
        <!-- content -->
        <div id="cpp-content-base">
            <div id="content">
                <a id="top"></a>
                <div id="mw-js-message" style="display:none;"></div>
                                <!-- firstHeading -->
                <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Useful resources</h1>
                <!-- /firstHeading -->
                <!-- bodyContent -->
                <div id="bodyContent">
                                        <!-- tagline -->
                    <div id="siteSub">From cppreference.com</div>
                    <!-- /tagline -->
                                        <!-- subtitle -->
                    <div id="contentSub"><span class="subpages">&lt; <a href="../cpp.html" title="cpp">cpp</a></span></div>
                    <!-- /subtitle -->
                                                            <!-- bodycontent -->
                    <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isocpp.org/">The Standard C++ Foundation</a> - Non-profit hub for C++ news, articles, and events
</li></ul>
<table id="toc" class="toc"><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="links.html#C.2B.2B_FAQs"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">C++ FAQs</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="links.html#C.2B.2B_Language_and_library_references"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">C++ Language and library references</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="links.html#C.2B.2B_Online_Tools"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">C++ Online Tools</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="links.html#C.2B.2B_ABIs"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">C++ ABIs</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="links.html#Patterns.2C_idioms.2C_tips_and_tricks"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Patterns, idioms, tips and tricks</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="links.html#Related_standards"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Related standards</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="links.html#Might_be_also_useful"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Might be also useful</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="links.html#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/links&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: C++ FAQs">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="C.2B.2B_FAQs">C++ FAQs</span></h3>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isocpp.org/faq">isocpp.org C++ FAQ</a> - unified FAQ by the Standard C++ Foundation.
</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stroustrup.com/bs_faq.html">Bjarne Stroustrup FAQ</a> - Answers to the frequently asked questions from the creator of the language
</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stroustrup.com/C++11FAQ.html">Bjarne Stroustrup C++11 FAQ</a> - Additional FAQ regarding the recent changes to the C++ language standards
</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/c%2b%2b-faq?sort=votes">StackOverflow.com C++ FAQ </a> - Best answers to the frequently asked C++ questions on the programmers' Q&amp;A website StackOverflow.com
</li><li><s><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parashift.com/c++-faq-lite/">C++ FAQ Lite</a></s> - Answers to the frequently asked questions from the Usenet newsgroup comp.lang.c++ (retired, now links to the isocpp.org C++ FAQ)
</li></ul>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/links&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: C++ Language and library references">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="C.2B.2B_Language_and_library_references">C++ Language and library references</span></h3>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/">JTC1/SC22/WG21</a> - The C++ Standards Committee, includes draft C++ language standards, proposals, and defect reports
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2012/n3337.pdf">n3337.pdf</a> - C++11 first post-publication draft
</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/blob/master/papers/n4140.pdf?raw=true">n4140.pdf</a> - C++14 final draft
</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2017/n4659.pdf">n4659.pdf</a> - C++17 final draft
</li></ul>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eel.is/c++draft/">eel.is/c++draft</a> - HTML version of current draft
</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webstore.ansi.org/RecordDetail.aspx?sku=INCITS%2fISO%2fIEC+14882%3a2014+(2016)">ansi.org</a> Official C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2014 for purchase
</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stdcxx.apache.org/doc/stdlibref/index.html">Apache</a> - Reference manual for the Apache implementation of the C++ standard library 
</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SSGH3R_13.1.0/com.ibm.xlcpp131.aix.doc/language_ref/langrefindex.html?lang=en">IBM</a> Reference manual for the IBM implementation of C and C++ core languages
</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SSGH3R_13.1.0/com.ibm.xlcpp131.aix.doc/standlib/header_files.html?lang=en">IBM</a> Reference manual for the IBM implementations of the C++ standard library
</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/3bstk3k5.aspx">MSDN</a> - Reference manual for the Microsoft implementation of the C++ core language
</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cscc687y">MSDN</a> - Reference manual for the Microsoft implementation of the C++ library
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20120204111500/http://www.dinkumware.com/manuals/default.aspx">dinkumware</a> - C++ Standard Library implementation that ships with Microsoft Visual C++
</li></ul>
</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/api.html">GNU libstdc++</a> - Reference manual for the GNU implementation of the C++ library  
</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://h20565.www2.hpe.com/hpsc/doc/public/display?sp4ts.oid=7792031&amp;docId=emr_na-c02133105&amp;docLocale=en_US">HP</a> - Reference manual for the Dinkumware implementation of the C++ library (as licensed to HP)
</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cplusplus.com/reference">cplusplus.com</a> - Unofficial C++ standard library reference 
</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/">SGI STL </a> - Reference for STL, the 1994 library that introduced many concepts later adopted by the C++ standard library.
</li></ul>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/links&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: C++ Online Tools">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="C.2B.2B_Online_Tools">C++ Online Tools</span></h3>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coudier.com/tk?entry=cppref">coudier.com</a> - search in compiled C++ source code of cppreference.com and some other web sites
</li></ul>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/links&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: C++ ABIs">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="C.2B.2B_ABIs">C++ ABIs</span></h3>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mentorembedded.github.io/cxx-abi/">Itanium C++ ABI</a> de-facto C++ ABI standard, adopted by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/hjl-tools/x86-psABI/wiki/X86-psABI">System V ABI</a>, among others
</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infocenter.arm.com/help/index.jsp?topic=/com.arm.doc.subset.swdev.abi/index.html">ARM ABI</a> ABI for the ARM Architecture, including C++ ABI.
</li></ul>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/links&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Patterns, idioms, tips and tricks">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Patterns.2C_idioms.2C_tips_and_tricks">Patterns, idioms, tips and tricks</span></h3>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/isocpp/CppCoreGuidelines/blob/master/CppCoreGuidelines.md">C++ Core Guidelines</a> by Bjarne Stroustrup and Herb Sutter
</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stackoverflow.com/documentation/c%2b%2b/topics">StackOverflow Documentation</a> C++ Language topics
</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cppsamples.com/">C++ Samples</a> modern C++ examples created by the community
</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/More_C%2B%2B_Idioms">More C++ Idioms</a> at wikibooks.org
</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?CeePlusPlusIdioms">CeePlusPlusIdioms</a> at c2.com
</li></ul>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/links&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Related standards">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Related_standards">Related standards</span></h3>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/">JTC1/SC22/WG14</a> - the C Standards Committee, includes draft C language standards, proposals, and defect reports
</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/contents.html">POSIX.1-2008/IEEE Std 1003.1-2008/Cor 1-2013</a> - The operating system API of the Unix-compatible systems
</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode7.0.0/">Unicode 7.0 (6/16/2014)</a> - The universal encoding standard for written characters 
</li></ul>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/links&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Might be also useful">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Might_be_also_useful">Might be also useful</span></h3>
<ul><li> <a href="links/libs.html" title="cpp/links/libs"> List of C++ libraries</a>
</li></ul>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/links&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h3>
<table class="t-dsc-begin">

<tr class="t-dsc">
<td colspan="2"> <div class="t-dsc-see"><span><a href="../c/links.html" title="c/links">C documentation</a></span> for <span class="t-dsc-see-tt"><span>External Links</span></span></div>
</td></tr>

</table>

<!-- 
NewPP limit report
Preprocessor visited node count: 96/1000000
Preprocessor generated node count: 598/1000000
Post‐expand include size: 736/2097152 bytes
Template argument size: 216/2097152 bytes
Highest expansion depth: 10/40
Expensive parser function count: 0/100
-->

<!-- Saved in parser cache with key mwiki1-mwiki_en_:pcache:idhash:6541-0!*!0!!en!*!* and timestamp 20170403222828 -->
</div>                    <!-- /bodycontent -->
                                        <!-- printfooter -->
                    <div class="printfooter">
                    Retrieved from "<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/links&amp;oldid=92069">http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/links&amp;oldid=92069</a>"                    </div>
                    <!-- /printfooter -->
                                                            <!-- catlinks -->
                    <div id='catlinks' class='catlinks catlinks-allhidden'></div>                    <!-- /catlinks -->
                                                            <div class="visualClear"></div>
                    <!-- debughtml -->
                                        <!-- /debughtml -->
                </div>
                <!-- /bodyContent -->
            </div>
        </div>
        <!-- /content -->
        <!-- footer -->
        <div id="cpp-footer-base" class="noprint">
            <div id="footer">
                        <div id="cpp-navigation">
            <h5>Navigation</h5>
            <ul>
<li id="n-Support-us"><a href="http://www.cppreference.com/support" rel="nofollow">Support us</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-FAQ"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/Cppreference:FAQ">FAQ</a></li><li id="n-Offline-version"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/Cppreference:Archives">Offline version</a></li>            </ul>
        </div>
                        <div id="cpp-toolbox">
            <h5><span>Toolbox</span><a href="links.html#"></a></h5>
            <ul>
<li id="t-whatlinkshere"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/Special:WhatLinksHere/cpp/links" title="A list of all wiki pages that link here [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/Special:RecentChangesLinked/cpp/links" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload"><a href="http://upload.cppreference.com/w/Special:Upload" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-print"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/links&amp;printable=yes" rel="alternate" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li><li id="t-permalink"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/links&amp;oldid=92069" title="Permanent link to this revision of the page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/links&amp;action=info">Page information</a></li>            </ul>
        </div>
                        <div id="cpp-languages">
            <div><ul><li>In other languages</li></ul></div>
            <div><ul>
<li class="interwiki-de"><a href="http://de.cppreference.com/w/cpp/links" title="cpp/links" lang="de" hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interwiki-es"><a href="http://es.cppreference.com/w/cpp/links" title="cpp/links" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li><li class="interwiki-fr"><a href="http://fr.cppreference.com/w/cpp/links" title="cpp/links" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li><li class="interwiki-it"><a href="http://it.cppreference.com/w/cpp/links" title="cpp/links" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li><li class="interwiki-ja"><a href="http://ja.cppreference.com/w/cpp/links" title="cpp/links" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li><li class="interwiki-pt"><a href="http://pt.cppreference.com/w/cpp/links" title="cpp/links" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li><li class="interwiki-ru"><a href="http://ru.cppreference.com/w/cpp/links" title="cpp/links" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li><li class="interwiki-zh"><a href="http://zh.cppreference.com/w/cpp/links" title="cpp/links" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li>            </ul></div>
        </div>
            <ul id="footer-info">
                                    <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last modified on 3 April 2017, at 15:28.</li>
                                    <li id="footer-info-viewcount">This page has been accessed 38,723 times.</li>
                            </ul>
                    <ul id="footer-places">
                                    <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/Cppreference:Privacy_policy" title="Cppreference:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li>
                                    <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/Cppreference:About" title="Cppreference:About">About cppreference.com</a></li>
                                    <li id="footer-places-disclaimer"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/Cppreference:General_disclaimer" title="Cppreference:General disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li>
                            </ul>
                                    <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint">
                                    <li id="footer-poweredbyico">
                                            <a href="http://www.mediawiki.org/"><img src="../../mwiki/skins/common/images/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" /></a>                                            <a href="http://qbnz.com/highlighter/"><img src="../../../upload.cppreference.com/mwiki/images/2/2b/powered_by_geshi_88x31.png" alt="Powered by GeSHi" height="31" width="88" /></a>                                            <a href="http://www.tigertech.net/referral/cppreference.com"><img src="../../../upload.cppreference.com/mwiki/images/9/94/powered_by_tigertech_88x31.png" alt="Hosted by Tiger Technologies" height="31" width="88" /></a>                                        </li>
                                </ul>
                        <div style="clear:both">
            </div>
            </div>
        </div>
        <!-- /footer -->
        <script>if(window.mw){
mw.loader.state({"site":"loading","user":"missing","user.groups":"ready"});
}</script>
<script src="../../mwiki/load.php%3Fdebug=false&amp;lang=en&amp;modules=skins.cppreference2&amp;only=scripts&amp;skin=cppreference2&amp;*"></script>
<script>if(window.mw){
mw.loader.load(["mediawiki.action.view.postEdit","mediawiki.user","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.searchSuggest","mediawiki.hidpi","ext.gadget.ColiruCompiler"], null, true);
}</script>
<script src="../../mwiki/load.php%3Fdebug=false&amp;lang=en&amp;modules=site&amp;only=scripts&amp;skin=cppreference2&amp;*"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? "https://ssl." : "http://www.");
document.write(unescape("%3Cscript src='" + gaJsHost + "google-analytics.com/ga.js' type='text/javascript'%3E%3C/script%3E"));
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
var _gaq = _gaq || [];
_gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-2828341-1']);
_gaq.push(['_setDomainName', 'cppreference.com']);
_gaq.push(['_trackPageview']);
</script><!-- Served in 0.051 secs. -->
	</body>
<!-- Cached 20170403222828 -->
</html>