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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="extern.html" title="c/language/extern"><span class="t-lines"><span>external and tentative definitions</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
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<p>An <i>enumerated type</i> is a distinct <a href="compatible_type.html" title="c/language/type">type</a> whose value is a value of its <i>underlying type</i> (see below), which includes the values of explicitly named constants (<i>enumeration constants</i>).
</p>
<table id="toc" class="toc"><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="enum.html#Syntax"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Syntax</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="enum.html#Explanation"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Explanation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="enum.html#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="enum.html#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="enum.html#Keywords"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Keywords</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="enum.html#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/enum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Syntax">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Syntax">Syntax</span></h3>
<p>Enumerated type is declared using the following <i>enumeration specifier</i> as the <span class="t-spar">type specifier</span> in the <a href="declarations.html" title="c/language/declarations">declaration grammar</a>:
</p>
<table class="t-sdsc-begin">
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad"> <code><b>enum</b></code> <span class="t-spar">identifier</span><span class="t-mark">(optional)</span> <code><b>{</b></code> <span class="t-spar">enumerator-list</span> <code></code>}
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr></table>
<p>where <span class="t-spar">enumerator-list</span> is a comma-separated list<span class="t-rev-inl t-since-c99"><span> (with trailing comma permitted)</span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c99">(since C99)</span></span></span> of <span class="t-spar">enumerators</span>, each of which has the form:
</p>
<table class="t-sdsc-begin">
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <span class="t-spar">enumerator</span>
</td>
<td> (1)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <span class="t-spar">enumerator</span> <code><b>=</b></code> <span class="t-spar">constant-expression</span>
</td>
<td> (2)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr></table>
<p>where
</p>
<table class="t-par-begin">
<tr class="t-par">
<td> <span class="t-spar">identifier</span>, <span class="t-spar">enumerator</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> identifiers that are introduced by this declaration
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-par">
<td> <span class="t-spar">constant-expression</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> <a href="constant_expression.html" title="c/language/constant expression">integer constant expression</a> whose value is representable as a value of type <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="kw4">int</span></span></span>
</td></tr></table>
<p>As with <a href="struct.html" title="c/language/struct">struct</a> or <a href="union.html" title="c/language/union">union</a>, a declaration that introduced an enumerated type and one or more enumeration constants may also declare one or more objects of that type or type derived from it.
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw2">enum</span> color_t <span class="br0">{</span>RED, GREEN, BLUE<span class="br0">}</span>, c <span class="sy1">=</span> RED, <span class="sy2">*</span>cp <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="sy3">&</span>c<span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="co1">// introduces the type enum color_t</span>
<span class="co1">// the integer constants RED, GREEN, BLUE </span>
<span class="co1">// the object c of type enum color_t</span>
<span class="co1">// the object cp of type pointer to enum color_t</span></pre></div></div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/enum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Explanation">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Explanation">Explanation</span></h3>
<p>Each <span class="t-spar">enumerator</span> that appears in the body of an enumeration specifier becomes an <a href="constant_expression.html" title="c/language/constant expression">integer constant</a> with type <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="kw4">int</span></span></span> in the enclosing scope and can be used whenever integer constants are required (e.g. as a case label or as a non-VLA array size).
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw2">enum</span> color_t <span class="br0">{</span> RED, GREEN, BLUE<span class="br0">}</span> r <span class="sy1">=</span> RED<span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">switch</span><span class="br0">(</span>r<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw1">case</span> RED <span class="sy4">:</span> <a href="../io/puts.html"><span class="kw836">puts</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"red"</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="kw1">break</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">case</span> GREEN <span class="sy4">:</span> <a href="../io/puts.html"><span class="kw836">puts</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"green"</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="kw1">break</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">case</span> BLUE <span class="sy4">:</span> <a href="../io/puts.html"><span class="kw836">puts</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"blue"</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="kw1">break</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<p>If <span class="t-spar">enumerator</span> is followed by <span class="t-spar">= constant-expression</span>, its value is the value of that constant expression. If <span class="t-spar">enumerator</span> is not followed by <span class="t-spar">= constant-expression</span>, its value is the value one greater than the value of the previous enumerator in the same enumeration. The value of the first enumerator (if it does not use <span class="t-spar">= constant-expression</span>) is zero.
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw2">enum</span> Foo <span class="br0">{</span> A, B, C<span class="sy1">=</span><span class="nu0">10</span>, D, E<span class="sy1">=</span><span class="nu0">1</span>, F, G<span class="sy1">=</span>F<span class="sy2">+</span>C<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="co1">//A=0, B=1, C=10, D=11, E=1, F=2, G=12</span></pre></div></div>
<p>The <span class="t-spar">identifier</span> itself, if used, becomes the name of the enumerated type in the tags <a href="name_space.html" title="c/language/name space">name space</a> and requires the use of the keyword enum (unless typedef'd into the ordinary name space).
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw2">enum</span> color_t <span class="br0">{</span> RED, GREEN, BLUE<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw2">enum</span> color_t r <span class="sy1">=</span> RED<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// OK</span>
<span class="co1">// color_t x = GREEN: // Error: color_t is not in ordinary name space</span>
<span class="kw1">typedef</span> <span class="kw2">enum</span> color_t color<span class="sy4">;</span>
color x <span class="sy1">=</span> GREEN<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// OK</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Each enumerated type is <a href="compatible_type.html#Compatible_type" title="c/language/type">compatible</a> with one of: <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="kw4">char</span></span></span>, a signed integer type, or an unsigned integer type. It is implementation-defined which type is compatible with any given enumerated type, but whatever it is, it must be capable of representing all enumerator values of that enumeration.
</p><p>Enumerated types are integer types, and as such can be used anywhere other integer types can, including in <a href="conversion.html" title="c/language/conversion">implicit conversions</a> and <a href="operator_arithmetic.html" title="c/language/operator arithmetic">arithmetic operators</a>.
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw2">enum</span> <span class="br0">{</span> ONE <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">1</span>, TWO <span class="br0">}</span> e<span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw4">long</span> n <span class="sy1">=</span> ONE<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// promotion</span>
<span class="kw4">double</span> d <span class="sy1">=</span> ONE<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// conversion</span>
e <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu16">1.2</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// conversion, e is now ONE</span>
e <span class="sy1">=</span> e <span class="sy2">+</span> <span class="nu0">1</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// e is now TWO</span></pre></div></div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/enum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h3>
<p>Unlike <a href="struct.html" title="c/language/struct">struct</a> or <a href="union.html" title="c/language/union">union</a>, there are no forward-declared enums in C:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw2">enum</span> Color<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// Error: no forward-declarations for enums in C</span>
<span class="kw2">enum</span> Color <span class="br0">{</span> RED, GREEN, BLUE<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Enumerations permit the declaration of named constants in a more convenient and structured
fashion than does <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="co2">#define</span></span></span>; they are visible in the debugger, obey scope rules, and participate in the type system.
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="co2">#define TEN 10</span>
<span class="kw1">struct</span> S <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw4">int</span> x <span class="sy4">:</span> TEN<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// OK</span></pre></div></div>
<p>or
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw2">enum</span> <span class="br0">{</span> TEN <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">10</span> <span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">struct</span> S <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw4">int</span> x <span class="sy4">:</span> TEN<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// also OK</span></pre></div></div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/enum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h3>
<div class="t-ref-std-11">
<ul><li> C11 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2011):
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 6.2.5/16 Types (p: 41)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 6.7.2.2 Enumeration specifiers (p: 117-118)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<div class="t-ref-std-c99">
<ul><li> C99 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1999):
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 6.2.5/16 Types (p: 35)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 6.7.2.2 Enumeration specifiers (p: 105-106)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<div class="t-ref-std-c89">
<ul><li> C89/C90 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1990):
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 3.1.2.5 Types
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 3.5.2.2 Enumeration specifiers
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/enum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Keywords">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Keywords">Keywords</span></h3>
<p><a href="../keyword/enum.html" title="c/keyword/enum"><tt>enum</tt></a>
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/enum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h3>
<table class="t-dsc-begin">
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td colspan="2"> <div class="t-dsc-see"><span><a href="../../cpp/language/enum.html" title="cpp/language/enum">C++ documentation</a></span> for <span class="t-dsc-see-tt"><span>enumeration declaration</span></span></div>
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