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<p>Escape sequences are used to represent certain special characters within <a href="string_literal.html" title="c/language/string literal">string literals</a> and <a href="character_constant.html" title="c/language/character constant">character constants</a>.
</p><p>The following escape sequences are available. ISO C requires a diagnostic if the backslash is followed by any character not listed here:
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tr>
<th> Escape<br /> sequence
</th>
<th> Description
</th>
<th> Representation
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code><b>\'</b></code>
</td>
<td> single quote
</td>
<td> byte <code>0x27</code> (in ASCII encoding)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code><b>\"</b></code>
</td>
<td> double quote
</td>
<td> byte <code>0x22</code> (in ASCII encoding)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code><b>\?</b></code>
</td>
<td> question mark
</td>
<td> byte <code>0x3f</code> (in ASCII encoding)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code><b>\\</b></code>
</td>
<td> backslash
</td>
<td> byte <code>0x5c</code> (in ASCII encoding)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code><b>\a</b></code>
</td>
<td> audible bell
</td>
<td> byte <code>0x07</code> (in ASCII encoding)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code><b>\b</b></code>
</td>
<td> backspace
</td>
<td> byte <code>0x08</code> (in ASCII encoding)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code><b>\f</b></code>
</td>
<td> form feed - new page
</td>
<td> byte <code>0x0c</code> (in ASCII encoding)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code><b>\n</b></code>
</td>
<td> line feed - new line
</td>
<td> byte <code>0x0a</code> (in ASCII encoding)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code><b>\r</b></code>
</td>
<td> carriage return
</td>
<td> byte <code>0x0d</code> (in ASCII encoding)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code><b>\t</b></code>
</td>
<td> horizontal tab
</td>
<td> byte <code>0x09</code> (in ASCII encoding)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code><b>\v</b></code>
</td>
<td> vertical tab
</td>
<td> byte <code>0x0b</code> (in ASCII encoding)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code><b>\<span style="font-size:0.7em; line-height:130%">nnn</span></b></code>
</td>
<td> arbitrary octal value
</td>
<td> byte <code>nnn</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code><b>\x<span style="font-size:0.7em; line-height:130%">nn</span></b></code>
</td>
<td> arbitrary hexadecimal value
</td>
<td> byte <code>nn</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code><b>\u<span style="font-size:0.7em; line-height:130%">nnnn</span></b></code>
</td>
<td> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.com/wiki/Unicode" class="extiw" title="enwiki:Unicode"> Unicode</a> character that is not in the basic character set.<br />May result in several characters.
</td>
<td> code point <code>U+nnnn</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code><b>\U<span style="font-size:0.7em; line-height:130%">nnnnnnnn</span></b></code>
</td>
<td> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.com/wiki/Unicode" class="extiw" title="enwiki:Unicode"> Unicode</a> character that is not in the basic character set.<br />May result in several characters.
</td>
<td> code point <code>U+nnnnnnnn</code>
</td></tr></table>
<table id="toc" class="toc"><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="escape.html#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="escape.html#Example"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Example</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="escape.html#References"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="escape.html#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/escape&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h3>
<p>Of the octal escape sequences, <code><b>\0</b></code> is the most useful because it represents the terminating null character in null-terminated strings.
</p><p>The new-line character <code><b>\n</b></code> has special meaning when used in <a href="../io.html" title="c/io">text mode I/O</a>: it is converted to the OS-specific newline byte or byte sequence.
</p><p>Octal escape sequences have a length limit of three octal digits but terminate at the first character that is not a valid octal digit if encountered sooner.
</p><p>Hexadecimal escape sequences have no length limit and terminate at the first character that is not a valid hexadecimal digit. If the value represented by a single hexadecimal escape sequence does not fit the range of values represented by the character type used in this string literal or character constant (<span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="kw4">char</span></span></span>, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">char16_t</span></span>, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">char32_t</span></span>, or <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="kw4">wchar_t</span></span></span>), the result is unspecified.
</p><p>A universal character name in a narrow string literal or a 16-bit string literal may map to more than one character, e.g. <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">\U0001f34c</span></span> is 4 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="kw4">char</span></span></span> code units in UTF-8 (<span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">\xF0\x9F\x8D\x8C</span></span>) and 2 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">char16_t</span></span> code units in UTF-16 (<span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">\uD83C\uDF4C</span></span>)).
</p><p>The question mark escape sequence <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">\<span class="sy4">?</span></span></span> is used to prevent <a href="operator_alternative.html" title="c/language/operator alternative">trigraphs</a> from being interpreted inside string literals: a string such as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="st0">"??/"</span></span></span> is compiled as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="st0">"<span class="es1">\"</span></span></span></span>, but if the second question mark is escaped, as in <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="st0">"?<span class="es1">\?</span>/"</span></span></span>, it becomes <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="st0">"??/"</span></span></span>
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/escape&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Example">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Example">Example</span></h3>
<div class="t-example"><div class="t-example-live-link"><div class="coliru-btn coliru-btn-run-init">Run this code</div></div>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="co2">#include <stdio.h></span>
 
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">void</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<a href="../io/fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"This<span class="es1">\n</span>is<span class="es1">\n</span>a<span class="es1">\n</span>test<span class="es1">\n</span><span class="es1">\n</span>She said, <span class="es1">\"</span>How are you?<span class="es1">\"</span><span class="es1">\n</span>"</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Output:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="text source-text"><pre class="de1">This
is
a
test
 
She said, "How are you?"</pre></div></div>
</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/escape&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h3>
<div class="t-ref-std-11">
<ul><li> C11 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2011):
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 5.2.2 Character display semantics (p: 24-25)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 6.4.4.4 Character constants (p: 67-70)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<div class="t-ref-std-c99">
<ul><li> C99 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1999):
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 5.2.2 Character display semantics (p: 19-20)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 6.4.4.4 Character constants (p: 59-61)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<div class="t-ref-std-c89">
<ul><li> C89/C90 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1990):
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 2.2.2 Character display semantics
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 3.1.3.4 Character constants
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/escape&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h3>
<ul><li> <a href="../../cpp/language/ascii.html" title="cpp/language/ascii"> ASCII chart</a>
</li></ul>
<table class="t-dsc-begin">
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td colspan="2"> <div class="t-dsc-see"><span><a href="../../cpp/language/escape.html" title="cpp/language/escape">C++ documentation</a></span> for <span class="t-dsc-see-tt"><span>Escape sequence</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</table></div>
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