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<p>Allows values of floating type to be used directly in expressions.
</p>
<table id="toc" class="toc"><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="floating_constant.html#Syntax"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Syntax</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="floating_constant.html#Explanation"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Explanation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="floating_constant.html#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="floating_constant.html#Example"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Example</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="floating_constant.html#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="floating_constant.html#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/floating_constant&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Syntax">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Syntax">Syntax</span></h3>
<p>A floating constant is a <a href="value_category.html" title="c/language/value category">non-lvalue</a> expression having the form:
</p>
<table class="t-sdsc-begin">
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad"> <span class="t-spar">significand</span> <span class="t-spar">exponent</span><span class="t-mark">(optional)</span> <span class="t-spar">suffix</span><span class="t-mark">(optional)</span>
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr></table>
<p>Where the <span class="t-spar">significand</span> has the form
</p>
<table class="t-sdsc-begin">
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad"> <span class="t-spar">whole-number</span><span class="t-mark">(optional)</span> <code><b>.</b></code><span class="t-mark">(optional)</span> <span class="t-spar">fraction</span><span class="t-mark">(optional)</span>
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr></table>
<p>The <span class="t-spar">exponent</span> has the form
</p>
<table class="t-sdsc-begin">
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <code><b>e</b></code> | <code><b>E</b></code> <span class="t-spar">exponent-sign</span><span class="t-mark">(optional)</span> <span class="t-spar">digit-sequence</span>
</td>
<td> (1)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <code><b>p</b></code> | <code><b>P</b></code> <span class="t-spar">exponent-sign</span><span class="t-mark">(optional)</span> <span class="t-spar">digit-sequence</span>
</td>
<td> (2)
</td>
<td> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c99">(since C99)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr></table>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> The exponent syntax for a decimal floating-point constant</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> The exponent syntax for hexadecimal floating-point constant</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/floating_constant&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Explanation">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Explanation">Explanation</span></h3>
<table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-since-c99"><td>
<p>If the <span class="t-spar">significand</span> begins with the character sequence <code>0x</code> or <code>0X</code>, the floating constant is a <i>hexadecimal floating constant</i>. Otherwise, it is a <i>decimal floating constant</i>.
</p><p>For a <i>hexadecimal floating constant</i>, the <span class="t-spar">significand</span> is interpreted as a hexadecimal rational number, and the <span class="t-spar">digit-sequence</span> of the exponent is interpreted as the integer power of 2 to which the significand has to be scaled.
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">double</span> d <span class="sy1">=</span> 0x1.2p3<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// hex fraction 1.2 (decimal 1.125) scaled by 2^3, that is 9.0</span></pre></div></div>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c99">(since C99)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<p>For a <i>decimal floating constant</i>, the <span class="t-spar">significand</span> is interpreted as a decimal rational number, and the <span class="t-spar">digit-sequence</span> of the exponent is interpreted as the integer power of 10 to which the significand has to be scaled.
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">double</span> d <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu19">1.2e3</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// decimal fraction 1.2 scaled by 10^3, that is 1200.0</span></pre></div></div>
<p>An unsuffixed floating constant has type <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="kw4">double</span></span></span>. If <span class="t-spar">suffix</span> is the letter <code><b>f</b></code> or <code><b>F</b></code>, the floating constant has type <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="kw4">float</span></span></span>. If <span class="t-spar">suffix</span> is the letter <code><b>l</b></code> or <code><b>L</b></code>, the floating constant has type <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">double</span></span></span>.
</p><p>The result of evaluating a floating constant is either the nearest representable value or the larger or smaller representable value immediately adjacent to the nearest representable value, chosen in an implementation-defined manner (in other words, <a href="../numeric/fenv/FE_round.html" title="c/numeric/fenv/FE round">default rounding direction</a> during translation is implementation-defined).
</p>
<table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-since-c99"><td>
<p>Floating-point constants may convert to more range and precision than is indicated by their type, if indicated by <span class="t-lc"><a href="../types/limits/FLT_EVAL_METHOD.html" title="c/types/limits/FLT EVAL METHOD">FLT_EVAL_METHOD</a></span>. For example, the constant <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="nu17">0.1f</span></span></span> may act as if it were <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">0.1L</span></span> in an expression.
</p>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c99">(since C99)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-since-c99"><td>
<p>The result of evaluating a hexadecimal floating constant, if FLT_RADIX is 2, is the exact value represented by the floating constant, correctly rounded to the target type.
</p>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c99">(since C99)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<p>If the exponent is present and fractional part is not used, the decimal separator may be omitted:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">double</span> x <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu19">1e0</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// floating-point 1.0 (period not used)</span></pre></div></div>
<p>For decimal floating constants, the <span class="t-spar">exponent</span> part is optional. If it is omitted, the period is not optional, and either the <span class="t-spar">whole-number</span> or the <span class="t-spar">fraction</span> must be present.
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">double</span> x <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">1</span>.<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// floating-point 1.0 (fractional part optional)</span>
<span class="kw4">double</span> y <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu18">.1</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// floating-point 0.1 (whole-number part optional)</span></pre></div></div>
<table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-since-c99"><td>
<p>For hexadecimal floating constants, the exponent is not optional to avoid ambiguity resulting from an f suffix being mistaken as a hexadecimal digit.
</p>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c99">(since C99)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/floating_constant&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h3>
<p>Default <a href="../numeric/fenv/FE_round.html" title="c/numeric/fenv/FE round">rounding direction</a> and <a href="../types/limits/FLT_EVAL_METHOD.html" title="c/types/limits/FLT EVAL METHOD">precision</a> are in effect when the floating constants are converted into internal representations, and <a href="../numeric/fenv/FE_exceptions.html" title="c/numeric/fenv/FE exceptions">floating-point exceptions</a> are not raised even if <a href="../preprocessor/impl.html" title="c/preprocessor/impl"><tt>
#pragma STDC FENV_ACCESS</tt></a> is in effect (for execution-time conversion of character strings, <span class="t-lc"><a href="../string/byte/strtof.html" title="c/string/byte/strtof">strtod</a></span> can be used). Note that this differs from <a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/constant_expressions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="c/language/constant expressions (page does not exist)">arithmetic constant expressions</a> of floating type.
</p><p>Letters in the floating constants are case-insensitive: <code>0x1.ep+3</code> and <code>0X1.EP+3</code> represent the same floating-point value 15.0.
</p><p>The decimal point specified by <span class="t-lc"><a href="../locale/setlocale.html" title="c/locale/setlocale">setlocale</a></span> has no effect on the syntax of floating constants: the decimal point character is always the period.
</p><p>Unlike integers, not every floating value can be represented directly by decimal or even hexadecimal constant syntax: macros <a href="../numeric/math/NAN.html" title="c/numeric/math/NAN">NAN</a> and <a href="../numeric/math/INFINITY.html" title="c/numeric/math/INFINITY">INFINITY</a> as well as functions such as <span class="t-lc"><a href="../numeric/math/nan.html" title="c/numeric/math/nan">nan</a></span> offer ways to generate those special values. Note that <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="nu12">0x1</span>.<span class="me1">FFFFFEp128f</span></span></span>, which might appear to be an IEEE float NaN, in fact overflows to an infinity in that format.
</p><p>There are no negative floating constants; an expression such as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="sy2">-</span><span class="nu16">1.2</span></span></span> is the <a href="operator_arithmetic.html" title="c/language/operator arithmetic">arithmetic operator</a> unary minus applied to the floating constant <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="nu16">1.2</span></span></span>. Note that the special value negative zero may be constructed with <span class="t-lc">-0.0</span>.
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/floating_constant&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Example">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Example">Example</span></h3>
<div class="t-example"><div class="t-example-live-link"><div class="coliru-btn coliru-btn-run-init">Run this code</div></div>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="co2">#include <stdio.h></span>
 
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">void</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<a href="../io/fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"15.0 = %a<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span>, <span class="nu16">15.0</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<a href="../io/fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"0x1.ep+3 = %f<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span>, <span class="nu12">0x1</span>.<span class="me1">ep</span><span class="sy2">+</span><span class="nu0">3</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<span class="co1">// Constants outside the range of type double.</span>
<a href="../io/fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"+2.0e+308 --> %g<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span>, <span class="nu19">2.0e+308</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<a href="../io/fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"+1.0e-324 --> %g<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span>, <span class="nu19">1.0e-324</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<a href="../io/fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"-1.0e-324 --> %g<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span>, <span class="sy2">-</span><span class="nu19">1.0e-324</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<a href="../io/fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"-2.0e+308 --> %g<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span>, <span class="sy2">-</span><span class="nu19">2.0e+308</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Output:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="text source-text"><pre class="de1">15.0 = 0x1.ep+3
0x1.ep+3 = 15.000000
+2.0e+308 --> inf
+1.0e-324 --> 0
-1.0e-324 --> -0
-2.0e+308 --> -inf</pre></div></div>
</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/floating_constant&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h3>
<div class="t-ref-std-11">
<ul><li> C11 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2011):
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 6.4.4.2 Floating constants (p: 65-66)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<div class="t-ref-std-c99">
<ul><li> C99 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1999):
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 6.4.4.2 Floating constants (p: 57-58)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<div class="t-ref-std-c89">
<ul><li> C89/C90 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1990):
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 3.1.3.1 Floating constants
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/floating_constant&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h3>
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