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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="path.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/path"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::path</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="filesystem_error.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/filesystem error"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::filesystem_error</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="directory_entry.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/directory entry"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::directory_entry</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="directory_iterator.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/directory iterator"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::directory_iterator</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="recursive_directory_iterator.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/recursive directory iterator"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::recursive_directory_iterator</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="file_status.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/file status"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::file_status</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="space_info.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/space info"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::space_info</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="file_type.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/file type"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::file_type</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="perms.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/perms"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::perms</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="copy_options.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/copy options"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::copy_options</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="directory_options.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/directory options"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::directory_options</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="file_time_type.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/file time type"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::file_time_type</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
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<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Functions</td></tr>
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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="absolute.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/absolute"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::absolute<br />filesystem::system_complete</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="canonical.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/canonical"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::canonical</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="copy.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/copy"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::copy</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="copy_file.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/copy file"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::copy_file</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="copy_symlink.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/copy symlink"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::copy_symlink</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="create_directory.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/create directory"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::create_directory<br />filesystem::create_directories</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><strong class="selflink"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::create_hard_link</span></span></strong></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="create_symlink.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/create symlink"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::create_symlink<br />filesystem::create_directory_symlink</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="current_path.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/current path"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::current_path</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="exists.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/exists"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::exists</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="equivalent.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/equivalent"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::equivalent</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="file_size.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/file size"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::file_size</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="hard_link_count.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/hard link count"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::hard_link_count</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="last_write_time.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/last write time"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::last_write_time</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="permissions.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/permissions"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::permissions</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="read_symlink.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/read symlink"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::read_symlink</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="remove.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/remove"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::remove<br />filesystem::remove_all</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="rename.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/rename"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::rename</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="resize_file.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/resize file"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::resize_file</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="space.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/space"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::space</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="status.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/status"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::status<br />filesystem::symlink_status</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="temp_directory_path.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/temp directory path"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::temp_directory_path</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5">File types</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="is_block_file.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/is block file"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::is_block_file</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="is_character_file.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/is character file"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::is_character_file</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="is_directory.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/is directory"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::is_directory</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="is_empty.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/is empty"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::is_empty</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="status_known.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/status known"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::status_known</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="is_fifo.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/is fifo"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::is_fifo</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="is_other.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/is other"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::is_other</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="is_regular_file.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/is regular file"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::is_regular_file</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="is_socket.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/is socket"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::is_socket</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="is_symlink.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/is symlink"><span class="t-lines"><span>filesystem::is_symlink</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
</table></div><div><span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/experimental/fs/navbar_content&amp;action=edit">&#91;edit&#93;</a></span></div></div></div></div><div class="t-navbar-sep">&#160;</div></div>
<table class="t-dcl-begin"><tbody>
<tr class="t-dsc-header">
<td> <div>Defined in header <code><a href="../../header/experimental/filesystem.html" title="cpp/header/experimental/filesystem">&lt;experimental/filesystem&gt;</a></code>
 </div></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl t-since-fs_ts">
<td> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">void</span> create_hard_link<span class="br0">&#40;</span> <span class="kw4">const</span> path<span class="sy3">&amp;</span> target, <span class="kw4">const</span> path<span class="sy3">&amp;</span> link <span class="br0">&#41;</span><span class="sy4">;</span><br />
<span class="kw4">void</span> create_hard_link<span class="br0">&#40;</span> <span class="kw4">const</span> path<span class="sy3">&amp;</span> target, <span class="kw4">const</span> path<span class="sy3">&amp;</span> link, error_code<span class="sy3">&amp;</span> ec <span class="br0">&#41;</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad">  </td>
<td> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-fs-ts t-mark-ts">(filesystem TS)</span> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl-sep"><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>Creates a hard link <code>link</code> with its target set to <code>target</code> as if by POSIX <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/link.html">link()</a>: the pathname <code>target</code> must exist.
</p><p>Once created, <code>link</code> and <code>target</code> are two logical names that refer to the same file (they are <a href="equivalent.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/equivalent"><tt>equivalent</tt></a>). Even if the original name <code>target</code> is deleted, the file continues to exist and is accessible as <code>link</code>.
</p>
<table id="toc" class="toc"><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="create_hard_link.html#Parameters"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Parameters</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="create_hard_link.html#Return_value"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Return value</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="create_hard_link.html#Exceptions"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Exceptions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="create_hard_link.html#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="create_hard_link.html#Example"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Example</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="create_hard_link.html#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/experimental/fs/create_hard_link&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Parameters">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Parameters">Parameters</span></h3>
<table class="t-par-begin">


<tr class="t-par">
<td>  target
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td>  path of the file or directory to link to
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-par">
<td>  link
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td>  path of the new hard link
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-par">
<td>  ec
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td>  out-parameter for error reporting in the non-throwing overload
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/experimental/fs/create_hard_link&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Return value">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Return_value">Return value</span></h3>
<p>(none)
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/experimental/fs/create_hard_link&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Exceptions">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Exceptions">Exceptions</span></h3>
The overload that does not take a <code>error_code&amp;</code> parameter throws <a href="filesystem_error.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/filesystem error">filesystem_error</a> on underlying OS API errors, constructed with <code>target</code> as the first argument, <code>link</code> as the second argument, and the OS error code as the error code argument. <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><a href="../../memory/new/bad_alloc.html"><span class="kw693">std::<span class="me2">bad_alloc</span></span></a></span></span> may be thrown if memory allocation fails. The overload taking a <code>error_code&amp;</code> parameter sets it to the OS API error code if an OS API call fails, and executes <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">ec.<span class="me1">clear</span><span class="br0">&#40;</span><span class="br0">&#41;</span></span></span> if no errors occur. This overload has <div class="t-noexcept-inline"><a href="../../language/noexcept_spec.html" title="cpp/language/noexcept spec"><tt>noexcept</tt></a> specification:&#160;&#160;<div class="t-noexcept-box"><span class="t-cc"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">noexcept</span></span></span></div>&#160;&#160;</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/experimental/fs/create_hard_link&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h3>
<p>Some operating systems do not support hard links at all or support them only for regular
files.
</p><p>Some file systems do not support hard links regardless of the operating system: the FAT
file system used on memory cards and flash drives, for example.
</p><p>Some file systems limit the number of links per file.
</p><p>Hardlinking to directories is typically restricted to the superuser.
</p><p>Hard links typically cannot cross filesystem boundaries.
</p><p>The special pathname dot (<span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="st0">&quot;.&quot;</span></span></span>) is a hard link to its parent directory. The special pathname dot-dot <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="st0">&quot;..&quot;</span></span></span> is a hard link to the directory that is the parent of its parent.
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/experimental/fs/create_hard_link&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Example">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Example">Example</span></h3>
<div class="t-example"><div class="t-example-live-link"><div class="coliru-btn coliru-btn-run-init">Run this code</div></div>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="co2">#include &lt;iostream&gt;</span>
<span class="co2">#include &lt;fstream&gt;</span>
<span class="co2">#include &lt;experimental/filesystem&gt;</span>
<span class="kw1">namespace</span> fs <span class="sy1">=</span> std<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">experimental</span><span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">filesystem</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
&#160;
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">&#40;</span><span class="br0">&#41;</span>
<span class="br0">&#123;</span>
    fs<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">create_directories</span><span class="br0">&#40;</span><span class="st0">&quot;sandbox/subdir&quot;</span><span class="br0">&#41;</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
    <a href="../../io/basic_ofstream.html"><span class="kw1730">std::<span class="me2">ofstream</span></span></a><span class="br0">&#40;</span><span class="st0">&quot;sandbox/a&quot;</span><span class="br0">&#41;</span>.<span class="me1">put</span><span class="br0">&#40;</span><span class="st0">'a'</span><span class="br0">&#41;</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// create regular file</span>
    fs<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">create_hard_link</span><span class="br0">&#40;</span><span class="st0">&quot;sandbox/a&quot;</span>, <span class="st0">&quot;sandbox/b&quot;</span><span class="br0">&#41;</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
    fs<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">remove</span><span class="br0">&#40;</span><span class="st0">&quot;sandbox/a&quot;</span><span class="br0">&#41;</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
    <span class="co1">// read from the original file via surviving hard link</span>
    <span class="kw4">char</span> c <span class="sy1">=</span> <a href="../../io/basic_ifstream.html"><span class="kw1729">std::<span class="me2">ifstream</span></span></a><span class="br0">&#40;</span><span class="st0">&quot;sandbox/b&quot;</span><span class="br0">&#41;</span>.<span class="me1">get</span><span class="br0">&#40;</span><span class="br0">&#41;</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
    <a href="../../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1755">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> c <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
    fs<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">remove_all</span><span class="br0">&#40;</span><span class="st0">&quot;sandbox&quot;</span><span class="br0">&#41;</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">&#125;</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Output:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="text source-text"><pre class="de1">a</pre></div></div> 
</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/experimental/fs/create_hard_link&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h3>
<table class="t-dsc-begin">

<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="create_symlink.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/create symlink"> <span class="t-lines"><span>create_symlink</span><span>create_directory_symlink</span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td>   creates a symbolic link <br /> <span class="t-mark">(function)</span> <span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/experimental/fs/dsc_create_symlink&amp;action=edit">&#91;edit&#93;</a></span>
</td></tr>

<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="hard_link_count.html" title="cpp/experimental/fs/hard link count"> <span class="t-lines"><span>hard_link_count</span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td>   returns the number of hard links referring to the specific file <br /> <span class="t-mark">(function)</span> <span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/experimental/fs/dsc_hard_link_count&amp;action=edit">&#91;edit&#93;</a></span>
</td></tr>
</table>

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