File: cs_283.html

package info (click to toggle)
crystalspace 0.94-20020412-3
links: PTS
area: main
in suites: woody
size: 62,276 kB
ctags: 52,843
sloc: cpp: 274,783; ansic: 6,608; perl: 6,276; objc: 3,952; asm: 2,942; python: 2,354; php: 542; pascal: 530; sh: 430; makefile: 370; awk: 193
file content (578 lines) | stat: -rw-r--r-- 21,322 bytes
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Created by texi2html 1.64 -->
<!-- 
Written by: Lionel Cons <Lionel.Cons@cern.ch> (original author)
            Karl Berry  <karl@freefriends.org>
            Olaf Bachmann <obachman@mathematik.uni-kl.de>
            and many others.
Maintained by: Olaf Bachmann <obachman@mathematik.uni-kl.de>
Send bugs and suggestions to <texi2html@mathematik.uni-kl.de>
 
-->
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Crystal Space: API Modifications 18</TITLE>

<META NAME="description" CONTENT="Crystal Space: API Modifications 18">
<META NAME="keywords" CONTENT="Crystal Space: API Modifications 18">
<META NAME="resource-type" CONTENT="document">
<META NAME="distribution" CONTENT="global">
<META NAME="Generator" CONTENT="texi2html 1.64">

</HEAD>

<BODY LANG="" BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#000000" LINK="#0000FF" VLINK="#800080" ALINK="#FF0000">

<A NAME="SEC692"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="cs_282.html#SEC668"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="cs_284.html#SEC701"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="cs_279.html#SEC650"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="cs_279.html#SEC650"> Up </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="cs_285.html#SEC711"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="index.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="cs_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="cs_285.html#SEC711">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="cs_abt.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<HR SIZE=1>
<H2> C.4 API Changes from 0.17 to 0.18 </H2>
<!--docid::SEC692::-->
<P>

This section documents the major changes between versions 0.17 and 0.18 of of
Crystal Space.
</P><P>

<A NAME="SEC693"></A>
<H3> Name Change: <CODE>csWorld</CODE> to <CODE>csEngine</CODE> </H3>
<!--docid::SEC693::-->
<P>

The class `<SAMP>csWorld</SAMP>' has been renamed to `<SAMP>csEngine</SAMP>'.  Here is a
summary of all the changes which result from this:
</P><P>

<UL>
<LI>
<CODE>iWorld</CODE> becomes <CODE>iEngine</CODE>
<LI>
<CODE>csWorld</CODE> becomes <CODE>csEngine</CODE>
<LI>
<CODE>csWorldConfig</CODE> becomes <CODE>csEngineConfig</CODE>
<LI>
<CODE>csWorldState</CODE> becomes <CODE>csEngineState</CODE>
<LI>
<CODE>csWorldStateVector</CODE> becomes <CODE>csEngineStateVector</CODE>
<LI>
<CODE>iworld.h</CODE> becomes <CODE>iengine.h</CODE>
<LI>
<CODE>world.h</CODE> becomes <CODE>engine.h</CODE>
</UL>
<P>

<A NAME="SEC694"></A>
<H3> <CODE>csThingTemplate</CODE> Removed </H3>
<!--docid::SEC694::-->
<P>

The class `<SAMP>csThingTemplate</SAMP>' has been removed.  Instead you use normal
`<SAMP>csThing</SAMP>' instances and clone them using <CODE>csThing::MergeTemplate()</CODE>.
The `<SAMP>thing_templates</SAMP>' list in `<SAMP>csEngine</SAMP>' is still there but it now
contains instances of `<SAMP>csThing</SAMP>' instead of `<SAMP>csThingTemplate</SAMP>'.  This
also means that `<SAMP>csPolygonTemplate</SAMP>' is removed.  Fixing applications for
this change is not very hard.  It mostly means replacing `<SAMP>csThingTemplate</SAMP>'
with `<SAMP>csThing</SAMP>' and then doing small modifications to the API.
</P><P>

<A NAME="SEC695"></A>
<H3> Configuration File Changes </H3>
<!--docid::SEC695::-->
<P>

The configuration file format has changed significantly.  In contrast to the
INI format used previously, Crystal Space now uses a flat format.
Sections are gone.  Every configuration file is just a list of keys in the
following format:
</P><P>

<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>; optional comment
; (can also be several lines long)
KeyName = Value
</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

Also, key names have been changed completely.  Keys are organized in a
pseudo-hierarchical structure by using key names such as
`<SAMP>Engine.Lighting.Ambient.Red</SAMP>'.  To convert your own configuration files to
the new format, you should take all keys from all sections and rename them
using the template `<SAMP>ApplicationName.SectionName.KeyName</SAMP>'.  This is only a
suggestion.  You can choose whatever name you want, except that the initial
`<SAMP>ApplicationName.</SAMP>' should be used in order to avoid naming collisions with
keys in other configuration files.  This is done to give every option a unique
name.  The same should be done for plugins
(`<SAMP>PluginName.SectionName.KeyName</SAMP>').
</P><P>

Comments at the end of the file are preserved when saving the file.
</P><P>

On the application side, things have also changed:
</P><P>

<UL>
<LI>
The old `<SAMP>csIniFile</SAMP>' class still exists.  All these changes refer to the
difference between `<SAMP>csIniFile</SAMP>' and `<SAMP>csConfigFile</SAMP>', and the difference
between `<SAMP>iConfigFile</SAMP>' and `<SAMP>iConfigFileNew</SAMP>'.  Sorry for this mess, but
there were a few cases where I could not (yet) port modules to the new config
system, so they still require the old system.  This will change soon.  The
header files for the new system are `<TT>CS/csutil/cfgfile.h</TT>' and
`<TT>icfgnew.h</TT>'.  The main system configuration file already uses the new
system.
<P>

<LI>
To read or write configuration keys, you now only pass the key name and default
value, because sections no longer exist.  Be careful when porting, because the
line:
<P>

<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>const char *s = Config-&#62;GetStr("section", "key");
</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

In your code may now be interpreted as:
</P><P>

<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>const char *s = Config-&#62;GetStr("key", "default");
</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

The compiler will not complain about this.
</P><P>

<LI>
<CODE>GetYesNo()</CODE> and <CODE>SetYesNo()</CODE> have been renamed to <CODE>GetBool()</CODE>
and <CODE>SetBool()</CODE>.
<P>

<LI>
The `<SAMP>dirty</SAMP>' flag is now hidden inside the configuration file object. The
<CODE>Save()</CODE> method respects this flag.
<P>

<LI>
The section and data iterators have been merged into a single object. This
iterator can be used to cycle through all options, or through all options
in one <EM>subsection</EM>, which is the initial substring of the key name.
For example, if you iterate all options in subsection `<SAMP>Engine.Lighting.</SAMP>',
you will get all options whose name begin with this string. Note the trailing
dot. It is part of the subsection name. This is important if you have other
options like `<SAMP>Engine.LightingActivate</SAMP>', which would otherwise be
enumerated as well. It is also important because you can ask an iterator for
the <EM>local</EM> name of the current key, which is everything but the
subsection name. For example, If your iterator loops through
`<SAMP>Engine.Lighting.</SAMP>', then the key `<SAMP>Engine.Lighting.Ambient.Red</SAMP>'
would have the local name `<SAMP>Ambient.Red</SAMP>'. If you omit the trailing dot,
this would be `<SAMP>.Ambient.Red</SAMP>', which may not be what you want. To
retrieve the local name, call <CODE>Iterator-&#62;GetName(true);</CODE>.
<P>

<LI>
Convenience methods such as GetInt(), GetFloat(), and GetBool() have been
added to the iterators.
<P>

<LI>
The <CODE>Prev()</CODE> method of iterators has been removed because a new planned
implementation of the `<SAMP>iConfigFileNew</SAMP>' interface is probably not able
to implement this method. Also, it was never used.
</UL>
<P>

<A NAME="SEC696"></A>
<H3> Mesh Object Plug-ins </H3>
<!--docid::SEC696::-->
<P>

Particle systems, 2D sprites, and 3D sprites are now no longer in the
engine. This means that classes like `<SAMP>csSprite3D</SAMP>', `<SAMP>csSprite2D</SAMP>',
`<SAMP>csParticleSystem</SAMP>', etc., are no longer directly accessible and now
have to be accessed through the new mesh object plugin system.
</P><P>

In the engine the two primary mesh-related classes are now `<SAMP>csMeshWrapper</SAMP>'
and `<SAMP>csMeshFactoryWrapper</SAMP>'.  The old `<SAMP>csSprite</SAMP>' class which was the
superclass of all sprites has been replaced with `<SAMP>csMeshWrapper</SAMP>'
`<SAMP>csMeshFactoryWrapper</SAMP>' is roughly similar to what `<SAMP>csSpriteTemplate</SAMP>'
used to do except that it is now also a parent for particle system and 2D
sprite instances.
</P><P>

The explanation below mainly tells you how to port the original
`<SAMP>csSprite3D</SAMP>' code to the new system.  The other stuff follows almost
automatically from what you see below.
</P><P>

Here is a list of things that are removed and which things
you will have to use instead. More detailed info will come later:
</P><P>

<UL>
<LI>
<CODE>csSprite</CODE> => <CODE>csMeshWrapper</CODE>
<LI>
<CODE>csSprite2D</CODE> => <CODE>csMeshWrapper</CODE>, <CODE>iSprite2DState</CODE>
<LI>
<CODE>csSprite3D</CODE> => <CODE>csMeshWrapper</CODE>, <CODE>iSprite3DState</CODE>
<LI>
<CODE>csSpriteTemplate</CODE> => <CODE>csMeshFactoryWrapper</CODE>,
<CODE>iSprite3DFactoryState</CODE>
<LI>
<CODE>csFrame</CODE> => <CODE>iSpriteFrame</CODE>
<LI>
<CODE>csSpriteAction</CODE> => <CODE>iSpriteAction</CODE>
<LI>
<CODE>csSkeleton</CODE> => <CODE>iSkeleton</CODE>
<LI>
<CODE>csSkeletonLimb</CODE> => <CODE>iSkeletonLimb</CODE>
<LI>
<CODE>csSkeletonConnection</CODE> => <CODE>iSkeletonConnection</CODE>
<LI>
<CODE>csSkeletonState</CODE> => <CODE>iSkeletonState</CODE>
<LI>
<CODE>csSkeletonLimbState</CODE> => <CODE>iSkeletonLimbState</CODE>
<LI>
<CODE>csSkeletonConnectionState</CODE> => <CODE>iSkeletonConnectionState</CODE>
<LI>
<CODE>iSprite</CODE> => <CODE>iMeshWrapper</CODE>
<LI>
<CODE>iSpriteTemplate</CODE> => <CODE>iMeshFactoryWrapper</CODE>
<LI>
<CODE>csLoader::LoadSpriteTemplate()</CODE> => Use `<TT>spr3dldr</TT>' plugin to
load factories
<LI>
<CODE>csLoader::LoadSprite()</CODE> => Use `<TT>spr3dldr</TT>' plugin to load
sprites
<LI>
<CODE>csEngine::sprites</CODE> => <CODE>csEngine::meshes</CODE>
<LI>
<CODE>csEngine::RemoveSprite</CODE> => <CODE>csEngine::RemoveMesh</CODE>
<LI>
<CODE>csEngine::UnlinkSprite</CODE> => <CODE>csEngine::UnlinkMesh</CODE>
<LI>
<CODE>csEngine::sprite_templates</CODE> => <CODE>csEngine::mesh_factories</CODE>
<LI>
<CODE>csSector::sprites</CODE> => <CODE>csSector::meshes</CODE>
</UL>
<P>

In addition to that the `<SAMP>SPRITE</SAMP>' keyword in map files is also no longer
supported. Instead you should use the new `<SAMP>MESHOBJ</SAMP>' keyword.
</P><P>

It is recommended that anyone who wants to convert to the new system should
first to read the general documentation about the mesh object plugin system
(see section <A HREF="cs_201.html#SEC452">7.8 Mesh Object Plug-In System</A>).  Read this very carefully.  A good understanding is
required to perform a succesful conversion.
</P><P>

In addition to what is explained, there are also two conveniance functions to
create mesh factories and mesh objects:
</P><P>

<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>/**
 * Conveniance function to create a mesh factory from a
 * given type.  The type plugin will only be loaded if
 * needed.  'classId' is the SCF name of the plugin (like
 * 'crystalspace.mesh.object.cube').  Returns NULL on
 * failure.  The factory will be registered with the engine
 * under the given name.  If there is already a factory with
 * that name no new factory will be created but the found
 * one is returned instead.  If the name is NULL then no
 * name will be set and no check will happen if the factory
 * already exists.
 */
virtual iMeshFactoryWrapper* CreateMeshFactory(
  const char* classId, const char* name) = 0;

/**
 * Conveniance function to create a mesh object for a given
 * factory.  If 'sector' is NULL then the mesh object will
 * not be set to a position.  Returns NULL on failure.  The
 * object will be given the specified name.  'name' can be
 * NULL if no name is wanted.  Different mesh objects can
 * have the same name (in contrast with factory objects).
 */
virtual iMeshWrapper* CreateMeshObject(
  iMeshFactoryWrapper* factory, const char* name,
  iSector* sector, const csVector3&#38; pos) = 0;
</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

To see how to use them you can take a look at the Simple application.
</P><P>

Here are a few examples of old code compared to new code:
</P><P>

Old code:
</P><P>

<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>// Load a sprite template from disk.
csSpriteTemplate* spritetmpl =
  csLoader::LoadSpriteTemplate (engine, "/lib/std/sprite1");
// Add the sprite to the engine.
csSprite3D* sprite = spritetmpl-&#62;NewSprite (engine);
sprite-&#62;SetName ("MySprite");
engine-&#62;sprites.Push (sprite);
sprite-&#62;GetMovable ().SetSector (room);
csMatrix3 m; m.Identity (); m *= 5.;
sprite-&#62;GetMovable ().SetTransform (m);
sprite-&#62;GetMovable ().SetPosition (csVector3 (-3, 5, 3));
sprite-&#62;GetMovable ().UpdateMove ();
sprite-&#62;SetAction ("default");
sprite-&#62;InitSprite ();
</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

New code:
</P><P>

<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>// Load a sprite template from disk.
csMeshFactoryWrapper* spritetmpl =
  csLoader::LoadMeshObjectFactory (engine, "/lib/std/sprite1");
if (spritetmpl == NULL)
{
  Printf (MSG_FATAL_ERROR, "Error loading mesh object factory!\n");
  cleanup ();
  exit (1);
}
// Add the sprite to the engine.
iMeshWrapper* sprite = engine-&#62;CreateMeshObject (
   QUERY_INTERFACE (spritetmpl, iMeshFactoryWrapper),
  "MySprite",
  QUERY_INTERFACE (room, iSector),
  csVector3 (-3, 5, 3));
csMatrix3 m; m.Identity (); m *= 5.;
sprite-&#62;GetMovable ()-&#62;SetTransform (m);
sprite-&#62;GetMovable ()-&#62;UpdateMove ();
iSprite3DState* spstate =
  QUERY_INTERFACE (sprite-&#62;GetMeshObject (), iSprite3DState);
spstate-&#62;SetAction ("default");
spstate-&#62;DecRef ();
</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

Keep in mind that for this to work `<TT>/lib/std/sprite1</TT>' has to be modified
from old to new syntax, as well.
</P><P>

Here is an example for sprite templates:
</P><P>

Old syntax (sprite template):
</P><P>

<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>SPRITE 'mySpriteTmpl' (
  TEXNR ('xxx.gif')
  FRAME (@dots{...})
  @dots{...}
)
</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

New syntax (mesh wrapper factory):
</P><P>

<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>MESHOBJ 'mySpriteTmpl' (
  PLUGIN ('crystalspace.mesh.loader.factory.sprite.3d')
  PARAMS (
    MATERIAL ('xxx')
    FRAME (<small>...</small>)
    <small>...</small>
  )
)
</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

And here is an example for actual sprite instances:
</P><P>

Old syntax (sprite):
</P><P>

<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>SPRITE 'mySprite' (
  TEXNR ('xxx.gif')
  TEMPLATE ('mySpriteTmpl', 'someAction')
  MOVE (<small>...</small>)
)
</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

New syntax (mesh wrapper):
</P><P>

<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>MESHOBJ 'mySprite' (
  PLUGIN ('crystalspace.mesh.loader.sprite.3d')
  PARAMS (
    MATERIAL ('xxx')
    FACTORY ('mySpriteTmpl')
    ACTION ('someAction')
  )
  MOVE (<small>...</small>)
)
</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

Here are some additional notes.
</P><P>

<UL>
<LI>
Notice that <CODE>MOVE()</CODE> goes outside the <CODE>PARAMS()</CODE> block for a sprite.
<LI>
Note that the new `<SAMP>spr3d</SAMP>' can not work with textures. It needs materials.
So add a definition to the `<SAMP>MATERIALS</SAMP>' section.
</UL>
<P>

<A NAME="SEC697"></A>
<H3> <CODE>csPixmap</CODE> Moved and Renamed </H3>
<!--docid::SEC697::-->
<P>

`<SAMP>csPixmap</SAMP>' has moved to the new `<TT>csfx</TT>' library, so you will need to
include the header file from that library.  Note that `<SAMP>csPixmap</SAMP>' is now
also an abstract class so where you would, in the past, instantiate
`<SAMP>csPixmap</SAMP>', you now need to instantiate `<SAMP>csSimplePixmap</SAMP>', instead.
In arguments and variables it is recommended you still use `<SAMP>csPixmap</SAMP>' as
it will allow you to use other kinds of pixmaps there, as well.
</P><P>

<A NAME="SEC698"></A>
<H3> General Use of SCF Interfaces </H3>
<!--docid::SEC698::-->
<P>

In general it is now a good idea to use SCF interfaces to access objects
instead of the normal classes wherever possible.  This applies mostly to the
engine (i.e. use methods from `<SAMP>iEngine</SAMP>' rather than `<SAMP>csEngine</SAMP>').
Consequently, also use `<SAMP>iMeshWrapper</SAMP>' instead of `<SAMP>csMeshWrapper</SAMP>', and
`<SAMP>iMaterialWrapper</SAMP>' instead of `<SAMP>csMaterialWrapper</SAMP>', and so on.  This
will make the transition to version 1.0 easier when the engine will be fully
accessible as a plugin.
</P><P>

<A NAME="SEC699"></A>
<H3> Sound System Changes </H3>
<!--docid::SEC699::-->
<P>

There have been three main changes in the sound system:
</P><P>

<UL>
<LI>
Some of the options in the configuration file have become redundant.  The
others have been moved to `<TT>CS/data/config/sound.cfg</TT>'.  Have a look at this
file to see which options remain.
<P>

<LI>
As before, a sound can be loaded as a static or streamed sound, but this
difference is now expressed by using different classes: `<SAMP>iSoundData</SAMP>' and
`<SAMP>iSoundStream</SAMP>'. You can create any number of instances (sources) of a
static sound, but only one instance of a streamed sound. In fact, whenever
you play a static sound, a separate sound stream is created from it. The
definition of a static sound is now explicitly "a sound of which any
number of instances can be created".
<P>

<LI>
The system of 3D and non-3D sources has been changed a bit. Every sound source
now has a new attribute, the 3D mode. This mode can also be changed after the
source is created. It can be set to the following values:
<P>

<DL COMPACT>
<DT><CODE>SOUND3D_DISABLE</CODE>
<DD>This will cause the sound source to produce no 3D effect. This is also the
only mode in which the original stereo effects are preserved.  (This does not
work correctly at the moment.)
<P>

<DT><CODE>SOUND3D_ABSOLUTE</CODE>
<DD>This will interpret the position of the sound source and the listener as
absolute coordinates and create the 3D effect based on this.
<P>

<DT><CODE>SOUND3D_RELATIVE</CODE>
<DD>This will ignore the listener's position and interpret the position of the
sound source as relative coordinated to the listener. In other words, it
calculates the 3D effect as if the listener was positioned at (0,0,0)
with default orientation.
</DL>
</UL>
<P>

<A NAME="SEC700"></A>
<H3> Miscellaneous Changes  </H3>
<!--docid::SEC700::-->
<P>

<UL>
<LI>
<CODE>iGraphics2D::WriteChar()</CODE> has been removed. Use <CODE>Write()</CODE> instead.
<P>

<LI>
All <CODE>UpdateLighting()</CODE> calls now accept `<SAMP>iLight</SAMP>' pointers intead
of `<SAMP>csLight</SAMP>' pointers. In addition <CODE>csEngine::GetNearbyLights()</CODE>
returns an array of `<SAMP>iLight</SAMP>' pointers.
<P>

<LI>
The obsolete `<SAMP>CLights</SAMP>' class (for uniform dynamic lighting) has been
removed. It was not working properly anyway.
<P>

<LI>
The <CODE>csEngine::PrepareParticleSystems()</CODE> method has been removed.
Instead, use the new <CODE>csEngine::PrepareMeshes()</CODE> method.
<P>

<LI>
The <CODE>csEngine::AdvanceSpriteFrames()</CODE> method has been renamed to
<CODE>NextFrame()</CODE>.  In addition <CODE>UpdateParticleSystems()</CODE> has been
removed and is now also handled by <CODE>csEngine::NextFrame()</CODE>.
<P>

<LI>
With the new mesh object plugin system the `<SAMP>iParticle</SAMP>' interface
also changed a little. Check out the header to see the changes.
<P>

<LI>
<CODE>FastSqrt()</CODE> is gone. Use <CODE>qsqrt()</CODE> instead. If you want
to calculate <CODE>1/sqrt()</CODE> then use <CODE>qisqrt()</CODE>.
<P>

<LI>
`<SAMP>csRenderView</SAMP>' has no public members anymore.  You need to access
everything through <CODE>GetFoo()</CODE> and <CODE>SetFoo()</CODE> methods Check out the
header for more details.
</UL>
<A NAME="API Modifications 17"></A>
<HR SIZE=1>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="cs_282.html#SEC668"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="cs_284.html#SEC701"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="cs_279.html#SEC650"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="cs_279.html#SEC650"> Up </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="cs_285.html#SEC711"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="index.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="cs_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="cs_285.html#SEC711">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="cs_abt.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<BR>  
<FONT SIZE="-1">
This document was generated

using <A HREF="http://www.mathematik.uni-kl.de/~obachman/Texi2html
"><I>texi2html</I></A>

</BODY>
</HTML>