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CTWM(1) USER COMMANDS CTWM(1)
***********************
VMS specific:
This is an edited version of the man page.
Compilation note: this window manager has been compiled to run on VMS.
Hence file and directory specifications should be in that format.
peterc@a3.ph.man.ac.uk 21/7/93 & 15/2/95
***********************
NAME
ctwm - Tab Window Manager for the X Window System
SYNTAX
ctwm [-display dpy] [-s] [-f initfile] [-v] [-n] [-k] [-w
[win-id]]
DESCRIPTION
Ctwm is a window manager for the X Window System. It pro-
vides titlebars, shaped windows, virtual screens
(workspaces), several forms of icon management, user-defined
macro functions, click-to-type and pointer-driven keyboard
focus, and user-specified key and pointer button bindings.
It is actually twm (Tab Window Manager) from the MIT X11
distribution slightly modified to accommodate the use of
several virtual screens (workspaces). It is heavily inspired
from the Hewlett-Packard vuewm window manager. In addition,
ctwm can use coloured, shaped icons and background root pix-
maps in XPM format [from Arnaud Le Hors],any format under-
stood by the imconv package [from the San Diego Supercom-
puter Center] and xwd files. Ctwm can be compiled to use
both, either or none of the above icon/pixmap formats.
This program is usually started by the user's session
manager or startup script. When used from xdm(1) or
xinit(1) without a session manager, ctwm is frequently exe-
cuted in the foreground as the last client. When run this
way, exiting ctwm causes the session to be terminated (i.e.
logged out).
By default, application windows are surrounded by a
``frame'' with a titlebar at the top and a special border
around the window. The titlebar contains the window's name,
a rectangle that is lit when the window is receiving key-
board input, and function boxes known as ``titlebuttons'' at
the left and right edges of the titlebar.
Pressing pointer Button1 (usually the left-most button
unless it has been changed with xmodmap) on a titlebutton
will invoke the function associated with the button. In the
default interface, windows are iconified by clicking (press-
ing and then immediately releasing) the left titlebutton
(which looks like a Dot). Conversely, windows are deiconi-
fied by clicking in the associated icon or entry in the icon
manager (see description of the variable ShowIconManager and
of the function f.showiconmgr).
Windows are resized by pressing the right titlebutton (which
resembles a group of nested squares), dragging the pointer
over edge that is to be moved, and releasing the pointer
when the outline of the window is the desired size. Simi-
larly, windows are moved by pressing in the title or
highlight region, dragging a window outline to the new loca-
tion, and then releasing when the outline is in the desired
position. Just clicking in the title or highlight region
raises the window without moving it.
When new windows are created, ctwm will honor any size and
location information requested by the user (usually through
-geometry command line argument or resources for the indivi-
dual applications). Otherwise, an outline of the window's
default size, its titlebar, and lines dividing the window
into a 3x3 grid that track the pointer are displayed.
Clicking pointer Button1 will position the window at the
current position and give it the default size. Pressing
pointer Button2 (usually the middle pointer button) and
dragging the outline will give the window its current posi-
tion but allow the sides to be resized as described above.
Clicking pointer Button3 (usually the right pointer button)
will give the window its current position but attempt to
make it long enough to touch the bottom the screen.
OPTIONS
Ctwm accepts the following command line options:
-display dpy
This option specifies the X server to use.
-s This option indicates that only the default screen
(as specified by -display or by the DISPLAY environ-
ment variable) should be managed. By default, ctwm
will attempt to manage all screens on the display.
***********************
VMS specific:
filename.num -> filename_num
and see note below for .ctwmrc
***********************
-f filename
This option specifies the name of the startup file
to use. Ctwm will first try to load filename.num,
where num is the screen number. If it fails, it
will try to load filename. By default, ctwm will
look in the user's home directory for files named
.ctwmrc.num (where num is a screen number) or
.ctwmrc.
-v This option indicates that ctwm should print error
messages whenever an unexpected X Error event is
received. This can be useful when debugging appli-
cations but can be distracting in regular use.
-n This option indicates that ctwm should not filter
the startup file through m4. Available only if ctwm
is compiled with the USEM4 flag.
-k This option indicates that ctwm should keep the
result of filtering your startup file through m4 in
/tmp. Available only if ctwm is compiled with the
USEM4 flag.
-version
ctwm just prints its version number.
-info ctwm prints its detailed version and compile time
options.
-w [win-id]
If -w is specified without a win-id value, ctwm does
not take over the whole screen(s), instead it
creates a new window that becomes its root window.
if the win-id value is given, it is considered to be
the id of an existing window, in which case, ctwm
will try to use this window as root window. You can
run any number of instantiation of ctwm at the same
time. You can even have embedded ctwm instantia-
tions. This is totally useless, but I like. The
f.adoptwindow function can be used to capture an
existing window belonging to another ctwm. A possi-
ble use of such mode can be to test new configura-
tion file without restarting ctwm.
-W This option tells ctwm not to display any welcome
when starting.
CUSTOMIZATION
Much of ctwm's appearance and behavior can be controlled by
providing a startup file in one of the following locations
(searched in order for each screen being managed when ctwm
begins):
***********************
VMS specific:
Instead of $HOME/.[c]twmrc[.#] use DECW$USER_DEFAULTS:[C]TWM.RC[_#]
-- where the logical DECW$USER_DEFAULTS usually points to
SYS$LOGINROOT:[DECW$DEFAULTS], eg mphv2$user2:[bloggs.decw$defaults].
and /usr/lib/X11/twm/system.ctwmrc => DECW$SYSTEM_DEFAULTS:SYSTEM.CTWMRC
***********************
$HOME/.ctwmrc.screennumber
The screennumber is a small positive number (e.g. 0,
1, etc.) representing the screen number (e.g. the
last number in the DISPLAY environment variable
host:displaynum.screennum) that would be used to
contact that screen of the display. This is
intended for displays with multiple screens of
differing visual types.
$HOME/.ctwmrc
This is the usual name for an individual user's
startup file.
$HOME/.twmrc
The users twm startup file.
/usr/lib/X11/twm/system.ctwmrc
If none of the preceding files are found, ctwm will
look in this file for a default configuration. This
is often tailored by the site administrator to pro-
vide convenient menus or familiar bindings for
novice users.
If no startup files are found, ctwm will use the built-in
defaults described above. The only resource used by ctwm is
bitmapFilePath for a colon-separated list of directories to
search when looking for bitmap files (for more information,
see the Athena Widgets manual and xrdb(1)).
Ctwm startup files are logically broken up into three types
of specifications: Variables, Bindings, Menus. The Vari-
ables section must come first and is used to describe the
fonts, colors, cursors, border widths, icon and window
placement, highlighting, autoraising, layout of titles,
warping, use of the icon manager. The Bindings section usu-
ally comes second and is used to specify the functions that
should be to be invoked when keyboard and pointer buttons
are pressed in windows, icons, titles, and frames. The
Menus section gives any user-defined menus (containing func-
tions to be invoked or commands to be executed).
Variable names and keywords are case-insensitive. Strings
must be surrounded by double quote characters (e.g. "blue")
and are case-sensitive. A pound sign (#) outside of a
string causes the remainder of the line in which the charac-
ter appears to be treated as a comment.
***********************
VMS specific:
M4 processing is not supported on VMS.
***********************
M4 PREPROCESSING
ctwm uses m4(1) to pre-process its setup files. When ctwm
starts up, it opens a file for input as described above.
But, it processes that file through m4 before parsing it.
So, you can use m4 macro's to perform operations at runtime.
This makes it very easy to work when you use many different
display's, with different characteristics. For example, If
you want to set the lower right section of the screen to be
your IconRegion, (see below for details on the IconRegion
variable) you can use m4 directives and pre-defined symbols
to calculate the region you want. For example:
define(IRegion, translit(eval(WIDTH/3)*eval(HEIGHT/2)+eval(WIDTH-WIDTH/3)-0, *, x))
IconRegion "IRegion" SOUTH EAST 75 25
will define the lower half, and right-hand third of the
screen. The above makes use of symbols that are predefined
in m4 by ctwm. The symbols WIDTH and HEIGHT are calculated
by ctwm and written into a temporary file for m4 to use.
The following symbols are predefined by ctwm:
SERVERHOST This variable is set to the name of
the machine that is running the X
server.
CLIENTHOST The machine that is running the
clients. (ie, ctwm)
HOSTNAME The canonical hostname running the
clients. (ie. a fully-qualified
version of CLIENTHOST)
USER The name of the user running the
program. Gotten from the environ-
ment.
HOME The user's home directory. Gotten
from the environment.
VERSION The X major protocol version. As
seen by ProtocolVersion(3).
REVISION The X minor protocol revision. As
seen by ProtocolRevision(3).
VENDOR The vendor of your X server. For
example: MIT X Consortium.
RELEASE The release number of your X server.
For MIT X11R5, this is 5.
WIDTH The width of your display in pixels.
HEIGHT The height of your display in pix-
els.
X_RESOLUTION The X resolution of your display in
pixels per meter.
Y_RESOLUTION The Y resolution of your display in
pixels per meter.
PLANES The number of bit planes your
display supports in the default root
window.
BITS_PER_RGB The number of significant bits in an
RGB color. (log base 2 of the
number of distinct colors that can
be created. This is often different
from the number of colors that can
be displayed at once.)
TWM_TYPE Tells which twm offshoot is running.
It will always be set to the string
"ctwm" in this program. This is
useful for protecting parts of your
.twmrc file that ctwm proper won't
understand (like WorkSpaces) so that
it is still usable with other twm
programs.
TWM_VERSION Tells which ctwm version is running
in the form of a floating point
number.
CLASS Your visual class. Will return one
of StaticGray, GrayScale, Sta-
ticColor, PseudoColor, TrueColor,
DirectColor, or, if it cannot deter-
mine what you have, NonStandard.
COLOR This will be either 'Yes' or 'No'.
This is just a wrapper around the
above definition. Returns 'Yes' on
*Color, and 'No' on StaticGray and
GrayScale.
XPM Is defined only if ctwm was compiled
with XPM.
TWM_CAPTIVE This will be either 'Yes' or 'No'.
'Yes' if the current ctwm is captive
(flag -w), 'No' in the other case.
You may well find that if you research the m4(1) manual
well, and understand the power of m4, this will be a very
useful and powerful tool. But, if you use any of the sym-
bols which are predefined by m4, you are in severe danger!
For example, the Sun m4 predefines shift, so if you use that
name in your .ctwmrc, you are out of luck.
The availability of the m4 preprocessing is subject to the
compilation define USEM4.
VARIABLES
Many of the aspects of ctwm's user interface are controlled
by variables that may be set in the user's startup file.
Some of the options are enabled or disabled simply by the
presence of a particular keyword. Other options require
keywords, numbers, strings, or lists of all of these.
Lists are surrounded by braces and are usually separated by
whitespace or a newline. For example:
AutoRaise { "emacs" "XTerm" "Xmh" }
or
AutoRaise
{
"emacs"
"XTerm"
"Xmh"
}
When a variable containing a list of strings representing
windows is searched (e.g. to determine whether or not to
enable autoraise as shown above), a string must be an exact,
case-sensitive match to the window's name name (given by the
WM_NAME window property), resource name or class name (both
given by the WM_CLASS window property). The preceding exam-
ple would enable autoraise on windows named ``emacs'' as
well as any xterm (since they are of class ``XTerm'') or xmh
windows (which are of class ``Xmh'').
***********************
VMS specific:
The tilde (~) is taken as indicating that the file "~foo.bar"
is looked for in HOME or SYS$LOGIN, e.g. SYS$LOGIN = DISK$USERS:[BLOGGS]
implies "~foo.bar" will be DISK$USERS:[BLOGGS]FOO.BAR.
Also a leading slash (/) implies an absolute filename,
e.g. "/disk$users:[joe]foo.bar" means DISK$USERS:[JOE]FOO.BAR.
***********************
String arguments that are interpreted as filenames (see the
Pixmaps, Cursors, and IconDirectory below) will prepend the
user's directory (specified by the HOME environment vari-
able) if the first character is a tilde (~). If, instead,
the first character is a colon (:), the name is assumed to
refer to one of the internal bitmaps that are used to create
the default titlebars symbols: :xlogo or :iconify (both
refer to the X used for the iconify button), :resize (the
nested squares used by the resize button), and :question
(the question mark used for non-existent bitmap files).
The following variables may be specified at the top of a
ctwm startup file. Lists of Window name prefix strings are
indicated by win-list. Optional arguments are shown in
square brackets:
AlwaysOnTop { win-list }
This variable specifies a list of windows (all win-
dows if the list is defaulted) that ctwm will try
its best to maintain on top of others. This doesn't
work in all case.
AlwaysShowWindowWhenMovingFromWorkspaceManager
When ReallyMoveInWorkspaceManager is present and the
user is moving a window from the WorkSpaceMap, ctwm
display the actual window only if it crosses the
current active workspace. If AlwaysShowWindowWhenMo-
vingFromWorkspaceManager is present, the actual win-
dow is always visible during the move, regardless of
whether it crosses the current workspace or not. The
Shift key toggles this behaviour.
AnimationSpeed speed
The speed argument is a non-negative integer. It
determines the number of times a second animations
(if any) are updated. If speed is 0, animations are
freezed. The default value is 0.
AutoFocusToTransients
Transient windows get focus automatically when
created. Useful with programs that have keyboard
shortcuts that pop up windows.
AutoOccupy
This variable specifies that clients will automati-
cally change their occupation when their name or
icon name changes. The new occupation will be recal-
culated from the Occupy and OccupyAll fields in the
.ctwmrc file.
AutoRaise { win-list }
This variable specifies a list of windows (all win-
dows if the list is defaulted) to be automatically
raised whenever the pointer has come to rest in a
window for the amount of time specified by the
RaiseDelay variable. This action can be interac-
tively enabled or disabled on individual windows
using the function f.autoraise.
AutoRaiseIcons
Icons are raised when the cursor enters it. Useful
with SchrinkIconTitles.
AutoRelativeResize
This variable indicates that dragging out a window
size (either when initially sizing the window with
pointer Button2 or when resizing it) should not wait
until the pointer has crossed the window edges.
Instead, moving the pointer automatically causes the
nearest edge or edges to move by the same amount.
This allows the resizing of windows that extend off
the edge of the screen. If the pointer is in the
center of the window, or if the resize is begun by
pressing a titlebutton, ctwm will still wait for the
pointer to cross a window edge (to prevent
accidents). This option is particularly useful for
people who like the press-drag-release method of
sweeping out window sizes.
AutoSqueeze { win-list }
These windows will be auto-squeezed (see f.squeeze).
i.e. automatically unsqueezed when they get focus,
and squeezed when they loose it. Useful for the
workspace manager. Not authorized for icon managers.
BeNiceToColormap
By defaults new colors are allocated for shadows
when a 3D look is used, but when you specify BeNi-
ceToColormap ctwm uses stipling instead of new
colors, the effect is less beautiful, but accept-
able. In this case ClearShadowContrast and DarkSha-
dowContrast have no effects.
BorderColor string [{ wincolorlist }]
This variable specifies the default color of the
border to be placed around all non-iconified win-
dows, and may only be given within a Color or Mono-
chrome list. The optional wincolorlist specifies a
list of window and color name pairs for specifying
particular border colors for different types of win-
dows. For example:
BorderColor "gray50"
{
"XTerm" "red"
"xmh" "green"
}
The default is "black".
BorderResizeCursors
This variable specifies that ctwm should use resiz-
ing cursors when the pointer is on the window
border. To be used preferably when you have bound a
button to f.resize in the frame context.
BorderShadowDepth pixels
This variable specifies the depth of the shadow ctwm
uses for 3D window borders, when UseThreeDBorders is
selected.
BorderTileBackground string [{ wincolorlist }]
This variable specifies the default background color
in the gray pattern used in unhighlighted borders
(only if NoHighlight hasn't been set), and may only
be given within a Color or Monochrome list. The
optional wincolorlist allows per-window colors to be
specified. The default is "white".
BorderTileForeground string [{ wincolorlist }]
This variable specifies the default foreground color
in the gray pattern used in unhighlighted borders
(only if NoHighlight hasn't been set), and may only
be given within a Color or Monochrome list. The
optional wincolorlist allows per-window colors to be
specified. The default is "black".
BorderWidth pixels
This variable specifies the width in pixels of the
border surrounding all client window frames if
ClientBorderWidth has not been specified. This
value is also used to set the border size of windows
created by ctwm (such as the icon manager). The
default is 2.
ButtonIndent pixels
This variable specifies the amount by which
titlebuttons should be indented on all sides. Posi-
tive values cause the buttons to be smaller than the
window text and highlight area so that they stand
out. Setting this and the TitleButtonBorderWidth
variables to 0 makes titlebuttons be as tall and
wide as possible. The default is 1 if UseThreeDTi-
tles is not set, 0 if it is set.
CenterFeedbackWindow
The moving and resizing information window is cen-
tered in the middle of the screen instead of the top
left corner.
ClearShadowContrast contrast
Indicates to ctwm how to calculate the clear shadow
color for 3D items. The value is a comprised
between 0 and 100. The formula used is :
clear.{RGB} = (65535 - color.{RGB}) * (contrast / 100).
Has no effect if BeNiceToColormap is active.
ClientBorderWidth
This variable indicates that border width of a
window's frame should be set to the initial border
width of the window, rather than to the value of
BorderWidth.
Color { colors-list }
This variable specifies a list of color assignments
to be made if the default display is capable of
displaying more than simple black and white. The
colors-list is made up of the following color vari-
ables and their values: DefaultBackground, Default-
Foreground, MenuBackground, MenuForeground, Menu-
TitleBackground, MenuTitleForeground, and MenuSha-
dowColor. The following color variables may also be
given a list of window and color name pairs to allow
per-window colors to be specified (see BorderColor
for details): BorderColor, IconManagerHighlight,
BorderTileBackground, BorderTileForeground,
TitleBackground, TitleForeground, IconBackground,
IconForeground, IconBorderColor, IconManagerBack-
ground, and IconManagerForeground. For example:
Color
{
MenuBackground "gray50"
MenuForeground "blue"
BorderColor "red" { "XTerm" "yellow" }
TitleForeground "yellow"
TitleBackground "blue"
}
All of these color variables may also be specified
for the Monochrome variable, allowing the same ini-
tialization file to be used on both color and mono-
chrome displays.
ConstrainedMoveTime milliseconds
This variable specifies the length of time between
button clicks needed to begin a constrained move
operation. Double clicking within this amount of
time when invoking f.move will cause the window only
be moved in a horizontal or vertical direction.
Setting this value to 0 will disable constrained
moves. The default is 400 milliseconds.
Cursors { cursor-list }
This variable specifies the glyphs that ctwm should
use for various pointer cursors. Each cursor may be
defined either from the cursor font or from two bit-
map files. Shapes from the cursor font may be
specified directly as:
cursorname "string"
where cursorname is one of the cursor names listed
below, and string is the name of a glyph as found in
the file /usr/include/X11/cursorfont.h (without the
``XC_'' prefix). If the cursor is to be defined
from bitmap files, the following syntax is used
instead:
cursorname "image" "mask"
The image and mask strings specify the names of
files containing the glyph image and mask in bit-
map(1) form. The bitmap files are located in the
same manner as icon bitmap files. The following
example shows the default cursor definitions:
Cursors
{
Frame "top_left_arrow"
Title "top_left_arrow"
Icon "top_left_arrow"
IconMgr "top_left_arrow"
Move "fleur"
Resize "fleur"
Menu "sb_left_arrow"
Button "hand2"
Wait "watch"
Select "dot"
Destroy "pirate"
}
DarkShadowContrast contrast
Indicates to ctwm hos to calculate the dark sha-
dow color for 3D items. The value is a comprised
between 0 and 100. The formula used is :
dark.{RGB} = color.{RGB} * ((100 - contrast) / 100),
Has no effect if BeNiceToColormap is active.
DecorateTransients
This variable indicates that transient windows
(those containing a WM_TRANSIENT_FOR property)
should have titlebars. By default, transients are
not reparented.
DefaultBackground string
This variable specifies the background color to be
used for sizing and information windows. The
default is "white".
DefaultForeground string
This variable specifies the foreground color to be
used for sizing and information windows. The
default is "black".
DontIconifyByUnmapping { win-list }
This variable specifies a list of windows that
should not be iconified by simply unmapping the win-
dow (as would be the case if IconifyByUnmapping had
been set). This is frequently used to force some
windows to be treated as icons while other windows
are handled by the icon manager.
DontMoveOff
This variable indicates that windows should not be
allowed to be moved off the screen. It can be over-
ridden by the f.forcemove function.
DontPaintRootWindow
This variable tells ctwm not to paint the root win-
dow, whatever you told in the Workspaces specifica-
tion. This is useful to have pixmaps in the
Workspace Map but not on the root window.
DontSetInactive { win-list }
These windows won't be set to InactiveState when
they become invisible due to a change workspace.
This has been added because some ill-behaved clients
(Frame5) don't like this.
DontSqueezeTitle [{ win-list }]
This variable indicates that titlebars should not be
squeezed to their minimum size as described under
SqueezeTitle below. If the optional window list is
supplied, only those windows will be prevented from
being squeezed.
DontWarpCursorInWMap
Tells ctwm not to warp the cursor to the correspond-
ing actual window when you click in a small window
in the workspace map.
ForceIcons
This variable indicates that icon pixmaps specified
in the Icons variable should override any client-
supplied pixmaps.
FramePadding pixels
This variable specifies the distance between the
titlebar decorations (the button and text) and the
window frame. The default is 2 pixels if
UseThreeDTitles is not set, 0 if it is set.
IconBackground string [{ win-list }]
This variable specifies the background color of
icons, and may only be specified inside of a Color
or Monochrome list. The optional win-list is a list
of window names and colors so that per-window colors
may be specified. See the BorderColor variable for
a complete description of the win-list. The default
is "white".
IconBorderColor string [{ win-list }]
This variable specifies the color of the border used
for icon windows, and may only be specified inside
of a Color or Monochrome list. The optional win-
list is a list of window names and colors so that
per-window colors may be specified. See the Border-
Color variable for a complete description of the
win-list. The default is "black".
IconBorderWidth pixels
This variable specifies the width in pixels of the
border surrounding icon windows. The default is 2.
IconDirectory string
This variable specifies the directory that should be
searched if if a bitmap file cannot be found in any
of the directories in the bitmapFilePath resource.
IconFont string
This variable specifies the font to be used to
display icon names within icons. The default is
"variable".
IconForeground string [{ win-list }]
This variable specifies the foreground color to be
used when displaying icons, and may only be speci-
fied inside of a Color or Monochrome list. The
optional win-list is a list of window names and
colors so that per-window colors may be specified.
See the BorderColor variable for a complete descrip-
tion of the win-list. The default is "black".
IconifyByUnmapping [{ win-list }]
This variable indicates that windows should be icon-
ified by being unmapped without trying to map any
icons. This assumes that the user is will remap the
window through the icon manager, the f.warpto func-
tion, or the TwmWindows menu. If the optional win-
list is provided, only those windows will be iconi-
fied by simply unmapping. Windows that have both
this and the IconManagerDontShow options set may not
be accessible if no binding to the TwmWindows menu
is set in the user's startup file.
IconJustification string
Where string is either "left", "center" or "right".
Tells ctwm how to justify the icon image against the
icon title (if any).
IconManagerBackground string [{ win-list }]
This variable specifies the background color to use
for icon manager entries, and may only be specified
inside of a Color or Monochrome list. The optional
win-list is a list of window names and colors so
that per-window colors may be specified. See the
BorderColor variable for a complete description of
the win-list. The default is "white".
IconManagerDontShow [{ win-list }]
This variable indicates that the icon manager should
not display any windows. If the optional win-list
is given, only those windows will not be displayed.
This variable is used to prevent windows that are
rarely iconified (such as xclock or xload) from tak-
ing up space in the icon manager.
IconManagerFont string
This variable specifies the font to be used when
displaying icon manager entries. The default is
"variable".
IconManagerForeground string [{ win-list }]
This variable specifies the foreground color to be
used when displaying icon manager entries, and may
only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome
list. The optional win-list is a list of window
names and colors so that per-window colors may be
specified. See the BorderColor variable for a com-
plete description of the win-list. The default is
"black".
IconManagerGeometry string [ columns ]
This variable specifies the geometry of the icon
manager window. The string argument is standard
geometry specification that indicates the initial
full size of the icon manager. The icon manager
window is then broken into columns pieces and scaled
according to the number of entries in the icon
manager. Extra entries are wrapped to form addi-
tional rows. The default number of columns is 1.
IconManagerHighlight string [{ win-list }]
This variable specifies the border color to be used
when highlighting the icon manager entry that
currently has the focus, and can only be specified
inside of a Color or Monochrome list. The optional
win-list is a list of window names and colors so
that per-window colors may be specified. See the
BorderColor variable for a complete description of
the win-list. The default is "black".
IconManagers { iconmgr-list }
This variable specifies a list of icon managers to
create. Each item in the iconmgr-list has the fol-
lowing format:
"winname" ["iconname"] "geometry" columns
where winname is the name of the windows that should
be put into this icon manager, iconname is the name
of that icon manager window's icon, geometry is a
standard geometry specification, and columns is the
number of columns in this icon manager as described
in IconManagerGeometry. For example:
IconManagers
{
"XTerm" "=300x5+800+5" 5
"myhost" "=400x5+100+5" 2
}
Clients whose name or class is ``XTerm'' will have
an entry created in the ``XTerm'' icon manager.
Clients whose name was ``myhost'' would be put into
the ``myhost'' icon manager.
IconManagerShadowDepth pixels
This variable specifies the depth of the shadow ctwm
uses for 3D IconManager entries, when UseThreeDIcon-
Managers is selected.
IconManagerShow { win-list }
This variable specifies a list of windows that
should appear in the icon manager. When used in
conjunction with the IconManagerDontShow variable,
only the windows in this list will be shown in the
icon manager.
IconRegion geomstring vgrav hgrav gridwidth gridheight [iconjust]
[iconregjust] [iconregalign] [{ win-list }]
This variable specifies an area on the root window
in which icons are placed if no specific icon loca-
tion is provided by the client. The geomstring is a
quoted string containing a standard geometry specif-
ication. If more than one IconRegion lines are
given, icons will be put into the succeeding icon
regions when the first is full. The vgrav argument
should be either North or South and control and is
used to control whether icons are first filled in
from the top or bottom of the icon region. Simi-
larly, the hgrav argument should be either East or
West and is used to control whether icons should be
filled in from left from the right. Icons are laid
out within the region in a grid with cells gridwidth
pixels wide and gridheight pixels high. The
optional win-list argument tells ctwm that if such a
window is iconified, and there is enough room in
this icon region for its icon, then place it here.
The optionnal iconjust, iconregjust and iconregalign
can be used to give specific values of IconJustifi-
cation, IconRegionJustification and IconRe-
gionAlignement for this IconRegion.
IconRegionAlignement string
Where string is either "top", "center" "bottom" or
"border". Tells ctwm how to align icons inside
their place in the IconRegion. This keyword needs a
string value. The acceptable values are : "top",
"center", "bottom" and "border". If "border" is
given, the justification will be "top" if the icon
region gravity is "north" and "bottom" if the icon
region gravity is "south".
IconRegionJustification string
Where string is either "left", "center" "right" or
"border". Tells ctwm how to justify icons inside
their place in the IconRegion. This keyword needs a
string value. The acceptable values are : "left",
"center", "right" and "border". If "border" is
given, the justification will be "left" if the icon
region gravity is "west" and "right" if the icon
region gravity is "east".
Icons { win-list }
This variable specifies a list of window names and
the bitmap filenames that should be used as their
icons. For example:
Icons
{
"XTerm" "xterm.icon"
"xfd" "xfd_icon"
}
Windows that match ``XTerm'' and would not be iconi-
fied by unmapping, and would try to use the icon
bitmap in the file ``xterm.icon''. If ForceIcons id
specified, this bitmap will be used even if the
client has requested its own icon pixmap.
IgnoreLockModifier
If present, all bindings (buttons and keys) will
ignore the LockMask. Useful if you often use caps
lock, and don't want to define twice all your
bindings.
InterpolateMenuColors
This variable indicates that menu entry colors
should be interpolated between entry specified
colors. In the example below:
Menu "mymenu"
{
"Title" ("black":"red") f.title
"entry1" f.nop
"entry2" f.nop
"entry3" ("white":"green") f.nop
"entry4" f.nop
"entry5" ("red":"white") f.nop
}
the foreground colors for ``entry1'' and ``entry2''
will be interpolated between black and white, and
the background colors between red and green. Simi-
larly, the foreground for ``entry4'' will be half-
way between white and red, and the background will
be half-way between green and white.
MakeTitle { win-list }
This variable specifies a list of windows on which a
titlebar should be placed and is used to request
titles on specific windows when NoTitle has been
set.
MapWindowBackground color [{ win-list }]
This variable specifies the background colors to use
for small windows in the workspace map window and
may only be specified inside of a Color or Mono-
chrome list. The optional win-list is a list of win-
dow names and colors so that per-window colors may
be specified. If there is neither MapWindowBack-
ground, nor MapWindowForeground the window title
colors are used.
MapWindowCurrentWorkSpace { border_color [background] [fore-
ground] [bitmap] }
Specify the appearence of the map window correspond-
ing to the current workspace.
MapWindowDefaultWorkSpace { border_color [background] [fore-
ground] [bitmap] }
Specify the appearence of the map window correspond-
ing to the workspaces other than the current
workspace when no root background information has
been provided to ctwm in the WorkSpace command. Not
used in others cases.
MapWindowForeground color [{ win-list }]
This variable specifies the foreground colors to use
for small windows in the workspace map window and
may only be specified inside of a Color or Mono-
chrome list. The optional win-list is a list of win-
dow names and colors so that per-window colors may
be specified. If there is neither MapWindowBack-
ground, nor MapWindowForeground the window title
colors are used.
MaxIconTitleWidth width
The integer argument tells ctwm the maximun width to
use for an icon title. If an icon title is larger
than width, it is truncated.
MaxWindowSize string
This variable specifies a geometry in which the
width and height give the maximum size for a given
window. This is typically used to restrict windows
to the size of the screen. The default is
"30000x30000".
MenuBackground string
This variable specifies the background color used
for menus, and can only be specified inside of a
Color or Monochrome list. The default is "white".
MenuFont string
This variable specifies the font to use when
displaying menus. The default is "variable".
MenuForeground string
This variable specifies the foreground color used
for menus, and can only be specified inside of a
Color or Monochrome list. The default is "black".
MenuShadowColor string
This variable specifies the color of the shadow
behind pull-down menus and can only be specified
inside of a Color or Monochrome list. The default
is "black".
MenuShadowDepth pixels
This variable specifies the depth of the shadow ctwm
uses for 3D menus, when UseThreeDMenus is selected.
MenuTitleBackground string
This variable specifies the background color for
f.title entries in menus, and can only be specified
inside of a Color or Monochrome list. The default
is "white".
MenuTitleForeground string
This variable specifies the foreground color for
f.title entries in menus and can only be specified
inside of a Color or Monochrome list. The default
is "black".
Monochrome { colors }
This variable specifies a list of color assignments
that should be made if the screen has a depth of 1.
See the description of Colors.
MoveDelta pixels
This variable specifies the number of pixels the
pointer must move before the f.move function starts
working. Also see the f.deltastop function. The
default is zero pixels.
MovePackResistance pixels
This variable specifies the number of pixels of the
movepack and movepush resistance. See f.movepack and
f.movepush.
MoveOffResistance pixels
This variable specifies the number of pixels of the
moveoff resistance. If pixels is positive,
DontMoveOff will only prevent you from going off the
edge if you're within n pixels off the edge. If you
go further, DontMoveOff gives up and lets you go as
far as you wish. f.forcemove still allows you to
totally ignore DontMoveOff. A negative value puts
you back into "never moveoff" mode (it's the
default).
NoBackingStore
This variable indicates that ctwm's menus should not
request backing store to minimize repainting of
menus. This is typically used with servers that can
repaint faster than they can handle backing store.
NoBorder { win-list }
These windows won't have border. If you want no
borders on all windows, use the BorderWidth keyword.
NoCaseSensitive
This variable indicates that case should be ignored
when sorting icon names in an icon manager. This
option is typically used with applications that cap-
italize the first letter of their icon name.
NoDefaults
This variable indicates that ctwm should not supply
the default titlebuttons and bindings. This option
should only be used if the startup file contains a
completely new set of bindings and definitions.
NoGrabServer
This variable indicates that ctwm should not grab
the server when popping up menus and moving opaque
windows.
NoHighlight [{ win-list }]
This variable indicates that borders should not be
highlighted to track the location of the pointer.
If the optional win-list is given, highlighting will
only be disabled for those windows. When the border
is highlighted, it will be drawn in the current Bor-
derColor. When the border is not highlighted, it
will be stippled with an gray pattern using the
current BorderTileForeground and BorderTileBack-
ground colors.
NoIconTitle [{ win-list }]
This variable indicates that icons should not
display the icon name of the client. If the
optional win-list is given, only those clients will
not have icon titles.
NoIconManagerFocus
This variable indicates that ctwm will not set the
focus on the corresponding window when the pointer
is in an IconManager.
NoIconManagers
This variable indicates that no icon manager should
be created.
NoMenuShadows
This variable indicates that menus should not have
drop shadows drawn behind them. This is typically
used with slower servers since it speeds up menu
drawing at the expense of making the menu slightly
harder to read.
NoOpaqueMove { window-list }
The counterpart of OpaqueMove. See OpaqueMove.
NoOpaqueResize { window-list }
The counterpart of OpaqueResize. See OpaqueResize.
NoRaiseOnDeiconify
This variable indicates that windows that are
deiconified should not be raised.
NoRaiseOnMove
This variable indicates that windows should not be
raised when moved. This is typically used to allow
windows to slide underneath each other.
NoRaiseOnResize
This variable indicates that windows should not be
raised when resized. This is typically used to
allow windows to be resized underneath each other.
NoRaiseOnWarp
This variable indicates that windows should not be
raised when the pointer is warped into them with the
f.warpto function. If this option is set, warping
to an occluded window may result in the pointer end-
ing up in the occluding window instead the desired
window (which causes unexpected behavior with
f.warpring).
NoSaveUnders
This variable indicates that menus should not
request save-unders to minimize window repainting
following menu selection. It is typically used with
displays that can repaint faster than they can han-
dle save-unders.
NoShowOccupyAll
This variable specifies that OccupyAll windows won't
be displayed in the WorkSpaceMap window.
NoStackMode [{ win-list }]
This variable indicates that client window requests
to change stacking order should be ignored. If the
optional win-list is given, only requests on those
windows will be ignored. This is typically used to
prevent applications from relentlessly popping them-
selves to the front of the window stack.
NoTitle [{ win-list }]
This variable indicates that windows should not have
titlebars. If the optional win-list is given, only
those windows will not have titlebars. MakeTitle
may be used with this option to force titlebars to
be put on specific windows.
NoTitleFocus
This variable indicates that ctwm should not set
keyboard input focus to each window as it is
entered. Normally, ctwm sets the focus so that
focus and key events from the titlebar and icon
managers are delivered to the application. If the
pointer is moved quickly and ctwm is slow to
respond, input can be directed to the old window
instead of the new. This option is typically used
to prevent this ``input lag'' and to work around
bugs in older applications that have problems with
focus events.
NoTitleHighlight [{ win-list }]
This variable indicates that the highlight area of
the titlebar, which is used to indicate the window
that currently has the input focus, should not be
displayed. If the optional win-list is given, only
those windows will not have highlight areas. This
and the SqueezeTitle options can be set to substan-
tially reduce the amount of screen space required by
titlebars.
Occupy { occupy-list }
This variable specifies which windows occupy which
workspaces at startup.
occupy-list consists of entries of the form :
[Window] win-name { wpsc1 wspc2 ... }
or Workspace wspc-name {win1 win2 ... }
Example :
Occupy {
"xload" {"all"}
Window "xterm" {"here" "there" "elsewhere"}
"xv" {"images"}
WorkSpace "images" {"xloadimage"}
}
Note : The Occupy declaration should come after the
WorkSpaces declaration.
OccupyAll { window-list }
This variable specifies a list of windows that will
occupy all workspaces at startup.
window-list is a list of window names.
Example :
OccupyAll
{
"xload"
"xbiff"
"xconsole"
}
Note : The OccupyAll declaration should come after
the WorkSpaces declaration.
OpaqueMove { window-list }
This variable indicates that the f.move function
should actually move the window instead of just an
outline so that the user can immediately see what
the window will look like in the new position. This
option is typically used on fast displays (particu-
larly if NoGrabServer is set). The optional window
list parameter indicates that only windows in this
list should actually be moved in opaque mode. The
NoOpaqueMove counterpart is also available.
OpaqueMoveThreshold { threshold }
The integer parameter is a percentage and indicates
that only windows (elligible for opaque moving) with
a surface smaller than this percentage of the sur-
face of the screen should actually be moved in
opaque mode.
OpaqueResize { window-list }
The opaque version of resize. Extremely resource
intensive, but beautiful with fast
server/client/network. See OpaqueMove. The NoOpa-
queResize counterpart is also available.
OpaqueResizeThreshold { threshold }
The resize version of OpaqueMoveThreshold.
***********************
VMS specific:
OpenWindowTimeout is currently not implemented on VMS
***********************
OpenWindowTimeout seconds
seconds is an integer representing a number of
second. When a window tries to open on an unattended
display, it will be automatically mapped after this
number of seconds.
PackNewWindows
Use f.movepack algorithm instead of f.move when
opening a new window.
Pixmaps { pixmaps }
This variable specifies a list of pixmaps that
define the appearance of various images. Each entry
is a keyword indicating the pixmap to set, followed
by a string giving the name of the bitmap file. The
following pixmaps may be specified:
Pixmaps
{
TitleHighlight "gray1"
# TitleHighlight "supman%.xbm"
}
The default for TitleHighlight is to use an even
stipple pattern.
PixmapDirectory path
This variable specifies the path where ctwm looks to
find non-X11 bitmap files. Whenever you want to use
a image file that is not an X11 bitmap, specify :
xpm:filename (for xpm files) or xwd:filename for xwd
files, or im:filename (for other files supported by
the imconv package), or |command for an on the file
generated xwd file. Use the % character to specify
an animation. path can be a colon separated list of
directories. Example :
PixmapDirectory "/usr/lib/X11/twm"
Icons
{
"Axe" "xpm:edit.xpm"
"xterm" "xpm:ball%.xpm"
}
**************
VMS specific:
PixmapDirectory "mphv2$user2:[bloggs.xpm]"
**************
N.B This is only valid if your version of ctwm has
been compiled with the XPM and IMCONV options.
RaiseDelay milliseconds
For windows that are to be automatically raised when
the pointer enters (see the AutoRaise variable and
the f.autoraise function) this variable specifies
the length of time the pointer should rest in the
window before it is raised. The default is 0 mil-
liseconds.
RaiseOnClick
If present a window will be raised on top of others
when clicked on, and the ButtonPress event will be
correctly forwarded to the client that owns this
window (if it asked to). See RaiseOnClickButton.
RaiseOnClickButton button_number
Where button_number is a valid button number (gene-
rally 1 to 3). Specify the button to use for Raise-
OnClick.
RaiseWhenAutoUnSqueeze
Windows are raised when auto-unsqueezed (See Auto-
Squeeze).
RandomPlacement [ string ]
Where string is either "on", "off", "all" or
"unmapped". This variable indicates that windows
with no specified geometry should be placed in a
pseudo-random location instead of having the user
drag out an outline. The argument "on" or "all"
tells ctwm do do this for all such windows, "off",
not to do this, and "unmapped", only for unmapped
windows, e.g. iconified or not visible in the
current workspace.
ReallyMoveInWorkspaceManager
This keyword tells ctwm to move the actual window
when the user is moving the small windows in the
WorkSpaceMap window. If not present the WorkSpaceMap
can be used only to modify the occupation of a win-
dow.
ResizeFont string
This variable specifies the font to be used for in
the dimensions window when resizing windows. The
default is "fixed".
RestartPreviousState
This variable indicates that ctwm should attempt to
use the WM_STATE property on client windows to tell
which windows should be iconified and which should
be left visible. This is typically used to try to
regenerate the state that the screen was in before
the previous window manager was shutdown.
ReverseCurrentWorkspace string
This variable specifies tells ctwm to reverse the
background and foreground colors in the small win-
dows in the workspace map for the current workspace.
SaveColor { colors-list }
This variable indicates a list of color assignments
to be stored as pixel values in the root window pro-
perty _MIT_PRIORITY_COLORS. Clients may elect to
preserve these values when installing their own
colormap. Note that use of this mechanism is a way
an for application to avoid the "technicolor" prob-
lem, whereby useful screen objects such as window
borders and titlebars disappear when a programs cus-
tom colors are installed by the window manager. For
example:
SaveColor
{
BorderColor
TitleBackground
TitleForeground
"red"
"green"
"blue"
}
This would place on the root window 3 pixel values
for borders and titlebars, as well as the three
color strings, all taken from the default colormap.
SchrinkIconTitles
A la Motif schrinking of icon titles, and expansion
when mouse is inside icon.
ShortAllWindowsMenus
Don't show WorkSpaceManager and IconManagers in the
TwmWindows and TwmAllWindows menus.
ShowIconManager
This variable indicates that the icon manager window
should be displayed when ctwm is started. It can
always be brought up using the f.showiconmgr func-
tion.
ShowWorkSpaceManager
This variable specifies that the WorkSpaceManager
should be visible.
SortIconManager
This variable indicates that entries in the icon
manager should be sorted alphabetically rather than
by simply appending new windows to the end.
SqueezeTitle [{ squeeze-list }]
This variable indicates that ctwm should attempt to
use the SHAPE extension to make titlebars occupy
only as much screen space as they need, rather than
extending all the way across the top of the window.
The optional squeeze-list may be used to control the
location of the squeezed titlebar along the top of
the window. It contains entries of the form:
"name" justification num denom
where name is a window name, justification is either
left, center, or right, and num and denom are
numbers specifying a ratio giving the relative posi-
tion about which the titlebar is justified. The
ratio is measured from left to right if the numera-
tor is positive, and right to left if negative. A
denominator of 0 indicates that the numerator should
be measured in pixels. For convenience, the ratio
0/0 is the same as 1/2 for center and -1/1 for
right. For example:
SqueezeTitle
{
"XTerm" left 0 0
"xterm1" left 1 3
"xterm2" left 2 3
"oclock" center 0 0
"emacs" right 0 0
}
The DontSqueezeTitle list can be used to turn off
squeezing on certain titles.
StartIconified [{ win-list }]
This variable indicates that client windows should
initially be left as icons until explicitly deiconi-
fied by the user. If the optional win-list is
given, only those windows will be started iconic.
This is useful for programs that do not support an
-iconic command line option or resource.
StartInMapState
This variable specifies that the WorkSpaceManager
should be started in its map form when created.
StartSqueezed { win-list }
These windows will first show up squeezed (see
f.squeeze).
StayUpMenus
Tells ctwm to use stayup menus. These menus will
stay on the screen when ButtonUp, if either the menu
has not yet been entered by the pointer, or the
current item is a f.title.
SunkFocusWindowTitle
This variable specifies that the title of the focus
window (if exists) should be sunken instead of
raised. Only valid if UseThreeDTitles is set.
ThreeDBorderWidth pixels
The width of the 3D border in pixels, if any.
TitleBackground string [{ win-list }]
This variable specifies the background color used in
titlebars, and may only be specified inside of a
Color or Monochrome list. The optional win-list is
a list of window names and colors so that per-window
colors may be specified. The default is "white".
TitleButtonBorderWidth pixels
This variable specifies the width in pixels of the
border surrounding titlebuttons. This is typically
set to 0 to allow titlebuttons to take up as much
space as possible and to not have a border. The
default is 1 if UseThreeDTitles is not set, 0 if it
is set.
TitleButtonShadowDepth pixels
This variable specifies the depth of the shadow ctwm
uses for 3D title buttons, when UseThreeDTitles is
selected.
TitleFont string
This variable specifies the font to used for
displaying window names in titlebars. The default
is "variable".
TitleForeground string [{ win-list }]
This variable specifies the foreground color used in
titlebars, and may only be specified inside of a
Color or Monochrome list. The optional win-list is
a list of window names and colors so that per-window
colors may be specified. The default is "black".
TitleJustification string
This keyword needs a string value. The acceptable
values are : "left", "center" and "right". The win-
dow titles will be justified according to this in
the title window.
TitlePadding pixels
This variable specifies the distance between the
various buttons, text, and highlight areas in the
titlebar. The default is 8 pixels if UseThreeDTi-
tles is not set, 0 if it is set.
TitleShadowDepth pixels
This variable specifies the depth of the shadow ctwm
uses for 3D titles, when UseThreeDTitles is
selected.
TransientHasOccupation
This variable specifies that transient-for and non-
group leader windows can have their own occupation
potentially different from their leader window. The
default case is that these windows follow their
leader, use this keyword if the default action
doesn't please you.
TransientOnTop percentage
The parameter (required) is a percentage and tells
ctwm to put transient (and non-group leader) windows
always on top of their leader if and only if their
surface is smaller than this fraction of the surface
of their leader. The surface of a window is its
width times its weight.
UnknownIcon string
This variable specifies the filename of a bitmap
file to be used as the default icon. This bitmap
will be used as the icon of all clients which do not
provide an icon bitmap and are not listed in the
Icons list.
UnmapByMovingFarAway [{ win-list }]
These windows will be moved out of the screen
instead of beeing unmapped when they become invisi-
ble due to a change workspace. This has been added
because some ill-behaved clients (Frame5) don't like
to be unmapped.
UsePPosition string
This variable specifies whether or not ctwm should
honor program-requested locations (given by the PPo-
sition flag in the WM_NORMAL_HINTS property) in the
absence of a user-specified position. The argument
string may have one of three values: "off" (the
default) indicating that ctwm should ignore the
program-supplied position, "on" indicating that the
position should be used, and "non-zero" indicating
that the position should used if it is other than
(0,0). The latter option is for working around a
bug in older toolkits.
UseSunkTitlePixmap
This makes it so the shadows are inversed for title
pixmaps when focus is lost. This is similar to hav-
ing the SunkFocusWindowTitle, but it makes your xbm
or 3d XPM (if any) sink instead of just the whole
bar.
UseThreeDBorders
Tells ctwm to use 3D-looking window borders. The
width ot the 3D borders is ThreeDBorderWidth. The
color of the 3D border is BorderTileBackground, and
if NoHighlight is not selected, the border of the
Focus window is BorderColor.
UseThreeDIconManagers
Tells ctwm to use 3D-looking IconManagers if any.
UseThreeDMenus
Tells ctwm to use 3D-looking menus.
UseThreeDTitles
Tells ctwm to use 3D-looking windows titles. In
which case the default values of TitleButtonBor-
derWidth, FramePadding, TitlePadding and ButtonIn-
dent are set to 0. There are plenty of built-in
scalable pixmaps for buttons, :xpm:menu, :xpm:dot,
:xpm:resize, :xpm:bar, :xpm:vbar, :xpm:iconify,
:xpm:resize and :xpm:box. There is several built-in
scalable animation for buttons : %xpm:resize,
%xpm:menu-up, %xpm:menu-down, %xpm:resize-out-top,
%xpm:resize-in-top, %xpm:resize-out-bot,
%xpm:resize-in-bot, %xpm:maze-out, %xpm:maze-in,
%xpm:zoom-out, %xpm:zoom-in and %xpm:zoom-inout. Try
them to see what they look like.
UseThreeDWMap
Tells ctwm to use 3D for the small windows in the
workspace map.
WarpCursor [{ win-list }]
This variable indicates that the pointer should be
warped into windows when they are deiconified. If
the optional win-list is given, the pointer will
only be warped when those windows are deiconified.
WindowRing [{ win-list }]
This variable specifies a list of windows along
which the f.warpring function cycles. If no argument
is given, all the windows are in the ring.
WarpRingOnScreen
Tells ctwm that f.warpring warps pointer only to
windows visible in the current workspace.
WarpToDefaultMenuEntry
(Useful only with StayUpMenus) When using StayUp-
Menus, and a menu does stays up, the pointer is
warped to the default entry of the menu.
WarpUnmapped
This variable indicates that that the f.warpto func-
tion should deiconify any iconified windows it
encounters. This is typically used to make a key
binding that will pop a particular window (such as
xmh), no matter where it is. The default is for
f.warpto to ignore iconified windows.
WMgrButtonShadowDepth depth
Control the depth of the shadow of the workspace
manager buttons.
WMgrHorizButtonIndent nb_pixels
Specifies the horizontal space, in pixel, between
the buttons of the workspace manager (in button
mode).
WMgrVertButtonIndent nb_pixels
Specifies the vertical space, in pixel, between the
buttons of the workspace manager (in button mode).
WorkSpaceFont string
This allows you to specify the font to use for the
small windows in the workspace manager map. (Try "-
adobe-times-*-r-*--10-*-*-*-*-*-*-*").
WorkSpaceManagerGeometry string [ columns ]
This variable specifies the geometry of the
workspace manager window. The string argument is
standard geometry specification that indicates the
initial full size of the workspace manager. The
columns argument indicates the number of columns to
use for the workspace manager window.
WorkSpaceManagerGeometry "360x60+60-0" 8
WorkSpaces { workspace-list }
This variable specifies a list of workspaces that
are created at startup, Where workspace-list is :
name [{bg-button [fg-button] [bg-root] [fg-root] [pixmap-root]}]
With :
bg-button:
background color of the corresponding button
in the workspace manager.
fg-button:
foreground color of the corresponding button
in the workspace manager.
bg-root:
background color of the corresponding root
screen.
fg-root:
foreground color of the corresponding root
screen.
pixmap-root:
pixmap to display on the corresponding root
screen, either the name of a bitmap,
xpm:xpmfile, xwd:xwdfile, im:imfile or
|command_that generate_xwd.
Example :
WorkSpaces
{
"One" {"#686B9F" "white" "DeepSkyBlue3" "white" "xlogo16"}
"Two" {"#619AAE" "white" "firebrick"}
"Three" {"#727786" "white" "MidnightBlue" "white" "xpm:ball%.xpm"}
"Four" {"#727786" "white" "white" "white" "|(giftoppm | pnmtoxwd) < 2010.gif"}
"Five" {"#727786" "white" "DeepSkyBlue3" "white" "plaid"}
"Six" {"#619AAE" "white" "DeepSkyBlue3" "white" "xpm:background1"}
"Seven" {"#8C5b7A" "white" "chartreuse4"}
"Eight" {"#686B9F" "white" "MidnightBlue"}
}
The WorkSpaces declaration should come before the
Occupy or OccupyAll declarations. The maximum number
of workspaces is 32.
XMoveGrid number
This variable specifies the value to use to con-
strain window movement. When moving windows around,
the x coordinate will always be a multiple of this
variable. Default id 1. f.forcemove ignores this
variable.
YMoveGrid number
XorValue number
This variable specifies the value to use when draw-
ing window outlines for moving and resizing. This
should be set to a value that will result in a
variety of distinguishable colors when exclusive-
or'ed with the contents of the user's typical
screen. Setting this variable to 1 often gives nice
results if adjacent colors in the default colormap
are distinct. By default, ctwm will attempt to
cause temporary lines to appear at the opposite end
of the colormap from the graphics.
YMoveGrid number
This variable specifies the value to use to con-
strain window movement. When moving windows around,
the y coordinate will always be a multiple of this
variable. Default id 1. f.forcemove ignores this
variable.
Zoom [ count ]
This variable indicates that outlines suggesting
movement of a window to and from its iconified state
should be displayed whenever a window is iconified
or deiconified. The optional count argument speci-
fies the number of outlines to be drawn. The
default count is 8.
The following variables must be set after the fonts have
been assigned, so it is usually best to put them at the end
of the variables or beginning of the bindings sections:
ChangeWorkspaceFunction function
This variable specifies the function to be executed
when the user change the current workspace (zap).
DefaultFunction function
This variable specifies the function to be executed
when a key or button event is received for which no
binding is provided. This is typically bound to
f.nop, f.beep, or a menu containing window opera-
tions.
DeIconifyFunction function
This variable specifies the function to be executed
when a window is deiconified.
IconifyFunction function
This variable specifies the function to be executed
when a window is iconified.
WindowFunction function
This variable specifies the function to execute when
a window is selected from the TwmWindows menu. If
this variable is not set, the window will be deicon-
ified and raised.
BINDINGS
After the desired variables have been set, functions may be
attached titlebuttons and key and pointer buttons.
Titlebuttons may be added from the left or right side and
appear in the titlebar from left-to-right according to the
order in which they are specified. Key and pointer button
bindings may be given in any order.
Titlebuttons specifications must include the name of the
pixmap to use in the button box and the function to be
invoked when a pointer button is pressed within them:
LeftTitleButton "bitmapname" = function
or
LeftTitleButton "bitmapname" {
Buttoni : function
...
Buttonj : function
}
or
RightTitleButton "bitmapname" = function
or
RightTitleButton "bitmapname" {
Buttoni : function
...
Buttonj : function
}
The bitmapname may refer to one of the built-in bitmaps
(which are scaled to match TitleFont) by using the appropri-
ate colon-prefixed name described above.
Key and pointer button specifications must give the modif-
iers that must be pressed, over which parts of the screen
the pointer must be, and what function is to be invoked.
Keys are given as strings containing the appropriate keysym
name; buttons are given as the keywords Button1-Button5:
"FP1" = modlist : context : function
Button1 = modlist : context : function
The modlist is any combination of the modifier names shift,
control, lock, meta, mod1, mod2, mod3, mod4, or mod5 (which
may be abbreviated as s, c, l, m, m1, m2, m3, m4, m5,
respectively) separated by a vertical bar (|). Similarly,
the context is any combination of window, title, icon, root,
frame, iconmgr, their first letters (iconmgr abbreviation is
m), or all, separated by a vertical bar. The function is
any of the f. keywords described below. For example, the
default startup file contains the following bindings:
Button1 = : root : f.menu "TwmWindows"
Button1 = m : window | icon : f.function "move-or-lower"
Button2 = m : window | icon : f.iconify
Button3 = m : window | icon : f.function "move-or-raise"
Button1 = : title : f.function "move-or-raise"
Button2 = : title : f.raiselower
Button1 = : icon : f.function "move-or-iconify"
Button2 = : icon : f.iconify
Button1 = : iconmgr : f.iconify
Button2 = : iconmgr : f.iconify
A user who wanted to be able to manipulate windows from the
keyboard could use the following bindings:
"F1" = : all : f.iconify
"F2" = : all : f.raiselower
"F3" = : all : f.warpring "next"
"F4" = : all : f.warpto "xmh"
"F5" = : all : f.warpto "emacs"
"F6" = : all : f.colormap "next"
"F7" = : all : f.colormap "default"
"F20" = : all : f.warptoscreen "next"
"Left" = m : all : f.backiconmgr
"Right" = m | s : all : f.forwiconmgr
"Up" = m : all : f.upiconmgr
"Down" = m | s : all : f.downiconmgr
Ctwm provides many more window manipulation primitives than
can be conveniently stored in a titlebar, menu, or set of
key bindings. Although a small set of defaults are supplied
(unless the NoDefaults is specified), most users will want
to have their most common operations bound to key and button
strokes. To do this, ctwm associates names with each of the
primitives and provides user-defined functions for building
higher level primitives and menus for interactively select-
ing among groups of functions.
User-defined functions contain the name by which they are
referenced in calls to f.function and a list of other func-
tions to execute. For example:
Function "move-or-lower" { f.move f.deltastop f.lower }
Function "move-or-raise" { f.move f.deltastop f.raise }
Function "move-or-iconify" { f.move f.deltastop f.iconify }
Function "restore-colormap" { f.colormap "default" f.lower }
The function name must be used in f.function exactly as it
appears in the function specification.
In the descriptions below, if the function is said to
operate on the selected window, but is invoked from a root
menu, the cursor will be changed to the Select cursor and
the next window to receive a button press will be chosen:
! string
This is an abbreviation for f.exec string.
f.addtoworkspace string
This function adds the selected window to the
workspace whose name is string.
f.adoptwindow
This function ask for the user to select a window
with the mouse, and then adopt this window is it
doesn't belong to the current ctwm. Useful only with
the -w flag.
f.altcontext
Set the alternate context. The next key or button
event ctwm reveives will be interpreted using the
alternate context. To define bindings in the alter-
nate context, use the keyword alter in the context
field of the binding command. For example:
"Return"= m : all : f.altcontext
"n" = : alter : f.nextworkspace
"p" = : alter : f.prevworkspace
f.altkeymap number
Set the alternate keymap number, where number is an
integer between 1 and 5 included. The next key or
button event ctwm reveives will be interpreted using
this alternate keymap. To define bindings in an
alternate keymap, use the keyword a followed by
number in the modifier field of the binding command.
For example:
"Return"= c : all : f.altkeymap "1"
"i" = a1 : window|icon|iconmgr : f.iconify
"z" = a1 : window : f.zoom
"d" = a1 : window|icon : f.delete
"o" = a1 : window|icon : f.occupy
"r" = a1 : window|icon : f.refresh
When using an alternate keymaps, only the root, window, icon
and iconmgr contexts are allowed.
f.autoraise
This function toggles whether or not the selected
window is raised whenever entered by the pointer.
See the description of the variable AutoRaise.
f.backmapiconmgr
This function warps the pointer in the same manner
as f.backiconmgr but only stops at windows that are
mapped.
f.backiconmgr
This function warps the pointer to the previous
column in the current icon manager, wrapping back to
the previous row if necessary.
f.beep This function sounds the keyboard bell.
f.bottomzoom
This function is similar to the f.fullzoom function,
but resizes the window to fill only the bottom half
of the screen.
f.circledown
This function lowers the top-most window that
occludes another window.
f.circleup
This function raises the bottom-most window that is
occluded by another window.
f.colormap string
This function rotates the colormaps (obtained from
the WM_COLORMAP_WINDOWS property on the window) that
ctwm will display when the pointer is in this win-
dow. The argument string may have one of the fol-
lowing values: "next", "prev", and "default". It
should be noted here that in general, the installed
colormap is determined by keyboard focus. A pointer
driven keyboard focus will install a private color-
map upon entry of the window owning the colormap.
Using the click to type model, private colormaps
will not be installed until the user presses a mouse
button on the target window.
f.deiconify
This function deiconifies the selected window. If
the window is not an icon, this function does noth-
ing.
f.delete
This function sends the WM_DELETE_WINDOW message to
the selected window if the client application has
requested it through the WM_PROTOCOLS window pro-
perty. The application is supposed to respond to
the message by removing the indicated window. If
the window has not requested WM_DELETE_WINDOW mes-
sages, the keyboard bell will be rung indicating
that the user should choose an alternative method.
Note this is very different from f.destroy. The
intent here is to delete a single window, not
necessarily the entire application.
f.deleteordestroy
First tries to delete the window (send it
WM_DELETE_WINDOW message), or kills it, if the
client doesn't accept such message.
f.deltastop
This function allows a user-defined function to be
aborted if the pointer has been moved more than
MoveDelta pixels. See the example definition given
for Function "move-or-raise" at the beginning of the
section.
f.destroy
This function instructs the X server to close the
display connection of the client that created the
selected window. This should only be used as a last
resort for shutting down runaway clients. See also
f.delete.
f.downiconmgr
This function warps the pointer to the next row in
the current icon manger, wrapping to the beginning
of the next column if necessary.
f.downworkspace
Goto the workspace immediately underneath the
current workspace in the workspace manager. If the
current workspace is the bottom one, goto the top
one in the same column. The result depends on the
layout of the workspace manager.
f.exec string
This function passes the argument string to /bin/sh
for execution. In multiscreen mode, if string
starts a new X client without giving a display argu-
ment, the client will appear on the screen from
which this function was invoked. If the string
"$currentworkspace" is present inside the string
argument, it will be substituated with the current
workspace name.
f.fill string
Where string is either : "right", "left", "top" or
"bottom". The current window is resized in the
specified direction until it reaches an obstacle
(either another window, or the screen border).
f.focus This function toggles the keyboard focus of the
server to the selected window, changing the focus
rule from pointer-driven if necessary. If the
selected window already was focused, this function
executes an f.unfocus.
f.forcemove
This function is like f.move except that it ignores
the DontMoveOff variable.
f.forwiconmgr
This function warps the pointer to the next column
in the current icon manager, wrapping to the begin-
ning of the next row if necessary.
f.forwmapiconmgr
This function warps the pointer in the same manner
as f.forwiconmgr but only stops at windows that are
mapped.
f.fullzoom
This function resizes the selected window to the
full size of the display or else restores the origi-
nal size if the window was already zoomed.
f.function string
This function executes the user-defined function
whose name is specified by the argument string.
f.gotoworkspace workspace_name
This function warps you to the workspace whose name
is workspace_name.
f.hbzoom
This function is a synonym for f.bottomzoom.
f.hideiconmgr
This function unmaps the current icon manager.
f.hideworkspacemgr
Unmap the WorkSpace manager.
f.horizoom
This variable is similar to the f.zoom function
except that the selected window is resized to the
full width of the display.
f.htzoom
This function is a synonym for f.topzoom.
f.hypermove
Use this function to "move" a window between 2 cap-
tives ctwm (or between a captive and the root ctwm).
Of course 2 Ctwm's are completely different univer-
ses. You have to go in hyperspace to achieve this,
hence the name.
f.hzoom This function is a synonym for f.horizoom.
f.iconify
This function iconifies or deiconifies the selected
window or icon, respectively.
f.identify
This function displays a summary of the name and
geometry of the selected window. Clicking the
pointer or pressing a key in the window will dismiss
it.
f.lefticonmgr
This function similar to f.backiconmgr except that
wrapping does not change rows.
f.leftworkspace
Goto the workspace immediately on the left of the
current workspace in the workspace manager. If the
current workspace is the leftest one, goto the
rightest one in the same row. The result depends on
the layout of the workspace manager.
f.leftzoom
This variable is similar to the f.bottomzoom func-
tion but causes the selected window is only resized
to the left half of the display.
f.lower This function lowers the selected window.
f.menu string
This function invokes the menu specified by the
argument string. Cascaded menus may be built by
nesting calls to f.menu. When a menu is popped up,
you can use the arrow keys to move the cursor around
it. "Down" or space goes down, "Up" goes up, "Left"
pops down the menu, and "Right" activates the
current entry. The first letter of an entry name
activates this entry (the first one if several
entries match). If the first letter is ~ then Meta-
the-second-letter activates it, if this first letter
is ^ then Control-the-second-letter activates it,
and if this first letter is space, then the second
letter activates it.
f.move This function drags an outline of the selected win-
dow (or the window itself if the OpaqueMove variable
is set) until the invoking pointer button is
released. Double clicking within the number of mil-
liseconds given by ConstrainedMoveTime warps the
pointer to the center of the window and constrains
the move to be either horizontal or vertical depend-
ing on which grid line is crossed. To abort a move,
press another button before releasing the first but-
ton.
f.movepack
This function is like f.move except that it tries to
avoid overlapping of windows. When the moving window
begin to overlap with another window, the move is
stopped. If you go too far over the other window
(more that MovePackResistance pixels), the move is
resumed and the moving window can overlap with the
other window. Useful to pack windows closely.
f.movepush
This function is like f.move except that it tries to
avoid overlapping of windows. When the moving window
begin to overlap with another window, the other win-
dow is pushed. If you go too far over the other win-
dow (more that MovePackResistance pixels), there is
no push and the moving window can overlap with the
other window. Only available if OpaqueMove is
active.
f.nexticonmgr
This function warps the pointer to the next icon
manager containing any windows on the current or any
succeeding screen.
f.nextworkspace
Goto the next workspace in the list, using the order
given in the .ctwmrc file.
f.nop This function does nothing and is typically used
with the DefaultFunction or WindowFunction variables
or to introduce blank lines in menus.
f.occupy
This function pops up a window for the user to
choose which workspaces a window belongs to.
f.occupyall
This function makes the specified window occupy all
the workspaces.
f.pack string
Where string is either : "right", "left", "top" or
"bottom" The current window is moved in the speci-
fied direction until it reaches an obstacle (either
another window, or the screen border). The pointer
follows the window. Example :
f.previconmgr
This function warps the pointer to the previous icon
manager containing any windows on the current or
preceding screens.
f.prevworkspace
Goto the previous workspace in the list, using the
order given in the .ctwmrc file.
f.pin Valid only in a root menu. Make a menu permanent on
the screen. This is a toggle function, if you select
it while the menu is already permanent, it becomes
non-permanent.
f.quit This function causes ctwm to restore the window's
borders and exit. If ctwm is the first client
invoked from xdm, this will result in a server
reset.
f.raiseicons
This function raises all the icons in the current
workspace.
f.raise This function raises the selected window.
f.raiselower
This function raises the selected window to the top
of the stacking order if it is occluded by any win-
dows, otherwise the window will be lowered.
f.removefromworkspace string
This function removes the selected window from the
workspace whose name is string.
f.refresh
This function causes all windows to be refreshed.
f.resize
This function displays an outline of the selected
window. Crossing a border (or setting AutoRela-
tiveResize) will cause the outline to begin to
rubber band until the invoking button is released.
To abort a resize, press another button before
releasing the first button.
f.restart
This function kills and restarts ctwm.
f.restoregeometry
Restore the current window geometry to what was
saved in the last call to f.savegeometry.
f.righticonmgr
This function is similar to f.nexticonmgr except
that wrapping does not change rows.
f.rightworkspace
Goto the workspace immediately on the right of the
current workspace in the workspace manager. If the
current workspace is the rightest one, goto the
leftest one in the same row. The result depends on
the layout of the workspace manager.
f.rightzoom
This variable is similar to the f.bottomzoom func-
tion except that the selected window is only resized
to the right half of the display.
f.savegeometry
The geometry of the current window is saved. The
next call to f.restoregeometry will restore this
window to this geometry.
f.saveyourself
This function sends a WM_SAVEYOURSELF message to the
selected window if it has requested the message in
its WM_PROTOCOLS window property. Clients that
accept this message are supposed to checkpoint all
state associated with the window and update the
WM_COMMAND property as specified in the ICCCM. If
the selected window has not selected for this mes-
sage, the keyboard bell will be rung.
f.separator
Valid only in menus. The effect is to add a line
separator between the previous and the following
entry. The name selector part in the menu is not
used (but must be present).
f.setbuttonsstate
Set the WorkSpace manager in button state.
f.setmapstate
Set the WorkSpace manager in map state.
f.showiconmgr
This function maps the current icon manager.
f.sorticonmgr
This function sorts the entries in the current icon
manager alphabetically. See the variable SortIcon-
Manager.
f.showworkspacemgr
Map the WorkSpace manager.
f.slowdownanimation
Decrease AnimationSpeed by 1.
f.speedupanimation
Increase AnimationSpeed by 1.
f.squeeze
f.squeeze squeezes a window to a null vertical size.
Works only for windows with either a title, or a 3D
border (in order to have something left on the
screen). If the window is already squeezed, it is
unsqueezed.
f.startanimation
Restart freezed animations (if any).
f.stopanimation
Freeze animations (if any).
f.title This function provides a centered, unselectable item
in a menu definition. It should not be used in any
other context.
f.toggleoccupation string
This function adds the selected window to the
workspace whose name is string if it doesn't already
belongs to it, and removes it from this workspace if
not.
f.togglestate
Toggle the state of the WorkSpace manager.
f.toggleworkspacemgr
Toggle the presence of the WorkSpaceManager. If it
is mapped, it will be unmapped and vice versa.
f.topzoom
This variable is similar to the f.bottomzoom func-
tion except that the selected window is only resized
to the top half of the display.
f.unfocus
This function resets the focus back to pointer-
driven. This should be used when a focused window
is no longer desired.
f.upiconmgr
This function warps the pointer to the previous row
in the current icon manager, wrapping to the last
row in the same column if necessary.
f.upworkspace
Goto the workspace immediately above the current
workspace in the workspace manager. If the current
workspace is the top one, goto the bottom one in the
same column. The result depends on the layout of the
workspace manager.
f.vanish
The specified window vanishes from the current
workspace if it occupies at least one other
WorkSpace. Do nothing in the others cases.
f.vlzoom
This function is a synonym for f.leftzoom.
f.vrzoom
This function is a synonym for f.rightzoom.
f.warphere win_name
This function adds the window which has a name or
class that matches string to the current workspace
and warps the pointer to it. If the window is iconi-
fied, it will be deiconified if the variable WarpUn-
mapped is set or else ignored.
f.warpring string
This function warps the pointer to the next or pre-
vious window (as indicated by the argument string,
which may be "next" or "prev") specified in the Win-
dowRing variable.
f.warpto string
This function warps the pointer to the window which
has a name or class that matches string. If the
window is iconified, it will be deiconified if the
variable WarpUnmapped is set or else ignored.
f.warptoiconmgr string
This function warps the pointer to the icon manager
entry associated with the window containing the
pointer in the icon manager specified by the argu-
ment string. If string is empty (i.e. ""), the
current icon manager is chosen.
f.warptoscreen string
This function warps the pointer to the screen speci-
fied by the argument string. String may be a number
(e.g. "0" or "1"), the word "next" (indicating the
current screen plus 1, skipping over any unmanaged
screens), the word "back" (indicating the current
screen minus 1, skipping over any unmanaged
screens), or the word "prev" (indicating the last
screen visited.
f.winrefresh
This function is similar to the f.refresh function
except that only the selected window is refreshed.
f.zoom This function is similar to the f.fullzoom function,
except that the only the height of the selected win-
dow is changed.
MENUS
Functions may be grouped and interactively selected using
pop-up (when bound to a pointer button) or pull-down (when
associated with a titlebutton) menus. Each menu specifica-
tion contains the name of the menu as it will be referred to
by f.menu, optional default foreground and background
colors, the list of item names and the functions they should
invoke, and optional foreground and background colors for
individual items:
Menu "menuname" [ ("deffore":"defback") ]
{
string1 [ ("fore1":"backn")] function1
string2 [ ("fore2":"backn")] function2
.
.
.
stringN [ ("foreN":"backN")] functionN
}
The menuname is case-sensitive. The optional deffore and
defback arguments specify the foreground and background
colors used on a color display to highlight menu entries.
The string portion of each menu entry will be the text which
will appear in the menu. The optional fore and back argu-
ments specify the foreground and background colors of the
menu entry when the pointer is not in the entry. These
colors will only be used on a color display. The default is
to use the colors specified by the MenuForeground and Menu-
Background variables. The function portion of the menu
entry is one of the functions, including any user-defined
functions, or additional menus.
There is 3 special menus. TwmWindows contains the names of
all of the client and ctwm-supplied windows in the current
workspace. Selecting an entry will cause the WindowFunction
to be executed on that window. If WindowFunction hasn't
been set, the window will be deiconified and raised.
TwmWorkspaces contains the names of your workspaces,
selecting an entry goto this workspace. In addition, these
entries have submenus containing the names of all windows
occupying this workspace, selecting such an entry executes
f.warpto on this window. And finally, TwmAllWindows contains
the names of all the windows ctwm manages. Selectting an
entry executes f.warpto on this window.
If an entry name begins with a '*' (star), this star won't
be displayed and the corresponding entry will be the default
entry for this menu. When a menu has a default entry and is
used as a submenu of another menu, this default entry action
will be executed automatically when this submenu is selected
without beeing displayed. It's hard to explain, but easy to
understand.
ICONS
Ctwm supports several different ways of manipulating iconi-
fied windows. The common pixmap-and-text style may be laid
out by hand or automatically arranged as described by the
IconRegion variable. In addition, a terse grid of icon
names, called an icon manager, provides a more efficient use
of screen space as well as the ability to navigate among
windows from the keyboard.
An icon manager is a window that contains names of selected
or all windows currently on the display. In addition to the
window name, a small button using the default iconify symbol
will be displayed to the left of the name when the window is
iconified. By default, clicking on an entry in the icon
manager performs f.iconify. To change the actions taken in
the icon manager, use the the iconmgr context when specify-
ing button and keyboard bindings.
Moving the pointer into the icon manager also directs key-
board focus to the indicated window (setting the focus
explicitly or else sending synthetic events NoTitleFocus is
set). Using the f.upiconmgr, f.downiconmgr f.lefticonmgr,
and f.righticonmgr functions, the input focus can be changed
between windows directly from the keyboard.
BUGS
The resource manager should have been used instead of all of
the window lists.
The IconRegion variable should take a list.
Double clicking very fast to get the constrained move func-
tion will sometimes cause the window to move, even though
the pointer is not moved.
If IconifyByUnmapping is on and windows are listed in Icon-
ManagerDontShow but not in DontIconifyByUnmapping, they may
be lost if they are iconified and no bindings to f.menu
"TwmWindows" or f.warpto are setup.
FILES
***********************
VMS specific:
see notes above
***********************
$HOME/.ctwmrc.<screen number>
$HOME/.ctwmrc
/usr/lib/X11/twm/system.ctwmrc
$HOME/.twmrc
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
DISPLAY This variable is used to determine which X server to
use. It is also set during f.exec so that programs
come up on the proper screen.
HOME This variable is used as the prefix for files that
begin with a tilde and for locating the ctwm startup
file.
SEE ALSO
X(1), Xserver(1), xdm(1), xrdb(1)
COPYRIGHT
Portions copyright 1988 Evans & Sutherland Computer Corpora-
tion; portions copyright 1989 Hewlett-Packard Company and
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, See X(1) for a
full statement of rights and permissions.
AUTHORS
Tom LaStrange, Solbourne Computer; Jim Fulton, MIT X Consor-
tium; Steve Pitschke, Stardent Computer; Keith Packard, MIT
X Consortium; Dave Sternlicht, MIT X Consortium; Dave Payne,
Apple Computer. Claude Lecommandeur, Swiss Polytechnical
Institute of Lausanne (lecom@sic.epfl.ch).
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