# mode: run

# Test the behaviour of memoryview slicing and indexing, contiguity, etc.

# Note: see also bufaccess.pyx

from __future__ import unicode_literals

from cpython.object cimport PyObject
from cpython.ref cimport Py_INCREF, Py_DECREF, Py_CLEAR

cimport cython
from cython cimport view
from cython.view cimport array
from cython.parallel cimport prange, parallel

from functools import wraps
import gc
import sys

if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
    import __builtin__ as builtins
else:
    import builtins

try:
    from Cython.Tests.this_module_does_not_exist import *
except ImportError:
    # Fails, but the existence of "import *" interacted badly with some utility code
    pass


def testcase(func):
    @wraps(func)
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        gc.collect()
        result = func(*args, **kwargs)
        gc.collect()
        return result

    return wrapper


include "../buffers/mockbuffers.pxi"
include "../testsupport/cythonarrayutil.pxi"

def _print_attributes(memview):
    print "shape: " + " ".join(map(str, memview.shape))
    print "strides: " + " ".join([str(stride // memview.itemsize)
                                      for stride in memview.strides])
    print "suboffsets: " + " ".join(
        [str(suboffset if suboffset < 0 else suboffset // memview.itemsize)
             for suboffset in memview.suboffsets])

#
# Buffer acquire and release tests
#

def nousage():
    """
    The challenge here is just compilation.
    """
    cdef int[:, :] buf

@testcase
def acquire_release(o1, o2):
    """
    >>> A = IntMockBuffer("A", range(6))
    >>> B = IntMockBuffer("B", range(6))
    >>> acquire_release(A, B)
    acquired A
    acquired B
    released A
    released B
    >>> acquire_release(None, B)
    acquired B
    released B
    """
    cdef int[:] buf
    buf = o1
    buf = o2

@testcase
def acquire_raise(o):
    """
    Apparently, doctest won't handle mixed exceptions and print
    stats, so need to circumvent this.

    >>> A = IntMockBuffer("A", range(6))
    >>> A.resetlog()
    >>> acquire_raise(A)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
    Exception: on purpose
    >>> A.printlog()
    acquired A
    released A

    """
    cdef int[:] buf
    buf = o
    raise Exception("on purpose")

@testcase
def acquire_failure1():
    """
    >>> acquire_failure1()
    acquired working
    0 3
    0 3
    released working
    """
    cdef int[:] buf
    buf = IntMockBuffer("working", range(4))
    print buf[0], buf[3]
    try:
        buf = ErrorBuffer()
        assert False
    except Exception:
        print buf[0], buf[3]

@testcase
def acquire_failure2():
    """
    >>> acquire_failure2()
    acquired working
    0 3
    0 3
    released working
    """
    cdef int[:] buf = IntMockBuffer("working", range(4))
    print buf[0], buf[3]
    try:
        buf = ErrorBuffer()
        assert False
    except Exception:
        print buf[0], buf[3]

@testcase
def acquire_failure3():
    """
    >>> acquire_failure3()
    acquired working
    0 3
    0 3
    released working
    """
    cdef int[:] buf
    buf = IntMockBuffer("working", range(4))
    print buf[0], buf[3]
    try:
        buf = object()
        assert False
    except Exception:
        print buf[0], buf[3]

@testcase
def acquire_nonbuffer1(first, second=None):
    """
    >>> acquire_nonbuffer1(3)  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
    TypeError:... 'int'...
    >>> acquire_nonbuffer1(type)  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
    TypeError:... 'type'...
    >>> acquire_nonbuffer1(None, 2)  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
    TypeError:... 'int'...
    >>> acquire_nonbuffer1(4, object())  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
    TypeError:... 'int'...
    """
    cdef int[:] buf
    buf = first
    buf = second

@testcase
def acquire_nonbuffer2():
    """
    >>> acquire_nonbuffer2()
    acquired working
    0 3
    0 3
    released working
    """
    cdef int[:] buf = IntMockBuffer("working", range(4))
    print buf[0], buf[3]
    try:
        buf = ErrorBuffer
        assert False
    except Exception:
        print buf[0], buf[3]

@testcase
def as_argument(int[:] bufarg, int n):
    """
    >>> A = IntMockBuffer("A", range(6))
    >>> as_argument(A, 6)
    acquired A
    0 1 2 3 4 5 END
    released A
    """
    cdef int i
    for i in range(n):
        print bufarg[i],
    print 'END'

@testcase
def as_argument_defval(int[:] bufarg=IntMockBuffer('default', range(6)), int n=6):
    """
    >>> as_argument_defval()
    0 1 2 3 4 5 END
    >>> A = IntMockBuffer("A", range(6))
    >>> as_argument_defval(A, 6)
    acquired A
    0 1 2 3 4 5 END
    released A
    """
    cdef int i
    for i in range(n):
        print bufarg[i],
    print 'END'

@testcase
def cdef_assignment(obj, n):
    """
    >>> A = IntMockBuffer("A", range(6))
    >>> cdef_assignment(A, 6)
    acquired A
    0 1 2 3 4 5 END
    released A

    """
    cdef int[:] buf = obj
    cdef int i
    for i in range(n):
        print buf[i],
    print 'END'

@testcase
def forin_assignment(objs, int pick):
    """
    >>> A = IntMockBuffer("A", range(6))
    >>> B = IntMockBuffer("B", range(6))
    >>> forin_assignment([A, B, A, A], 2)
    acquired A
    2
    acquired B
    released A
    2
    acquired A
    released B
    2
    acquired A
    released A
    2
    released A
    """
    cdef int[:] buf
    for buf in objs:
        print buf[pick]

@testcase
def cascaded_buffer_assignment(obj):
    """
    >>> A = IntMockBuffer("A", range(6))
    >>> cascaded_buffer_assignment(A)
    acquired A
    released A
    """
    cdef int[:] a, b
    a = b = obj

@testcase
def tuple_buffer_assignment1(a, b):
    """
    >>> A = IntMockBuffer("A", range(6))  # , writable=False)
    >>> B = IntMockBuffer("B", range(6))  # , writable=False)
    >>> tuple_buffer_assignment1(A, B)
    acquired A
    acquired B
    released A
    released B
    """
    cdef int[:] x, y
    x, y = a, b

@testcase
def tuple_buffer_assignment2(tup):
    """
    >>> A = IntMockBuffer("A", range(6))  # , writable=False)
    >>> B = IntMockBuffer("B", range(6))  # , writable=False)
    >>> tuple_buffer_assignment2((A, B))
    acquired A
    acquired B
    released A
    released B
    """
    cdef int[:] x, y
    x, y = tup

@testcase
def explicitly_release_buffer():
    """
    >>> explicitly_release_buffer()
    acquired A
    released A
    After release
    """
    cdef int[:] x = IntMockBuffer("A", range(10))  # , writable=False)
    del x
    print "After release"

#
# Getting items and index bounds checking
#
@testcase
def get_int_2d(int[:, :] buf, int i, int j):
    """
    >>> C = IntMockBuffer("C", range(6), (2,3))
    >>> get_int_2d(C, 1, 1)
    acquired C
    released C
    4

    Check negative indexing:
    >>> get_int_2d(C, -1, 0)
    acquired C
    released C
    3
    >>> get_int_2d(C, -1, -2)
    acquired C
    released C
    4
    >>> get_int_2d(C, -2, -3)
    acquired C
    released C
    0

    Out-of-bounds errors:
    >>> get_int_2d(C, 2, 0)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
    IndexError: Out of bounds on buffer access (axis 0)
    >>> get_int_2d(C, 0, -4)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
    IndexError: Out of bounds on buffer access (axis 1)
    """
    return buf[i, j]

@testcase
def get_int_2d_uintindex(int[:, :] buf, unsigned int i, unsigned int j):
    """
    Unsigned indexing:
    >>> C = IntMockBuffer("C", range(6), (2,3))  # , writable=False)
    >>> get_int_2d_uintindex(C, 0, 0)
    acquired C
    released C
    0
    >>> get_int_2d_uintindex(C, 1, 2)
    acquired C
    released C
    5
    """
    # This is most interesting with regards to the C code
    # generated.
    return buf[i, j]

@testcase
def set_int_2d(int[:, :] buf, int i, int j, int value):
    """
    Uses get_int_2d to read back the value afterwards. For pure
    unit test, one should support reading in MockBuffer instead.

    >>> C = IntMockBuffer("C", range(6), (2,3))
    >>> set_int_2d(C, 1, 1, 10)
    acquired C
    released C
    >>> get_int_2d(C, 1, 1)
    acquired C
    released C
    10

    Check negative indexing:
    >>> set_int_2d(C, -1, 0, 3)
    acquired C
    released C
    >>> get_int_2d(C, -1, 0)
    acquired C
    released C
    3

    >>> set_int_2d(C, -1, -2, 8)
    acquired C
    released C
    >>> get_int_2d(C, -1, -2)
    acquired C
    released C
    8

    >>> set_int_2d(C, -2, -3, 9)
    acquired C
    released C
    >>> get_int_2d(C, -2, -3)
    acquired C
    released C
    9

    Out-of-bounds errors:
    >>> set_int_2d(C, 2, 0, 19)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
    IndexError: Out of bounds on buffer access (axis 0)
    >>> set_int_2d(C, 0, -4, 19)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
    IndexError: Out of bounds on buffer access (axis 1)

    >>> C = IntMockBuffer("C", range(6), (2,3), writable=False)
    >>> set_int_2d(C, -2, -3, 9)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    BufferError: Writable buffer requested from read-only mock: FORMAT | ND | STRIDES | WRITABLE
    """
    buf[i, j] = value


def _read_int2d(int[:, :] buf, int i, int j):
    return buf[i, j]


@testcase
def schar_index_vars(int[:, :] buf, signed char i, signed char j, int value):
    """
    >>> C = IntMockBuffer("C", range(300*300), (300, 300))  # > sizeof(char)
    >>> schar_index_vars(C, 1, 1, 5)
    acquired C
    reading
    writing
    validated
    released C
    301
    >>> _read_int2d(C, 1, 1)  # validate with int indices
    acquired C
    released C
    5

    >>> schar_index_vars(C, -1, 1, 6)
    acquired C
    reading
    writing
    validated
    released C
    89701
    >>> _read_int2d(C, -1, 1)  # validate with int indices
    acquired C
    released C
    6

    >>> schar_index_vars(C, -1, -2, 7)
    acquired C
    reading
    writing
    validated
    released C
    89998
    >>> _read_int2d(C, -1, -2)  # validate with int indices
    acquired C
    released C
    7

    >>> schar_index_vars(C, -2, -3, 8)
    acquired C
    reading
    writing
    validated
    released C
    89697
    >>> _read_int2d(C, -2, -3)  # validate with int indices
    acquired C
    released C
    8

    >>> C = IntMockBuffer("C", range(6), (2, 3))
    >>> schar_index_vars(C, 5, 1, 10)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    IndexError: Out of bounds on buffer access (axis 0)
    >>> schar_index_vars(C, 1, 5, 10)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    IndexError: Out of bounds on buffer access (axis 1)
    >>> schar_index_vars(C, -2, 1, 10)
    acquired C
    reading
    writing
    validated
    released C
    1
    >>> schar_index_vars(C, -3, 1, 10)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    IndexError: Out of bounds on buffer access (axis 0)
    >>> schar_index_vars(C, 1, -3, 10)
    acquired C
    reading
    writing
    validated
    released C
    3
    >>> schar_index_vars(C, 1, -4, 10)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    IndexError: Out of bounds on buffer access (axis 1)
    """
    print("reading")
    old_value = buf[i, j]
    print("writing")
    buf[i, j] = value
    if buf[i, j] == value:
        print("validated")
    return old_value


@testcase
def uchar_index_vars(int[:, :] buf, unsigned char i, unsigned char j, int value):
    """
    >>> C = IntMockBuffer("C", range(300*300), (300, 300))  # > sizeof(char)
    >>> uchar_index_vars(C, 1, 1, 5)
    acquired C
    reading
    writing
    validated
    released C
    301
    >>> _read_int2d(C, 1, 1)  # validate with int indices
    acquired C
    released C
    5

    >>> C = IntMockBuffer("C", range(6), (2, 3))
    >>> uchar_index_vars(C, 5, 1, 10)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    IndexError: Out of bounds on buffer access (axis 0)
    >>> uchar_index_vars(C, 1, 5, 10)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    IndexError: Out of bounds on buffer access (axis 1)
    """
    print("reading")
    old_value = buf[i, j]
    print("writing")
    buf[i, j] = value
    if buf[i, j] == value:
        print("validated")
    return old_value


@testcase
def char_index_vars(int[:, :] buf, char i, char j, int value):
    """
    >>> C = IntMockBuffer("C", range(300*300), (300, 300))  # > sizeof(char)
    >>> char_index_vars(C, 1, 1, 5)
    acquired C
    reading
    writing
    validated
    released C
    301
    >>> _read_int2d(C, 1, 1)  # validate with int indices
    acquired C
    released C
    5

    >>> C = IntMockBuffer("C", range(6), (2, 3))
    >>> char_index_vars(C, 5, 1, 10)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    IndexError: Out of bounds on buffer access (axis 0)
    >>> char_index_vars(C, 1, 5, 10)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    IndexError: Out of bounds on buffer access (axis 1)
    """
    print("reading")
    old_value = buf[i, j]
    print("writing")
    buf[i, j] = value
    if buf[i, j] == value:
        print("validated")
    return old_value


@testcase
def list_comprehension(int[:] buf, len):
    """
    >>> list_comprehension(IntMockBuffer(None, [1,2,3]), 3)  # , writable=False), 3)
    1|2|3
    """
    cdef int i
    print "|".join([str(buf[i]) for i in range(len)])

@testcase
@cython.wraparound(False)
def wraparound_directive(int[:] buf, int pos_idx, int neg_idx):
    """
    Again, the most interesting thing here is to inspect the C source.

    >>> A = IntMockBuffer(None, range(4))  # , writable=False)
    >>> wraparound_directive(A, 2, -1)
    5
    >>> wraparound_directive(A, -1, 2)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
    IndexError: Out of bounds on buffer access (axis 0)
    """
    cdef int byneg
    with cython.wraparound(True):
        byneg = buf[neg_idx]
    return buf[pos_idx] + byneg


#
# Test all kinds of indexing and flags
#

@testcase
def writable(obj):
    """
    >>> R = UnsignedShortMockBuffer("R", range(27), shape=(3, 3, 3))
    >>> writable(R)
    acquired R
    released R
    >>> [str(x) for x in R.received_flags] # Py2/3
    ['FORMAT', 'ND', 'STRIDES', 'WRITABLE']
    """
    cdef unsigned short int[:, :, :] buf = obj
    buf[2, 2, 1] = 23

@testcase
def strided(const int[:] buf):
    """
    >>> A = IntMockBuffer("A", range(4), writable=False)
    >>> strided(A)
    acquired A
    released A
    2
    >>> [str(x) for x in A.received_flags] # Py2/3
    ['FORMAT', 'ND', 'STRIDES']

    Check that the suboffsets were patched back prior to release.
    >>> A.release_ok
    True
    """
    return buf[2]

@testcase
def c_contig(const int[::1] buf):
    """
    >>> A = IntMockBuffer(None, range(4), writable=False)
    >>> c_contig(A)
    2
    >>> [str(x) for x in A.received_flags]
    ['FORMAT', 'ND', 'STRIDES', 'C_CONTIGUOUS']
    """
    return buf[2]

@testcase
def c_contig_2d(int[:, ::1] buf):
    """
    Multi-dim has separate implementation

    >>> A = IntMockBuffer(None, range(12), shape=(3,4))  # , writable=False)
    >>> c_contig_2d(A)
    7
    >>> [str(x) for x in A.received_flags]
    ['FORMAT', 'ND', 'STRIDES', 'C_CONTIGUOUS', 'WRITABLE']
    """
    return buf[1, 3]

@testcase
def f_contig(int[::1, :] buf):
    """
    >>> A = IntMockBuffer(None, range(4), shape=(2, 2), strides=(1, 2))  # , writable=False)
    >>> f_contig(A)
    2
    >>> [str(x) for x in A.received_flags]
    ['FORMAT', 'ND', 'STRIDES', 'F_CONTIGUOUS', 'WRITABLE']
    """
    return buf[0, 1]

@testcase
def f_contig_2d(int[::1, :] buf):
    """
    Must set up strides manually to ensure Fortran ordering.

    >>> A = IntMockBuffer(None, range(12), shape=(4,3), strides=(1, 4))  # , writable=False)
    >>> f_contig_2d(A)
    7
    >>> [str(x) for x in A.received_flags]
    ['FORMAT', 'ND', 'STRIDES', 'F_CONTIGUOUS', 'WRITABLE']
    """
    return buf[3, 1]

@testcase
def generic(int[::view.generic, ::view.generic] buf1,
            int[::view.generic, ::view.generic] buf2):
    """
    >>> A = IntMockBuffer("A", [[0,1,2], [3,4,5], [6,7,8]])
    >>> B = IntMockBuffer("B", [[0,1,2], [3,4,5], [6,7,8]], shape=(3, 3), strides=(1, 3))
    >>> generic(A, B)
    acquired A
    acquired B
    4
    4
    10
    11
    released A
    released B
    >>> [str(x) for x in A.received_flags]
    ['FORMAT', 'INDIRECT', 'ND', 'STRIDES', 'WRITABLE']
    >>> [str(x) for x in B.received_flags]
    ['FORMAT', 'INDIRECT', 'ND', 'STRIDES', 'WRITABLE']
    """
    print buf1[1, 1]
    print buf2[1, 1]

    buf1[2, -1] = 10
    buf2[2, -1] = 11

    print buf1[2, 2]
    print buf2[2, 2]

# Note: disabled. generic_contiguous isn't very useful (you have to check suboffsets,
#                                                       might as well multiply with strides)
# def generic_contig(int[::view.generic_contiguous, :] buf1,
#                    int[::view.generic_contiguous, :] buf2):
#     """
#     >>> A = IntMockBuffer("A", [[0,1,2], [3,4,5], [6,7,8]])
#     >>> B = IntMockBuffer("B", [[0,1,2], [3,4,5], [6,7,8]], shape=(3, 3), strides=(1, 3))
#     >>> generic_contig(A, B)
#     acquired A
#     acquired B
#     4
#     4
#     10
#     11
#     released A
#     released B
#     >>> [str(x) for x in A.received_flags]
#     ['FORMAT', 'INDIRECT', 'ND', 'STRIDES', 'WRITABLE']
#     >>> [str(x) for x in B.received_flags]
#     ['FORMAT', 'INDIRECT', 'ND', 'STRIDES', 'WRITABLE']
#     """
#     print buf1[1, 1]
#     print buf2[1, 1]
#
#     buf1[2, -1] = 10
#     buf2[2, -1] = 11
#
#     print buf1[2, 2]
#     print buf2[2, 2]

@testcase
def indirect_strided_and_contig(
             int[::view.indirect, ::view.strided] buf1,
             int[::view.indirect, ::view.contiguous] buf2):
    """
    >>> A = IntMockBuffer("A", [[0,1,2], [3,4,5], [6,7,8]])
    >>> B = IntMockBuffer("B", [[0,1,2], [3,4,5], [6,7,8]], shape=(3, 3), strides=(1, 3))
    >>> indirect_strided_and_contig(A, B)
    acquired A
    acquired B
    4
    4
    10
    11
    released A
    released B
    >>> [str(x) for x in A.received_flags]
    ['FORMAT', 'INDIRECT', 'ND', 'STRIDES', 'WRITABLE']
    >>> [str(x) for x in B.received_flags]
    ['FORMAT', 'INDIRECT', 'ND', 'STRIDES', 'WRITABLE']
    """
    print buf1[1, 1]
    print buf2[1, 1]

    buf1[2, -1] = 10
    buf2[2, -1] = 11

    print buf1[2, 2]
    print buf2[2, 2]


@testcase
def indirect_contig(
             int[::view.indirect_contiguous, ::view.contiguous] buf1,
             int[::view.indirect_contiguous, ::view.generic] buf2):
    """
    >>> A = IntMockBuffer("A", [[0,1,2], [3,4,5], [6,7,8]])
    >>> B = IntMockBuffer("B", [[0,1,2], [3,4,5], [6,7,8]], shape=(3, 3), strides=(1, 3))
    >>> indirect_contig(A, B)
    acquired A
    acquired B
    4
    4
    10
    11
    released A
    released B
    >>> [str(x) for x in A.received_flags]
    ['FORMAT', 'INDIRECT', 'ND', 'STRIDES', 'WRITABLE']
    >>> [str(x) for x in B.received_flags]
    ['FORMAT', 'INDIRECT', 'ND', 'STRIDES', 'WRITABLE']
    """
    print buf1[1, 1]
    print buf2[1, 1]

    buf1[2, -1] = 10
    buf2[2, -1] = 11

    print buf1[2, 2]
    print buf2[2, 2]



#
# Test compiler options for bounds checking. We create an array with a
# safe "boundary" (memory
# allocated outside of what it published) and then check whether we get back
# what we stored in the memory or an error.

@testcase
def safe_get(int[:] buf, int idx):
    """
    >>> A = IntMockBuffer(None, range(10), shape=(3,), offset=5)  # , writable=False)

    Validate our testing buffer...
    >>> safe_get(A, 0)
    5
    >>> safe_get(A, 2)
    7
    >>> safe_get(A, -3)
    5

    Access outside it. This is already done above for bounds check
    testing but we include it to tell the story right.

    >>> safe_get(A, -4)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
    IndexError: Out of bounds on buffer access (axis 0)
    >>> safe_get(A, 3)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
    IndexError: Out of bounds on buffer access (axis 0)
    """
    return buf[idx]

@testcase
@cython.boundscheck(False) # outer decorators should take precedence
@cython.boundscheck(True)
def unsafe_get(int[:] buf, int idx):
    """
    Access outside of the area the buffer publishes.
    >>> A = IntMockBuffer(None, range(10), shape=(3,), offset=5)  # , writable=False)
    >>> unsafe_get(A, -4)
    4
    >>> unsafe_get(A, -5)
    3
    >>> unsafe_get(A, 3)
    8
    """
    return buf[idx]

@testcase
def mixed_get(int[:] buf, int unsafe_idx, int safe_idx):
    """
    >>> A = IntMockBuffer(None, range(10), shape=(3,), offset=5)  # , writable=False)
    >>> mixed_get(A, -4, 0)
    (4, 5)
    >>> mixed_get(A, 0, -4)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
    IndexError: Out of bounds on buffer access (axis 0)
    """
    with cython.boundscheck(False):
        one = buf[unsafe_idx]
    with cython.boundscheck(True):
        two = buf[safe_idx]
    return (one, two)

#
# Testing that accessing data using various types of buffer access
# all works.
#

def printbuf_int(int[:] buf, shape):
    # Utility func
    cdef int i
    for i in range(shape[0]):
        print buf[i],
    print 'END'


@testcase
def printbuf_int_2d(o, shape):
    """
    Strided:

    >>> printbuf_int_2d(IntMockBuffer("A", range(6), (2,3), writable=False), (2,3))
    acquired A
    0 1 2 END
    3 4 5 END
    released A
    >>> printbuf_int_2d(IntMockBuffer("A", range(100), (3,3), strides=(20,5), writable=False), (3,3))
    acquired A
    0 5 10 END
    20 25 30 END
    40 45 50 END
    released A

    Indirect:
    >>> printbuf_int_2d(IntMockBuffer("A", [[1,2],[3,4]], writable=False), (2,2))
    acquired A
    1 2 END
    3 4 END
    released A
    """
    # should make shape builtin
    cdef const int[::view.generic, ::view.generic] buf
    buf = o
    cdef int i, j
    for i in range(shape[0]):
        for j in range(shape[1]):
            print buf[i, j],
        print 'END'

@testcase
def printbuf_float(o, shape):
    """
    >>> printbuf_float(FloatMockBuffer("F", [1.0, 1.25, 0.75, 1.0], writable=False), (4,))
    acquired F
    1.0 1.25 0.75 1.0 END
    released F
    """

    # should make shape builtin
    cdef const float[:] buf
    buf = o
    cdef int i, j
    for i in range(shape[0]):
        print buf[i],
    print "END"


#
# Test assignments
#
@testcase
def inplace_operators(int[:] buf):
    """
    >>> buf = IntMockBuffer(None, [2, 2])
    >>> inplace_operators(buf)
    >>> printbuf_int(buf, (2,))
    0 3 END
    """
    cdef int j = 0
    buf[1] += 1
    buf[j] *= 2
    buf[0] -= 4



#
# Typedefs
#
# Test three layers of typedefs going through a h file for plain int, and
# simply a header file typedef for floats and unsigned.

ctypedef int td_cy_int
cdef extern from "bufaccess.h":
    ctypedef td_cy_int td_h_short # Defined as short, but Cython doesn't know this!
    ctypedef float td_h_double # Defined as double
    ctypedef unsigned int td_h_ushort # Defined as unsigned short
ctypedef td_h_short td_h_cy_short

@testcase
def printbuf_td_cy_int(td_cy_int[:] buf, shape):
    """
    >>> printbuf_td_cy_int(IntMockBuffer(None, range(3)), (3,))  # , writable=False), (3,))
    0 1 2 END
    >>> printbuf_td_cy_int(ShortMockBuffer(None, range(3)), (3,))  # , writable=False), (3,))
    Traceback (most recent call last):
       ...
    ValueError: Buffer dtype mismatch, expected 'td_cy_int' but got 'short'
    """
    cdef int i
    for i in range(shape[0]):
        print buf[i],
    print 'END'

@testcase
def printbuf_td_h_short(td_h_short[:] buf, shape):
    """
    >>> printbuf_td_h_short(ShortMockBuffer(None, range(3)), (3,))  # , writable=False), (3,))
    0 1 2 END
    >>> printbuf_td_h_short(IntMockBuffer(None, range(3)), (3,))  # , writable=False), (3,))
    Traceback (most recent call last):
       ...
    ValueError: Buffer dtype mismatch, expected 'td_h_short' but got 'int'
    """
    cdef int i
    for i in range(shape[0]):
        print buf[i],
    print 'END'

@testcase
def printbuf_td_h_cy_short(const td_h_cy_short[:] buf, shape):
    """
    >>> printbuf_td_h_cy_short(ShortMockBuffer(None, range(3), writable=False), (3,))
    0 1 2 END
    >>> printbuf_td_h_cy_short(IntMockBuffer(None, range(3), writable=False), (3,))
    Traceback (most recent call last):
       ...
    ValueError: Buffer dtype mismatch, expected 'const td_h_cy_short' but got 'int'
    """
    cdef int i
    for i in range(shape[0]):
        print buf[i],
    print 'END'

@testcase
def printbuf_td_h_ushort(const td_h_ushort[:] buf, shape):
    """
    >>> printbuf_td_h_ushort(UnsignedShortMockBuffer(None, range(3), writable=False), (3,))
    0 1 2 END
    >>> printbuf_td_h_ushort(ShortMockBuffer(None, range(3), writable=False), (3,))
    Traceback (most recent call last):
       ...
    ValueError: Buffer dtype mismatch, expected 'const td_h_ushort' but got 'short'
    """
    cdef int i
    for i in range(shape[0]):
        print buf[i],
    print 'END'

@testcase
def printbuf_td_h_double(const td_h_double[:] buf, shape):
    """
    >>> printbuf_td_h_double(DoubleMockBuffer(None, [0.25, 1, 3.125], writable=False), (3,))
    0.25 1.0 3.125 END
    >>> printbuf_td_h_double(FloatMockBuffer(None, [0.25, 1, 3.125], writable=False), (3,))
    Traceback (most recent call last):
       ...
    ValueError: Buffer dtype mismatch, expected 'const td_h_double' but got 'float'
    """
    cdef int i
    for i in range(shape[0]):
        print buf[i],
    print 'END'


#
# Object access
#
def addref(*args):
    for item in args: Py_INCREF(item)
def decref(*args):
    for item in args: Py_DECREF(item)

@cython.binding(False)
@cython.always_allow_keywords(False)
def get_refcount(x):
    return (<PyObject*>x).ob_refcnt

@testcase
def printbuf_object(object[:] buf, shape):
    """
    Only play with unique objects, interned numbers etc. will have
    unpredictable refcounts.

    ObjectMockBuffer doesn't do anything about increfing/decrefing,
    we to the "buffer implementor" refcounting directly in the
    testcase.

    >>> _x = 1
    >>> a, b, c = "globally_unique_string_2323412" + "3" * _x, {4:23}, [34,3]

    >>> get_refcount(a), get_refcount(b), get_refcount(c)
    (2, 2, 2)

    >>> A = ObjectMockBuffer(None, [a, b, c])  # , writable=False)
    >>> printbuf_object(A, (3,))
    'globally_unique_string_23234123' 2
    {4: 23} 2
    [34, 3] 2
    """
    cdef int i
    for i in range(shape[0]):
        print repr(buf[i]), (<PyObject*>buf[i]).ob_refcnt

@testcase
def assign_to_object(object[:] buf, int idx, obj):
    """
    See comments on printbuf_object above.

    >>> a, b = [1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]
    >>> get_refcount(a), get_refcount(b)
    (2, 2)
    >>> addref(a)
    >>> A = ObjectMockBuffer(None, [1, a]) # 1, ...,otherwise it thinks nested lists...
    >>> get_refcount(a), get_refcount(b)
    (3, 2)
    >>> assign_to_object(A, 1, b)
    >>> get_refcount(a), get_refcount(b)
    (2, 3)
    >>> decref(b)
    """
    buf[idx] = obj

@testcase
def assign_temporary_to_object(object[:] buf):
    """
    See comments on printbuf_object above.

    >>> a, b = [1, 2, 3], {4:23}
    >>> get_refcount(a)
    2
    >>> addref(a)
    >>> A = ObjectMockBuffer(None, [b, a])
    >>> get_refcount(a)
    3
    >>> assign_temporary_to_object(A)
    >>> get_refcount(a)
    2

    >>> printbuf_object(A, (2,))
    {4: 23} 2
    {1: 8} 2

    To avoid leaking a reference in our testcase we need to
    replace the temporary with something we can manually decref :-)
    >>> assign_to_object(A, 1, a)
    >>> decref(a)
    """
    buf[1] = {3-2: 2+(2*4)-2}

@testcase
def check_object_nulled_1d(object[:] buf, int idx, obj):
    """
    See comments on printbuf_object above.

    >>> a = object()
    >>> rc1 = get_refcount(a)
    >>> A = ObjectMockBuffer(None, [a, a])
    >>> check_object_nulled_1d(A, 0, a)
    >>> check_object_nulled_1d(A, 1, a)
    >>> A = ObjectMockBuffer(None, [a, a, a, a], strides=(2,))
    >>> check_object_nulled_1d(A, 0, a)  # only 0 due to stride
    >>> get_refcount(a) == rc1
    True
    """
    cdef ObjectMockBuffer omb = buf.base
    cdef PyObject **data = <PyObject**>(omb.buffer)
    Py_CLEAR(data[idx])
    res = buf[idx]  # takes None
    buf[idx] = obj
    return res

@testcase
def check_object_nulled_2d(object[:, ::1] buf, int idx1, int idx2, obj):
    """
    See comments on printbuf_object above.

    >>> a = object()
    >>> rc1 = get_refcount(a)
    >>> A = ObjectMockBuffer(None, [a, a, a, a], shape=(2, 2))
    >>> check_object_nulled_2d(A, 0, 0, a)
    >>> check_object_nulled_2d(A, 1, 1, a)
    >>> get_refcount(a) == rc1
    True
    """
    cdef ObjectMockBuffer omb = buf.base
    cdef PyObject **data = <PyObject**>(omb.buffer)
    Py_CLEAR(data[idx1 + 2*idx2])
    res = buf[idx1, idx2]  # takes None
    buf[idx1, idx2] = obj
    return res


#
# Test __cythonbufferdefaults__
#
@testcase
def bufdefaults1(int[:] buf):
    """
    For IntStridedMockBuffer, mode should be
    "strided" by defaults which should show
    up in the flags.

    >>> A = IntStridedMockBuffer("A", range(10))  # , writable=False)
    >>> bufdefaults1(A)
    acquired A
    released A
    >>> [str(x) for x in A.received_flags]
    ['FORMAT', 'ND', 'STRIDES', 'WRITABLE']
    """
    pass


@testcase
def basic_struct(MyStruct[:] buf):
    """
    See also buffmt.pyx

    >>> basic_struct(MyStructMockBuffer(None, [(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)]))
    1 2 3 4 5
    >>> basic_struct(MyStructMockBuffer(None, [(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)], format="ccqii"))
    1 2 3 4 5
    """
    print buf[0].a, buf[0].b, buf[0].c, buf[0].d, buf[0].e

@testcase
def const_struct(const MyStruct[:] buf):
    """
    See also buffmt.pyx

    >>> const_struct(MyStructMockBuffer(None, [(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)], writable=False))
    1 2 3 4 5
    >>> const_struct(MyStructMockBuffer(None, [(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)], format="ccqii", writable=False))
    1 2 3 4 5
    """
    print buf[0].a, buf[0].b, buf[0].c, buf[0].d, buf[0].e

@testcase
def nested_struct(NestedStruct[:] buf):
    """
    See also buffmt.pyx

    >>> nested_struct(NestedStructMockBuffer(None, [(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)]))
    1 2 3 4 5
    >>> nested_struct(NestedStructMockBuffer(None, [(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)], format="T{ii}T{2i}i"))
    1 2 3 4 5
    """
    print buf[0].x.a, buf[0].x.b, buf[0].y.a, buf[0].y.b, buf[0].z

@testcase
def const_nested_struct(const NestedStruct[:] buf):
    """
    See also buffmt.pyx

    >>> const_nested_struct(NestedStructMockBuffer(None, [(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)], writable=False))
    1 2 3 4 5
    >>> const_nested_struct(NestedStructMockBuffer(None, [(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)], format="T{ii}T{2i}i", writable=False))
    1 2 3 4 5
    """
    print buf[0].x.a, buf[0].x.b, buf[0].y.a, buf[0].y.b, buf[0].z

@testcase
def packed_struct(PackedStruct[:] buf):
    """
    See also buffmt.pyx

    >>> packed_struct(PackedStructMockBuffer(None, [(1, 2)]))
    1 2
    >>> packed_struct(PackedStructMockBuffer(None, [(1, 2)], format="T{c^i}"))
    1 2
    >>> packed_struct(PackedStructMockBuffer(None, [(1, 2)], format="T{c=i}"))
    1 2

    """
    print buf[0].a, buf[0].b

@testcase
def const_packed_struct(const PackedStruct[:] buf):
    """
    See also buffmt.pyx

    >>> const_packed_struct(PackedStructMockBuffer(None, [(1, 2)], writable=False))
    1 2
    >>> const_packed_struct(PackedStructMockBuffer(None, [(1, 2)], format="T{c^i}", writable=False))
    1 2
    >>> const_packed_struct(PackedStructMockBuffer(None, [(1, 2)], format="T{c=i}", writable=False))
    1 2

    """
    print buf[0].a, buf[0].b

@testcase
def nested_packed_struct(NestedPackedStruct[:] buf):
    """
    See also buffmt.pyx

    >>> nested_packed_struct(NestedPackedStructMockBuffer(None, [(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)]))
    1 2 3 4 5
    >>> nested_packed_struct(NestedPackedStructMockBuffer(None, [(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)], format="ci^ci@i"))
    1 2 3 4 5
    >>> nested_packed_struct(NestedPackedStructMockBuffer(None, [(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)], format="^c@i^ci@i"))
    1 2 3 4 5
    """
    print buf[0].a, buf[0].b, buf[0].sub.a, buf[0].sub.b, buf[0].c


@testcase
def const_nested_packed_struct(const NestedPackedStruct[:] buf):
    """
    See also buffmt.pyx

    >>> const_nested_packed_struct(NestedPackedStructMockBuffer(None, [(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)], writable=False))
    1 2 3 4 5
    >>> const_nested_packed_struct(NestedPackedStructMockBuffer(None, [(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)], format="ci^ci@i", writable=False))
    1 2 3 4 5
    >>> const_nested_packed_struct(NestedPackedStructMockBuffer(None, [(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)], format="^c@i^ci@i", writable=False))
    1 2 3 4 5
    """
    print buf[0].a, buf[0].b, buf[0].sub.a, buf[0].sub.b, buf[0].c


@testcase
def complex_dtype(long double complex[:] buf):
    """
    >>> complex_dtype(LongComplexMockBuffer(None, [(0, -1)]))  # , writable=False))
    -1j
    """
    print buf[0]

@testcase
def complex_inplace(long double complex[:] buf):
    """
    >>> complex_inplace(LongComplexMockBuffer(None, [(0, -1)]))
    (1+1j)
    """
    buf[0] = buf[0] + 1 + 2j
    print buf[0]

@testcase
def complex_struct_dtype(LongComplex[:] buf):
    """
    Note that the format string is "Zg" rather than "2g", yet a struct
    is accessed.
    >>> complex_struct_dtype(LongComplexMockBuffer(None, [(0, -1)]))  # , writable=False))
    0.0 -1.0
    """
    print buf[0].real, buf[0].imag

@testcase
def complex_struct_inplace(LongComplex[:] buf):
    """
    >>> complex_struct_inplace(LongComplexMockBuffer(None, [(0, -1)]))
    1.0 1.0
    """
    buf[0].real += 1
    buf[0].imag += 2
    print buf[0].real, buf[0].imag

#
# Nogil
#

@testcase
@cython.boundscheck(False)
def buffer_nogil():
    """
    >>> buffer_nogil()
    (10, 10)
    """
    cdef int[:] buf = IntMockBuffer(None, [1,2,3])
    cdef int[:] buf2 = IntMockBuffer(None, [4,5,6])

    with nogil:
        buf[1] = 10
        buf2 = buf

    return buf[1], buf2[1]

#
### Test cdef functions
#
class UniqueObject(object):
    def __init__(self, value):
        self.value = value

    def __repr__(self):
        return self.value

objs = [[UniqueObject("spam")], [UniqueObject("ham")], [UniqueObject("eggs")]]
addref(*[obj for L in objs for obj in L])
cdef cdef_function(int[:] buf1, object[::view.indirect, :] buf2 = ObjectMockBuffer(None, objs)):
    print 'cdef called'
    print buf1[6], buf2[1, 0]
    buf2[1, 0] = UniqueObject("eggs")

@testcase
def test_cdef_function(o1, o2=None):
    """
    >>> A = IntMockBuffer("A", range(10))
    >>> test_cdef_function(A)
    acquired A
    cdef called
    6 ham
    released A
    acquired A
    cdef called
    6 eggs
    released A

    >>> L = [[x] for x in range(25)]
    >>> addref(*[obj for mylist in L for obj in mylist])
    >>> B = ObjectMockBuffer("B", L, shape=(5, 5))

    >>> test_cdef_function(A, B)
    acquired A
    cdef called
    6 eggs
    released A
    acquired A
    cdef called
    6 eggs
    released A
    acquired A
    acquired B
    cdef called
    6 1
    released A
    released B
    """
    cdef_function(o1)
    cdef_function(o1)

    if o2:
        cdef_function(o1, o2)

cdef int[:] global_A = IntMockBuffer("Global_A", range(10))

addref(*[obj for L in objs for obj in L])
cdef object[::view.indirect, :] global_B = ObjectMockBuffer(None, objs)

cdef cdef_function2(int[:] buf1, object[::view.indirect, :] buf2 = global_B):
    print 'cdef2 called'
    print buf1[6], buf2[1, 0]
    buf2[1, 0] = UniqueObject("eggs")

@testcase
def test_cdef_function2():
    """
    >>> test_cdef_function2()
    cdef2 called
    6 ham
    eggs
    cdef2 called
    6 eggs
    """
    cdef int[:] A = global_A
    cdef object[::view.indirect, :] B = global_B

    cdef_function2(A, B)

    del A
    del B

    print global_B[1, 0]

    cdef_function2(global_A, global_B)

@testcase
def test_generic_slicing(arg, indirect=False):
    """
    Test simple slicing
    >>> test_generic_slicing(IntMockBuffer("A", range(8 * 14 * 11), shape=(8, 14, 11)))  # , writable=False))
    acquired A
    3 9 2
    308 -11 1
    -1 -1 -1
    released A

    Test direct slicing, negative slice oob in dim 2
    >>> test_generic_slicing(IntMockBuffer("A", range(1 * 2 * 3), shape=(1, 2, 3)))  # , writable=False))
    acquired A
    0 0 2
    12 -3 1
    -1 -1 -1
    released A

    Test indirect slicing
    >>> test_generic_slicing(IntMockBuffer("A", shape_5_3_4_list, shape=(5, 3, 4)), indirect=True)  # , writable=False), indirect=True)
    acquired A
    2 0 2
    0 1 -1
    released A

    >>> test_generic_slicing(IntMockBuffer("A", shape_9_14_21_list, shape=(9, 14, 21)), indirect=True)  # , writable=False), indirect=True)
    acquired A
    3 9 2
    10 1 -1
    released A

    """
    cdef int[::view.generic, ::view.generic, :] a = arg
    cdef int[::view.generic, ::view.generic, :] b = a[2:8:2, -4:1:-1, 1:3]

    print b.shape[0], b.shape[1], b.shape[2]

    if indirect:
        print b.suboffsets[0] // sizeof(int *),
        print b.suboffsets[1] // sizeof(int),
        print b.suboffsets[2]
    else:
        print_int_offsets(b.strides[0], b.strides[1], b.strides[2])
        print_int_offsets(b.suboffsets[0], b.suboffsets[1], b.suboffsets[2])

    cdef int i, j, k
    for i in range(b.shape[0]):
        for j in range(b.shape[1]):
            for k in range(b.shape[2]):
                itemA = a[2 + 2 * i, -4 - j, 1 + k]
                itemB = b[i, j, k]
                assert itemA == itemB, (i, j, k, itemA, itemB)

@testcase
def test_indirect_slicing(arg):
    """
    Test indirect slicing
    >>> test_indirect_slicing(IntMockBuffer("A", shape_5_3_4_list, shape=(5, 3, 4)))  # , writable=False))
    acquired A
    5 3 2
    0 0 -1
    58
    56
    58
    index away indirect
    58
    58
    index away generic
    58
    58
    released A

    >>> test_indirect_slicing(IntMockBuffer("A", shape_9_14_21_list, shape=(9, 14, 21)))  # , writable=False))
    acquired A
    5 14 3
    0 16 -1
    2412
    2410
    2412
    index away indirect
    2412
    2412
    index away generic
    2412
    2412
    released A
    """
    cdef int[::view.indirect, ::view.indirect, :] a = arg
    cdef int[::view.indirect, ::view.indirect, :] b = a[-5:, ..., -5:100:2]
    cdef int[::view.generic , :: view.generic, :] generic_b = a[-5:, ..., -5:100:2]
    cdef int[::view.indirect, ::view.indirect] c = b[..., 0]

    # try indexing away leading indirect dimensions
    cdef int[::view.indirect, :] d = b[4]
    cdef int[:] e = b[4, 2]

    cdef int[::view.generic, :] generic_d = generic_b[4]
    cdef int[:] generic_e = generic_b[4, 2]

    print b.shape[0], b.shape[1], b.shape[2]
    print b.suboffsets[0] // sizeof(int *),
    print b.suboffsets[1] // sizeof(int),
    print b.suboffsets[2]

    print b[4, 2, 1]
    print c[4, 2]
    # test adding offset from last dimension to suboffset
    print b[..., 1][4, 2]

    print "index away indirect"
    print d[2, 1]
    print e[1]

    print "index away generic"
    print generic_d[2, 1]
    print generic_e[1]

cdef class TestIndexSlicingDirectIndirectDims(object):
    "Test a int[:, ::view.indirect, :] slice"

    cdef Py_ssize_t[3] shape, strides, suboffsets

    cdef int[5] c_array
    cdef int *myarray[5][5]
    cdef bytes format

    def __init__(self):
        cdef int i
        self.c_array[3] = 20
        self.myarray[1][2] = self.c_array

        for i in range(3):
            self.shape[i] = 5

        self.strides[0] = sizeof(int *) * 5
        self.strides[1] = sizeof(int *)
        self.strides[2] = sizeof(int)

        self.suboffsets[0] = -1
        self.suboffsets[1] = 0
        self.suboffsets[2] = -1

        self.format = b"i"

    def __getbuffer__(self, Py_buffer *info, int flags):
        info.buf = <void *> self.myarray
        info.len = 5 * 5 * 5
        info.ndim = 3
        info.shape = self.shape
        info.strides = self.strides
        info.suboffsets = self.suboffsets
        info.itemsize = sizeof(int)
        info.readonly = 0
        info.obj = self
        info.format = self.format

@testcase
def test_index_slicing_away_direct_indirect():
    """
    >>> test_index_slicing_away_direct_indirect()
    20
    20
    20
    20
    <BLANKLINE>
    20
    20
    20
    20
    All dimensions preceding dimension 1 must be indexed and not sliced
    """
    cdef int[:, ::view.indirect, :] a = TestIndexSlicingDirectIndirectDims()
    cdef object a_obj = a

    print a[1][2][3]
    print a[1, 2, 3]
    print a[1, 2][3]
    print a[..., 3][1, 2]

    print

    print a_obj[1][2][3]
    print a_obj[1, 2, 3]
    print a_obj[1, 2][3]
    print a_obj[..., 3][1, 2]

    try:
        print a_obj[1:, 2][3]
    except IndexError, e:
        print e.args[0]

@testcase
def test_direct_slicing(arg):
    """
    Fused types would be convenient to test this stuff!

    Test simple slicing
    >>> test_direct_slicing(IntMockBuffer("A", range(8 * 14 * 11), shape=(8, 14, 11)))  # , writable=False))
    acquired A
    3 9 2
    308 -11 1
    -1 -1 -1
    released A

    Test direct slicing, negative slice oob in dim 2
    >>> test_direct_slicing(IntMockBuffer("A", range(1 * 2 * 3), shape=(1, 2, 3)))  # , writable=False))
    acquired A
    0 0 2
    12 -3 1
    -1 -1 -1
    released A
    """
    cdef int[:, :, ::1] a = arg
    cdef int[:, :, :] b = a[2:8:2, -4:1:-1, 1:3]

    print b.shape[0], b.shape[1], b.shape[2]
    print_int_offsets(b.strides[0], b.strides[1], b.strides[2])
    print_int_offsets(b.suboffsets[0], b.suboffsets[1], b.suboffsets[2])

    cdef int i, j, k
    for i in range(b.shape[0]):
        for j in range(b.shape[1]):
            for k in range(b.shape[2]):
                itemA = a[2 + 2 * i, -4 - j, 1 + k]
                itemB = b[i, j, k]
                assert itemA == itemB, (i, j, k, itemA, itemB)

@testcase
def test_slicing_and_indexing(arg):
    """
    >>> a = IntStridedMockBuffer("A", range(10 * 3 * 5), shape=(10, 3, 5))  # , writable=False)
    >>> test_slicing_and_indexing(a)
    acquired A
    5 2
    15 2
    126 113
    [111]
    released A
    """
    cdef int[:, :, :] a = arg
    cdef int[:, :] b = a[-5:, 1, 1::2]
    cdef int[:, :] c = b[4:1:-1, ::-1]
    cdef int[:] d = c[2, 1:2]

    print b.shape[0], b.shape[1]
    print_int_offsets(b.strides[0], b.strides[1])

    cdef int i, j
    for i in range(b.shape[0]):
        for j in range(b.shape[1]):
            itemA = a[-5 + i, 1, 1 + 2 * j]
            itemB = b[i, j]
            assert itemA == itemB, (i, j, itemA, itemB)

    print c[1, 1], c[2, 0]
    print [d[i] for i in range(d.shape[0])]


@testcase
def test_oob():
    """
    >>> test_oob()
    Traceback (most recent call last):
       ...
    IndexError: Index out of bounds (axis 1)
    """
    cdef int[:, :] a = IntMockBuffer("A", range(4 * 9), shape=(4, 9))  # , writable=False)
    print a[:, 20]


cdef int nogil_oob(int[:, :] a) except 0 nogil:
    a[100, 9:]
    return 1

@testcase
def test_nogil_oob1():
    """
    A is acquired at the beginning of the function and released at the end.
    B is acquired as a temporary and as such is immediately released in the
    except clause.
    >>> test_nogil_oob1()
    acquired A
    acquired B
    released B
    Index out of bounds (axis 0)
    Index out of bounds (axis 0)
    released A
    """
    cdef int[:, :] a = IntMockBuffer("A", range(4 * 9), shape=(4, 9))

    try:
        nogil_oob(IntMockBuffer("B", range(4 * 9), shape=(4, 9)))
    except IndexError, e:
        print e.args[0]

    try:
        with nogil:
            nogil_oob(a)
    except IndexError, e:
        print e.args[0]

@testcase
def test_nogil_oob2():
    """
    >>> test_nogil_oob2()
    Traceback (most recent call last):
       ...
    IndexError: Index out of bounds (axis 0)
    """
    cdef int[:, :] a = IntMockBuffer("A", range(4 * 9), shape=(4, 9))  # , writable=False)
    with nogil:
        a[100, 9:]

@cython.boundscheck(False)
cdef int cdef_nogil(int[:, :] a) except 0 nogil:
    cdef int i, j
    cdef int[:, :] b = a[::-1, 3:10:2]
    for i in range(b.shape[0]):
        for j in range(b.shape[1]):
            b[i, j] = -b[i, j]

    return len(a)

@testcase
def test_nogil():
    """
    >>> test_nogil()
    acquired A
    released A
    acquired A
    -25
    released A
    """
    _a = IntMockBuffer("A", range(4 * 9), shape=(4, 9))
    assert cdef_nogil(_a) == 4
    cdef int[:, :] a = _a
    print a[2, 7]

    cdef int length
    with nogil:
        length = cdef_nogil(a)
    assert length == 4

@testcase
def test_convert_slicenode_to_indexnode():
    """
    When indexing with a[i:j] a SliceNode gets created instead of an IndexNode, which
    forces coercion to object and back. This would not only be inefficient, but it would
    also not compile in nogil mode. So instead we mutate it into an IndexNode.

    >>> test_convert_slicenode_to_indexnode()
    acquired A
    2
    released A
    """
    cdef int[:] a = IntMockBuffer("A", range(10), shape=(10,))  # , writable=False)
    with nogil:
        a = a[2:4]
    print a[0]

@testcase
@cython.boundscheck(False)
@cython.wraparound(False)
def test_memslice_prange(arg):
    """
    >>> test_memslice_prange(IntMockBuffer("A", range(400), shape=(20, 4, 5)))  # FIXME: , writable=False))
    acquired A
    released A
    >>> test_memslice_prange(IntMockBuffer("A", range(200), shape=(100, 2, 1)))  # FIXME: , writable=False))
    acquired A
    released A
    """
    cdef int[:, :, :] src, dst

    src = arg

    dst = array((<object> src).shape, sizeof(int), format="i")

    cdef int i, j, k

    for i in prange(src.shape[0], nogil=True):
        for j in range(src.shape[1]):
            for k in range(src.shape[2]):
                dst[i, j, k] = src[i, j, k]

    for i in range(src.shape[0]):
        for j in range(src.shape[1]):
            for k in range(src.shape[2]):
                assert src[i, j, k] == dst[i, j, k], (src[i, j, k] == dst[i, j, k])

@testcase
def test_clean_temps_prange(int[:, :] buf):
    """
    Try to access a buffer out of bounds in a parallel section, and make sure any
    temps used by the slicing processes are correctly counted.

    >>> A = IntMockBuffer("A", range(100), (10, 10))
    >>> test_clean_temps_prange(A)
    acquired A
    released A
    """
    cdef int i
    try:
        for i in prange(buf.shape[0], nogil=True):
            buf[1:10, 20] = 0
    except IndexError:
        pass

@testcase
def test_clean_temps_parallel(int[:, :] buf):
    """
    Try to access a buffer out of bounds in a parallel section, and make sure any
    temps used by the slicing processes are correctly counted.

    >>> A = IntMockBuffer("A", range(100), (10, 10))
    >>> test_clean_temps_parallel(A)
    acquired A
    released A
    """
    cdef int i
    try:
        with nogil, parallel():
            try:
                with gil: pass
                for i in prange(buf.shape[0]):
                    buf[1:10, 20] = 0
            finally:
                buf[1:10, 20] = 0
    except IndexError:
        pass


# Test arrays in structs
cdef struct ArrayStruct:
    int ints[10]
    char chars[3]

cdef packed struct PackedArrayStruct:
    int ints[10]
    char chars[3]

cdef fused FusedStruct:
    ArrayStruct
    PackedArrayStruct

@testcase
def test_memslice_struct_with_arrays():
    """
    >>> test_memslice_struct_with_arrays()
    abc
    abc
    """
    cdef ArrayStruct[10] a1
    cdef PackedArrayStruct[10] a2

    test_structs_with_arr(a1)
    test_structs_with_arr(a2)

cdef test_structs_with_arr(FusedStruct array[10]):
    cdef FusedStruct[:] myslice1, myslice2, myslice3, myslice4
    cdef int i, j

    myslice1 = <FusedStruct[:10]> array

    for i in range(10):
        for j in range(10):
            myslice1[i].ints[j] = i
        for j in range(3):
            myslice1[i].chars[j] = 97 + j

    if (2, 7) <= sys.version_info[:2] < (3, 3):
        size1 = <Py_ssize_t>sizeof(FusedStruct)
        size2 = len(builtins.memoryview(myslice1)[0])
        assert size1 == size2, (size1, size2, builtins.memoryview(myslice1).format)

        myslice2 = builtins.memoryview(myslice1)
        for i in range(10):
            assert myslice2[i].ints[i] == myslice1[i].ints[i]
            assert myslice2[i].chars[i] == myslice1[i].chars[i]

    myslice3 = <object> myslice1
    myslice4 = myslice1
    for i in range(10):
        for j in range(10):
            assert myslice3[i].ints[j] == myslice4[i].ints[j] == myslice1[i].ints[j]
        for j in range(3):
            assert myslice3[i].chars[j] == myslice4[i].chars[j] == myslice1[i].chars[j]

    print myslice1[0].chars[:3].decode('ascii')

cdef struct TestAttrs:
    int int_attrib
    char char_attrib

@testcase
def test_struct_attributes_format():
    """
    >>> test_struct_attributes_format()
    T{i:int_attrib:c:char_attrib:}
    """
    cdef TestAttrs[10] array
    cdef TestAttrs[:] struct_memview = array
    print builtins.memoryview(struct_memview).format


# Test padding at the end of structs in the buffer support
cdef struct PaddedAtEnd:
    int a[3]
    char b[3]

cdef struct AlignedNested:
    PaddedAtEnd a
    char chars[1]

cdef struct PaddedAtEndNormal:
    int a
    char b
    char c
    char d

cdef struct AlignedNestedNormal:
    PaddedAtEndNormal a
    char chars

# Test nested structs in a struct, make sure we compute padding each time
# accordingly. If the first struct member is a struct, align on the first
# member of that struct (recursively)
cdef struct A:
    double d
    char c

cdef struct B:
    char c1
    A a
    char c2

cdef struct C:
    A a
    char c1

cdef struct D:
    B b
    C cstruct
    int a[2]
    char c

cdef fused FusedPadded:
    ArrayStruct
    PackedArrayStruct
    AlignedNested
    AlignedNestedNormal
    A
    B
    C
    D

@testcase
def test_padded_structs():
    """
    >>> test_padded_structs()
    """
    cdef ArrayStruct[10] a1
    cdef PackedArrayStruct[10] a2
    cdef AlignedNested[10] a3
    cdef AlignedNestedNormal[10] a4
    cdef A[10] a5
    cdef B[10] a6
    cdef C[10] a7
    cdef D[10] a8

    _test_padded(a1)
    _test_padded(a2)
    _test_padded(a3)
    _test_padded(a4)
    _test_padded(a5)
    _test_padded(a6)
    _test_padded(a7)
    # There is a pre-existing bug that doesn't parse the format for this
    # struct properly -- fix this
    #_test_padded(a8)

cdef _test_padded(FusedPadded myarray[10]):
    # test that the buffer format parser accepts our format string...
    cdef FusedPadded[:] myslice = <FusedPadded[:10]> myarray
    obj = myslice
    cdef FusedPadded[:] myotherslice = obj

@testcase
def test_object_indices():
    """
    >>> test_object_indices()
    0
    1
    2
    """
    cdef int[3] array
    cdef int[:] myslice = array
    cdef int j

    for i in range(3):
        myslice[i] = i

    for j in range(3):
        print myslice[j]

cdef fused slice_1d:
    object
    int[:]

cdef fused slice_2d:
    object
    int[:, :]

@testcase
def test_ellipsis_expr():
    """
    >>> test_ellipsis_expr()
    8
    8
    """
    cdef int[10] a
    cdef int[:] m = a

    _test_ellipsis_expr(m)
    _test_ellipsis_expr(<object> m)

cdef _test_ellipsis_expr(slice_1d m):
    m[4] = 8
    m[...] = m[...]
    print m[4]

@testcase
def test_slice_assignment():
    """
    >>> test_slice_assignment()
    """
    cdef int[10][100] carray
    cdef int i, j

    for i in range(10):
        for j in range(100):
            carray[i][j] = i * 100 + j

    cdef int[:, :] m = carray
    cdef int[:, :] copy = m[-6:-1, 60:65].copy()

    _test_slice_assignment(m, copy)
    _test_slice_assignment(<object> m, <object> copy)

cdef _test_slice_assignment(slice_2d m, slice_2d copy):
    cdef int i, j

    m[...] = m[::-1, ::-1]
    m[:, :] = m[::-1, ::-1]
    m[-5:, -5:] = m[-6:-1, 60:65]

    for i in range(5):
        for j in range(5):
            assert copy[i, j] == m[-5 + i, -5 + j], (copy[i, j], m[-5 + i, -5 + j])

@testcase
def test_slice_assignment_broadcast_leading():
    """
    >>> test_slice_assignment_broadcast_leading()
    """
    cdef int[1][10] array1
    cdef int[10] array2
    cdef int i

    for i in range(10):
        array1[0][i] = i

    cdef int[:, :] a = array1
    cdef int[:] b = array2

    _test_slice_assignment_broadcast_leading(a, b)

    for i in range(10):
        array1[0][i] = i

    _test_slice_assignment_broadcast_leading(<object> a, <object> b)

cdef _test_slice_assignment_broadcast_leading(slice_2d a, slice_1d b):
    cdef int i

    b[:] = a[:, :]
    b = b[::-1]
    a[:, :] = b[:]

    for i in range(10):
        assert a[0, i] == b[i] == 10 - 1 - i, (a[0, i], b[i], 10 - 1 - i)

@testcase
def test_slice_assignment_broadcast_strides():
    """
    >>> test_slice_assignment_broadcast_strides()
    """
    cdef int[10] src_array
    cdef int[10][5] dst_array
    cdef int i, j

    for i in range(10):
        src_array[i] = 10 - 1 - i

    cdef int[:] src = src_array
    cdef int[:, :] dst = dst_array
    cdef int[:, :] dst_f = dst.copy_fortran()

    _test_slice_assignment_broadcast_strides(src, dst, dst_f)
    _test_slice_assignment_broadcast_strides(<object> src, <object> dst, <object> dst_f)

cdef _test_slice_assignment_broadcast_strides(slice_1d src, slice_2d dst, slice_2d dst_f):
    cdef int i, j

    dst[1:] = src[-1:-6:-1]
    dst_f[1:] = src[-1:-6:-1]

    for i in range(1, 10):
        for j in range(1, 5):
            assert dst[i, j] == dst_f[i, j] == j, (dst[i, j], dst_f[i, j], j)

    # test overlapping memory with broadcasting
    dst[:, 1:4] = dst[1, :3]
    dst_f[:, 1:4] = dst[1, 1:4]

    for i in range(10):
        for j in range(1, 3):
            assert dst[i, j] == dst_f[i, j] == j - 1, (dst[i, j], dst_f[i, j], j - 1)

@testcase
def test_borrowed_slice():
    """
    Test the difference between borrowed an non-borrowed slices. If you delete or assign
    to a slice in a cdef function, it is not borrowed.

    >>> test_borrowed_slice()
    5
    5
    5
    """
    cdef int i
    cdef int[10] carray
    carray[:] = range(10)
    _borrowed(carray)
    _not_borrowed(carray)
    _not_borrowed2(carray)

cdef _borrowed(int[:] m):
    print m[5]

cdef _not_borrowed(int[:] m):
    print m[5]
    if object():
        del m

cdef _not_borrowed2(int[:] m):
    cdef int[10] carray
    print m[5]
    if object():
        m = carray

class SingleObject(object):
    def __init__(self, value):
        self.value = value

    def __str__(self):
        return str(self.value)

    def __eq__(self, other):
        return self.value == getattr(other, 'value', None) or self.value == other

cdef _get_empty_object_slice(fill=None):
    cdef array a = array((10,), sizeof(PyObject *), 'O')
    assert a.dtype_is_object
    return a

@testcase
def test_object_dtype_copying():
    """
    >>> test_object_dtype_copying()
    0
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
    5
    1 5
    """
    cdef int i

    unique = object()
    unique_refcount = get_refcount(unique)

    cdef object[:] m1 = _get_empty_object_slice()
    cdef object[:] m2 = _get_empty_object_slice()

    for i in range(10):
        m1[i] = SingleObject(i)

    m2[...] = m1
    del m1

    for i in range(10):
        print m2[i]

    obj = m2[5]
    refcount1 = get_refcount(obj)
    print obj

    del m2
    refcount2 = get_refcount(obj)
    print refcount1 - refcount2, obj

    assert unique_refcount == get_refcount(unique), (unique_refcount, get_refcount(unique))

@testcase
def test_scalar_slice_assignment():
    """
    >>> test_scalar_slice_assignment()
    0
    1
    6
    3
    6
    5
    6
    7
    6
    9
    <BLANKLINE>
    0
    1
    6
    3
    6
    5
    6
    7
    6
    9
    """
    cdef int[10] a
    cdef int[:] m = a

    cdef int[5][10] a2
    cdef int[:, ::1] m2 = a2

    _test_scalar_slice_assignment(m, m2)
    print
    _test_scalar_slice_assignment(<object> m, <object> m2)

cdef _test_scalar_slice_assignment(slice_1d m, slice_2d m2):
    cdef int i, j
    for i in range(10):
        m[i] = i

    m[-2:0:-2] = 6
    for i in range(10):
        print m[i]

    for i in range(m2.shape[0]):
        for j in range(m2.shape[1]):
            m2[i, j] = i * m2.shape[1] + j

    cdef int x = 2, y = -2
    cdef long value = 1
    m2[::2,    ::-1] = value
    m2[-2::-2, ::-1] = 2
    m2[::2,    -2::-2] = 0
    m2[-2::-2, -2::-2] = 0


    cdef int[:, :] s = m2[..., 1::2]
    for i in range(s.shape[0]):
        for j in range(s.shape[1]):
            assert s[i, j] == i % 2 + 1, (s[i, j], i)

    s = m2[::2, 1::2]
    for i in range(s.shape[0]):
        for j in range(s.shape[1]):
            assert s[i, j] == 1, s[i, j]

    s = m2[1::2, ::2]
    for i in range(s.shape[0]):
        for j in range(s.shape[1]):
            assert s[i, j] == 0, s[i, j]


    m2[...] = 3
    for i in range(m2.shape[0]):
        for j in range(m2.shape[1]):
            assert m2[i, j] == 3, s[i, j]

@testcase
def test_contig_scalar_to_slice_assignment():
    """
    >>> test_contig_scalar_to_slice_assignment()
    14 14 14 14
    30 14 30 14
    20 20 20 20
    30 30 20 20
    """
    cdef int[5][10] a
    cdef int[:, ::1] m = a

    m[...] = 14
    print m[0, 0], m[-1, -1], m[3, 2], m[4, 9]

    m[:, :1] = 30
    print m[0, 0], m[0, 1], m[1, 0], m[1, 1]

    m[:, :] = 20
    print m[0, 0], m[-1, -1], m[3, 2], m[4, 9]

    m[:1, :] = 30
    print m[0, 0], m[0, 1], m[1, 0], m[1, 1]

@testcase
def test_dtype_object_scalar_assignment():
    """
    >>> test_dtype_object_scalar_assignment()
    """
    cdef object[:] m = array((10,), sizeof(PyObject *), 'O')
    m[:] = SingleObject(2)
    assert m[0] == m[4] == m[-1] == 2

    (<object> m)[:] = SingleObject(3)
    assert m[0] == m[4] == m[-1] == 3

#
### Test slices that are set to None
#

# for none memoryview slice attribute testing, slicing, indexing, etc, see
# nonecheck.pyx

@testcase
def test_coerce_to_from_None(double[:] m1, double[:] m2 = None):
    """
    >>> test_coerce_to_from_None(None)
    (None, None)
    >>> test_coerce_to_from_None(None, None)
    (None, None)
    """
    return m1, m2

@testcase
def test_noneslice_compare(double[:] m):
    """
    >>> test_noneslice_compare(None)
    (True, True)
    """
    with cython.nonecheck(True):
        result = m is None

    return result, m is None

cdef class NoneSliceAttr(object):
    cdef double[:] m

@testcase
def test_noneslice_ext_attr():
    """
    >>> test_noneslice_ext_attr()
    AttributeError Memoryview is not initialized
    None
    """
    cdef NoneSliceAttr obj = NoneSliceAttr()

    with cython.nonecheck(True):
        try: print obj.m
        except Exception, e: print type(e).__name__, e.args[0]

        obj.m = None
        print obj.m

@testcase
def test_noneslice_del():
    """
    >>> test_noneslice_del()
    Traceback (most recent call last):
       ...
    UnboundLocalError: local variable 'm' referenced before assignment
    """
    cdef int[10] a
    cdef int[:] m = a

    with cython.nonecheck(True):
        m = None
        del m
        print m

@testcase
def test_noneslice_nogil_check_none(double[:] m):
    """
    >>> test_noneslice_nogil_check_none(None)
    (True, False)
    """
    cdef bint is_none = False
    cdef bint not_none = True

    with nogil:
        is_none = m is None and None is m and m == None and None == m
        not_none = m is not None and None is not m and m != None and None != m

    return is_none, not_none

@testcase
def test_noneslice_not_none(double[:] m not None):
    """
    >>> test_noneslice_not_none(None)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    TypeError: Argument 'm' must not be None
    """

def get_int():
    return 10

@testcase
def test_inplace_assignment():
    """
    >>> test_inplace_assignment()
    10
    """
    cdef int[10] a
    cdef int[:] m = a

    m[0] = get_int()
    print m[0]

@testcase
def test_newaxis(int[:] one_D):
    """
    >>> A = IntMockBuffer("A", range(6))  # , writable=False)
    >>> test_newaxis(A)
    acquired A
    3
    3
    3
    3
    released A
    """
    cdef int[:, :] two_D_1 = one_D[None]
    cdef int[:, :] two_D_2 = one_D[None, :]
    cdef int[:, :] two_D_3 = one_D[:, None]
    cdef int[:, :] two_D_4 = one_D[..., None]

    print two_D_1[0, 3]
    print two_D_2[0, 3]
    print two_D_3[3, 0]
    print two_D_4[3, 0]

@testcase
def test_newaxis2(int[:, :] two_D):
    """
    >>> A = IntMockBuffer("A", range(6), shape=(3, 2))  # , writable=False)
    >>> test_newaxis2(A)
    acquired A
    shape: 3 1 1
    strides: 2 0 0
    suboffsets: -1 -1 -1
    <BLANKLINE>
    shape: 1 2 1
    strides: 0 1 0
    suboffsets: -1 -1 -1
    <BLANKLINE>
    shape: 3 1 1 1
    strides: 2 0 1 0
    suboffsets: -1 -1 -1 -1
    <BLANKLINE>
    shape: 1 2 2 1
    strides: 0 2 1 0
    suboffsets: -1 -1 -1 -1
    released A
    """
    cdef int[:, :, :] a = two_D[..., None, 1, None]
    cdef int[:, :, :] b = two_D[None, 1, ..., None]
    cdef int[:, :, :, :] c = two_D[..., None, 1:, None]
    cdef int[:, :, :, :] d = two_D[None, 1:, ..., None]

    _print_attributes(a)
    print
    _print_attributes(b)
    print
    _print_attributes(c)
    print
    _print_attributes(d)


@testcase
def test_const_buffer(const int[:] a):
    """
    >>> A = IntMockBuffer("A", range(6), shape=(6,), writable=False)
    >>> test_const_buffer(A)
    acquired A
    0
    5
    released A
    """
    cdef const int[:] c = a
    print(a[0])
    print(c[-1])


@testcase
def test_loop(int[:] a, throw_exception):
    """
    >>> A = IntMockBuffer("A", range(6), shape=(6,))
    >>> test_loop(A, False)
    acquired A
    15
    released A
    >>> try:
    ...     test_loop(A, True)
    ... except ValueError:
    ...     pass
    acquired A
    released A
    """
    cdef int sum = 0
    for ai in a:
        sum += ai
    if throw_exception:
        raise ValueError()
    print(sum)


@testcase
def test_loop_reassign(int[:] a):
    """
    >>> A = IntMockBuffer("A", range(6), shape=(6,))
    >>> test_loop_reassign(A)
    acquired A
    0
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    15
    released A
    """
    cdef int sum = 0
    for ai in a:
        sum += ai
        print(ai)
        a = None  # this should not mess up the loop though!
    print(sum)
    # release happens in the wrapper function


@testcase
def test_arg_in_closure(int [:] a):
    """
    >>> A = IntMockBuffer("A", range(6), shape=(6,))
    >>> inner = test_arg_in_closure(A)
    acquired A
    >>> inner()
    (0, 1)

    The assignment below is just to avoid printing what was collected
    >>> del inner; ignore_me = gc.collect()
    released A
    """
    def inner():
        return (a[0], a[1])
    return inner


cdef arg_in_closure_cdef(int [:] a):
    def inner():
        return (a[0], a[1])
    return inner

def test_arg_in_closure_cdef(a):
    """
    >>> A = IntMockBuffer("A", range(6), shape=(6,))
    >>> inner = test_arg_in_closure_cdef(A)
    acquired A
    >>> inner()
    (0, 1)

    The assignment below is just to avoid printing what was collected
    >>> del inner; ignore_me = gc.collect()
    released A
    """
    return arg_in_closure_cdef(a)


@testcase
def test_local_in_closure(a):
    """
    >>> A = IntMockBuffer("A", range(6), shape=(6,))
    >>> inner = test_local_in_closure(A)
    acquired A
    >>> inner()
    (0, 1)

    The assignment below is just to avoid printing what was collected
    >>> del inner; ignore_me = gc.collect()
    released A
    """
    cdef int[:] a_view = a
    def inner():
        return (a_view[0], a_view[1])
    return inner

@testcase
def test_local_in_generator_expression(a, initialize, execute_now):
    """
    >>> A1 = IntMockBuffer("A1", range(6), shape=(6,))
    >>> A2 = IntMockBuffer("A2", range(6), shape=(6,))
    >>> test_local_in_generator_expression(A1, initialize=False, execute_now=False)  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
    Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
    UnboundLocalError...

    >>> test_local_in_generator_expression(A1, initialize=True, execute_now=True)
    acquired A1
    released A1
    True

    >>> genexp = test_local_in_generator_expression(A2, initialize=True, execute_now=False)
    acquired A2
    >>> sum(genexp)
    released A2
    2
    """
    cdef int[:] a_view
    if initialize:
        a_view = a
    if execute_now:
        return any(ai > 3 for ai in a_view)
    else:
        return (ai > 3 for ai in a_view)