File: dcelem.cc

package info (click to toggle)
dcmtk 3.6.0-15%2Bdeb8u1
  • links: PTS, VCS
  • area: main
  • in suites: jessie
  • size: 33,428 kB
  • ctags: 28,031
  • sloc: cpp: 194,227; ansic: 46,292; sh: 4,020; makefile: 3,975; perl: 3,278; lex: 94
file content (2092 lines) | stat: -rw-r--r-- 73,782 bytes parent folder | download | duplicates (2)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
/*
 *
 *  Copyright (C) 1994-2010, OFFIS e.V.
 *  All rights reserved.  See COPYRIGHT file for details.
 *
 *  This software and supporting documentation were developed by
 *
 *    OFFIS e.V.
 *    R&D Division Health
 *    Escherweg 2
 *    D-26121 Oldenburg, Germany
 *
 *
 *  Module:  dcmdata
 *
 *  Author:  Gerd Ehlers, Andreas Barth
 *
 *  Purpose: Implementation of class DcmElement
 *
 *  Last Update:      $Author: joergr $
 *  Update Date:      $Date: 2010-11-05 09:34:14 $
 *  CVS/RCS Revision: $Revision: 1.88 $
 *  Status:           $State: Exp $
 *
 *  CVS/RCS Log at end of file
 *
 */


#include "dcmtk/config/osconfig.h"    /* make sure OS specific configuration is included first */

#define INCLUDE_NEW
#define INCLUDE_CSTDLIB
#define INCLUDE_CSTRING
#include "dcmtk/ofstd/ofstdinc.h"

#include "dcmtk/ofstd/ofdefine.h"

#include "dcmtk/ofstd/ofstd.h"
#include "dcmtk/ofstd/ofstream.h"
#include "dcmtk/dcmdata/dcelem.h"
#include "dcmtk/dcmdata/dcobject.h"
#include "dcmtk/dcmdata/dcswap.h"
#include "dcmtk/dcmdata/dcistrma.h"    /* for class DcmInputStream */
#include "dcmtk/dcmdata/dcostrma.h"    /* for class DcmOutputStream */
#include "dcmtk/dcmdata/dcfcache.h"    /* for class DcmFileCache */
#include "dcmtk/dcmdata/dcwcache.h"    /* for class DcmWriteCache */
#include "dcmtk/dcmdata/dcitem.h"
#include "dcmtk/dcmdata/dcdeftag.h"
#include "dcmtk/dcmdata/vrscan.h"

#define SWAPBUFFER_SIZE 16  /* sufficient for all DICOM VRs as per the 2007 edition */

//
// CLASS DcmElement
//

DcmElement::DcmElement(const DcmTag &tag,
                       const Uint32 len)
  : DcmObject(tag, len),
    fByteOrder(gLocalByteOrder),
    fLoadValue(NULL),
    fValue(NULL)
{
}


DcmElement::DcmElement(const DcmElement &elem)
  : DcmObject(elem),
    fByteOrder(elem.fByteOrder),
    fLoadValue(NULL),
    fValue(NULL)
{
    if (elem.fValue)
    {
        DcmVR vr(elem.getVR());
        const unsigned short pad = (vr.isaString()) ? OFstatic_cast(unsigned short, 1) : OFstatic_cast(unsigned short, 0);

        // The next lines are a special version of newValueField().
        // newValueField() cannot be used because it is virtual and it does
        // not allocate enough bytes for strings. The number of pad bytes
        // is added to the Length for this purpose.
        if (getLengthField() & 1)
        {
#ifdef HAVE_STD__NOTHROW
            // we want to use a non-throwing new here if available
            // If the allocation fails, we report an EC_MemoryExhausted error
            // back to the caller.
            fValue = new (std::nothrow) Uint8[getLengthField() + 1 + pad];    // protocol error: odd value length
#else
            fValue = new Uint8[getLengthField() + 1 + pad];    // protocol error: odd value length
#endif
            if (fValue)
                fValue[getLengthField()] = 0;
            setLengthField(getLengthField() + 1);              // make Length even
        }
        else
        {
#ifdef HAVE_STD__NOTHROW
            // we want to use a non-throwing new here if available.
            // If the allocation fails, we report an EC_MemoryExhausted error
            // back to the caller.
            fValue = new (std::nothrow) Uint8[getLengthField() + pad];
#else
            fValue = new Uint8[getLengthField() + pad];
#endif
        }

        if (!fValue)
            errorFlag = EC_MemoryExhausted;

        if (pad && fValue)
            fValue[getLengthField()] = 0;

        if (fValue)
            memcpy(fValue, elem.fValue, size_t(getLengthField() + pad));
    }

    if (elem.fLoadValue)
        fLoadValue = elem.fLoadValue->clone();
}


DcmElement &DcmElement::operator=(const DcmElement &obj)
{
  if (this != &obj)
  {
#if defined(HAVE_STD__NOTHROW) && defined(HAVE_NOTHROW_DELETE)
    // if created with the nothrow version it must also be deleted with
    // the nothrow version else memory error.
    operator delete[] (fValue, std::nothrow);
#else
    delete[] fValue;
#endif
    delete fLoadValue;
    fLoadValue = NULL;
    fValue = NULL;

    DcmObject::operator=(obj);
    fByteOrder = obj.fByteOrder;

    if (obj.fValue)
    {
        DcmVR vr(obj.getVR());
        const unsigned short pad = (vr.isaString()) ? OFstatic_cast(unsigned short, 1) : OFstatic_cast(unsigned short, 0);

        // The next lines are a special version of newValueField().
        // newValueField() cannot be used because it is virtual and it does
        // not allocate enough bytes for strings. The number of pad bytes
        // is added to the Length for this purpose.

        if (getLengthField() & 1)
        {
#ifdef HAVE_STD__NOTHROW
            // we want to use a non-throwing new here if available.
            // If the allocation fails, we report an EC_MemoryExhausted error
            // back to the caller.
            fValue = new (std::nothrow) Uint8[getLengthField() + 1 + pad];    // protocol error: odd value length
#else
            fValue = new Uint8[getLengthField() + 1 + pad];    // protocol error: odd value length
#endif
            if (fValue)
                fValue[getLengthField()] = 0;
            setLengthField(getLengthField() + 1);              // make Length even
        }
        else
        {
#ifdef HAVE_STD__NOTHROW
            // we want to use a non-throwing new here if available.
            // If the allocation fails, we report an EC_MemoryExhausted error
            // back to the caller.
            fValue = new (std::nothrow) Uint8[getLengthField() + pad];
#else
            fValue = new Uint8[getLengthField() + pad];
#endif
        }

        if (!fValue)
            errorFlag = EC_MemoryExhausted;

        if (pad && fValue)
            fValue[getLengthField()] = 0;
        if (fValue)
            memcpy(fValue, obj.fValue, size_t(getLengthField()+pad));
    }

    if (obj.fLoadValue)
        fLoadValue = obj.fLoadValue->clone();

  }
  return *this;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::copyFrom(const DcmObject& rhs)
{
  if (this != &rhs)
  {
    if (rhs.ident() != ident()) return EC_IllegalCall;
    *this = OFstatic_cast(const DcmElement &, rhs);
  }
  return EC_Normal;
}


DcmElement::~DcmElement()
{
#if defined(HAVE_STD__NOTHROW) && defined(HAVE_NOTHROW_DELETE)
    // if created with the nothrow version it must also be deleted with
    // the nothrow version else memory error.
    operator delete[] (fValue, std::nothrow);
#else
    delete[] fValue;
#endif
    delete fLoadValue;
}


// ********************************


OFCondition DcmElement::clear()
{
    errorFlag = EC_Normal;
#if defined(HAVE_STD__NOTHROW) && defined(HAVE_NOTHROW_DELETE)
    // if created with the nothrow version it must also be deleted with
    // the nothrow version else memory error.
    operator delete[] (fValue, std::nothrow);
#else
    delete[] fValue;
#endif
    fValue = NULL;
    delete fLoadValue;
    fLoadValue = NULL;
    setLengthField(0);
    return errorFlag;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::checkValue(const OFString & /*vm*/,
                                   const OFBool /*oldFormat*/)
{
    return EC_IllegalCall;
}


// ********************************


Uint32 DcmElement::calcElementLength(const E_TransferSyntax xfer,
                                     const E_EncodingType enctype)
{
    DcmXfer xferSyn(xfer);
    const Uint32 headerLength = xferSyn.sizeofTagHeader(getVR());
    const Uint32 elemLength = getLength(xfer, enctype);
    if (OFStandard::check32BitAddOverflow(headerLength, elemLength))
      return DCM_UndefinedLength;
    else
      return headerLength + elemLength;
}


OFBool DcmElement::canWriteXfer(const E_TransferSyntax newXfer,
                                const E_TransferSyntax /*oldXfer*/)
{
    OFBool canWrite = (newXfer != EXS_Unknown);
    if (canWrite)
    {
        /* check whether element value exceeds length field (in case of 16 bit) */
        if (DcmXfer(newXfer).isExplicitVR() && !DcmVR(getVR()).usesExtendedLengthEncoding())
        {
            const Uint32 length = getLength(newXfer);
            if (length > 0xffff)
            {
                DCMDATA_DEBUG("DcmElement::canWriteXfer() Length of element " << getTagName() << " " << getTag()
                    << " exceeds maximum of 16-bit length field (" << length << " > 65535 bytes)");
                canWrite = OFFalse;
            }
        }
    }
    return canWrite;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::detachValueField(OFBool copy)
{
    OFCondition l_error = EC_Normal;
    if (getLengthField() != 0)
    {
        if (copy)
        {
            if (!fValue)
                l_error = loadValue();
#ifdef HAVE_STD__NOTHROW
            // we want to use a non-throwing new here if available
            Uint8 * newValue = new (std::nothrow) Uint8[getLengthField()];
#else
            Uint8 * newValue = new Uint8[getLengthField()];
#endif
            memcpy(newValue, fValue, size_t(getLengthField()));
            fValue = newValue;
        } else {
            fValue = NULL;
            setLengthField(0);
        }
    }
    return l_error;
}


// ********************************


OFCondition DcmElement::getUint8(Uint8 & /*val*/,
                                 const unsigned long /*pos*/)
{
    errorFlag = EC_IllegalCall;
    return errorFlag;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::getSint16(Sint16 & /*val*/,
                                  const unsigned long /*pos*/)
{
    errorFlag = EC_IllegalCall;
    return errorFlag;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::getUint16(Uint16 & /*val*/,
                                  const unsigned long /*pos*/)
{
    errorFlag = EC_IllegalCall;
    return errorFlag;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::getSint32(Sint32 & /*val*/,
                                  const unsigned long /*pos*/)
{
    errorFlag = EC_IllegalCall;
    return errorFlag;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::getUint32(Uint32 & /*val*/,
                                  const unsigned long /*pos*/)
{
    errorFlag = EC_IllegalCall;
    return errorFlag;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::getFloat32(Float32 & /*val*/,
                                   const unsigned long /*pos*/)
{
    errorFlag = EC_IllegalCall;
    return errorFlag;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::getFloat64(Float64 & /*val*/,
                                   const unsigned long /*pos*/)
{
    errorFlag = EC_IllegalCall;
    return errorFlag;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::getTagVal(DcmTagKey & /*val*/,
                                  const unsigned long /*pos*/)
{
    errorFlag = EC_IllegalCall;
    return errorFlag;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::getOFString(OFString &/*val*/,
                                    const unsigned long /*pos*/,
                                    OFBool /*normalize*/)
{
    errorFlag = EC_IllegalCall;
    return errorFlag;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::getString(char * &/*val*/)
{
    errorFlag = EC_IllegalCall;
    return errorFlag;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::getOFStringArray(OFString &value,
                                         OFBool normalize)
{
    /* this is a general implementation which is only used when the derived
       VR class does not reimplement it
     */
    errorFlag = EC_Normal;
    const unsigned long count = getVM();
    /* intialize result string */
    value.clear();
    if (count > 0)
    {
        OFString string;
        unsigned long i = 0;
        /* reserve number of bytes expected (heuristic) */
        value.reserve(OFstatic_cast(unsigned int, getLength()));
        /* iterate over all values and convert them to a character string */
        while ((i < count) && (errorFlag = getOFString(string, i, normalize)).good())
        {
            if (i > 0)
                value += '\\';
            /* append current value to the result string */
            value += string;
            i++;
        }
    }
    return errorFlag;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::getUint8Array(Uint8 * &/*val*/)
{
    errorFlag = EC_IllegalCall;
    return errorFlag;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::getSint16Array(Sint16 * &/*val*/)
{
    errorFlag = EC_IllegalCall;
    return errorFlag;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::getUint16Array(Uint16 * &/*val*/)
{
    errorFlag = EC_IllegalCall;
    return errorFlag;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::getSint32Array(Sint32 * &/*val*/)
{
    errorFlag = EC_IllegalCall;
    return errorFlag;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::getUint32Array(Uint32 * &/*val*/)
{
    errorFlag = EC_IllegalCall;
    return errorFlag;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::getFloat32Array(Float32 * &/*val*/)
{
    errorFlag = EC_IllegalCall;
    return errorFlag;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::getFloat64Array(Float64 * &/*val*/)
{
    errorFlag = EC_IllegalCall;
    return errorFlag;
}


void *DcmElement::getValue(const E_ByteOrder newByteOrder)
{
    /* initialize return value */
    Uint8 * value = NULL;
    /* if the byte ordering is unknown, this is an illegal call */
    if (newByteOrder == EBO_unknown)
        errorFlag = EC_IllegalCall;
    else
    {
        /* in case this call is not illegal, we need to do something. First of all, set the error flag to ok */
        errorFlag =  EC_Normal;
        /* do something only if the length of this element's value does not equal (i.e. is greater than) 0 */
        if (getLengthField() != 0)
        {
            /* if the value has not yet been loaded, do so now */
            if (!fValue)
                errorFlag = loadValue();
            /* f everything is ok */
            if (errorFlag.good())
            {
                /* if this element's value's byte ordering does not correspond to the */
                /* desired byte ordering, we need to rearrange this value's bytes and */
                /* set its byte order indicator variable correspondingly */
                if (newByteOrder != fByteOrder)
                {
                    swapIfNecessary(newByteOrder, fByteOrder, fValue,
                                    getLengthField(), getTag().getVR().getValueWidth());
                    fByteOrder = newByteOrder;
                }
                /* if everything is ok, assign the current value to the result variable */
                if (errorFlag.good())
                    value = fValue;
            }
        }
    }
    /* return result */
    return value;
}


// ********************************


OFCondition DcmElement::loadAllDataIntoMemory()
{
    errorFlag = EC_Normal;
    if (!fValue && (getLengthField() != 0))
        errorFlag = loadValue();
    return errorFlag;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::loadValue(DcmInputStream *inStream)
{
    /* initiailze return value */
    errorFlag = EC_Normal;
    /* only if the length of this element does not equal 0, read information */
    if (getLengthField() != 0)
    {
        DcmInputStream *readStream = inStream;
        OFBool isStreamNew = OFFalse;

        // if the NULL pointer was passed (i.e. we're not in the middle of
        // a read() cycle, and fValue is NULL (i.e. the attribute value still
        // remains in file and fLoadValue is not NULL (i.e. we know how to
        // load the value from that file, then let's do it..
        if (!readStream && fLoadValue && !fValue)
        {
            /* we need to read information from the stream which is */
            /* accessible through fLoadValue. Hence, reassign readStream */
            readStream = fLoadValue->create();

            /* set isStreamNew to OFTrue */
            isStreamNew = OFTrue;

            /* reset number of transferred bytes to zero */
            setTransferredBytes(0);
        }
        /* if we have a stream from which we can read */
        if (readStream)
        {
            /* check if the stream reported an error */
            errorFlag = readStream->status();
            /* if we encountered the end of the stream, set the error flag correspondingly */
            if (errorFlag.good() && readStream->eos())
                errorFlag = EC_EndOfStream;
            /* if we did not encounter the end of the stream and no error occured so far, go ahead */
            else if (errorFlag.good())
            {
                /* if the object which holds this element's value does not yet exist, create it */
                if (!fValue)
                    fValue = newValueField(); /* also set errorFlag in case of error */

                /* if object could be created  (i.e. we have an object which can be used to capture this element's */
                /* value) we need to read a certain amount of bytes from the stream */
                if (fValue)
                {
                    /* determine how many bytes shall be read from the stream */
                    const Uint32 readLength = getLengthField() - getTransferredBytes();

                    /* read a corresponding amount of bytes from the stream, store the information in fvalue */
                    /* increase the counter that counts how many bytes were actually read */
                    incTransferredBytes(OFstatic_cast(Uint32, readStream->read(&fValue[getTransferredBytes()], readLength)));

                    /* if we have read all the bytes which make up this element's value */
                    if (getLengthField() == getTransferredBytes())
                    {
                        /* call a function which performs certain operations on the information which was read */
                        postLoadValue();
                        errorFlag = EC_Normal;
                    }
                    /* else set the return value correspondingly */
                    else if (readStream->eos())
                    {
                        errorFlag = EC_InvalidStream; // premature end of stream
                        DCMDATA_ERROR("DcmElement: " << getTagName() << " " << getTag()
                            << " larger (" << getLengthField() << ") than remaining bytes ("
                            << getTransferredBytes() << ") in file, premature end of stream");
                    }
                    else
                        errorFlag = EC_StreamNotifyClient;
                }
            }
            /* if we created the stream from which information was read in this */
            /* function, we need to we need to delete this object here as well */
            if (isStreamNew)
                delete readStream;
        }
    }
    /* return result value */
    return errorFlag;
}


// ********************************


Uint8 *DcmElement::newValueField()
{
    Uint8 * value;
    /* if this element's lenght is odd */
    Uint32 lengthField = getLengthField();
    if (lengthField & 1)
    {
        if (lengthField == DCM_UndefinedLength)
        {
            /* Print an error message when private attribute states to have an odd length
             * equal to the maximum length, because we are not able then to make this value even (+1)
             * which would an overflow on some systems as well as being illegal in DICOM
             */
              DCMDATA_ERROR("DcmElement: " << getTagName() << " " << getTag()
                  << " has odd, maximum length (" << DCM_UndefinedLength
                  << ") and therefore is not loaded");
              errorFlag = EC_CorruptedData;
              return NULL;
        }
        /* create an array of Length+1 bytes */
#ifdef HAVE_STD__NOTHROW
        // we want to use a non-throwing new here if available.
        // If the allocation fails, we report an EC_MemoryExhausted error
        // back to the caller.
        value = new (std::nothrow) Uint8[lengthField + 1];    // protocol error: odd value length
#else
        value = new Uint8[lengthField + 1];    // protocol error: odd value length
#endif
        /* if creation was successful, set last byte to 0 (in order to initialize this byte) */
        /* (no value will be assigned to this byte later, since Length was odd) */
        if (value)
            value[lengthField] = 0;
        /* enforce old (pre DCMTK 3.5.2) behaviour ? */
        if (!dcmAcceptOddAttributeLength.get())
        {
            lengthField++;
            setLengthField(lengthField);           // make Length even
        }
    }
    /* if this element's length is even, create a corresponding array of Lenght bytes */
    else
#ifdef HAVE_STD__NOTHROW
        // we want to use a non-throwing new here if available.
        // If the allocation fails, we report an EC_MemoryExhausted error
        // back to the caller.
        value = new (std::nothrow) Uint8[lengthField];
#else
        value = new Uint8[lengthField];
#endif
    /* if creation was not successful set member error flag correspondingly */
    if (!value)
        errorFlag = EC_MemoryExhausted;
    /* return byte array */
    return value;
}


// ********************************


void DcmElement::postLoadValue()
{
    if (dcmEnableAutomaticInputDataCorrection.get())
    {
        // newValueField always allocates an even number of bytes
        // and sets the pad byte to zero, so we can safely increase Length here
        if (getLengthField() & 1)
            setLengthField(getLengthField() + 1);           // make Length even
    }
}


// ********************************


OFCondition DcmElement::changeValue(const void *value,
                                    const Uint32 position,
                                    const Uint32 num)
{
    OFBool done = OFFalse;
    errorFlag = EC_Normal;
    if (position % num != 0 || getLengthField() % num != 0 || position > getLengthField())
        errorFlag = EC_IllegalCall;
    else if (position == getLengthField())
    {
        if (getLengthField() == 0)
        {
            errorFlag = putValue(value, num);
            done = OFTrue;
        } else {
            // load value (if not loaded yet)
            if (!fValue)
                loadValue();
            // allocate new memory for value
#ifdef HAVE_STD__NOTHROW
            // we want to use a non-throwing new here if available.
            // If the allocation fails, we report an EC_MemoryExhausted error
            // back to the caller.
            Uint8 *newValue = new (std::nothrow) Uint8[getLengthField() + num];
#else
            Uint8 *newValue = new Uint8[getLengthField() + num];
#endif
            if (!newValue)
                errorFlag = EC_MemoryExhausted;
            if (errorFlag.good())
            {
                // swap to local byte order
                swapIfNecessary(gLocalByteOrder, fByteOrder, fValue,
                                getLengthField(), getTag().getVR().getValueWidth());
                fByteOrder = gLocalByteOrder;
                // copy old value in the beginning of new value
                memcpy(newValue, fValue, size_t(getLengthField()));
                // set parameter value in the extension
                memcpy(&newValue[getLengthField()], OFstatic_cast(const Uint8 *, value), size_t(num));
#if defined(HAVE_STD__NOTHROW) && defined(HAVE_NOTHROW_DELETE)
                // if created with the nothrow version it must also be deleted with
                // the nothrow version else memory error.
                operator delete[] (fValue, std::nothrow);
#else
                delete[] fValue;
#endif
                fValue = newValue;
                setLengthField(getLengthField() + num);
            }
            done = OFTrue;
        }
    }
    // copy value at position
    if (!done && errorFlag.good())
    {
        // swap to local byte order
        swapIfNecessary(gLocalByteOrder, fByteOrder, fValue,
                        getLengthField(), getTag().getVR().getValueWidth());
        memcpy(&fValue[position], OFstatic_cast(const Uint8 *, value), size_t(num));
        fByteOrder = gLocalByteOrder;
    }
    return errorFlag;
}


// ********************************


OFCondition DcmElement::putOFStringArray(const OFString& /* stringValue*/)
{
    errorFlag = EC_IllegalCall;
    return errorFlag;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::putString(const char * /*val*/)
{
    errorFlag = EC_IllegalCall;
    return errorFlag;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::putSint16(const Sint16 /*val*/,
                                  const unsigned long /*pos*/)
{
    errorFlag = EC_IllegalCall;
    return errorFlag;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::putUint16(const Uint16 /*val*/,
                                  const unsigned long /*pos*/)
{
    errorFlag = EC_IllegalCall;
    return errorFlag;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::putSint32(const Sint32 /*val*/,
                                  const unsigned long /*pos*/)
{
    errorFlag = EC_IllegalCall;
    return errorFlag;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::putUint32(const Uint32 /*val*/,
                                  const unsigned long /*pos*/)
{
    errorFlag = EC_IllegalCall;
    return errorFlag;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::putFloat32(const Float32 /*val*/,
                                   const unsigned long /*pos*/)
{
    errorFlag = EC_IllegalCall;
    return errorFlag;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::putFloat64(const Float64 /*val*/,
                                   const unsigned long /*pos*/)
{
    errorFlag = EC_IllegalCall;
    return errorFlag;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::putTagVal(const DcmTagKey & /*val*/,
                                  const unsigned long /*pos*/)
{
    errorFlag = EC_IllegalCall;
    return errorFlag;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::putUint8Array(const Uint8 * /*val*/,
                                      const unsigned long /*num*/)
{
    errorFlag = EC_IllegalCall;
    return errorFlag;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::putSint16Array(const Sint16 * /*val*/,
                                       const unsigned long /*num*/)
{
    errorFlag = EC_IllegalCall;
    return errorFlag;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::putUint16Array(const Uint16 * /*val*/,
                                       const unsigned long /*num*/)
{
    errorFlag = EC_IllegalCall;
    return errorFlag;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::putSint32Array(const Sint32 * /*val*/,
                                       const unsigned long /*num*/)
{
    errorFlag = EC_IllegalCall;
    return errorFlag;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::putUint32Array(const Uint32 * /*val*/,
                                       const unsigned long /*num*/)
{
    errorFlag = EC_IllegalCall;
    return errorFlag;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::putFloat32Array(const Float32 * /*val*/,
                                        const unsigned long /*num*/)
{
    errorFlag = EC_IllegalCall;
    return errorFlag;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::putFloat64Array(const Float64 * /*val*/,
                                        const unsigned long /*num*/)
{
    errorFlag = EC_IllegalCall;
    return errorFlag;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::putValue(const void * newValue,
                                 const Uint32 length)
{
    errorFlag = EC_Normal;

    if (fValue)
    {
#if defined(HAVE_STD__NOTHROW) && defined(HAVE_NOTHROW_DELETE)
        // if created with the nothrow version it must also be deleted with
        // the nothrow version else memory error.
        operator delete[] (fValue, std::nothrow);
#else
        delete[] fValue;
#endif
    }
    fValue = NULL;

    if (fLoadValue)
        delete fLoadValue;
    fLoadValue = NULL;

    setLengthField(length);

    if (length != 0)
    {
        fValue = newValueField();

        // newValueField always allocates an even number of bytes
        // and sets the pad byte to zero, so we can safely increase Length here
        if (getLengthField() & 1)
            setLengthField(getLengthField() + 1);           // make Length even

        // copy length (which may be odd), not Length (which is always even)
        if (fValue)
            memcpy(fValue, newValue, size_t(length));
        else
            errorFlag = EC_MemoryExhausted;
    }
    fByteOrder = gLocalByteOrder;
    return errorFlag;
}


// ********************************


OFCondition DcmElement::createUint8Array(const Uint32 /*numBytes*/,
                                         Uint8 *& /*bytes*/)
{
    errorFlag = EC_IllegalCall;
    return errorFlag;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::createUint16Array(const Uint32 /*numWords*/,
                                          Uint16 *& /*bytes*/)
{
    errorFlag = EC_IllegalCall;
    return errorFlag;
}


// ********************************


OFCondition DcmElement::createEmptyValue(const Uint32 length)
{
    errorFlag = EC_Normal;
    if (fValue)
    {
#if defined(HAVE_STD__NOTHROW) && defined(HAVE_NOTHROW_DELETE)
        // if created with the nothrow version it must also be deleted with
        // the nothrow version else memory error.
        operator delete[] (fValue, std::nothrow);
#else
        delete[] fValue;
#endif
    }
    fValue = NULL;
    if (fLoadValue)
        delete fLoadValue;
    fLoadValue = NULL;
    setLengthField(length);

    if (length != 0)
    {
        fValue = newValueField();
        // newValueField always allocates an even number of bytes
        // and sets the pad byte to zero, so we can safely increase Length here
        if (getLengthField() & 1)
            setLengthField(getLengthField() + 1);           // make Length even

        // initialize <length> bytes (which may be odd), not Length (which is always even)
        if (fValue)
            memzero(fValue, size_t(length));
        else
            errorFlag = EC_MemoryExhausted;
    }
    fByteOrder = gLocalByteOrder;
    return errorFlag;
}


// ********************************


OFCondition DcmElement::read(DcmInputStream &inStream,
                             const E_TransferSyntax ixfer,
                             const E_GrpLenEncoding /*glenc*/,
                             const Uint32 maxReadLength)
{
    /* if this element's transfer state shows ERW_notInitialized, this is an illegal call */
    if (getTransferState() == ERW_notInitialized)
        errorFlag = EC_IllegalCall;
    else
    {
        /* if this is not an illegal call, go ahead and create a DcmXfer */
        /* object based on the transfer syntax which was passed */
        DcmXfer inXfer(ixfer);
        /* determine the transfer syntax's byte ordering */
        fByteOrder = inXfer.getByteOrder();
        /* check if the stream reported an error */
        errorFlag = inStream.status();
        /* if we encountered the end of the stream, set the error flag correspondingly */
        if (errorFlag.good() && inStream.eos())
            errorFlag = EC_EndOfStream;
        /* if we did not encounter the end of the stream and no error occured so far, go ahead */
        else if (errorFlag.good())
        {
            /* if the transfer state is ERW_init, we need to prepare */
            /* the reading of this element's value from the stream */
            if (getTransferState() == ERW_init)
            {
                /* if the Length of this element's value is greater than the amount of bytes we */
                /* can read from the stream and if the stream has random access, we want to create */
                /* a DcmInputStreamFactory object that enables us to read this element's value later. */
                /* This new object will be stored (together with the position where we have to start */
                /* reading the value) in the member variable fLoadValue. */
                if (getLengthField() > maxReadLength)
                {
                    /* try to create a stream factory to read the value later */
                    delete fLoadValue;
                    fLoadValue = inStream.newFactory();

                    if (fLoadValue)
                    {
                        offile_off_t skipped = inStream.skip(getLengthField());
                        if (skipped < getLengthField())
                        {
                            /* If desired, specific parser errors will be ignored */
                            if (dcmIgnoreParsingErrors.get())
                                errorFlag = EC_Normal;
                            else
                                errorFlag = EC_StreamNotifyClient;
                            /* Print an error message when too few bytes are available in the file in order to
                             * distinguish this problem from any other generic "InvalidStream" problem. */
                            DCMDATA_ERROR("DcmElement: " << getTagName() << " " << getTag()
                                << " larger (" << getLengthField() << ") than remaining bytes in file");
                        }
                    }
                }
                /* if there is already a value for this element, delete this value */
#if defined(HAVE_STD__NOTHROW) && defined(HAVE_NOTHROW_DELETE)
                // if created with the nothrow version it must also be deleted with
                // the nothrow version else memory error.
                operator delete[] (fValue, std::nothrow);
#else
                delete[] fValue;
#endif
                /* set the transfer state to ERW_inWork */
                setTransferState(ERW_inWork);
            }
            /* if the transfer state is ERW_inWork and we are not supposed */
            /* to read this element's value later, read the value now */
            if (getTransferState() == ERW_inWork && !fLoadValue)
                errorFlag = loadValue(&inStream);
            /* if the amount of transferred bytes equals the Length of this element */
            /* or the object which contains information to read the value of this */
            /* element later is existent, set the transfer state to ERW_ready */
            if (getTransferredBytes() == getLengthField() || fLoadValue)
                setTransferState(ERW_ready);
        }
    }

    /* return result value */
    return errorFlag;
}


// ********************************


void DcmElement::swapValueField(size_t valueWidth)
{
    if (getLengthField() != 0)
    {
        if (!fValue)
            errorFlag = loadValue();

        if (errorFlag.good())
            swapBytes(fValue, getLengthField(), valueWidth);
    }
}


// ********************************


void DcmElement::transferInit()
{
    DcmObject::transferInit();
    setTransferredBytes(0);
}


// ********************************

OFCondition DcmElement::write(DcmOutputStream &outStream,
                              const E_TransferSyntax oxfer,
                              const E_EncodingType /*enctype*/,
                              DcmWriteCache *wcache)
{
    DcmWriteCache wcache2;

    /* In case the transfer state is not initialized, this is an illegal call */
    if (getTransferState() == ERW_notInitialized)
        errorFlag = EC_IllegalCall;
    else
    {
        /* if this is not an illegal call, we need to do something. First */
        /* of all, check the error state of the stream that was passed */
        /* only do something if the error state of the stream is ok */
        errorFlag = outStream.status();
        if (errorFlag.good())
        {
            /* create an object that represents the transfer syntax */
            DcmXfer outXfer(oxfer);

            /* pointer to element value if value resides in memory or old-style
             * write behaviour is active (i.e. everything loaded into memory upon write)
             */
            Uint8 *value = NULL;
            OFBool accessPossible = OFFalse;

            /* check that we actually do have access to the element's value.
             * If the element is unaccessable (which would mean that the value resides
             * in file and access to the file fails), write an empty element with
             * zero length.
             */
            if (getLengthField() > 0)
            {
              if (valueLoaded())
              {
                /* get this element's value. Mind the byte ordering (little */
                /* or big endian) of the transfer syntax which shall be used */
                value = OFstatic_cast(Uint8 *, getValue(outXfer.getByteOrder()));
                if (value) accessPossible = OFTrue;
              }
              else
              {
                /* Use local cache object if needed. This may cause those bytes
                 * that are read but not written because the output stream stalls to
                 * be read again, and the file from being re-opened next time.
                 * Therefore, this case should be avoided.
                 */
                if (!wcache) wcache = &wcache2;

                /* initialize cache object. This is safe even if the object was already initialized */
                wcache->init(this, getLengthField(), getTransferredBytes(), outXfer.getByteOrder());

                /* access first block of element content */
                errorFlag = wcache->fillBuffer(*this);

                /* check that everything worked and the buffer is non-empty now */
                accessPossible = errorFlag.good() && (! wcache->bufferIsEmpty());
              }
            }

            /* if this element's transfer state is ERW_init (i.e. it has not yet been written to */
            /* the stream) and if the outstream provides enough space for tag and length information */
            /* write tag and length information to it, do something */
            if (getTransferState() == ERW_init)
            {
                /* first compare with DCM_TagInfoLength (12). If there is not enough space
                 * in the buffer, check if the buffer is still sufficient for the requirements
                 * of this element, which may need only 8 instead of 12 bytes.
                 */
                if ((outStream.avail() >= DCM_TagInfoLength) ||
                    (outStream.avail() >= getTagAndLengthSize(oxfer)))
                {
                    /* if there is no value, Length (member variable) shall be set to 0 */
                    if (! accessPossible) setLengthField(0);

                    /* remember how many bytes have been written to the stream, currently none so far */
                    Uint32 writtenBytes = 0;

                    /* write tag and length information (and possibly also data type information) to the stream, */
                    /* mind the transfer syntax and remember the amount of bytes that have been written */
                    errorFlag = writeTagAndLength(outStream, oxfer, writtenBytes);

                    /* if the writing was successful, set this element's transfer */
                    /* state to ERW_inWork and the amount of transferred bytes to 0 */
                    if (errorFlag.good())
                    {
                        setTransferState(ERW_inWork);
                        setTransferredBytes(0);
                    }
                } else errorFlag = EC_StreamNotifyClient;
            }

            /* if there is a value that has to be written to the stream */
            /* and if this element's transfer state is ERW_inWork */
            if (accessPossible && getTransferState() == ERW_inWork)
            {
                Uint32 len = 0;
                if (valueLoaded())
                {
                    /* write as many bytes as possible to the stream starting at value[getTransferredBytes()] */
                    /* (note that the bytes value[0] to value[getTransferredBytes()-1] have already been */
                    /* written to the stream) */
                    len = OFstatic_cast(Uint32, outStream.write(&value[getTransferredBytes()], getLengthField() - getTransferredBytes()));

                    /* increase the amount of bytes which have been transfered correspondingly */
                    incTransferredBytes(len);

                    /* see if there is something fishy with the stream */
                    errorFlag = outStream.status();
                }
                else
                {
                    Uint32 buflen = 0;
                    OFBool done = getTransferredBytes() == getLengthField();
                    while (! done)
                    {
                      // re-fill buffer from file if empty
                      errorFlag = wcache->fillBuffer(*this);
                      buflen = wcache->contentLength();

                      if (errorFlag.good())
                      {
                        // write as many bytes from cache buffer to stream as possible
                        len = wcache->writeBuffer(outStream);

                        /* increase the amount of bytes which have been transfered correspondingly */
                        incTransferredBytes(len);

                        /* see if there is something fishy with the stream */
                        errorFlag = outStream.status();
                      }

                      // stop writing if something went wrong, we were unable to send all of the buffer content
                      // (which indicates that the output stream needs to be flushed, or everything was sent out.
                      done = errorFlag.bad() || (len < buflen) || (getTransferredBytes() == getLengthField());
                    }
                }

                /* if the amount of transferred bytes equals the length of the element's value, the */
                /* entire value has been written to the stream. Thus, this element's transfer state */
                /* has to be set to ERW_ready. If this is not the case but the error flag still shows */
                /* an ok value, there was no more space in the stream and a corresponding return value */
                /* has to be set. (Isn't the "else if" part superfluous?!?) */
                if (getLengthField() == getTransferredBytes()) setTransferState(ERW_ready);
                else if (errorFlag.good()) errorFlag = EC_StreamNotifyClient;

            }
        }
    }
    /* return result value */
    return errorFlag;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::writeSignatureFormat(DcmOutputStream &outStream,
                                             const E_TransferSyntax oxfer,
                                             const E_EncodingType enctype,
                                             DcmWriteCache *wcache)
{
    // for normal DICOM elements (everything except sequences), the data
    // stream used for digital signature creation or verification is
    // identical to the stream used for network communication or media
    // storage.
    return write(outStream, oxfer, enctype, wcache);
}


// ********************************


void DcmElement::writeXMLStartTag(STD_NAMESPACE ostream &out,
                                  const size_t flags,
                                  const char *attrText)
{
    OFString xmlString;
    DcmVR vr(getTag().getVR());
    /* write standardized XML start tag for all element types */
    out << "<element";
    /* attribute tag = (gggg,eeee) */
    out << " tag=\"";
    out << STD_NAMESPACE hex << STD_NAMESPACE setfill('0')
        << STD_NAMESPACE setw(4) << getTag().getGTag() << ","
        << STD_NAMESPACE setw(4) << getTag().getETag() << "\""
        << STD_NAMESPACE dec << STD_NAMESPACE setfill(' ');
    /* value representation = VR */
    out << " vr=\"" << vr.getVRName() << "\"";
    /* value multiplicity = 1..n */
    out << " vm=\"" << getVM() << "\"";
    /* value length in bytes = 0..max */
    out << " len=\"" << getLengthField() << "\"";
    /* tag name (if known and not suppressed) */
    if (!(flags & DCMTypes::XF_omitDataElementName))
        out << " name=\"" << OFStandard::convertToMarkupString(getTagName(), xmlString) << "\"";
    /* value loaded = no (or absent)*/
    if (!valueLoaded())
        out << " loaded=\"no\"";
    /* write additional attributes (if any) */
    if ((attrText != NULL) && (strlen(attrText) > 0))
        out << " " << attrText;
    out << ">";
}


void DcmElement::writeXMLEndTag(STD_NAMESPACE ostream &out,
                                const size_t /*flags*/)
{
    /* write standardized XML end tag for all element types */
    out << "</element>" << OFendl;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::writeXML(STD_NAMESPACE ostream &out,
                                 const size_t flags)
{
    /* XML start tag: <element tag="gggg,eeee" vr="XX" ...> */
    writeXMLStartTag(out, flags);
    /* write element value (if loaded) */
    if (valueLoaded())
    {
        OFString value;
        if (getOFStringArray(value).good())
        {
            /* check whether conversion to XML markup string is required */
            if (OFStandard::checkForMarkupConversion(value))
                OFStandard::convertToMarkupStream(out, value);
            else
                out << value;
        }
    }
    /* XML end tag: </element> */
    writeXMLEndTag(out, flags);
    /* always report success */
    return EC_Normal;
}


// ********************************


OFCondition DcmElement::getPartialValue(void *targetBuffer,
                                        const Uint32 offset,
                                        Uint32 numBytes,
                                        DcmFileCache *cache,
                                        E_ByteOrder byteOrder)
{
  // check integrity of parameters passed to this method
  if (targetBuffer == NULL) return EC_IllegalCall;

  // if the user has only requested zero bytes, we immediately return
  if (numBytes == 0) return EC_Normal;

  // offset must always be less than attribute length (unless offset,
  // attribute length and numBytes are all zero, a case that was
  // handled above).
  if (offset >= getLengthField()) return EC_InvalidOffset;

  // check if the caller is trying to read past the end of the value field
  if (numBytes > (getLengthField() - offset)) return EC_TooManyBytesRequested;

  // check if the value is already in memory
  if (valueLoaded())
  {
    // the attribute value is already in memory.
    // change internal byte order of the attribute value to the desired byte order.
    // This should only happen once for multiple calls to this method since the
    // caller will hopefully always request the same byte order.
    char *value = OFstatic_cast(char *, getValue(byteOrder));
    if (value)
    {
      memcpy(targetBuffer, value + offset, numBytes);
    }
    else
    {
      // this should never happen because valueLoaded() returned true, but
      // we don't want to dereference a NULL pointer anyway
      return EC_IllegalCall;
    }
  }
  else
  {
    // the value is not in memory. We should directly read from file and
    // also consider byte order.

    // since the value is not in memory, fLoadValue should exist. Check anyway.
    if (! fLoadValue) return EC_IllegalCall;

    // make sure we have a file cache object
    DcmFileCache defaultcache; // automatic object, creation is cheap.
    if (cache == NULL) cache = &defaultcache;

    // the stream from which we will read the attribute value
    DcmInputStream *readStream = NULL;

    // check if we need to seek to a position in file earlier than
    // the one specified by the user in order to correctly swap according
    // to the VR.
    size_t valueWidth = getTag().getVR().getValueWidth();

    // we need to cast the target buffer to something we can increment bytewise
    char *targetBufferChar = OFreinterpret_cast(char *, targetBuffer);

    // the swap buffer should be large enough to keep one value of the current VR
    unsigned char swapBuffer[SWAPBUFFER_SIZE];
    if (valueWidth > SWAPBUFFER_SIZE) return EC_IllegalCall;

    // seekoffset is the number of bytes we need to skip from the beginning of the
    // value field to the point where we will start reading. This is always at the
    // start of a new value of a multi-valued attribute.
    Uint32 partialvalue = 0;
    const Uint32 partialoffset = offset % valueWidth;
    const offile_off_t seekoffset = offset - partialoffset;

    // check if cache already contains the stream we're looking for
    if (cache->isUser(this))
    {
      readStream = cache->getStream();

      // since we cannot seek back in the stream (only forward), check if the stream
      // is already past our needed start position
      if (readStream->tell() - cache->getOffset() > seekoffset)
      {
        readStream = NULL;
      }
    }

    // initialize the cache with new stream
    if (!readStream)
    {
      readStream = fLoadValue->create();

      // check that read stream is non-NULL
      if (readStream == NULL) return EC_InvalidStream;

      // check that stream status is OK
      if (readStream->status().bad()) return readStream->status();

      cache->init(readStream, this);
    }

    // now skip bytes from our current position in file to where we
    // want to start reading.
    offile_off_t remainingBytesToSkip = seekoffset - (readStream->tell() - cache->getOffset());
    offile_off_t skipResult;

    while (remainingBytesToSkip)
    {
      skipResult = readStream->skip(remainingBytesToSkip);
      if (skipResult == 0) return EC_InvalidStream; // error while skipping
      remainingBytesToSkip -= skipResult;
    }

    // check if the first few bytes we want to read are "in the middle" of one value
    // of a multi-valued attribute. In that case we need to read the complete value,
    // swap it and then copy only the last bytes in desired byte order.
    if (partialoffset > 0)
    {
      // we possibly want to reset the stream to this point later
      readStream->mark();

      // compute the number of bytes we need to copy from the first attributes
      partialvalue = valueWidth - partialoffset;

      // we need to read a single data element into the swap buffer
      if (valueWidth != OFstatic_cast(size_t, readStream->read(swapBuffer, valueWidth)))
          return EC_InvalidStream;

      // swap to desired byte order. fByteOrder contains the byte order in file.
      swapIfNecessary(byteOrder, fByteOrder, swapBuffer, valueWidth, valueWidth);

      // copy to target buffer and adjust values
      if (partialvalue > numBytes)
      {
        memcpy(targetBufferChar, &swapBuffer[partialoffset], numBytes);
        targetBufferChar += numBytes;
        numBytes = 0;

        // Reset stream to position marked before, since we have not copied the complete value
        readStream->putback();
      }
      else
      {
        memcpy(targetBufferChar, &swapBuffer[partialoffset], partialvalue);
        targetBufferChar += partialvalue;
        numBytes -= partialvalue;
      }
    }

    // now read the main block of data directly into the target buffer
    partialvalue = numBytes % valueWidth;
    const Uint32 bytesToRead = numBytes - partialvalue;

    if (bytesToRead > 0)
    {
      // here we read the main block of data
     if (bytesToRead != readStream->read(targetBufferChar, bytesToRead))
         return EC_InvalidStream;

      // swap to desired byte order. fByteOrder contains the byte order in file.
      swapIfNecessary(byteOrder, fByteOrder, targetBufferChar, bytesToRead, valueWidth);

      // adjust pointer to target buffer
      targetBufferChar += bytesToRead;
    }

    // check if the last few bytes we want to read are only a partial value.
    // In that case we need to read the complete value, swap it and then copy
    // only the first few bytes in desired byte order.
    if (partialvalue > 0)
    {
      // we want to reset the stream to this point later
      readStream->mark();

      // we need to read a single data element into the swap buffer
      if (valueWidth != OFstatic_cast(size_t, readStream->read(swapBuffer, valueWidth)))
          return EC_InvalidStream;

      // swap to desired byte order. fByteOrder contains the byte order in file.
      swapIfNecessary(byteOrder, fByteOrder, swapBuffer, valueWidth, valueWidth);

      // copy to target buffer and adjust values
      memcpy(targetBufferChar, swapBuffer, partialvalue);

      // finally reset stream to position marked before
      readStream->putback();
    }
  }

  // done.
  return EC_Normal;
}


void DcmElement::compact()
{
  if (fLoadValue && fValue)
  {
    delete[] fValue;
    fValue = NULL;
    setTransferredBytes(0);
  }
}


OFCondition DcmElement::createValueFromTempFile(DcmInputStreamFactory *factory,
                                                const Uint32 length,
                                                const E_ByteOrder byteOrder)
{
    if (factory && !(length & 1))
    {
#if defined(HAVE_STD__NOTHROW) && defined(HAVE_NOTHROW_DELETE)
        // if created with the nothrow version it must also be deleted with
        // the nothrow version else memory error.
        operator delete[] (fValue, std::nothrow);
#else
        delete[] fValue;
#endif
        fValue = 0;
        delete fLoadValue;
        fLoadValue = factory;
        fByteOrder = byteOrder;
        setLengthField(length);
        return EC_Normal;
    }
    else return EC_IllegalCall;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::getUncompressedFrameSize(DcmItem *dataset,
                                                 Uint32 &frameSize) const
{
  if (dataset == NULL) return EC_IllegalCall;
  Uint16 rows = 0;
  Uint16 cols = 0;
  Uint16 samplesPerPixel = 0;
  Uint16 bitsAllocated = 0;
  // retrieve values from dataset
  OFCondition result = EC_Normal;
  if (result.good()) result = dataset->findAndGetUint16(DCM_Columns, cols);
  if (result.good()) result = dataset->findAndGetUint16(DCM_Rows, rows);
  if (result.good()) result = dataset->findAndGetUint16(DCM_SamplesPerPixel, samplesPerPixel);
  if (result.good()) result = dataset->findAndGetUint16(DCM_BitsAllocated, bitsAllocated);

  // compute frame size
  if ((bitsAllocated % 8) == 0)
  {
    const Uint16 bytesAllocated = bitsAllocated / 8;
    frameSize = bytesAllocated * rows * cols * samplesPerPixel;
  }
  else
  {
    /* need to split calculation in order to avoid integer overflow for large pixel data */
    const Uint32 v1 = rows * cols * samplesPerPixel;
    const Uint32 v2 = (bitsAllocated / 8) * v1;
    const Uint32 v3 = ((bitsAllocated % 8) * v1 + 7) / 8;
//  # old code: frameSize = (bitsAllocated * rows * cols * samplesPerPixel + 7) / 8;
    frameSize = v2 + v3;
  }

  return result;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::getUncompressedFrame(DcmItem * /* dataset */ ,
                                             Uint32 /* frameNo */ ,
                                             Uint32& /* startFragment */ ,
                                             void * /* buffer */ ,
                                             Uint32 /* bufSize */ ,
                                             OFString& /* decompressedColorModel */ ,
                                             DcmFileCache * /* cache */ )
{
  return EC_IllegalCall;
}


OFCondition DcmElement::getDecompressedColorModel(DcmItem * /* dataset */,
                                                  OFString & /* decompressedColorModel */)
{
  return EC_IllegalCall;
}


// ********************************


int DcmElement::scanValue(const OFString &value,
                          const OFString &vr,
                          const size_t pos,
                          const size_t num)
{
  // Only create a copy of the string if we have to, this could be a lot of data
  if (pos == 0 && (num == OFString_npos || num >= value.length()))
      return vrscan::scan(vr, value);

  // construct input string to be scanned
  OFString realValue(value, pos, num);
  return vrscan::scan(vr, realValue);
}


OFCondition DcmElement::checkVM(const unsigned long vmNum,
                                const OFString &vmStr)
{
  OFCondition result = EC_Normal;
  // only check non-empty values
  if (vmNum > 0)
  {
    if (vmStr == "1")
    {
      if (vmNum != 1) result = EC_ValueMultiplicityViolated;
    }
    else if (vmStr == "1-2")
    {
      if (vmNum > 2) result = EC_ValueMultiplicityViolated;
    }
    else if (vmStr == "1-3")
    {
      if (vmNum > 3) result = EC_ValueMultiplicityViolated;
    }
    else if (vmStr == "1-8")
    {
      if (vmNum > 8) result = EC_ValueMultiplicityViolated;
    }
    else if (vmStr == "1-99")
    {
      if (vmNum > 99) result = EC_ValueMultiplicityViolated;
    }
    else if (vmStr == "2")
    {
      if (vmNum != 2) result = EC_ValueMultiplicityViolated;
    }
    else if (vmStr == "2-n")
    {
      if (vmNum < 2) result = EC_ValueMultiplicityViolated;
    }
    else if (vmStr == "2-2n")
    {
      if ((vmNum % 2) != 0) result = EC_ValueMultiplicityViolated;
    }
    else if (vmStr == "3")
    {
      if (vmNum != 3) result = EC_ValueMultiplicityViolated;
    }
    else if (vmStr == "3-n")
    {
      if (vmNum < 3) result = EC_ValueMultiplicityViolated;
    }
    else if (vmStr == "3-3n")
    {
      if ((vmNum % 3) != 0) result = EC_ValueMultiplicityViolated;
    }
    else if (vmStr == "4")
    {
      if (vmNum != 4) result = EC_ValueMultiplicityViolated;
    }
    else if (vmStr == "6")
    {
      if (vmNum != 6) result = EC_ValueMultiplicityViolated;
    }
    else if (vmStr == "9")
    {
      if (vmNum != 9) result = EC_ValueMultiplicityViolated;
    }
    else if (vmStr == "16")
    {
      if (vmNum != 16) result = EC_ValueMultiplicityViolated;
    }
    else if (vmStr == "32")
    {
      if (vmNum != 32) result = EC_ValueMultiplicityViolated;
    }
    else if (vmStr != "1-n")
    {
      // given value of 'vmStr' not (yet) supported
      result = EC_IllegalParameter;
    }
  }
  return result;
}


/*
** CVS/RCS Log:
** $Log: dcelem.cc,v $
** Revision 1.88  2010-11-05 09:34:14  joergr
** Added support for checking the value multiplicity "9" (see Supplement 131).
**
** Revision 1.87  2010-10-20 16:44:16  joergr
** Use type cast macros (e.g. OFstatic_cast) where appropriate.
**
** Revision 1.86  2010-10-14 13:14:07  joergr
** Updated copyright header. Added reference to COPYRIGHT file.
**
** Revision 1.85  2010-09-02 09:56:54  uli
** Avoid a pointless data-copy in DcmElement::scanValue() if possible.
**
** Revision 1.84  2010-09-02 09:49:38  uli
** Add the VR prefix into the scanner instead of adding it in the caller.
**
** Revision 1.83  2010-08-26 12:29:48  uli
** Ported vrscan from ancient flex++ to current flex version.
**
** Revision 1.82  2010-04-23 14:33:57  joergr
** Added new method to all VR classes which checks whether the stored value
** conforms to the VR definition and to the specified VM.
**
** Revision 1.81  2010-04-22 09:02:10  joergr
** Added support for further VM values ("1-8", "1-99", "16", "32") to be
** checked.
**
** Revision 1.80  2010-02-25 13:50:15  joergr
** Fixed issue with element values which exceed the maximum of a 16-bit length
** field.
**
** Revision 1.79  2010-01-21 15:05:59  joergr
** Switched to new stream variant of method convertToMarkupString() where
** appropriate.
**
** Revision 1.78  2009-11-17 16:41:26  joergr
** Added new method that allows for determining the color model of the
** decompressed image.
**
** Revision 1.77  2009-11-13 13:11:20  joergr
** Fixed minor issues in log output.
**
** Revision 1.76  2009-11-04 09:58:09  uli
** Switched to logging mechanism provided by the "new" oflog module
**
** Revision 1.75  2009-09-28 13:34:08  joergr
** Moved general purpose definition file from module dcmdata to ofstd, and
** added new defines in order to make the usage easier.
**
** Revision 1.74  2009-08-06 15:57:17  meichel
** Use of std::nothrow delete now conditional on compiler support for this feature
**
** Revision 1.73  2009-08-04 07:57:20  joergr
** Consistently use non-throwing version of "new" and "delete[]" (if available)
** in order to avoid memory creation/deletion mismatches.
**
** Revision 1.72  2009-08-03 09:02:59  joergr
** Added methods that check whether a given string value conforms to the VR and
** VM definitions of the DICOM standards.
**
** Revision 1.71  2009-06-04 17:10:19  joergr
** Fixed minor source code formatting issues.
**
** Revision 1.70  2009-05-13 09:54:54  joergr
** Fixed possible integer overflow for images with very large pixel data in
** method getUncompressedFrameSize() for the rare case that BitsAllocated is
** not a multiple of 8.
**
** Revision 1.69  2009-05-11 16:05:47  meichel
** Minor fix in DcmElement::getUncompressedFrameSize for the rare case that
**   BitsAllocated is not 8 or 16. Also the method now returns the true frame
**   size without any pad byte.
**
** Revision 1.68  2009-03-05 13:35:07  onken
** Added checks for sequence and item lengths which prevents overflow in length
** field, if total length of contained items (or sequences) exceeds 32-bit
** length field. Also introduced new flag (default: enabled) for writing
** in explicit length mode, which allows for automatically switching encoding
** of only that very sequence/item to undefined length coding (thus permitting
** to actually write the file).
**
** Revision 1.67  2009-02-05 14:59:43  onken
** Make usage of global "ignore parsing errors" flag in case of elements
** being larger than rest of available input. However, if enabled, the
** parser ignores any elements coming after such an input-exceeding
** element. Minor code clarifications.
**
** Revision 1.66  2009-02-04 18:03:56  joergr
** Fixed various type mismatches reported by MSVC introduced with OFFile class.
**
** Revision 1.65  2009-01-29 15:34:45  onken
** Fixed length overflow in case of private attributes having maximum length
** values. Minor code simplifications.
**
** Revision 1.64  2008-11-03 14:26:58  joergr
** Fixed wrong check of odd/even length in method createValueFromTempFile().
**
** Revision 1.63  2008-10-28 11:40:26  joergr
** Output detailed error message in case of "premature end of stream".
**
** Revision 1.62  2008-07-17 10:31:31  onken
** Implemented copyFrom() method for complete DcmObject class hierarchy, which
** permits setting an instance's value from an existing object. Implemented
** assignment operator where necessary.
**
** Revision 1.61  2008-05-29 10:43:20  meichel
** Implemented new method createValueFromTempFile that allows the content of
**   a temporary file to be set as the new value of a DICOM element.
**   Also added a new method compact() that removes the value field if the
**   value field can still be reconstructed from file. For large attribute
**   value the file reference is now kept in memory even when the value has
**   been loaded once. Finally, added new helper method getUncompressedFrameSize
**   that computes the size of an uncompressed frame for a given dataset.
**
** Revision 1.60  2007/11/29 14:30:21  meichel
** Write methods now handle large raw data elements (such as pixel data)
**   without loading everything into memory. This allows very large images to
**   be sent over a network connection, or to be copied without ever being
**   fully in memory.
**
** Revision 1.59  2007/11/23 15:42:36  meichel
** Copy assignment operators in dcmdata now safe for self assignment
**
** Revision 1.58  2007/07/11 08:50:21  meichel
** Initial release of new method DcmElement::getPartialValue which gives access
**   to partial attribute values without loading the complete attribute value
**   into memory, if kept in file.
**
** Revision 1.57  2007/06/29 14:17:49  meichel
** Code clean-up: Most member variables in module dcmdata are now private,
**   not protected anymore.
**
** Revision 1.56  2007/06/07 09:03:17  joergr
** Added createUint8Array() and createUint16Array() methods.
**
** Revision 1.55  2007/02/20 13:19:25  joergr
** Fixed wrong spelling in error message.
**
** Revision 1.54  2006/10/13 10:07:49  joergr
** Added new helper function that allows to check whether the conversion to an
** HTML/XML markup string is required.
**
** Revision 1.53  2006/08/15 15:49:54  meichel
** Updated all code in module dcmdata to correctly compile when
**   all standard C++ classes remain in namespace std.
**
** Revision 1.52  2006/05/11 08:48:35  joergr
** Added new option that allows to omit the element name in the XML output.
**
** Revision 1.51  2005/12/08 15:41:08  meichel
** Changed include path schema for all DCMTK header files
**
** Revision 1.50  2005/07/27 09:31:45  joergr
** Fixed bug in getOFStringArray() which prevented the result string from being
** cleared under certain circumstances.
**
** Revision 1.49  2004/04/27 09:21:27  wilkens
** Fixed a bug in dcelem.cc which occurs when one is serializing a dataset
** (that contains an attribute whose length value is coded with 2 bytes) into
** a given buffer. Although the number of available bytes in the buffer was
** sufficient, the dataset->write(...) method would always return
** EC_StreamNotifyClient to indicate that there are not sufficient bytes
** available in the buffer. This code modification fixes the problem.
**
** Revision 1.48  2004/02/04 16:29:00  joergr
** Adapted type casts to new-style typecast operators defined in ofcast.h.
**
** Revision 1.47  2003/12/11 13:40:46  meichel
** newValueField() now uses std::nothrow new if available
**
** Revision 1.46  2003/10/15 16:55:43  meichel
** Updated error messages for parse errors
**
** Revision 1.45  2003/03/21 13:08:04  meichel
** Minor code purifications for warnings reported by MSVC in Level 4
**
** Revision 1.44  2002/12/09 09:30:50  wilkens
** Modified/Added doc++ documentation.
**
** Revision 1.43  2002/12/06 13:15:12  joergr
** Enhanced "print()" function by re-working the implementation and replacing
** the boolean "showFullData" parameter by a more general integer flag.
** Made source code formatting more consistent with other modules/files.
**
** Revision 1.42  2002/11/27 12:06:46  meichel
** Adapted module dcmdata to use of new header file ofstdinc.h
**
** Revision 1.41  2002/09/17 13:00:11  meichel
** Improved one error code return
**
** Revision 1.40  2002/08/27 16:55:46  meichel
** Initial release of new DICOM I/O stream classes that add support for stream
**   compression (deflated little endian explicit VR transfer syntax)
**
** Revision 1.39  2002/07/08 14:44:39  meichel
** Improved dcmdata behaviour when reading odd tag length. Depending on the
**   global boolean flag dcmAcceptOddAttributeLength, the parser now either accepts
**   odd length attributes or implements the old behaviour, i.e. assumes a real
**   length larger by one.
**
** Revision 1.38  2002/04/25 10:15:09  joergr
** Added/modified getOFStringArray() implementation.
** Added support for XML output of DICOM objects.
**
** Revision 1.37  2001/11/16 15:55:02  meichel
** Adapted digital signature code to final text of supplement 41.
**
** Revision 1.36  2001/11/01 14:55:36  wilkens
** Added lots of comments.
**
** Revision 1.35  2001/09/25 17:19:49  meichel
** Adapted dcmdata to class OFCondition
**
** Revision 1.34  2001/06/01 15:49:03  meichel
** Updated copyright header
**
** Revision 1.33  2001/05/10 12:50:23  meichel
** Added protected createEmptyValue() method in class DcmElement.
**
** Revision 1.32  2000/11/07 16:56:19  meichel
** Initial release of dcmsign module for DICOM Digital Signatures
**
** Revision 1.31  2000/04/14 15:55:04  meichel
** Dcmdata library code now consistently uses ofConsole for error output.
**
** Revision 1.30  2000/03/08 16:26:34  meichel
** Updated copyright header.
**
** Revision 1.29  2000/03/03 14:05:32  meichel
** Implemented library support for redirecting error messages into memory
**   instead of printing them to stdout/stderr for GUI applications.
**
** Revision 1.28  2000/02/23 15:11:51  meichel
** Corrected macro for Borland C++ Builder 4 workaround.
**
** Revision 1.27  2000/02/01 10:12:06  meichel
** Avoiding to include <stdlib.h> as extern "C" on Borland C++ Builder 4,
**   workaround for bug in compiler header files.
**
** Revision 1.26  1999/03/31 09:25:26  meichel
** Updated copyright header in module dcmdata
**
** Revision 1.25  1999/03/22 15:46:24  meichel
** Printing explicit error message when DICOM file is too short.
**
** Revision 1.24  1998/11/12 16:48:15  meichel
** Implemented operator= for all classes derived from DcmObject.
**
** Revision 1.23  1998/07/15 15:51:55  joergr
** Removed several compiler warnings reported by gcc 2.8.1 with
** additional options, e.g. missing copy constructors and assignment
** operators, initialization of member variables in the body of a
** constructor instead of the member initialization list, hiding of
** methods by use of identical names, uninitialized member variables,
** missing const declaration of char pointers. Replaced tabs by spaces.
**
** Revision 1.22  1998/01/14 15:22:35  hewett
** Replaced a switch construct to use to the isaString method.
**
** Revision 1.21  1997/09/11 15:24:39  hewett
** Added a putOFStringArray method.
**
** Revision 1.20  1997/08/29 08:32:54  andreas
** - Added methods getOFString and getOFStringArray for all
**   string VRs. These methods are able to normalise the value, i. e.
**   to remove leading and trailing spaces. This will be done only if
**   it is described in the standard that these spaces are not relevant.
**   These methods do not test the strings for conformance, this means
**   especially that they do not delete spaces where they are not allowed!
**   getOFStringArray returns the string with all its parts separated by \
**   and getOFString returns only one value of the string.
**   CAUTION: Currently getString returns a string with trailing
**   spaces removed (if dcmEnableAutomaticInputDataCorrection == OFTrue) and
**   truncates the original string (since it is not copied!). If you rely on this
**   behaviour please change your application now.
**   Future changes will ensure that getString returns the original
**   string from the DICOM object (NULL terminated) inclusive padding.
**   Currently, if you call getOF... before calling getString without
**   normalisation, you can get the original string read from the DICOM object.
**
** Revision 1.19  1997/07/31 06:58:04  andreas
** new protected method swapValueField for DcmElement
**
** Revision 1.18  1997/07/24 13:10:51  andreas
** - Removed Warnings from SUN CC 2.0.1
**
** Revision 1.17  1997/07/21 07:57:57  andreas
** - New method DcmElement::detachValueField to give control over the
**   value field to the calling part (see dcelem.h)
** - Replace all boolean types (BOOLEAN, CTNBOOLEAN, DICOM_BOOL, BOOL)
**   with one unique boolean type OFBool.
**
** Revision 1.16  1997/07/07 07:46:19  andreas
** - Changed parameter type DcmTag & to DcmTagKey & in all search functions
**   in DcmItem, DcmSequenceOfItems, DcmDirectoryRecord and DcmObject
** - Enhanced (faster) byte swapping routine. swapIfNecessary moved from
**   a method in DcmObject to a general function.
**
** Revision 1.15  1997/07/03 15:09:57  andreas
** - removed debugging functions Bdebug() and Edebug() since
**   they write a static array and are not very useful at all.
**   Cdebug and Vdebug are merged since they have the same semantics.
**   The debugging functions in dcmdata changed their interfaces
**   (see dcmdata/include/dcdebug.h)
**
** Revision 1.14  1997/05/27 13:48:58  andreas
** - Add method canWriteXfer to class DcmObject and all derived classes.
**   This method checks whether it is possible to convert the original
**   transfer syntax to an new transfer syntax. The check is used in the
**   dcmconv utility to prohibit the change of a compressed transfer
**   syntax to a uncompressed.
**
** Revision 1.13  1997/05/16 08:23:53  andreas
** - Revised handling of GroupLength elements and support of
**   DataSetTrailingPadding elements. The enumeratio E_GrpLenEncoding
**   got additional enumeration values (for a description see dctypes.h).
**   addGroupLength and removeGroupLength methods are replaced by
**   computeGroupLengthAndPadding. To support Padding, the parameters of
**   element and sequence write functions changed.
** - Added a new method calcElementLength to calculate the length of an
**   element, item or sequence. For elements it returns the length of
**   tag, length field, vr field, and value length, for item and
**   sequences it returns the length of the whole item. sequence including
**   the Delimitation tag (if appropriate).  It can never return
**   UndefinedLength.
**
** Revision 1.12  1997/05/15 12:29:02  andreas
** - Bug fix for changing binary element values. If a binary existing element
**   value changed, byte order was somtimes wrong.
**
** Revision 1.11  1997/04/18 08:17:16  andreas
** - The put/get-methods for all VRs did not conform to the C++-Standard
**   draft. Some Compilers (e.g. SUN-C++ Compiler, Metroworks
**   CodeWarrier, etc.) create many warnings concerning the hiding of
**   overloaded get methods in all derived classes of DcmElement.
**   So the interface of all value representation classes in the
**   library are changed rapidly, e.g.
**   OFCondition get(Uint16 & value, const unsigned long pos);
**   becomes
**   OFCondition getUint16(Uint16 & value, const unsigned long pos);
**   All (retired) "returntype get(...)" methods are deleted.
**   For more information see dcmdata/include/dcelem.h
**
** Revision 1.10  1996/07/31 13:41:23  andreas
** *** empty log message ***
**
** Revision 1.9  1996/07/31 13:26:01  andreas
** -  Minor corrections: error code for swapping to or from byteorder unknown
**                       correct read of dataset in fileformat
**
** Revision 1.8  1996/07/29 17:14:26  andreas
** Faster Access with empty value fields
**
** Revision 1.7  1996/04/16 16:04:05  andreas
** - new put parameter DcmTagKey for DcmAttributeTag elements
** - better support for NULL element value
**
** Revision 1.6  1996/03/11 13:11:05  hewett
** Changed prototypes to allow get() and put() of char strings.
**
** Revision 1.5  1996/01/09 11:06:45  andreas
** New Support for Visual C++
** Correct problems with inconsistent const declarations
** Correct error in reading Item Delimitation Elements
**
** Revision 1.4  1996/01/05 14:00:24  andreas
** - add forgotten initialization for the byte order
**
** Revision 1.3  1996/01/05 13:27:36  andreas
** - changed to support new streaming facilities
** - unique read/write methods for file and block transfer
** - more cleanups
**
*/