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|
# Raphael Hertzog <hertzog@debian.org>, 2015.
# Raphaël Hertzog <hertzog@debian.org>, 2015.
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: 0\n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2020-05-17 17:54+0200\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2018-11-06 12:16+0100\n"
"Last-Translator: Galina Anikina <merilaga@yandex.ru>\n"
"Language-Team: French <https://hosted.weblate.org/projects/debian-handbook/06_apt/fr/>\n"
"Language: fr-FR\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=n > 1;\n"
"X-Generator: Weblate 2.18-dev\n"
msgid "apt"
msgstr "apt"
msgid "apt-get"
msgstr "apt-get"
msgid "apt-cache"
msgstr "apt-cache"
msgid "aptitude"
msgstr "aptitude"
msgid "synaptic"
msgstr "synaptic"
msgid "sources.list"
msgstr "sources.list"
msgid "apt-cdrom"
msgstr "apt-cdrom"
msgid "Maintenance and Updates: The APT Tools"
msgstr "Maintenance et mise à jour : les outils APT"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "What makes Debian so popular with administrators is how easily software can be installed and how easily the whole system can be updated. This unique advantage is largely due to the <emphasis>APT</emphasis> program, that Falcot Corp administrators studied with enthusiasm."
msgid "What makes Debian so popular with administrators is how easily software can be installed and how easily the whole system can be updated. This unique advantage is largely due to the <emphasis>APT</emphasis> program, which Falcot Corp administrators studied with enthusiasm."
msgstr "Ce qui rend Debian si populaire auprès des administrateurs, c'est la facilité avec laquelle il est possible d'y installer des logiciels et de mettre à jour le système complet. Cet avantage unique est dû en grande partie au programme <emphasis>APT</emphasis>, outil dont les administrateurs de Falcot SA se sont empressés d'étudier les possibilités."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>tag</primary>"
msgid "<primary>APT</primary>"
msgstr "<primary>étiquette (tag)</primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>package</primary><secondary>seal</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>Advanced Package Tool</primary><seealso>APT</seealso>"
msgstr "<primary>paquet</primary><secondary>scellement</secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<indexterm><primary>APT</primary></indexterm> <indexterm><primary>Advanced Package Tool</primary></indexterm> APT is the abbreviation for Advanced Package Tool. What makes this program “advanced” is its approach to packages. It doesn't simply evaluate them individually, but it considers them as a whole and produces the best possible combination of packages depending on what is available and compatible (according to dependencies)."
msgid "<acronym>APT</acronym> is the abbreviation for Advanced Package Tool. What makes this program “advanced” is its approach to packages. It doesn't simply evaluate them individually, but it considers them as a whole and produces the best possible combination of packages depending on what is available and compatible according to dependencies."
msgstr "<indexterm><primary>APT</primary></indexterm> <indexterm><primary><foreignphrase>Advanced Package Tool</foreignphrase></primary></indexterm> <emphasis>APT</emphasis> est l'abréviation de <foreignphrase>Advanced Package Tool</foreignphrase> (outil avancé pour les paquets). Ce que ce programme a d'« avancé », c'est la manière d'aborder la problématique des paquets. Il ne se contente pas de les évaluer un par un, mais les considère dans leur ensemble et réalise la meilleure combinaison possible de paquets en fonction de tout ce qui est disponible et compatible (au sens des dépendances)."
msgid "<emphasis>VOCABULARY</emphasis> Package source and source package"
msgstr "<emphasis>VOCABULAIRE</emphasis> Source de paquets et paquet source"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>package</primary><secondary>source of</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>package</primary><secondary>source package</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>paquet</primary><secondary>source de</secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>package</primary><secondary>priority</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>package source</primary><seealso>repository</seealso>"
msgstr "<primary>paquet</primary><secondary>priorité</secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "The word <emphasis>source</emphasis> can be ambiguous. A source package — a package containing the source code of a program — should not be confused with a package source — a repository (website, FTP server, CD-ROM, local directory, etc.) which contains packages."
msgid "The word <emphasis>source</emphasis> can be ambiguous. A \"source package\" — a package containing the source code of a program — should not be confused with a \"package source\" — a repository (website, FTP server, CD-ROM, local directory, etc.) which contains packages."
msgstr "Le terme <emphasis>source</emphasis> peut porter à confusion. Il ne faut pas confondre un paquet source — paquet contenant le code source d'un programme — et une source de paquets — emplacement (site web, serveur FTP, CD-Rom, répertoire local, etc.) contenant des paquets."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "APT needs to be given a “list of package sources”: the file <filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename> will list the different repositories (or “sources”) that publish Debian packages. APT will then import the list of packages published by each of these sources. This operation is achieved by downloading <filename>Packages.xz</filename> or a variant using a different compression method (such as <filename>Packages.gz</filename> or <filename>.bz2</filename>) files (in case of a source of binary packages) and <filename>Sources.xz</filename> or a variant (in case of a source of source packages) and by analyzing their contents. When an old copy of these files is already present, APT can update it by only downloading the differences (see sidebar <xref linkend=\"sidebar.apt-pdiff\" />)."
msgid "APT needs to be given a “list of package sources (repositories)”: the file <filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename> will list the different repositories that publish Debian packages. APT will then import the list of packages published by each of these sources. This operation is achieved by downloading <filename>Packages.xz</filename> files or a variant such as <filename>Packages.gz</filename> or <filename>.bz2</filename> (using a different compression method) in case of a source of binary packages and by analyzing their contents. In case of a source of source packages, APT downloads <filename>Sources.xz</filename> files or a variant using a different compression method. When an old copy of these files is already present, APT can update it by only downloading the differences (see sidebar <xref linkend=\"sidebar.apt-pdiff\" />)."
msgstr "APT a besoin qu'on lui fournisse une « liste de sources de paquets » : c'est le fichier <filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename> qui décrira les différents emplacements (ou « sources ») publiant des paquets Debian. APT devra ensuite rapatrier la liste des paquets publiés par chacune de ces sources, ainsi que leurs en-têtes. Il réalise cette opération en téléchargeant les fichiers <filename>Packages.{gz,bz2,xz}</filename> (cas d'une source de paquets binaires) et <filename>Sources.{gz,bz2,xz}</filename> (cas d'une source de paquets sources) et en analysant leur contenu. Lorsque l'on dispose déjà d'une copie ancienne de ces fichiers, APT est capable de les mettre à jour en ne téléchargeant que les différences (voir encadré <xref linkend=\"sidebar.apt-pdiff\" />)."
msgid "<primary><filename>Packages.xz</filename></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><filename>Packages.xz</filename></primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><filename>Packages.xz</filename></primary>"
msgid "<primary><filename>Packages.gz</filename></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><filename>Packages.xz</filename></primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><filename>Packages.xz</filename></primary>"
msgid "<primary><filename>Packages.bz2</filename></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><filename>Packages.xz</filename></primary>"
msgid "<primary><filename>Sources.xz</filename></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><filename>Sources.xz</filename></primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><filename>Sources.xz</filename></primary>"
msgid "<primary><filename>Sources.gz</filename></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><filename>Sources.xz</filename></primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><filename>Sources.xz</filename></primary>"
msgid "<primary><filename>Sources.bz2</filename></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><filename>Sources.xz</filename></primary>"
msgid "<emphasis>BACK TO BASICS</emphasis> <command>gzip</command>, <command>bzip2</command>, <command>LZMA</command> and <command>XZ</command> Compression"
msgstr "<emphasis>B.A.-BA</emphasis> Compression <command>gzip</command>, <command>bzip2</command>, <command>LZMA</command> et <command>XZ</command>"
msgid "<primary><command>gzip</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>gzip</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>bzip2</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>bzip2</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>lzma</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>lzma</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>xz</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>xz</command></primary>"
msgid "A <filename>.gz</filename> extension refers to a file compressed with the <command>gzip</command> utility. <command>gzip</command> is the fast and efficient traditional Unix utility to compress files. Newer tools achieve better rates of compression but require more resources (computation time and memory) to compress and uncompress a file. Among them, and by order of appearance, there are <command>bzip2</command> (generating files with a <filename>.bz2</filename> extension), <command>lzma</command> (generating <filename>.lzma</filename> files) and <command>xz</command> (generating <filename>.xz</filename> files)."
msgstr "Une extension <filename>.gz</filename> dénote un fichier compressé avec l'utilitaire <command>gzip</command>, qui est l'utilitaire Unix traditionnel pour compresser les fichiers, rapide et efficace. De nouveaux outils, plus récents, obtiennent de meilleurs taux de compression mais nécessitent plus de ressources (temps de calcul et mémoire) pour comprimer ou décomprimer un fichier. Par ordre d'apparition, citons <command>bzip2</command> (qui produit des fichiers d'extension <filename>.bz2</filename>), <command>LZMA</command> (qui produit des <filename>.lzma</filename>) et <command>xz</command> (qui produit des <filename>.xz</filename>)."
msgid "Filling in the <filename>sources.list</filename> File"
msgstr "Renseigner le fichier <filename>sources.list</filename>"
msgid "<primary><filename>sources.list</filename></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><filename>sources.list</filename></primary>"
msgid "<primary>source</primary><secondary>of packages</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>source</primary><secondary>de paquets</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>package</primary><secondary>source of</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>paquet</primary><secondary>source de</secondary>"
msgid "<primary><filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename></primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename></primary>"
msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary><filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary><filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename></primary>"
msgid "Syntax"
msgstr "Syntaxe"
msgid "Each active line in the <filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename> file represents a package source (repository) and is made of at least three parts separated by spaces. For a complete description of the file format and the accepted entry compositions see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sources.list</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename></primary>"
msgid "Example entry format in <filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename>"
msgstr "<primary><filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename></primary>"
msgid ""
"deb url distribution component1 component2 component3 [..] componentX\n"
"deb-src url distribution component1 component2 component3 [..] componentX\n"
" "
msgstr ""
msgid "The first field indicates the source type:"
msgstr "Le premier champ indique le type de la source :"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "“<literal>deb</literal>” for binary packages,"
msgid "<literal>deb</literal>"
msgstr "« <literal>deb</literal> » pour des paquets binaires ;"
msgid "package source (repository) of binary packages"
msgstr ""
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "“<literal>deb-src</literal>” for source packages."
msgid "<literal>deb-src</literal>"
msgstr "« <literal>deb-src</literal> » pour des paquets sources."
msgid "package source (repository) of source packages"
msgstr ""
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "The second field gives the base URL of the source (combined with the filenames present in the <filename>Packages.gz</filename> files, it must give a full and valid URL): this can consist in a Debian mirror or in any other package archive set up by a third party. The URL can start with <literal>file://</literal> to indicate a local source installed in the system's file hierarchy, with <literal>http://</literal> to indicate a source accessible from a web server, or with <literal>ftp://</literal> for a source available on an FTP server. The URL can also start with <literal>cdrom:</literal> for CD-ROM/DVD-ROM/Blu-ray disc based installations, although this is less frequent, since network-based installation methods are more and more common."
msgid "The second field gives the base URL of the source. Combined with the filenames listed in the <filename>Packages.xz</filename> files, it must give a full and valid URL. This can consist in a Debian mirror or in any other package archive set up by a third party. The URL can start with <literal>file://</literal> to indicate a local source installed in the system's file hierarchy, with <literal>http://</literal> or <literal>https://</literal> to indicate a source accessible from a web server server, or with <literal>ftp://</literal> or <literal>ftps://</literal> for a source available on an FTP server. The URL can also start with <literal>cdrom:</literal> for CD-ROM/DVD/Blu-ray disc based installations, although this is less frequent, since network-based installation methods are eventually more common."
msgstr "Le deuxième champ indique l'URL de base de la source (combinée aux noms de fichier présents dans les fichiers <filename>Packages.gz</filename>, elle doit donner une URL complète valide) : il peut s'agir d'un miroir Debian ou de toute autre archive de paquets mise en place par des tierces personnes. L'URL peut débuter par <literal>file://</literal> pour indiquer une source locale située dans l'arborescence de fichiers du système, par <literal>http://</literal> pour indiquer une source accessible depuis un serveur web, ou par <literal>ftp://</literal> pour une source disponible sur un serveur FTP. On trouvera aussi <literal>cdrom:</literal> pour les installations à partir de CD-Rom/DVD-Rom/Blu-ray, mais moins fréquemment, les méthodes d'installation par le réseau étant de plus en plus répandues."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "The syntax of the last field depends on the structure of the repository. In the simplest cases, you can simply indicate a subdirectory (with a required trailing slash) of the desired source (this is often a simple “<filename>./</filename>” which refers to the absence of a subdirectory — the packages are then directly at the specified URL). But in the most common case, the repositories will be structured like a Debian mirror, with multiple distributions each having multiple components. In those cases, name the chosen distribution (by its “codename” — see the list in sidebar <xref linkend=\"sidebar.bruce-perens\" /> — or by the corresponding “suites” — <literal>stable</literal>, <literal>testing</literal>, <literal>unstable</literal>), then the components (or sections) to enable (chosen between <literal>main</literal>, <literal>contrib</literal>, and <literal>non-free</literal> in a typical Debian mirror)."
msgid "The syntax of the last field depends on the structure of the repository. In the simplest case, you can simply indicate a subdirectory (with a required trailing slash) of the desired source. This is often a simple “<filename>./</filename>” which refers to the absence of a subdirectory. The packages are then directly at the specified URL. But in the most common case, the repositories will be structured like a Debian mirror, with multiple distributions, each having multiple components. In those cases, name the chosen distribution by its “codename” — see the list in sidebar <xref linkend=\"sidebar.bruce-perens\" /> — or by the corresponding “suite” <literal>oldstable</literal>, <literal>stable</literal>, <literal>testing</literal>, <literal>unstable</literal>) and then the components to enable. A typical Debian mirror provides the components <literal>main</literal>, <literal>contrib</literal>, and <literal>non-free</literal>."
msgstr "La syntaxe du dernier champ dépend de la structure du dépôt. Dans les cas les plus simples, il s'agit juste d'indiquer le nom du sous-répertoire (terminé par une barre oblique) contenant la source désirée (cela sera souvent <filename>./</filename> s'il n'y a pas de sous-répertoires — les paquets sont alors directement à l'URL spécifiée). Mais le cas le plus courant concerne les dépôts structurés comme les miroirs Debian officiels, avec plusieurs distributions elles-mêmes subdivisées en composants. Dans ce cas, il faut indiquer la distribution choisie (soit par son « nom de code » — voir la liste dans l'encadré <xref linkend=\"sidebar.bruce-perens\" /> — soit par sa « suite » — <literal>stable</literal>, <literal>testing</literal>, <literal>unstable</literal>), puis les composants ou sections à activer (sur un miroir Debian standard, ils seront à choisir parmi <literal>main</literal>, <literal>contrib</literal> et <literal>non-free</literal>)."
msgid "<emphasis>VOCABULARY</emphasis> The <literal>main</literal>, <literal>contrib</literal> and <literal>non-free</literal> archives"
msgstr "<emphasis>VOCABULAIRE</emphasis> Les archives <literal>main</literal>, <literal>contrib</literal> et <literal>non-free</literal>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>main</literal></secondary>"
msgid "<primary>component</primary><secondary><literal>main</literal></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>main</literal></secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><literal>main</literal>, section</primary>"
msgid "<primary><literal>main</literal>, component</primary>"
msgstr "<primary><literal>main</literal>, section</primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>contrib</literal></secondary>"
msgid "<primary>component</primary><secondary><literal>contrib</literal></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>contrib</literal></secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><literal>contrib</literal>, section</primary>"
msgid "<primary><literal>contrib</literal>, component</primary>"
msgstr "<primary><literal>contrib</literal>, section</primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>non-free</literal></secondary>"
msgid "<primary>component</primary><secondary><literal>non-free</literal></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>non-free</literal></secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><literal>non-free</literal>, section</primary>"
msgid "<primary><literal>non-free</literal>, component</primary>"
msgstr "<primary><literal>non-free</literal>, section</primary>"
msgid "<primary>component (of a repository)</primary>"
msgstr "<primary>composant (d'un dépôt)</primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "Debian uses three sections to differentiate packages according to the licenses chosen by the authors of each work. <literal>Main</literal> gathers all packages which fully comply with the Debian Free Software Guidelines."
msgid "Debian uses three components to differentiate packages according to the licenses chosen by the authors of each work. <literal>Main</literal> gathers all packages which fully comply with the <ulink url=\"https://www.debian.org/social_contract.html#guidelines\">Debian Free Software Guidelines</ulink>."
msgstr "Debian prévoit trois sections pour différencier les paquets selon les licences prévues par les auteurs des programmes respectifs. <literal>Main</literal> (archive principale) rassemble tous les paquets répondant pleinement aux principes du logiciel libre selon Debian."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "The <literal>non-free</literal> archive is different because it contains software which does not (entirely) conform to these principles but which can nevertheless be distributed without restrictions. This archive, which is not officially part of Debian, is a service for users who could need some of those programs — however Debian always recommends giving priority to free software. The existence of this section represents a considerable problem for Richard M. Stallman and keeps the Free Software Foundation from recommending Debian to users."
msgid "The <literal>non-free</literal> component is different because it contains software which does not (entirely) conform to these principles but which can, nevertheless, be distributed without restrictions. This archive, which is not officially part of Debian, is a service for users who could need some of those programs and, nowadays, also require the firmware for their hardware. However, Debian always recommends giving priority to free software. The existence of this component represents a considerable problem for Richard M. Stallman and keeps the Free Software Foundation from recommending Debian to users."
msgstr "L'archive <literal>non-free</literal> (non libre), spéciale, contient des logiciels ne répondant pas (totalement) à ces principes mais néanmoins distribuables librement. Cette archive, qui ne fait pas officiellement partie de Debian, est un service rendu aux utilisateurs qui pourraient avoir besoin de ces logiciels — mais Debian recommande toujours d'accorder la préférence aux logiciels libres. L'existence de cette section gêne considérablement Richard M. Stallman et empêche la Free Software Foundation de recommander l'usage de Debian."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<literal>Contrib</literal> (contributions) is a set of open source software which cannot function without some non-free elements. These elements can be software from the <literal>non-free</literal> section, or non-free files such as game ROMs, BIOS of consoles, etc. <literal>Contrib</literal> also includes free software whose compilation requires proprietary elements. This was initially the case for the OpenOffice.org office suite, which used to require a proprietary Java environment."
msgid "<literal>Contrib</literal> (contributions) is a set of open source software which cannot function without some non-free elements — these elements can be software from the <literal>non-free</literal> section, or non-free files such as game ROMs, BIOS of consoles, etc. — or some elements, not available from the Debian <literal>main</literal> archive at all. The <literal>contrib</literal> component also includes free software whose compilation requires proprietary elements. This was initially the case for the OpenOffice.org office suite, which used to require a proprietary Java environment."
msgstr "<literal>Contrib</literal> (contributions) est un stock de logiciels libres ne fonctionnant pas sans certains éléments non libres. Il peut s'agir de programmes dépendant de logiciels de la section <literal>non-free</literal> ou de fichiers non libres tels que des ROM de jeux, des BIOS de consoles, etc. On y trouve encore des logiciels libres dont la compilation nécessite des éléments propriétaires. C'était au début le cas de la suite bureautique OpenOffice.org, qui avait besoin d'un environnement Java propriétaire."
msgid "<emphasis>TIP</emphasis> <filename>/etc/apt/sources.list.d/*.list</filename> files"
msgstr "<emphasis>ASTUCE</emphasis> Fichiers <filename>/etc/apt/sources.list.d/*.list</filename>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename></primary>"
msgid "<primary><filename>/etc/apt/sources.list.d</filename></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename></primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename></primary>"
msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary><filename>/etc/apt/sources.list.d</filename></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary><filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename></primary>"
msgid "If many package sources are referenced, it can be useful to split them in multiple files. Each part is then stored in <filename>/etc/apt/sources.list.d/<replaceable>filename</replaceable>.list</filename> (see sidebar <xref linkend=\"sidebar.directory.d\" />)."
msgstr "Si de nombreuses sources de paquets sont référencées, il peut être utile de les séparer en plusieurs fichiers, chaque fragment étant stocké dans un <filename>/etc/apt/sources.list.d/<replaceable>fichier</replaceable>.list</filename> (voir encadré <xref linkend=\"sidebar.directory.d\" />)."
msgid "<primary><command>apt-cdrom</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>apt-cdrom</command></primary>"
msgid "The <literal>cdrom</literal> entries describe the CD/DVD-ROMs you have. Contrary to other entries, a CD-ROM is not always available since it has to be inserted into the drive and since only one disc can be read at a time. For those reasons, these sources are managed in a slightly different way, and need to be added with the <command>apt-cdrom</command> program, usually executed with the <literal>add</literal> parameter. The latter will then request the disc to be inserted in the drive and will browse its contents looking for <filename>Packages</filename> files. It will use these files to update its database of available packages (this operation is usually done by the <command>apt update</command> command). From then on, APT can require the disc to be inserted if it needs one of its packages."
msgstr "Les entrées <literal>cdrom</literal> décrivent les CD/DVD-Rom Debian dont vous disposez. Contrairement aux autres entrées, un CD-Rom n'est pas disponible en permanence puisqu'il faut l'insérer dans le lecteur et qu'un seul disque peut être lu à la fois — ces sources sont donc gérées un peu différemment. On ajoutera ces entrées à l'aide du petit programme <command>apt-cdrom</command>, habituellement invoqué avec le paramètre <literal>add</literal>. Ce dernier demande alors d'insérer le disque dans le lecteur et parcourt son contenu à la recherche de fichiers <filename>Packages</filename>, qu'il utilisera pour mettre à jour sa base de données de paquets disponibles (opération habituellement réalisée par la commande <command>apt update</command>). Dès lors, APT pourra vous demander d'insérer le disque en question s'il a besoin de l'un de ses paquets."
msgid "Repositories for <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> Users"
msgstr "Dépôts pour les utilisateurs de <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis>"
msgid "Here is a standard <filename>sources.list</filename> for a system running the <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> version of Debian:"
msgstr ""
"Voici le contenu standard du fichier <filename>sources.list</filename>\n"
"pour un système fonctionnant avec la version <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> de Debian :"
msgid "<filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename> file for users of Debian Stable"
msgstr ""
"Fichier <filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename> pour les\n"
"utilisateurs de Debian Stable"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename></primary>"
msgid "<primary><filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename></primary><secondary>Example</secondary><tertiary><literal>stable</literal></tertiary>"
msgstr "<primary><filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename></primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid ""
#| "# Security updates\n"
#| "deb http://security.debian.org/ jessie/updates main contrib non-free\n"
#| "deb-src http://security.debian.org/ jessie/updates main contrib non-free\n"
#| "\n"
#| "## Debian mirror\n"
#| "\n"
#| "# Base repository\n"
#| "deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian jessie main contrib non-free\n"
#| "deb-src http://ftp.debian.org/debian jessie main contrib non-free\n"
#| "\n"
#| "# Stable updates\n"
#| "deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian jessie-updates main contrib non-free\n"
#| "deb-src http://ftp.debian.org/debian jessie-updates main contrib non-free\n"
#| "\n"
#| "# Stable backports\n"
#| "deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian jessie-backports main contrib non-free\n"
#| "deb-src http://ftp.debian.org/debian jessie-backports main contrib non-free"
msgid ""
"# Security updates\n"
"deb http://security.debian.org/ buster/updates main contrib non-free\n"
"deb-src http://security.debian.org/ buster/updates main contrib non-free\n"
"\n"
"## Debian mirror\n"
"\n"
"# Base repository\n"
"deb https://deb.debian.org/debian buster main contrib non-free\n"
"deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian buster main contrib non-free\n"
"\n"
"# Stable updates\n"
"deb https://deb.debian.org/debian buster-updates main contrib non-free\n"
"deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian buster-updates main contrib non-free\n"
"\n"
"# Stable backports\n"
"deb https://deb.debian.org/debian buster-backports main contrib non-free\n"
"deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian buster-backports main contrib non-free"
msgstr ""
"# Mises à jour de sécurité\n"
"deb http://security.debian.org/ jessie/updates main contrib non-free\n"
"deb-src http://security.debian.org/ jessie/updates main contrib non-free\n"
"\n"
"## Miroir Debian\n"
"\n"
"# Dépôt de base\n"
"deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian jessie main contrib non-free\n"
"deb-src http://ftp.debian.org/debian jessie main contrib non-free\n"
"\n"
"# Mises à jour pour stable\n"
"deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian jessie-updates main contrib non-free\n"
"deb-src http://ftp.debian.org/debian jessie-updates main contrib non-free\n"
"\n"
"# Rétroportages vers stable\n"
"deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian jessie-backports main contrib non-free\n"
"deb-src http://ftp.debian.org/debian jessie-backports main contrib non-free"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "This file lists all sources of packages associated with the <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Jessie</emphasis> version of Debian (the current <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> as of this writing). We opted to name “jessie” explicitly instead of using the corresponding “stable“ alias (<literal>stable</literal>, <literal>stable-updates</literal>, <literal>stable-backports</literal>) because we don't want to have the underlying distribution changed outside of our control when the next stable release comes out."
msgid "This file lists all sources of packages associated with the <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Buster</emphasis> version of Debian (the current <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> suite as of this writing). In the example above, we opted to name “buster” explicitly instead of using the corresponding “stable“ aliases (<literal>stable</literal>, <literal>stable-updates</literal>, <literal>stable-backports</literal>) because we don't want to have the underlying distribution changed outside of our control when the next stable release comes out."
msgstr "Ce fichier liste toutes les sources de paquets associées à la version <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Jessie</emphasis> de Debian (la version <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> à l'heure où ces lignes sont écrites). Nous avons pris le parti de nommer <emphasis role=\"distribution\">jessie</emphasis> explicitement plutôt que d'utiliser son alias « stable » (<literal>stable</literal>, <literal>stable-updates</literal>, <literal>stable-backports</literal>) pour éviter que le système change spontanément et hors de toute action de notre part lors de la prochaine publication d'une version stable."
msgid "Most packages will come from the “base repository” which contains all packages but is seldom updated (about once every 2 months for a “point release”). The other repositories are partial (they do not contain all packages) and can host updates (packages with newer version) that APT might install. The following sections will explain the purpose and the rules governing each of those repositories."
msgstr "La plupart des paquets vont provenir du « dépôt de base », qui contient tous les paquets mais n'est mis à jour que rarement (environ une fois tous les deux mois pour les mises à jour de stable). Les autres dépôts sont partiels (ils ne contiennent pas tous les paquets) mais contiennent des mises à jour de paquets qu'APT est capable d'installer. Les sections suivantes détaillent les principes régissant chacun de ces dépôts."
msgid "Note that when the desired version of a package is available on several repositories, the first one listed in the <filename>sources.list</filename> file will be used. For this reason, non-official sources are usually added at the end of the file."
msgstr "Il est à noter que lorsque la version souhaitée d'un paquet est disponible sur plusieurs dépôts, le paquet sera téléchargé sur le premier de ces dépôts mentionnés dans le fichier <filename>sources.list</filename>. C'est pour cette raison que l'on place généralement les sources non officielles à la fin du fichier."
msgid "As a side note, most of what this section says about <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> applies equally well to <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Oldstable</emphasis> since the latter is just an older <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> that is maintained in parallel."
msgstr "Notons au passage que la plupart de ce que cette section mentionne à propos de <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> s'applique également à <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Oldstable</emphasis>, puisque cette dernière distribution est simplement une version <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> plus ancienne qui reste maintenue en parallèle."
msgid "Security Updates"
msgstr "Mises à jour de sécurité"
msgid "<primary><literal>security.debian.org</literal></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><literal>security.debian.org</literal></primary>"
msgid "<primary>security updates</primary>"
msgstr "<primary>sécurité</primary><secondary>mises à jour de sécurité</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>updates</primary><secondary>security updates</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>mises à jour de sécurité</primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary>configuration</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>CVE</primary><secondary>Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>APT</primary><secondary>configuration</secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary>header display</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>DSA</primary><secondary>Debian Security Advisory</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>APT</primary><secondary>affichage des en-têtes</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures</primary><seealso>CVE</seealso>"
msgstr ""
msgid "<primary>Debian Security Advisory</primary><seealso>DSA</seealso>"
msgstr ""
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>security updates</primary>"
msgid "<primary>debian-security-announce</primary>"
msgstr "<primary>sécurité</primary><secondary>mises à jour de sécurité</secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "The security updates are not hosted on the usual network of Debian mirrors but on <literal>security.debian.org</literal> (on a small set of machines maintained by the <link linkend=\"dsa-team\">Debian System Administrators</link>). This archive contains security updates (prepared by the Debian Security Team and/or by package maintainers) for the <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> distribution."
msgid "Debian takes security seriously. Known software vulnerabilities in Debian are tracked in the <ulink url=\"https://security-tracker.debian.org\">Security Bug Tracker</ulink> and usually get fixed in a reasonable timeframe. The security updates are not hosted on the usual network of Debian mirrors but on <literal>security.debian.org</literal>, a small set of machines maintained by the <link linkend=\"dsa-team\">Debian System Administrators</link>. This archive contains security updates prepared by the Debian Security Team and/or by package maintainers for the <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> and <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Oldstable</emphasis> distribution."
msgstr "Les mises à jour de sécurité ne sont pas hébergées sur le réseau de miroirs Debian habituel, mais sur <literal>security.debian.org</literal> (qui est concentré sur un petit nombre de serveurs maintenus par l'équipe d'administrateurs systèmes de Debian). Cette archive contient des mises à jour de sécurité (préparées par l'équipe en charge de la sécurité dans Debian ou par les responsables de paquets) pour la distribution <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis>."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "The server can also host security updates for <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> but this doesn't happen very often since those updates tend to reach <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> via the regular flow of updates coming from <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis>."
msgid "The server can also host security updates for <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> but this doesn't happen very often since those updates tend to reach the <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> suite via the regular flow of updates coming from <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis>."
msgstr "Ce serveur peut aussi héberger des mises à jour de sécurité pour <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis>, mais cela arrive plus rarement ; ces mises à jour atteignent le plus souvent <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> en suivant le cheminement régulier des paquets en provenance d'<emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis>."
msgid "For serious issues, the security team issues a <literal>Debian Security Advisory</literal> (<acronym>DSA</acronym>) and announces it together with the security update on the <email>debian-security-announce@lists.debian.org</email> mailing list (<ulink url=\"https://lists.debian.org/debian-security-announce/\">archive</ulink>)."
msgstr ""
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>non-free</literal></secondary>"
msgid "<primary>mailing lists</primary><secondary><email>debian-security-announce@lists.debian.org</email></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>non-free</literal></secondary>"
msgid "Stable Updates"
msgstr "Mises à jour de la distribution stable"
msgid "<primary>stable updates</primary>"
msgstr "<primary>stable</primary><secondary>mises à jour de la distribution stable</secondary>"
msgid "<primary><literal>stable-updates</literal></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><literal>stable-updates</literal></primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><literal>stable-updates</literal></primary>"
msgid "<primary><literal>buster-updates</literal></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><literal>stable-updates</literal></primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>updates</primary><secondary>backports</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>updates</primary><secondary>buster</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>mises à jour</primary><secondary>rétroportages</secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>updates</primary><secondary>stable updates</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>updates</primary><secondary>stable</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>mises à jour</primary><secondary>de la distribution stable</secondary>"
msgid "Stable updates are not security sensitive but are deemed important enough to be pushed to users before the next stable point release."
msgstr "Les mises à jour de la distribution stable ne sont pas nécessairement liées à des problèmes de sécurité, mais elles sont tout de même considérées comme suffisamment importantes pour être mises à disposition des utilisateurs avant la prochaine publication d'une version stable mise à jour <foreignphrase>(point release)</foreignphrase>."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "This repository will typically contain fixes for critical bugs which could not be fixed before release or which have been introduced by subsequent updates. Depending on the urgency, it can also contain updates for packages that have to evolve over time… like <emphasis role=\"pkg\">spamassassin</emphasis>'s spam detection rules, <emphasis role=\"pkg\">clamav</emphasis>'s virus database, or the daylight-saving time rules of all timezones (<emphasis role=\"pkg\">tzdata</emphasis>)."
msgid "This repository will typically contain fixes for critical and serious bugs which could not be fixed before release or which have been introduced by subsequent updates. Depending on the urgency, it can also contain updates for packages that have to evolve over time, like <emphasis role=\"pkg\">spamassassin</emphasis>'s spam detection rules, <emphasis role=\"pkg\">clamav</emphasis>'s virus database, the daylight-saving time rules of all timezones (<emphasis role=\"pkg\">tzdata</emphasis>), the <acronym>ESR</acronym> version of Firefox (<emphasis role=\"pkg\">firefox-esr</emphasis>) or cryptographic keyrings like <emphasis role=\"pkg\">debian-archive-keyring</emphasis>."
msgstr "Ce dépôt va typiquement contenir des correctifs pour des bogues critiques qui n'ont pas pu être corrigés avant la publication officielle de la version stable de Debian, ou qui ont été introduits par des mises à jour postérieures. En fonction de l'urgence ou non des différentes situations, il peut aussi contenir des mises à jour pour les paquets qui ont besoin d'évoluer au fil du temps... par exemple les règles de détection de spam de <emphasis role=\"pkg\">spamassassin</emphasis>, la base de données de virus de <emphasis role=\"pkg\">clamav</emphasis>, ou encore les données de changement d'heure de tous les fuseaux horaires (<emphasis role=\"pkg\">tzdata</emphasis>)."
msgid "In practice, this repository is a subset of the <literal>proposed-updates</literal> repository, carefully selected by the <link linkend=\"srm-team\">Stable Release Managers</link>. All updates are announced on the <email>debian-stable-announce@lists.debian.org</email> mailing list (<ulink url=\"https://lists.debian.org/debian-stable-announce/\">archive</ulink>) and will be included in the next <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> point release anyway."
msgstr ""
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>non-free</literal></secondary>"
msgid "<primary>mailing lists</primary><secondary><email>debian-stable-announce@lists.debian.org</email></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>non-free</literal></secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian jessie-proposed-updates main contrib non-free"
msgid "deb https://deb.debian.org/debian buster-updates main contrib non-free"
msgstr "deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian jessie-proposed-updates main contrib non-free"
msgid "Proposed Updates"
msgstr "Mises à jour proposées"
msgid "<primary><literal>proposed-updates</literal></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><literal>proposed-updates</literal></primary>"
msgid "<primary><literal>stable-proposed-updates</literal></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><literal>stable-proposed-updates</literal></primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>updates</primary><secondary>backports</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>updates</primary><secondary>proposed</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>mises à jour</primary><secondary>rétroportages</secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>non-free</literal></secondary>"
msgid "<primary>updates</primary><secondary><literal>stable-proposed</literal></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>non-free</literal></secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>main</literal></secondary>"
msgid "<primary>updates</primary><secondary><literal>stable</literal>, proposed</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>main</literal></secondary>"
msgid "Once published, the <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> distribution is only updated about once every 2 months. The <literal>proposed-updates</literal> repository is where the expected updates are prepared (under the supervision of the Stable Release Managers)."
msgstr "Une fois publiée, la distribution <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> n'est mise à jour que tous les 2 mois environ. Le dépôt <literal>proposed-updates</literal> contient les mises à jour qui sont proposées à l'inclusion dans <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis>, sous la supervision des gestionnaires de publication stable."
msgid "The security and stable updates documented in the former sections are always included in this repository, but there is more too, because package maintainers also have the opportunity to fix important bugs that do not deserve an immediate release."
msgstr "Les mises à jour de sécurité et les mises à jour de la distribution stable sont toujours incluses dans ce dépôt, mais pas uniquement ; les responsables de paquets ont aussi la possibilité de corriger des problèmes qui sont importants sans toutefois justifier une publication immédiate."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "Anyone can use this repository to test those updates before their official publication. The extract below uses the <literal>jessie-proposed-updates</literal> alias which is both more explicit and more consistent since <literal>wheezy-proposed-updates</literal> also exists (for the <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Oldstable</emphasis> updates):"
msgid "Anyone can use this repository to test those updates before their official publication. The extract below uses the <literal>buster-proposed-updates</literal> alias which is both more explicit and more consistent since <literal>stretch-proposed-updates</literal> also exists (for the <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Oldstable</emphasis> updates):"
msgstr "Notons qu'il est possible d'activer ce dépôt si l'on veut tester ces corrections avant leur publication officielle. Nous employons ici l'alias <literal>jessie-proposed-updates</literal> qui est à la fois plus explicite et plus cohérent puisque <literal>wheezy-proposed-updates</literal> existe également (pour les mises à jour de <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Oldstable</emphasis>) :"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian jessie-proposed-updates main contrib non-free"
msgid "deb https://deb.debian.org/debian buster-proposed-updates main contrib non-free"
msgstr "deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian jessie-proposed-updates main contrib non-free"
msgid "Stable Backports"
msgstr "Rétroportages vers stable"
msgid "<primary><literal>stable-backports</literal></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><literal>stable-backports</literal></primary>"
# TODO: INTEGRATE ALTERNATE STRING: <primary><foreignphrase>backport</foreignphrase></primary>
msgid "<primary>backport</primary>"
msgstr "<primary>rétroportage</primary>"
msgid "<primary>updates</primary><secondary>backports</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>mises à jour</primary><secondary>rétroportages</secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>contrib</literal></secondary>"
msgid "<primary>updates</primary><secondary><literal>stable-backports</literal></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>contrib</literal></secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>updates</primary><secondary>backports</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>updates</primary><secondary><literal>stable</literal>, backports</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>mises à jour</primary><secondary>rétroportages</secondary>"
msgid "The <literal>stable-backports</literal> repository hosts “package backports”. The term refers to a package of some recent software which has been recompiled for an older distribution, generally for <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis>."
msgstr "Le dépôt <literal>stable-backports</literal> héberge des « rétroportages » de paquets <foreignphrase>(backports)</foreignphrase>. Ce terme désigne un paquet d'un logiciel récent recompilé pour une distribution plus ancienne, généralement <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis>."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "When the distribution becomes a little dated, numerous software projects have released new versions that are not integrated into the current <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> (which is only modified to address the most critical problems, such as security problems). Since the <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> and <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis> distributions can be more risky, package maintainers sometimes offer recompilations of recent software applications for <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis>, which has the advantage to limit potential instability to a small number of chosen packages. <ulink type=\"block\" url=\"http://backports.debian.org\" />"
msgid "When the distribution becomes a little dated, numerous software projects have released new versions that are not integrated into the current <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> suite, which is only modified to address the most critical problems, such as security issues. Since the <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> and <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis> suites can be more risky, package maintainers sometimes voluntarily offer recompilations of recent software applications for <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis>, which has the advantage to users and system administrators to limit potential instability to a small number of chosen packages. The page <ulink url=\"https://backports.debian.org\" /> provides more information."
msgstr "Lorsque cette distribution commence à dater, de nombreux logiciels évoluent en amont et les nouvelles versions ne sont pas réintégrées dans la distribution <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> courante (qui n'est modifiée que pour prendre en compte les problèmes les plus critiques, comme les problèmes de sécurité). Comme les distributions <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> et <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis> peuvent être plus risquées, des volontaires proposent parfois des recompilations des logiciels récents pour <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis>, ce qui permet de restreindre une éventuelle instabilité à un petit nombre, bien choisi, de paquets. <ulink type=\"block\" url=\"http://backports.debian.org\" />"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><literal>backports.debian.org</literal></primary>"
msgid "<primary><literal>backports.debian.org</literal></primary><seealso>backports</seealso>"
msgstr "<primary><literal>backports.debian.org</literal></primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "Backports from <literal>stable-backports</literal> are always created from packages available in <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis>. This ensures that all installed backports will be upgradable to the corresponding stable version once the next stable release of Debian is available."
msgid "Backports from <literal>stable-backports</literal> are only created from packages available in <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis>. This ensures that all installed backports will be upgradable to the corresponding stable version once the next stable release of Debian is available."
msgstr "Les rétroportages de <literal>stable-backports</literal> sont toujours issus de paquets disponibles dans <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis>, de manière à assurer que tous les rétroportages pourront être mis à jour vers la prochaine version stable lorsqu'elle sera disponible."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "Even though this repository provides newer versions of packages, APT will not install them unless you give explicit instructions to do so (or unless you have already done so with a former version of the given backport):"
msgid "Even though this repository provides newer versions of packages, <literal>APT</literal> will not install them unless you give explicit instructions to do so (or unless you have already done so with a former version of the given backport):"
msgstr "Bien que ce dépôt fournisse de nouvelles versions des paquets, APT ne va les installer que sur instruction explicite (ou si un paquet concerné a déjà été mis à jour vers une version rétroportée précédente) :"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid ""
#| "<computeroutput>$ </computeroutput><userinput>sudo apt-get install <replaceable>package</replaceable>/jessie-backports\n"
#| "</userinput><computeroutput>$ </computeroutput><userinput>sudo apt-get install -t jessie-backports <replaceable>package</replaceable>\n"
#| "</userinput>"
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>$ </computeroutput><userinput>sudo apt-get install <replaceable>package</replaceable>/buster-backports\n"
"</userinput><computeroutput>$ </computeroutput><userinput>sudo apt-get install -t buster-backports <replaceable>package</replaceable>\n"
"</userinput>"
msgstr ""
"<computeroutput>$ </computeroutput><userinput>sudo apt-get install <replaceable>package</replaceable>/jessie-backports\n"
"</userinput><computeroutput>$ </computeroutput><userinput>sudo apt-get install -t jessie-backports <replaceable>package</replaceable>\n"
"</userinput>"
msgid "Repositories for <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis>/<emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis> Users"
msgstr "Dépôts pour les utilisateurs de <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis>/<emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis>"
msgid "Here is a standard <filename>sources.list</filename> for a system running the <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> or <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis> version of Debian:"
msgstr "Voici un fichier <filename>sources.list</filename> standard pour un système qui fonctionne avec la version <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> ou <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis> de Debian :"
msgid "<filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename> file for users of Debian <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis>/<emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis>"
msgstr "Fichier <filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename> pour les utilisateurs de Debian <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis>/<emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename></primary>"
msgid "<primary><filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename></primary><secondary>Example</secondary><tertiary><literal>unstable</literal></tertiary>"
msgstr "<primary><filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename></primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid ""
#| "\n"
#| "# Unstable\n"
#| "deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian unstable main contrib non-free\n"
#| "deb-src http://ftp.debian.org/debian unstable main contrib non-free\n"
#| "\n"
#| "# Testing\n"
#| "deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian testing main contrib non-free\n"
#| "deb-src http://ftp.debian.org/debian testing main contrib non-free\n"
#| "\n"
#| "# Stable\n"
#| "deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-free\n"
#| "deb-src http://ftp.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-free\n"
#| "\n"
#| "# Security updates\n"
#| "deb http://security.debian.org/ stable/updates main contrib non-free\n"
#| "deb http://security.debian.org/ testing/updates main contrib non-free\n"
#| "deb-src http://security.debian.org/ stable/updates main contrib non-free\n"
#| "deb-src http://security.debian.org/ testing/updates main contrib non-free"
msgid ""
"\n"
"# Unstable\n"
"deb https://deb.debian.org/debian unstable main contrib non-free\n"
"deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian unstable main contrib non-free\n"
"\n"
"# Testing\n"
"deb https://deb.debian.org/debian testing main contrib non-free\n"
"deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian testing main contrib non-free\n"
"\n"
"# Testing security updates\n"
"deb http://security.debian.org/ testing-security main contrib non-free\n"
"deb-src http://security.debian.org/ testing-security main contrib non-free\n"
"\n"
"# Stable\n"
"deb https://deb.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-free\n"
"deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-free\n"
"\n"
"# Stable security updates\n"
"deb http://security.debian.org/ stable/updates main contrib non-free\n"
"deb-src http://security.debian.org/ stable/updates main contrib non-free"
msgstr ""
"\n"
"# Unstable\n"
"deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian unstable main contrib non-free\n"
"deb-src http://ftp.debian.org/debian unstable main contrib non-free\n"
"\n"
"# Testing\n"
"deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian testing main contrib non-free\n"
"deb-src http://ftp.debian.org/debian testing main contrib non-free\n"
"\n"
"# Stable\n"
"deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-free\n"
"deb-src http://ftp.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-free\n"
"\n"
"# Mises à jour de sécurité\n"
"deb http://security.debian.org/ stable/updates main contrib non-free\n"
"deb http://security.debian.org/ testing/updates main contrib non-free\n"
"deb-src http://security.debian.org/ stable/updates main contrib non-free\n"
"deb-src http://security.debian.org/ testing/updates main contrib non-free"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<emphasis>IN PRACTICE</emphasis> The Falcot Corp case"
msgid "<emphasis>NOTE</emphasis> Layout of security repositories"
msgstr "<emphasis>EN PRATIQUE</emphasis> Le cas de Falcot SA"
msgid "Starting with Debian 11 <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Bullseye</emphasis>, the codename of the repository providing security updates has been renamed from <literal><replaceable>codename</replaceable>/updates</literal> into <literal><replaceable>codename</replaceable>-security</literal> to avoid the confusion with <literal><replaceable>codename</replaceable>-updates</literal> (see <xref linkend=\"sect.apt-sources.list.stable.updates\" />)."
msgstr ""
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>non-free</literal></secondary>"
msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary><literal>APT::Default-Release</literal></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>non-free</literal></secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "With this <filename>sources.list</filename> file APT will install packages from <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis>. If that is not desired, use the <literal>APT::Default-Release</literal> setting (see <xref linkend=\"sect.apt-upgrade\" />) to instruct APT to pick packages from another distribution (most likely <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> in this case)."
msgid "With this <filename>sources.list</filename> file APT will install packages from the <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis> suite. If that is not desired, use the <literal>APT::Default-Release</literal> setting (see <xref linkend=\"sect.apt-upgrade\" />) to instruct APT to pick packages from another suite (most likely <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> in this case)."
msgstr "Avec ce fichier <filename>sources.list</filename>, APT installera des paquets depuis <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis>. Si cela n'est pas souhaitable, il convient d'utiliser l'option de configuration <literal>APT::Default-Release</literal> (voir <xref linkend=\"sect.apt-upgrade\" />) pour indiquer à APT de prendre les paquets dans une autre distribution (vraisemblablement <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> dans ce cas)."
msgid "There are good reasons to include all those repositories, even though a single one should be enough. <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> users will appreciate the possibility to cherry-pick a fixed package from <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis> when the version in <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> is affected by an annoying bug. On the opposite, <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis> users bitten by unexpected regressions have the possibility to downgrade packages to their (supposedly working) <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> version."
msgstr "Il est parfaitement raisonnable d'inclure tous ces dépôts même si un seul suffirait. Les utilisateurs de <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> apprécieront la possibilité de choisir manuellement un paquet corrigé dans <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis> lorsque sa version dans <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> est affectée par un bogue pénible. À l'opposé, les utilisateurs d'<emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis> qui découvrent des régressions inattendues pourront rétrograder certains paquets vers la version présente dans <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis>, qui devrait fonctionner."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "The inclusion of <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> is more debatable but it often gives access to some packages which have been removed from the development versions. It also ensures that you get the latest updates for packages which have not been modified since the last stable release."
msgid "The inclusion of <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> is more debatable but it often gives access to some packages, which have been removed from the development versions. It also ensures that you get the latest updates for packages, which have not been modified since the last stable release."
msgstr "L'inclusion <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> est sujette à débat, mais elle donne souvent accès à des paquets qui ont été supprimés des versions de développement. Elle permet également de profiter des dernières mises à jour des paquets qui n'ont pas encore été modifiés depuis la publication de la dernière version stable."
msgid "The <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Experimental</emphasis> Repository"
msgstr "Le dépôt <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Experimental</emphasis>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><emphasis role=\"distribution\">Experimental</emphasis></primary>"
msgid "<primary><emphasis role=\"distribution\">experimental</emphasis></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><emphasis role=\"distribution\">Experimental</emphasis></primary>"
msgid "The archive of <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Experimental</emphasis> packages is present on all Debian mirrors, and contains packages which are not in the <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis> version yet because of their substandard quality — they are often software development versions or pre-versions (alpha, beta, release candidate…). A package can also be sent there after undergoing subsequent changes which can generate problems. The maintainer then tries to uncover them with help from advanced users who can handle important issues. After this first stage, the package is moved into <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis>, where it reaches a much larger audience and where it will be tested in much more detail."
msgstr "L'archive de paquets <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Experimental</emphasis>, présente sur tous les miroirs Debian, contient des paquets qui n'ont pas encore leur place dans la version <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis> pour cause de qualité insuffisante — ce sont fréquemment des versions de développement ou pré-versions (alpha, bêta, <foreignphrase>release candidate</foreignphrase>...) des logiciels. Il arrive également qu'un paquet y soit envoyé après avoir subi des changements importants, potentiellement sources de problèmes. Le mainteneur cherche alors à débusquer ceux-ci avec l'aide des utilisateurs avancés capables de gérer les soucis importants. Après cette première phase, le paquet passe dans <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis>, au public beaucoup plus vaste, et où il subira donc des tests de bien plus grande envergure."
msgid "<emphasis role=\"distribution\">Experimental</emphasis> is generally used by users who do not mind breaking their system and then repairing it. This distribution gives the possibility to import a package which a user wants to try or use as the need arises. That is exactly how Debian approaches it, since adding it in APT's <filename>sources.list</filename> file does not lead to the systematic use of its packages. The line to be added is:"
msgstr "On réservera donc <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Experimental</emphasis> aux utilisateurs qui n'ont pas peur de casser leur système puis de le réparer. Cette distribution peut quand même permettre de rapatrier ponctuellement un paquet que l'on tient à essayer ou utiliser. C'est d'ailleurs la logique standard que Debian lui associe, puisque son ajout dans le fichier <filename>sources.list</filename> d'APT n'entraîne pas l'emploi systématique des paquets qui s'y trouvent. La ligne qu'il convient d'ajouter est la suivante :"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian experimental main contrib non-free"
msgid "deb https://deb.debian.org/debian experimental main contrib non-free"
msgstr "deb http://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian experimental main contrib non-free"
msgid "Using Alternate Mirrors"
msgstr ""
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><literal>security.debian.org</literal></primary>"
msgid "<primary><literal>deb.debian.org</literal></primary><see>mirrors</see>"
msgstr "<primary><literal>security.debian.org</literal></primary>"
# TODO: INTEGRATE ALTERNATE STRING: <primary><foreignphrase>backport</foreignphrase></primary>
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>backport</primary>"
msgid "<primary>mirrors</primary>"
msgstr "<primary>rétroportage</primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary>interfaces</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>CDN</primary><see>Content Delivery Networks</see>"
msgstr "<primary>APT</primary><secondary>interfaces</secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>component (of a repository)</primary>"
msgid "<primary>Content Delivery Networks</primary>"
msgstr "<primary>composant (d'un dépôt)</primary>"
msgid "The <filename>sources.list</filename> examples in this chapter refer to package repositories hosted on <ulink url=\"https://deb.debian.org/\"><literal>deb.debian.org</literal></ulink>. Those URLs will redirect you to servers which are close to you and which are managed by Content Delivery Networks (<acronym>CDN</acronym>) whose main role is to store multiple copies of the files across the world, and to deliver them as fast as possible to users. The CDN companies that Debian is working with are Debian partners who are offering their services freely to Debian. While none of those servers are under direct control of Debian, the fact that the whole archive is sealed by GPG signatures makes it a non-issue."
msgstr ""
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>priority</primary><secondary>package priority</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>mirror list</primary><seealso>mirrors</seealso>"
msgstr "<primary>priorité</primary><secondary>d'un paquet</secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>main</literal></secondary>"
msgid "<primary>list of mirrors</primary><seealso>mirrors</seealso>"
msgstr "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>main</literal></secondary>"
msgid "Picky users who are not satisfied with the performance of <literal>deb.debian.org</literal> can try to find a better mirror in the official mirror list: <ulink type=\"block\" url=\"https://www.debian.org/mirror/list\" />"
msgstr ""
msgid "But when you don't know which mirror is best for you, this list is of not much use. Fortunately for you, Debian maintains DNS entries of the form <literal>ftp.<replaceable>country-code</replaceable>.debian.org</literal> (e.g. <literal>ftp.us.debian.org</literal> for the USA, <literal>ftp.fr.debian.org</literal> for France, etc.) which are covering many countries and which are pointing to one (or more) of the best mirrors available within that country."
msgstr ""
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><literal>security.debian.org</literal></primary>"
msgid "<primary><literal>httpredir.debian.org</literal></primary><see>mirrors</see>"
msgstr "<primary><literal>security.debian.org</literal></primary>"
msgid "As an alternative to <literal>deb.debian.org</literal>, there used to be <literal>httpredir.debian.org</literal>. This service would identify a mirror close to you (among the list of official mirrors, using GeoIP mainly) and would redirect APT's requests to that mirror. This service has been deprecated due to reliability concerns and now <literal>httpredir.debian.org</literal> provides the same CDN-based service as <literal>deb.debian.org</literal>."
msgstr ""
msgid "Non-Official Resources: <literal>mentors.debian.net</literal>"
msgstr "Ressources non officielles : <literal>mentors.debian.net</literal>"
msgid "<primary><literal>mentors.debian.net</literal></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><literal>mentors.debian.net</literal></primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "There are numerous non-official sources of Debian packages set up by advanced users who have recompiled some software (Ubuntu made this popular with their Personal Package Archive service), by programmers who make their creation available to all, and even by Debian developers who offer pre-versions of their package online."
msgid "There are numerous non-official sources of Debian packages set up by advanced users who have recompiled some software (Ubuntu made this popular with their Personal Package Archive (<acronym>PPA</acronym>) service, by programmers who make their creation available to all, and even by Debian developers who offer pre-versions of their package online."
msgstr "Il y a de nombreuses sources non officielles de paquets Debian préparés par des utilisateurs avancés qui ont recompilé certains logiciels (Ubuntu a rendu cette pratique populaire avec leur service d'archive personnelle de paquets — <foreignphrase>Personal Package Archive</foreignphrase>), par des programmeurs qui rendent leur projet disponible pour tous, et même par des développeurs Debian qui proposent des pré-versions de leur paquet en ligne."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "The <literal>mentors.debian.net</literal> site is interesting (although it only provides source packages), since it gathers packages created by candidates to the status of official Debian developer or by volunteers who wish to create Debian packages without going through that process of integration. These packages are made available without any guarantee regarding their quality; make sure that you check their origin and integrity and then test them before you consider using them in production."
msgid "The <ulink url=\"https://mentors.debian.net\"><literal>mentors.debian.net</literal></ulink> site is interesting (although it only provides source packages), since it gathers packages created by candidates to the status of official Debian developer or by volunteers who wish to create Debian packages without going through that process of integration. These packages are made available without any guarantee regarding their quality; make sure that you check their origin and integrity and then test them before you consider using them in production."
msgstr "Signalons également l'existence du site <literal>mentors.debian.net</literal>, qui regroupe des paquets sources réalisés par des prétendants au statut de développeur Debian officiel ou par des volontaires souhaitant créer des paquets Debian sans passer par ce processus d'intégration. Ces paquets sont donc fournis sans aucune garantie de qualité ; prenez garde à vous assurer de leur origine et intégrité, puis à bien les tester avant d'envisager de les déployer."
msgid "<emphasis>COMMUNITY</emphasis> The <literal>debian.net</literal> sites"
msgstr "<emphasis>COMMUNAUTÉ</emphasis> Les sites en <literal>debian.net</literal>"
msgid "<primary><emphasis>debian.net</emphasis></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><emphasis>debian.net</emphasis></primary>"
msgid "The <emphasis>debian.net</emphasis> domain is not an official resource of the Debian project. Each Debian developer may use that domain name for their own use. These websites can contain unofficial services (sometimes personal sites) hosted on a machine which does not belong to the project and set up by Debian developers, or even prototypes about to be moved on to <emphasis>debian.org</emphasis>. Two reasons can explain why some of these prototypes remain on <emphasis>debian.net</emphasis>: either no one has made the necessary effort to transform it into an official service (hosted on the <emphasis>debian.org</emphasis> domain, and with a certain guarantee of maintenance), or the service is too controversial to be officialized."
msgstr "Le domaine <emphasis>debian.net</emphasis> ne constitue pas une ressource officielle du projet Debian. Chaque développeur Debian a la possibilité d'employer ce nom de domaine pour l'usage de son choix. On y trouve des services officieux (parfois des sites personnels) hébergés sur une machine n'appartenant pas au projet et mis en place par des développeurs Debian, voire des prototypes attendant d'être migrés sur <emphasis>debian.org</emphasis>. Deux raisons peuvent expliquer que certains de ces prototypes restent en <emphasis>debian.net</emphasis> : soit personne ne souhaite faire l'effort nécessaire à sa transformation en service officiel (hébergé dans le domaine <emphasis>debian.org</emphasis> et avec une certaine garantie de maintenance), soit le service est trop controversé pour être officialisé."
msgid "Installing a package means giving root rights to its creator, because they decide on the contents of the initialization scripts which are run under that identity. Official Debian packages are created by volunteers who have been co-opted and reviewed and who can seal their packages so that their origin and integrity can be checked."
msgstr "Installer un paquet revient à donner les droits administrateur à son concepteur, car il décide du contenu des scripts d'initialisation qui sont exécutés sous cette identité. Les paquets officiels Debian sont réalisés par des volontaires cooptés et examinés, capables de sceller leurs paquets pour en vérifier l'origine et l'intégrité."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "In general, be wary of a package whose origin you don't know and which isn't hosted on one of the official Debian servers: evaluate the degree to which you can trust the creator, and check the integrity of the package. <ulink type=\"block\" url=\"http://mentors.debian.net/\" />"
msgid "In general, be wary of a package whose origin you don't know and which isn't hosted on one of the official Debian servers: evaluate the degree to which you can trust the creator, and check the integrity of the package."
msgstr "Mais méfiez-vous a priori d'un paquet dont l'origine est incertaine et qui n'est pas hébergé sur un des serveurs officiels du projet Debian : évaluez le degré de confiance que vous accordez au concepteur et vérifiez l'intégrité du paquet. <ulink type=\"block\" url=\"http://mentors.debian.net/\" />"
msgid "<emphasis>GOING FURTHER</emphasis> Old package versions: <literal>snapshot.debian.org</literal>"
msgstr "<emphasis>POUR ALLER PLUS LOIN</emphasis> Anciennes versions des paquets : <literal>snapshot.debian.org</literal>"
msgid "<primary><literal>snapshot.debian.org</literal></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><literal>snapshot.debian.org</literal></primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "The <literal>snapshot.debian.org</literal> service, introduced in April 2010, can be used to “go backwards in time” and to find an old version of a package. It can be used for example to identify which version of a package introduced a regression, and more concretely, to come back to the former version while waiting for the regression fix."
msgid "The <ulink url=\"https://snapshot.debian.org\"><literal>snapshot.debian.org</literal></ulink> service, introduced in April 2010, can be used to “go backwards in time” and to find an old version of a package not longer contained in the Debian archives. It can be used, for example, to identify which version of a package introduced a regression, and more concretely, to come back to the former version while waiting for the regression fix."
msgstr "Le service <literal>snapshot.debian.org</literal> (officialisé en avril 2010) permet de « remonter dans le temps » et de retrouver une ancienne version d'un paquet. Il peut permettre de vérifier quelle version d'un paquet a introduit une régression, par exemple, et plus concrètement, de revenir à la version précédente en attendant que la régression soit corrigée."
msgid "Caching Proxy for Debian Packages"
msgstr "Mandataire avec cache (<foreignphrase>proxy-cache</foreignphrase>) pour paquets Debian"
msgid "<primary>proxy cache</primary>"
msgstr "<primary>proxy cache</primary>"
msgid "<primary>cache, proxy</primary>"
msgstr "<primary>cache, proxy</primary>"
msgid "When an entire network of machines is configured to use the same remote server to download the same updated packages, any administrator knows that it would be beneficial to have an intermediate proxy acting as a network-local cache (see sidebar <xref linkend=\"sidebar.cache\" />)."
msgstr "Lorsqu'un réseau complet de machines est configuré pour télécharger les mêmes paquets mis à jour depuis le même serveur distant, tout administrateur sait qu'il serait utile d'utiliser un mandataire <foreignphrase>(proxy)</foreignphrase> configuré comme un cache (voir encadré <xref linkend=\"sidebar.cache\" />) pour limiter le trafic induit par les multiples téléchargements."
msgid "You can configure APT to use a \"standard\" proxy (see <xref linkend=\"sect.apt-config\" /> for the APT side, and <xref linkend=\"sect.http-ftp-proxy\" /> for the proxy side), but the Debian ecosystem offers better options to solve this problem. The dedicated software presented in this section are smarter than a plain proxy cache because they can rely on the specific structure of APT repositories (for instance they know when individual files are obsolete or not, and thus adjust the time during which they are kept)."
msgstr "APT peut être configuré pour utiliser un proxy « standard » (voir <xref linkend=\"sect.apt-config\" /> pour la configuration d'APT, et <xref linkend=\"sect.http-ftp-proxy\" /> pour la configuration du proxy lui-même), mais l'écosystème Debian offre de meilleures options pour ce problème. Les logiciels présentés dans cette section sont dédiés à cette tâche et sont souvent plus efficaces qu'un proxy générique puisqu'ils peuvent tirer parti de la structure spécifique des dépôts APT (par exemple, ils peuvent savoir quand un fichier devient obsolète et ainsi ajuster la durée pendant laquelle ce fichier est conservé)."
msgid "<primary><emphasis role=\"pkg\">apt-cacher</emphasis></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><emphasis role=\"pkg\">apt-cacher</emphasis></primary>"
msgid "<primary><emphasis role=\"pkg\">apt-cacher-ng</emphasis></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><emphasis role=\"pkg\">apt-cacher-ng</emphasis></primary>"
msgid "<emphasis role=\"pkg\">apt-cacher</emphasis> and <emphasis role=\"pkg\">apt-cacher-ng</emphasis> work like usual proxy cache servers. APT's <filename>sources.list</filename> is left unchanged, but APT is configured to use them as proxy for outgoing requests."
msgstr "<emphasis role=\"pkg\">apt-cacher</emphasis> et <emphasis role=\"pkg\">apt-cacher-ng</emphasis> fonctionnent comme des mandataires standards. Le fichier <filename>sources.list</filename> d'APT reste inchangé, mais APT est configuré pour utiliser ces logiciels comme mandataires lors des requêtes sortantes."
msgid "<primary><emphasis role=\"pkg\">approx</emphasis></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><emphasis role=\"pkg\">approx</emphasis></primary>"
msgid "<emphasis role=\"pkg\">approx</emphasis>, on the other hand, acts like an HTTP server that “mirrors” any number of remote repositories in its top-level URLs. The mapping between those top-level directories and the remote URLs of the repositories is stored in <filename>/etc/approx/approx.conf</filename>:"
msgstr "À l'opposé, <emphasis role=\"pkg\">approx</emphasis> se comporte comme un serveur HTTP qui servirait de miroir pour d'autres dépôts externes, rendus accessibles dans ses URL de plus haut niveau. La correspondance entre ces répertoires de premier niveau et les adresses distantes des dépôts est maintenue dans le fichier de configuration <filename>/etc/approx/approx.conf</filename> :"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid ""
#| "\n"
#| "# <name> <repository-base-url>\n"
#| "debian http://ftp.debian.org/debian\n"
#| "security http://security.debian.org"
msgid ""
"# <name> <repository-base-url>\n"
"debian https://deb.debian.org/debian\n"
"security http://security.debian.org\n"
" "
msgstr ""
"\n"
"# <name> <repository-base-url>\n"
"debian http://ftp.debian.org/debian\n"
"security http://security.debian.org"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<emphasis role=\"pkg\">approx</emphasis> runs by default on port 9999 via inetd (see <xref linkend=\"sect.inetd\" />) and requires the users to adjust their <filename>sources.list</filename> file to point to the approx server:"
msgid "<emphasis role=\"pkg\">approx</emphasis> runs by default on port 9999 via a systemd socket and requires the users to adjust their <filename>sources.list</filename> file to point to the approx server:"
msgstr "Par défaut, <emphasis role=\"pkg\">approx</emphasis> fonctionne avec le port 9999 via inetd (voir <xref linkend=\"sect.inetd\" />) et nécessite que les utilisateurs ajustent leur fichier <filename>sources.list</filename> pour qu'il pointe vers le serveur <emphasis>approx</emphasis> :"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid ""
#| "# Sample sources.list pointing to a local approx server\n"
#| "deb http://apt.falcot.com:9999/security jessie/updates main contrib non-free\n"
#| "deb http://apt.falcot.com:9999/debian jessie main contrib non-free\n"
#| " "
msgid ""
"# Sample sources.list pointing to a local approx server\n"
"deb http://localhost:9999/security buster/updates main contrib non-free\n"
"deb http://localhost:9999/debian buster main contrib non-free\n"
" "
msgstr ""
"# Fichier sources.list utilisant un serveur approx\n"
"deb http://apt.falcot.com:9999/security jessie/updates main contrib non-free\n"
"deb http://apt.falcot.com:9999/debian jessie main contrib non-free\n"
" "
msgid "<command>aptitude</command>, <command>apt-get</command>, and <command>apt</command> Commands"
msgstr "Commandes <command>aptitude</command>, <command>apt-get</command> et <command>apt</command>"
msgid "<primary><command>apt</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>apt</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>apt-get</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>apt-get</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>aptitude</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>aptitude</command></primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "APT is a vast project, whose original plans included a graphical interface. It is based on a library which contains the core application, and <command>apt-get</command> is the first front end — command-line based — which was developed within the project. <command>apt</command> is a second command-line based front end provided by APT which overcomes some design mistakes of <command>apt-get</command>."
msgid "<acronym>APT</acronym> is a vast project, whose original plans included a graphical interface. It is based on a library which contains the core application, and <command>apt-get</command> is the first front end — command-line based — which was developed within the project. <command>apt</command> is a second command-line based front end provided by APT which overcomes some design mistakes of <command>apt-get</command>."
msgstr "APT est un projet relativement vaste, qui prévoyait à l'origine une interface graphique. Il repose sur une bibliothèque contenant le cœur de l'application et <command>apt-get</command> est la première interface — en ligne de commande — développée dans le cadre du projet. <command>apt</command> est une deuxième interface en ligne de commande fournie par APT qui corrige quelques erreurs de conception de <command>apt-get</command>."
msgid "Both tools are built on top of the same library and are thus very close, but the default behavior of <command>apt</command> has been improved for interactive use and to actually do what most users expect. The APT developers reserve the right to change the public interface of this tool to further improve it. On the opposite, the public interface of <command>apt-get</command> is well defined and will not change in any backwards incompatible way. It is thus the tool that you want to use when you need to script package installation requests."
msgstr ""
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "Numerous other graphical interfaces then appeared as external projects: <command>synaptic</command>, <command>aptitude</command> (which includes both a text mode interface and a graphical one — even if not complete yet), <command>wajig</command>, etc. The most recommended interface, <command>apt</command>, is the one that we will use in the examples given in this section. Note however that <command>apt-get</command> and <command>aptitude</command> have a very similar command line syntax. When there are major differences between <command>apt</command>, <command>apt-get</command> and <command>aptitude</command>, these differences will be detailed."
msgid "Numerous other graphical interfaces then appeared as external projects: <command>synaptic</command>, <command>aptitude</command> (which includes both a text mode interface and a graphical one — even if not complete yet), <command>wajig</command>, etc. The most recommended interface, <command>apt</command>, is the one that we will use in the examples given in this section. Note, however, that <command>apt-get</command> and <command>aptitude</command> have a very similar command line syntax. When there are major differences between these three commands, these will be detailed."
msgstr "De nombreuses interfaces graphiques sont ensuite apparues en tant que projets extérieurs : <command>synaptic</command> (interface graphique), <command>aptitude</command> (qui inclut à la fois une interface en mode texte et une interface graphique, bien que pas encore complète), <command>wajig</command>, etc. Le frontal le plus recommandé, <command>apt</command>, est celui que nous utiliserons pour les exemples de cette section. Notez cependant que les syntaxes en ligne de commande d'<command>aptitude</command> et d'<command>apt-get</command> sont très similaires. En cas de différences notables entre <command>apt</command>, <command>apt-get</command> et <command>aptitude</command> celles-ci seront détaillées."
msgid "Initialization"
msgstr "Initialisation"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "For any work with APT, the list of available packages needs to be updated; this can be done simply through <command>apt update</command>. Depending on the speed of your connection, the operation can take a while since it involves downloading a certain number of <filename>Packages</filename>/<filename>Sources</filename>/<filename>Translation-<replaceable>language-code</replaceable></filename> files, which have gradually become bigger and bigger as Debian has developed (at least 10 MB of data for the <literal>main</literal> section). Of course, installing from a CD-ROM set does not require any downloading — in this case, the operation is very fast."
msgid "For any work with APT, the list of available packages needs to be updated; this can be done simply through <command>apt update</command>. Depending on the speed of your connection and configuration, the operation can take a while, since it involves downloading a certain number of (usually compressed) files (<filename>Packages</filename>, <filename>Sources</filename>, <filename>Translation-<replaceable>language-code</replaceable></filename>), which have gradually become bigger and bigger as Debian has developed (at least 10 MB of data for the <literal>main</literal> section). Of course, installing from a CD-ROM/DVD set does not require any downloading — in this case, the operation is very fast."
msgstr "Un préalable à tout travail avec APT est la mise à jour de la liste des paquets disponibles, qui s'effectue avec un simple <command>apt update</command>. Selon le débit de votre connexion, cette opération peut durer puisqu'elle télécharge un certain nombre de fichiers <filename>Packages</filename>/<filename>Sources</filename>/<filename>Translation-<replaceable>code_langue</replaceable></filename>, devenus assez volumineux au fil de la croissance de Debian (plus de 10 Mo pour la section <literal>main</literal>). Évidemment, une installation à partir d'un jeu de CD-Rom ne nécessite aucun téléchargement — cette opération est alors très rapide."
msgid "<primary><command>apt update</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>apt update</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>apt-get update</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>apt-get update</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>aptitude update</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>aptitude update</command></primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<emphasis>TIP</emphasis> Incremental upgrade"
msgid "<emphasis>TIP</emphasis> Incremental updates"
msgstr "<emphasis>ASTUCE</emphasis> Mise à jour incrémentale"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "As we explained earlier, the aim of the <command>apt update</command> command is to download for each package source the corresponding <filename>Packages</filename> (or <filename>Sources</filename>) file. However, even after a <command>bzip2</command> compression, these files can remain rather large (the <filename>Packages.xz</filename> for the <foreignphrase>main</foreignphrase> section of <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Jessie</emphasis> takes more than 6 MB). If you wish to upgrade regularly, these downloads can take up a lot of time."
msgid "The aim of the <command>apt update</command> command is to download for each package source the corresponding <filename>Packages</filename> (or <filename>Sources</filename>) file. However, even after a <command>xz</command> compression, these files can remain rather large (the <filename>Packages.xz</filename> for the <foreignphrase>main</foreignphrase> section of <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Buster</emphasis> takes more than 7 MB). If you wish to update regularly, these downloads can take up a lot of time."
msgstr "On l'a vu, le but de la commande <command>apt update</command> est de télécharger pour chacune des sources de paquets le fichier <filename>Packages</filename> (ou <filename>Sources</filename>) correspondant. Cependant, même après compression <command>bzip2</command>, ces fichiers restent volumineux (le <filename>Packages.xz</filename> pour la section <foreignphrase>main</foreignphrase> de <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Jessie</emphasis> occupe plus de 5 Mo). Si l'on souhaite effectuer des mises à jour régulières, ces téléchargements peuvent prendre du temps inutilement."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "To speed up the process APT can download “diff” files containing the changes since the previous update, as opposed to the entire file. To achieve this, official Debian mirrors distribute different files which list the differences between one version of the <filename>Packages</filename> file and the following version. They are generated at each update of the archives and a history of one week is kept. Each of these “diff” files only takes a few dozen kilobytes for <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis>, so that the amount of data downloaded by a weekly <command>apt update</command> is often divided by 10. For distributions like <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> and <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis>, which change less, the gain is even more noticeable."
msgid "To speed up the process APT can download “diff” files containing the changes since the previous update, as opposed to the entire file. To achieve this, official Debian mirrors distribute different files which list the differences between one version of the <filename>Packages</filename> file and the following version. They are generated at each update of the archives and a history of one week is kept. Each of these “diff” files only takes a few dozen kilobytes for <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis>, so that the amount of data downloaded by a weekly <command>apt update</command> is often divided by 10. For <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> and <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis>, which change less, the gain is even more noticeable."
msgstr "Pour accélérer le processus, APT peut télécharger non plus le fichier entier mais simplement les différences par rapport à une version précédente. Les miroirs Debian officiels distribuent pour cela différents fichiers recensant les différences d'une version du fichier <filename>Packages</filename> à la suivante, lors des mises à jour des archives, avec un historique d'une semaine. Chacun de ces fichiers de différences ne pesant en général que quelques dizaines de kilo-octets pour <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis>, la quantité de données téléchargées par un <command>apt update</command> hebdomadaire est typiquement divisée par 10. Pour les distributions moins mobiles, comme <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> et <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis>, le gain est encore plus flagrant."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>contrib</literal></secondary>"
msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary><literal>Acquire::PDiffs</literal></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>contrib</literal></secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "However, it can sometimes be of interest to force the download of the entire <filename>Packages</filename> file, especially when the last upgrade is very old and when the mechanism of incremental differences would not contribute much. This can also be interesting when network access is very fast but when the processor of the machine to upgrade is rather slow, since the time saved on the download is more than lost when the computer calculates the new versions of these files (starting with the older versions and applying the downloaded differences). To do that, you can use the configuration parameter <literal>Acquire::Pdiffs</literal> and set it to <literal>false</literal>."
msgid "However, it can sometimes be of interest to force the download of the entire <filename>Packages</filename> file, especially when the last upgrade is very old and when the mechanism of incremental differences would not contribute much. This can also be interesting when network access is very fast but when the processor of the machine to upgrade is rather slow, since the time saved on the download is more than lost when the computer calculates the new versions of these files (starting with the older versions and applying the downloaded differences). To do that, you can use the APT configuration parameter <literal>Acquire::PDiffs</literal> and set it to <literal>false</literal>."
msgstr "On notera cependant qu'il est parfois intéressant de forcer le téléchargement du fichier <filename>Packages</filename> complet, notamment lorsque la dernière mise à jour est vraiment trop ancienne et que le mécanisme des différences incrémentales n'apporterait rien. Cela peut également être intéressant dans les cas où l'accès réseau est très rapide mais où le processeur de la machine à mettre à jour est relativement lent, le temps gagné sur le téléchargement des fichiers étant plus que perdu lors du calcul des nouvelles versions de ces fichiers à partir des anciennes versions et des différences téléchargées. Pour cela, on pourra utiliser le paramètre de configuration <literal>Acquire::Pdiffs</literal>, que l'on règlera à <literal>false</literal>."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<computeroutput># </computeroutput><userinput>apt --reinstall install postfix</userinput>"
msgid "<computeroutput>$ </computeroutput><userinput>sudo apt -o \"Acquire::PDiffs=false\" update</userinput>"
msgstr "<computeroutput># </computeroutput><userinput>apt --reinstall install postfix</userinput>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>main</literal></secondary>"
msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary><literal>Acquire::Languages</literal></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>main</literal></secondary>"
msgid "The <literal>Acquire::*</literal> options also control other aspects of the download, and even the download methods. <literal>Acquire::Languages</literal> can limit or disable the download of <filename>Translation-<replaceable>language-code</replaceable></filename> files and save even more time. For a complete reference see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
msgid "Installing and Removing"
msgstr "Installation et suppression"
msgid "<primary>package</primary><secondary>installation</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>paquet</primary><secondary>installation</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>package</primary><secondary>removal</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>paquet</primary><secondary>suppression</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>installation</primary><secondary>package installation</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>installation</primary><secondary>de paquets</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>removal of a package</primary>"
msgstr "<primary>suppression d'un paquet</primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "With APT, packages can be added or removed from the system, respectively with <command>apt install <replaceable>package</replaceable></command> and <command>apt remove <replaceable>package</replaceable></command>. In both cases, APT will automatically install the necessary dependencies or delete the packages which depend on the package that is being removed. The <command>apt purge <replaceable>package</replaceable></command> command involves a complete uninstallation — the configuration files are also deleted."
msgid "With APT, packages can be added or removed from the system, respectively with <command>apt install <replaceable>package</replaceable></command> and <command>apt remove <replaceable>package</replaceable></command>. In both cases, APT will automatically install the necessary dependencies or delete the packages which depend on the package that is being removed. The <command>apt purge <replaceable>package</replaceable></command> command involves a complete uninstallation by deleting the configuration files as well."
msgstr "APT permet d'ajouter ou de supprimer des paquets sur le système, respectivement avec <command>apt install <replaceable>paquet</replaceable></command> et <command>apt remove <replaceable>paquet</replaceable></command>. Dans chaque cas, APT installera automatiquement les dépendances nécessaires ou supprimera les paquets dépendant du paquet en cours de désinstallation. La commande <command>apt purge <replaceable>paquet</replaceable></command> demande une désinstallation complète — les fichiers de configuration sont alors également supprimés."
msgid "<primary><command>apt install</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>apt install</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>apt remove</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>apt remove</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>apt purge</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>apt purge</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>apt-get install</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>apt-get install</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>apt-get remove</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>apt-get remove</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>apt-get purge</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>apt-get purge</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>aptitude install</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>aptitude install</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>aptitude remove</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>aptitude remove</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>aptitude purge</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>aptitude purge</command></primary>"
msgid "<emphasis>TIP</emphasis> Installing the same selection of packages several times"
msgstr "<emphasis>ASTUCE</emphasis> Installer la même sélection de paquets plusieurs fois"
msgid "It can be useful to systematically install the same list of packages on several computers. This can be done quite easily."
msgstr "Il est parfois souhaitable de pouvoir installer systématiquement la même liste de paquets sur plusieurs ordinateurs. C'est possible assez facilement."
msgid "First, retrieve the list of packages installed on the computer which will serve as the “model” to copy."
msgstr "Récupérons d'abord la liste des paquets installés sur l'ordinateur qui servira de « modèle » à dupliquer."
msgid "<computeroutput>$ </computeroutput><userinput>dpkg --get-selections >pkg-list</userinput>"
msgstr "<computeroutput>$ </computeroutput><userinput>dpkg --get-selections >liste-pkg</userinput>"
msgid "The <filename>pkg-list</filename> file then contains the list of installed packages. Next, transfer the <filename>pkg-list</filename> file onto the computers you want to update and use the following commands:"
msgstr "Le fichier <filename>liste-pkg</filename> contient la liste des paquets installés. Il faut alors transférer le fichier <filename>liste-pkg</filename> sur les ordinateurs à mettre à jour et y employer les commandes suivantes :"
msgid ""
"## Update dpkg's database of known packages\n"
"# <userinput>avail=`mktemp`</userinput>\n"
"# <userinput>apt-cache dumpavail > \"$avail\"</userinput>\n"
"# <userinput>dpkg --merge-avail \"$avail\"</userinput>\n"
"# <userinput>rm -f \"$avail\"</userinput>\n"
"## Update dpkg's selections\n"
"# <userinput>dpkg --set-selections < pkg-list</userinput>\n"
"## Ask apt-get to install the selected packages\n"
"# <userinput>apt-get dselect-upgrade</userinput>"
msgstr ""
"## Mettre à jour la base de données des paquets connus par dpkg\n"
"# <userinput>avail=`mktemp`</userinput>\n"
"# <userinput>apt-cache dumpavail > \"$avail\"</userinput>\n"
"# <userinput>dpkg --merge-avail \"$avail\"</userinput>\n"
"# <userinput>rm -f \"$avail\"</userinput>\n"
"## Mettre à jour les sélections de dpkg\n"
"# <userinput>dpkg --set-selections < liste-pkg</userinput>\n"
"## Demander à apt-get d'installer les paquets sélectionnés\n"
"# <userinput>apt-get dselect-upgrade</userinput>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "The first commands records the list of available packages in the dpkg database, then <command>dpkg --set-selections</command> restores the selection of packages that you wish to install, and the <command>apt-get</command> invocation executes the required operations! <command>aptitude</command> does not have this command."
msgid "The first commands record the list of available packages in the dpkg database. Then <command>dpkg --set-selections</command> restores the selection of packages that you wish to install, and the <command>apt-get</command> invocation executes the required operations! <command>aptitude</command> does not have this command."
msgstr "La première commande enregistre la liste des paquets disponibles dans la base de données de dpkg, puis <command>dpkg --set-selections</command> restaure les vœux de paquets à installer, que l'invocation d'<command>apt-get</command> exauce ensuite ! <command>aptitude</command> n'offre pas cette commande."
msgid "<emphasis>TIP</emphasis> Removing and installing at the same time"
msgstr "<emphasis>ASTUCE</emphasis> Supprimer et installer en même temps"
msgid "It is possible to ask <command>apt</command> (or <command>apt-get</command>, or <command>aptitude</command>) to install certain packages and remove others on the same command line by adding a suffix. With an <command>apt install</command> command, add “<literal>-</literal>” to the names of the packages you wish to remove. With an <command>apt remove</command> command, add “<literal>+</literal>” to the names of the packages you wish to install."
msgstr "Il est possible, en ajoutant un suffixe, de demander à <command>apt</command> (ou <command>apt-get</command>, ou <command>aptitude</command>) d'installer certains paquets et d'en supprimer d'autres sur la même ligne de commande. Lors d'une commande <command>apt install</command>, ajoutez un « <literal>-</literal> » aux noms des paquets que vous souhaitez supprimer. Lors d'une commande <command>apt remove</command>, ajoutez un « <literal>+</literal> » aux noms des paquets que vous souhaitez installer."
msgid "The next example shows two different ways to install <replaceable>package1</replaceable> and to remove <replaceable>package2</replaceable>."
msgstr "L'exemple suivant montre deux manières d'installer <replaceable>paquet1</replaceable> et de supprimer <replaceable>paquet2</replaceable>."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "The next example shows two different ways to install <replaceable>package1</replaceable> and to remove <replaceable>package2</replaceable>."
msgid "# <userinput>apt install <replaceable>package1</replaceable> <replaceable>package2</replaceable>-</userinput>"
msgstr "L'exemple suivant montre deux manières d'installer <replaceable>paquet1</replaceable> et de supprimer <replaceable>paquet2</replaceable>."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "The next example shows two different ways to install <replaceable>package1</replaceable> and to remove <replaceable>package2</replaceable>."
msgid "# <userinput>apt remove <replaceable>package1</replaceable>+ <replaceable>package2</replaceable></userinput>"
msgstr "L'exemple suivant montre deux manières d'installer <replaceable>paquet1</replaceable> et de supprimer <replaceable>paquet2</replaceable>."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "This can also be used to exclude packages which would otherwise be installed, for example due to a <literal>Recommends</literal>. In general, the dependency solver will use that information as a hint to look for alternative solutions."
msgid "This can also be used to exclude packages which would otherwise be installed, for example, due to an automatic installation of <literal>Recommends</literal>. In general, the dependency solver will use that information as a hint to look for alternative solutions."
msgstr "Ceci permet également d'exclure des paquets qui seraient installés sinon, par exemple à cause d'un champ <literal>Recommends</literal>. De manière générale, le résolveur de dépendances utilisera cette information pour ajuster sa recherche de solutions alternatives."
msgid "<emphasis>TIP</emphasis> <command>apt --reinstall</command> and <command>aptitude reinstall</command>"
msgstr "<emphasis>ASTUCE</emphasis> <command>apt --reinstall</command> et <command>aptitude reinstall</command>"
msgid "<primary>reinstallation</primary>"
msgstr "<primary>réinstallation</primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><command>apt install</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>apt install --reinstall</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>apt install</command></primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><command>apt-get install</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>apt-get install --reinstall</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>apt-get install</command></primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><command>aptitude install</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>aptitude install --reinstall</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>aptitude install</command></primary>"
msgid "The system can sometimes be damaged after the removal or modification of files in a package. The easiest way to retrieve these files is to reinstall the affected package. Unfortunately, the packaging system finds that the latter is already installed and politely refuses to reinstall it; to avoid this, use the <literal>--reinstall</literal> option of the <command>apt</command> and <command>apt-get</command> commands. The following command reinstalls <emphasis role=\"pkg\">postfix</emphasis> even if it is already present:"
msgstr "Il arrive que le système soit endommagé suite à la suppression ou à la modification de fichiers appartenant à un paquet. Le moyen le plus simple de récupérer ces fichiers est alors de réinstaller le paquet concerné. Malheureusement, le système de paquetage considère que ce dernier est déjà installé et refuse poliment de s'exécuter ; l'option <literal>--reinstall</literal> des commandes <command>apt</command> et <command>apt-get</command> permet précisément d'éviter cet écueil. La commande ci-dessous réinstalle <emphasis role=\"pkg\">postfix</emphasis> même si ce dernier est déjà présent:"
msgid "<computeroutput># </computeroutput><userinput>apt --reinstall install postfix</userinput>"
msgstr "<computeroutput># </computeroutput><userinput>apt --reinstall install postfix</userinput>"
msgid "The <command>aptitude</command> command line is slightly different, but achieves the same result with <command>aptitude reinstall postfix</command>."
msgstr "La ligne de commande d'<command>aptitude</command> est un peu différente, mais le même effet s'obtient avec <command>aptitude reinstall postfix</command>."
msgid "The problem does not arise with <command>dpkg</command>, but the administrator rarely uses it directly."
msgstr "Le problème ne se pose pas avec <command>dpkg</command>, mais il est rare que l'administrateur emploie directement ce dernier."
msgid "Be careful! Using <command>apt --reinstall</command> to restore packages modified during an attack will certainly not recover the system as it was. <xref linkend=\"sect.dealing-with-compromised-machine\" /> details the necessary steps to take with a compromised system."
msgstr "Attention ! Recourir à <command>apt --reinstall</command> pour restaurer des paquets modifiés au cours d'une attaque ne suffit certainement pas à retrouver un système identique à ce qu'il était au préalable. La <xref linkend=\"sect.dealing-with-compromised-machine\" /> détaille la marche à suivre si vous avez subi un tel incident de sécurité."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>package</primary><secondary>source of</secondary>"
msgid "<primary><command>dpkg</command></primary><secondary><command>--force-confask</command></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>paquet</primary><secondary>source de</secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>package</primary><secondary>source of</secondary>"
msgid "<primary><command>dpkg</command></primary><secondary><command>--force-confmiss</command></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>paquet</primary><secondary>source de</secondary>"
msgid "These commands will not restore the configuration files. But as you have learned in <xref linkend=\"sect.conffiles\" /> (see also sidebar <xref linkend=\"sidebar.questions-conffiles-bis\" />), you can use the following command to be asked to install the unmodified version and even restore any deleted configuration file as well."
msgstr ""
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<computeroutput># </computeroutput><userinput>apt --reinstall install postfix</userinput>"
msgid "<computeroutput># </computeroutput><userinput>apt --reinstall -o Dpkg::Options::=\"--force-confask,confmiss\" install <replaceable>package</replaceable></userinput>"
msgstr "<computeroutput># </computeroutput><userinput>apt --reinstall install postfix</userinput>"
msgid "Some packages don't ship the configuration file found in <filename>/etc</filename> with the package. Instead they create it during installation by either copying a skeleton or writing it by a script. The file <filename>/etc/inputrc</filename>, for example, is a copy of <filename>/usr/share/readline/inputrc</filename>. In such cases the commands shown above won't work."
msgstr ""
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "If the file <filename>sources.list</filename> mentions several distributions, it is possible to give the version of the package to install. A specific version number can be requested with <command>apt install <replaceable>package</replaceable>=<replaceable>version</replaceable></command>, but indicating its distribution of origin (<emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis>, <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> or <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis>) — with <command>apt install <replaceable>package</replaceable>/<replaceable>distribution</replaceable></command> — is usually preferred. With this command, it is possible to go back to an older version of a package (if for instance you know that it works well), provided that it is still available in one of the sources referenced by the <filename>sources.list</filename> file. Otherwise the <literal>snapshot.debian.org</literal> archive can come to the rescue (see sidebar <xref linkend=\"sidebar.snapshot.debian.org\" />)."
msgid "If the file <filename>sources.list</filename> mentions several distributions, it is possible to give the version of the package to install. A specific version number can be requested with <command>apt install <replaceable>package</replaceable>=<replaceable>version</replaceable></command>, but indicating its distribution of origin (<emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis>, <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> or <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis>) — with <command>apt install <replaceable>package</replaceable>/<replaceable>distribution</replaceable></command> — is usually preferred. With this command, it is possible to go back to an older version of a package (if, for instance, you know that it works well), provided that it is still available in one of the sources referenced by the <filename>sources.list</filename> file. Otherwise the <literal>snapshot.debian.org</literal> archive can come to the rescue (see sidebar <xref linkend=\"sidebar.snapshot.debian.org\" />)."
msgstr "Si le fichier <filename>sources.list</filename> mentionne plusieurs distributions, il est possible de préciser la version du paquet à installer. On peut demander un numéro de version précis avec <command>apt install <replaceable>paquet</replaceable>=<replaceable>version</replaceable></command>, mais on se contentera en général d'indiquer la distribution d'origine du paquet (<emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis>, <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> ou <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis>) avec la syntaxe <command>apt install <replaceable>paquet</replaceable>/<replaceable>distribution</replaceable></command>. Avec cette commande, on pourra donc revenir à une ancienne version d'un paquet (si par exemple on sait qu'elle fonctionne bien), à condition qu'elle soit encore disponible dans une des sources référencées par le fichier <filename>sources.list</filename>. On pourra au besoin utiliser l'archive <literal>snapshot.debian.org</literal> (voir encadré <xref linkend=\"sidebar.snapshot.debian.org\" />)."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "Installation of the <emphasis role=\"distribution\">unstable</emphasis> version of <emphasis role=\"pkg\">spamassassin</emphasis>"
msgid "Installation of the <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis> version of <emphasis role=\"pkg\">spamassassin</emphasis>"
msgstr "Installation de la version <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis> de <emphasis role=\"pkg\">spamassassin</emphasis>"
msgid "<computeroutput># </computeroutput><userinput>apt install spamassassin/unstable</userinput>"
msgstr "<computeroutput># </computeroutput><userinput>apt install spamassassin/unstable</userinput>"
msgid "If the package to install has been made available to you under the form of a simple <filename>.deb</filename> file without any associated package repository, it is still possible to use APT to install it together with its dependencies (provided that the dependencies are available in the configured repositories) with a simple command: <command>apt install ./<replaceable>path-to-the-package.deb</replaceable></command>. The leading <literal>./</literal> is important to make it clear that we are referring to a filename and not to the name of a package available in one of the repositories."
msgstr ""
msgid "<emphasis>GOING FURTHER</emphasis> The cache of <filename>.deb</filename> files"
msgstr "<emphasis>POUR ALLER PLUS LOIN</emphasis> Cache des fichiers <filename>.deb</filename>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><filename>/etc/apt/preferences</filename></primary>"
msgid "<primary><filename>/var/cache/apt/archives/</filename></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><filename>/etc/apt/preferences</filename></primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><command>apt-get</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>apt-get clean</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>apt-get</command></primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><command>apt-get update</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>apt-get autoclean</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>apt-get update</command></primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary>interfaces</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary><filename>/var/cache/apt/archives/</filename></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>APT</primary><secondary>interfaces</secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>main</literal></secondary>"
msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary><literal>APT::Clean-Installed</literal></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>main</literal></secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "APT keeps a copy of each downloaded <filename>.deb</filename> file in the directory <filename>/var/cache/apt/archives/</filename>. In case of frequent updates, this directory can quickly take a lot of disk space with several versions of each package; you should regularly sort through them. Two commands can be used: <command>apt-get clean</command> entirely empties the directory; <command>apt-get autoclean</command> only removes packages which can no longer be downloaded (because they have disappeared from the Debian mirror) and are therefore clearly useless (the configuration parameter <literal>APT::Clean-Installed</literal> can prevent the removal of <filename>.deb</filename> files that are currently installed). Note that <command>apt</command> does not support those commands."
msgid "APT keeps a copy of each downloaded <filename>.deb</filename> file in the directory <filename>/var/cache/apt/archives/</filename>. In case of frequent updates, this directory can quickly take a lot of disk space with several versions of each package; you should regularly sort through them. Two commands can be used: <command>apt-get clean</command> entirely empties the directory; <command>apt-get autoclean</command> only removes packages which can no longer be downloaded (because they have disappeared from the Debian mirror) and are therefore clearly useless (the configuration parameter <literal>APT::Clean-Installed</literal> can prevent the removal of <filename>.deb</filename> files that are currently installed)."
msgstr "APT conserve dans le répertoire <filename>/var/cache/apt/archives/</filename> une copie de chaque fichier <filename>.deb</filename> téléchargé. Dans le cas de mises à jour fréquentes, ce répertoire peut rapidement occuper beaucoup d'espace disque avec plusieurs versions de chaque paquet ; il convient donc d'y faire régulièrement le tri. Deux commandes existent pour cela : <command>apt-get clean</command> vide entièrement le répertoire ; <command>apt-get autoclean</command> ne supprime que les paquets qui, n'étant plus téléchargeables (car ayant disparu du miroir Debian), sont clairement inutiles (le paramètre de configuration <literal>APT::Clean-Installed</literal> permet d'empêcher la suppression de fichiers <filename>.deb</filename> encore actuellement installés). Signalons que <command>apt</command> ne supporte pas ces commandes."
msgid "System Upgrade"
msgstr "Mise à jour"
msgid "<primary>upgrade</primary><secondary>system upgrade</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>mise à jour</primary><secondary>du système</secondary>"
msgid "<primary><command>apt upgrade</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>apt upgrade</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>apt-get upgrade</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>apt-get upgrade</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>aptitude safe-upgrade</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>aptitude safe-upgrade</command></primary>"
msgid "Regular upgrades are recommended, because they include the latest security updates. To upgrade, use <command>apt upgrade</command>, <command>apt-get upgrade</command> or <command>aptitude safe-upgrade</command> (of course after <command>apt update</command>). This command looks for installed packages which can be upgraded without removing any packages. In other words, the goal is to ensure the least intrusive upgrade possible. <command>apt-get</command> is slightly more demanding than <command>aptitude</command> or <command>apt</command> because it will refuse to install packages which were not installed beforehand."
msgstr "Des mises à jour régulières sont recommandées, car elles mettront en place les derniers correctifs de sécurité. Pour cela, on invoquera <command>apt upgrade</command>, <command>apt-get upgrade</command> ou <command>aptitude safe-upgrade</command> (évidemment précédé par <command>apt update</command>). Cette commande cherche les mises à jour des paquets installés, réalisables sans supprimer de paquets. Autrement dit, l'objectif est d'assurer une mise à jour la moins intrusive possible. Pour cette action, <command>apt-get</command> est un peu plus exigeant que <command>aptitude</command> ou <command>apt</command> parce qu'il refusera d'installer des paquets qui ne l'étaient pas préalablement."
msgid "<command>apt</command> will generally select the most recent version number (except for packages from <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Experimental</emphasis> and <emphasis role=\"distribution\">stable-backports</emphasis>, which are ignored by default whatever their version number). If you specified <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> or <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis> in your <filename>sources.list</filename>, <command>apt upgrade</command> will switch most of your <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> system to <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> or <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis>, which might not be what you intended."
msgstr "Remarquons cependant qu'<command>apt</command> retiendra en général le numéro de version le plus récent (à l'exception des paquets <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Experimental</emphasis> et des rétroportages, ignorés par défaut quel que soit leur numéro de version). Si vous avez mentionné <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> ou <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis> dans votre <filename>sources.list</filename>, <command>apt upgrade</command> migrera une grande partie de votre système <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> en <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> ou <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis>, ce qui n'est peut-être pas l'effet recherché."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "To tell <command>apt</command> to use a specific distribution when searching for upgraded packages, you need to use the <literal>-t</literal> or <literal>--target-release</literal> option, followed by the name of the distribution you want (for example: <command>apt -t stable upgrade</command>). To avoid specifying this option every time you use <command>apt</command>, you can add <literal>APT::Default-Release \"stable\";</literal> in the file <filename>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/local</filename>."
msgid "To tell <command>apt</command> to use a specific distribution when searching for upgraded packages, you need to use the <literal>-t</literal> or <literal>--target-release</literal> option, followed by the name of the distribution you want (for example, <command>apt -t stable upgrade</command>). To avoid specifying this option every time you use <command>apt</command>, you can add <literal>APT::Default-Release \"stable\";</literal> in the file <filename>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/local</filename>."
msgstr "Pour indiquer à <command>apt</command> d'utiliser telle ou telle distribution pour ses recherches de paquets mis à jour, il faut utiliser l'option <literal>-t</literal> ou <literal>--target-release</literal> (version cible), suivie du nom de la distribution en question (exemple : <command>apt -t stable upgrade</command>). Pour éviter de spécifier cette option à chaque invocation d'<command>apt</command>, vous pouvez ajouter <literal>APT::Default-Release \"stable\";</literal> dans le fichier <filename>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/local</filename>."
msgid "<primary><command>apt full-upgrade</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>apt full-upgrade</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>apt dist-upgrade</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>apt dist-upgrade</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>apt-get dist-upgrade</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>apt-get dist-upgrade</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>aptitude dist-upgrade</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>aptitude dist-upgrade</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>aptitude full-upgrade</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>aptitude full-upgrade</command></primary>"
msgid "For more important upgrades, such as the change from one major Debian version to the next, you need to use <command>apt full-upgrade</command>. With this instruction, <command>apt</command> will complete the upgrade even if it has to remove some obsolete packages or install new dependencies. This is also the command used by users who work daily with the Debian <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis> release and follow its evolution day by day. It is so simple that it hardly needs explanation: APT's reputation is based on this great functionality."
msgstr "Pour les mises à jour plus importantes, comme lors du basculement d'une version majeure de Debian à la suivante, il faut utiliser <command>apt full-upgrade</command>. Cela effectue la mise à jour même s'il y a des paquets obsolètes à supprimer et de nouvelles dépendances à installer. C'est également la commande employée par ceux qui exploitent quotidiennement la version <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis> de Debian et suivent ses évolutions au jour le jour. Elle est si simple qu'elle parle d'elle-même : c'est bien cette fonctionnalité qui a fait la renommée d'APT."
msgid "Unlike <command>apt</command> and <command>aptitude</command>, <command>apt-get</command> doesn't know the <command>full-upgrade</command> command. Instead, you should use <command>apt-get dist-upgrade</command> (”distribution upgrade”), the historical and well-known command that <command>apt</command> and <command>aptitude</command> also accept for the convenience of users who got used to it."
msgstr "Contrairement à <command>apt</command> et <command>aptitude</command>, <command>apt-get</command> n'a pas la commande <command>full-upgrade</command>. À la place, on utilisera <command>apt-get dist-upgrade</command> (mise à jour de la distribution), qui est la commande historique et bien connue que <command>apt</command> et <command>aptitude</command> acceptent également pour le confort des utilisateurs qui sont habitués à les utiliser."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary><foreignphrase>pinning</foreignphrase></secondary>"
msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary><filename>/var/log/apt/history.log</filename></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>APT</primary><secondary><foreignphrase>pinning</foreignphrase></secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary>interfaces</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary><filename>/var/log/apt/term.log</filename></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>APT</primary><secondary>interfaces</secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary><foreignphrase>pinning</foreignphrase></secondary>"
msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary><filename>/var/log/apt/eipp.log.xz</filename></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>APT</primary><secondary><foreignphrase>pinning</foreignphrase></secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>package</primary><secondary>installation</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>dpkg</primary><secondary><filename>/var/log/dpkg.log</filename></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>paquet</primary><secondary>installation</secondary>"
msgid "The results of these operations are logged into <filename>/var/log/apt/history.log</filename> and <filename>/var/log/apt/term.log</filename>, whereas <command>dpkg</command> keeps its log in a file called <filename>/var/log/dpkg.log</filename>."
msgstr ""
msgid "Configuration Options"
msgstr "Options de configuration"
msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary>configuration</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>APT</primary><secondary>configuration</secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><filename>apt.conf.d/</filename></primary>"
msgid "<primary><filename>apt.conf</filename></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><filename>apt.conf.d/</filename></primary>"
msgid "<primary><filename>apt.conf.d/</filename></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><filename>apt.conf.d/</filename></primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><filename>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/</filename></primary>"
msgid "<primary><filename>/etc/apt/apt.conf</filename></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><filename>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/</filename></primary>"
msgid "<primary><filename>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/</filename></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><filename>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/</filename></primary>"
msgid "<primary><citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry></primary>"
msgstr ""
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary><foreignphrase>pinning</foreignphrase></secondary>"
msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary><filename>/etc/apt/apt.conf</filename></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>APT</primary><secondary><foreignphrase>pinning</foreignphrase></secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><filename>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/</filename></primary>"
msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary><filename>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/</filename></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary><filename>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/</filename></primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>main</literal></secondary>"
msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary><literal>DPkg::options</literal></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>main</literal></secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>contrib</literal></secondary>"
msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary><literal>Acquire::http::proxy</literal></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>contrib</literal></secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>contrib</literal></secondary>"
msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary><literal>Acquire::ftp::proxy</literal></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>contrib</literal></secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "Besides the configuration elements already mentioned, it is possible to configure certain aspects of APT by adding directives in a file of the <filename>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/</filename> directory. Remember for instance that it is possible for APT to tell <command>dpkg</command> to ignore file conflict errors by specifying <literal>DPkg::options { \"--force-overwrite\"; }</literal>."
msgid "Besides the configuration elements already mentioned, it is possible to configure certain aspects of APT by adding directives in a file of the <filename>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/</filename> directory or <filename>/etc/apt/apt.conf</filename> itself. Remember, for instance, that it is possible for APT to tell <command>dpkg</command> to ignore file conflict errors by specifying <literal>DPkg::options { \"--force-overwrite\"; }</literal>."
msgstr "Outre les éléments de configuration déjà mentionnés, il est possible de configurer quelques aspects d'APT en ajoutant des directives dans un fichier du répertoire <filename>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/</filename>. Rappelons par exemple qu'il est possible pour APT d'indiquer à <command>dpkg</command> d'ignorer les erreurs de collision de fichiers en précisant <literal>DPkg::options { \"--force-overwrite\"; }</literal>."
msgid "If the Web can only be accessed through a proxy, add a line like <literal>Acquire::http::proxy \"http://<replaceable>yourproxy</replaceable>:3128\"</literal>. For an FTP proxy, write <literal>Acquire::ftp::proxy \"ftp://<replaceable>yourproxy</replaceable>\"</literal>. To discover more configuration options, read the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> manual page with the <command>man apt.conf</command> command (for details on manual pages, see <xref linkend=\"sect.manual-pages\" />)."
msgstr "Si l'accès au Web n'est possible qu'à travers un mandataire (proxy), il faut ajouter une ligne semblable à <literal>Acquire::http::proxy \"http://<replaceable>monproxy</replaceable>:3128\"</literal>. Pour un proxy FTP, on écrira <literal>Acquire::ftp::proxy \"ftp://<replaceable>monproxy</replaceable>\"</literal>. Découvrez par vous-même les autres options de configuration en consultant la page de manuel <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, avec la commande <command>man apt.conf</command> (pour plus de détails sur les pages de manuel, voir <xref linkend=\"sect.manual-pages\" />)."
msgid "<emphasis>BACK TO BASICS</emphasis> Directories ending in <filename>.d</filename>"
msgstr "<emphasis>B.A.-BA</emphasis> Répertoire en <filename>.d</filename>"
msgid "<primary><filename>.d</filename></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><filename>.d</filename></primary>"
msgid "Directories with a <filename>.d</filename> suffix are used more and more often. Each directory represents a configuration file which is split over multiple files. In this sense, all of the files in <filename>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/</filename> are instructions for the configuration of APT. APT includes them in alphabetical order, so that the last ones can modify a configuration element defined in one of the first ones."
msgstr "Les répertoires de suffixe <filename>.d</filename> sont de plus en plus souvent employés. Chacun abrite des fichiers ventilant un fichier de configuration. Ainsi, tous les fichiers contenus dans <filename>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/</filename> constituent les instructions de configuration d'APT. APT les inclura dans l'ordre alphabétique, de sorte que les derniers pourront modifier un élément de configuration défini dans l'un des premiers."
msgid "This structure brings some flexibility to the machine administrator and to the package maintainers. Indeed, the administrator can easily modify the configuration of the software by adding a ready-made file in the directory in question without having to change an existing file. Package maintainers use the same approach when they need to adapt the configuration of another software to ensure that it perfectly co-exists with theirs. The Debian policy explicitly forbids modifying configuration files of other packages — only users are allowed to do this. Remember that during a package upgrade, the user gets to choose the version of the configuration file that should be kept when a modification has been detected. Any external modification of the file would trigger that request, which would disturb the administrator, who is sure not to have changed anything."
msgstr "Cette structure apporte une certaine souplesse à l'administrateur de la machine et aux mainteneurs de paquets. En effet, l'administrateur peut facilement modifier la configuration du logiciel en déposant un fichier tout prêt dans le répertoire en question sans devoir modifier de fichier existant. Les mainteneurs de paquets ont la même problématique lorsqu'ils doivent adapter la configuration d'un autre logiciel pour assurer une parfaite cohabitation avec le leur. La charte Debian interdit explicitement toute modification de fichiers de configuration relevant d'autres paquets, interdiction justifiée par le fait que seuls les utilisateurs sont habilités à intervenir ainsi. Rappelons en effet que <command>dpkg</command> invite l'utilisateur, lors d'une installation, à choisir la version du fichier de configuration qu'il souhaite conserver lorsqu'une modification y est détectée. Toute modification externe du fichier déclencherait une telle requête, qui ne manquerait pas de perturber l'administrateur certain de n'avoir rien altéré."
msgid "Without a <filename>.d</filename> directory, it is impossible for an external package to change the settings of a program without modifying its configuration file. Instead it must invite the user to do it themselves and lists the operations to be done in the file <filename>/usr/share/doc/<replaceable>package</replaceable>/README.Debian</filename>."
msgstr "En l'absence de répertoire <filename>.d</filename>, il est impossible à un paquet externe d'adapter les réglages d'un logiciel sans en modifier le fichier de configuration. Il doit alors inviter l'utilisateur à intervenir lui-même, en documentant les opérations à effectuer dans le fichier <filename>/usr/share/doc/<replaceable>paquet</replaceable>/README.Debian</filename>."
msgid "Depending on the application, the <filename>.d</filename> directory is used directly or managed by an external script which will concatenate all the files to create the configuration file itself. It is important to execute the script after any change in that directory so that the most recent modifications are taken into account. In the same way, it is important not to work directly in the configuration file created automatically, since everything would be lost at the next execution of the script. The chosen method (<filename>.d</filename> directory used directly or a file generated from that directory) is usually dictated by implementation constraints, but in both cases the gains in terms of configuration flexibility more than make up for the small complications that they entail. The Exim 4 mail server is an example of the generated file method: it can be configured through several files (<filename>/etc/exim4/conf.d/*</filename>) which are concatenated into <filename>/var/lib/exim4/config.autogenerated</filename> by the <command>update-exim4.conf</command> command."
msgstr "Selon les applications, le répertoire <filename>.d</filename> est directement exploité, ou géré par un script externe qui en concaténera tous les fichiers pour créer le fichier de configuration à proprement parler. Il est alors important d'exécuter ce script après toute intervention dans ce répertoire pour que les plus récentes modifications soient prises en compte. De même, on prendra soin de ne pas travailler directement sur le fichier de configuration construit automatiquement, sous peine de tout perdre lors de l'exécution suivante du script. Le choix de la méthode (répertoire <filename>.d</filename> utilisé directement ou fichier généré à partir de ce répertoire) est généralement dicté par des contraintes de mise en œuvre, mais dans les deux cas, les gains en termes de souplesse de configuration compensent largement les petites complications induites. Comme exemple de la méthode du fichier généré, on peut citer le serveur de messagerie Exim 4, dont la configuration peut être découpée en plusieurs fichiers (<filename>/etc/exim4/conf.d/*</filename>) qui sont agrégés en un seul (<filename>/var/lib/exim4/config.autogenerated</filename>) par la commande <command>update-exim4.conf</command>."
msgid "Managing Package Priorities"
msgstr "Gérer les priorités associées aux paquets"
msgid "One of the most important aspects in the configuration of APT is the management of the priorities associated with each package source. For instance, you might want to extend one distribution with one or two newer packages from <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis>, <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis> or <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Experimental</emphasis>. It is possible to assign a priority to each available package (the same package can have several priorities depending on its version or the distribution providing it). These priorities will influence APT's behavior: for each package, it will always select the version with the highest priority (except if this version is older than the installed one and if its priority is less than 1000)."
msgstr "Une des problématiques les plus importantes dans la configuration d'APT est la gestion des priorités des différentes sources de paquets. Il arrive en effet assez fréquemment qu'on souhaite compléter une distribution d'un ou deux paquets plus récents issus de <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis>, <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis> ou <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Experimental</emphasis>. Il est possible d'affecter une priorité à chaque paquet disponible (un même paquet pouvant recevoir plusieurs priorités, selon sa version ou sa distribution d'appartenance). Ces priorités dicteront à APT son comportement : pour chaque paquet, il sélectionnera systématiquement la version de plus haute priorité (sauf si cette version est plus ancienne que celle installée et si la priorité associée est inférieure à 1 000)."
msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary><foreignphrase>pinning</foreignphrase></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>APT</primary><secondary><foreignphrase>pinning</foreignphrase></secondary>"
msgid "<primary>pinning, APT pinning</primary>"
msgstr "<primary>étiquetage, APT pinning</primary>"
msgid "<primary>package</primary><secondary>priority</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>paquet</primary><secondary>priorité</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>priority</primary><secondary>package priority</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>priorité</primary><secondary>d'un paquet</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary>preferences</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>APT</primary><secondary>préférences</secondary>"
msgid "<primary><filename>preferences</filename></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><filename>preferences</filename></primary>"
msgid "<primary><filename>/etc/apt/preferences</filename></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><filename>/etc/apt/preferences</filename></primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><filename>/etc/apt/preferences</filename></primary>"
msgid "<primary><filename>/etc/apt/preferences.d/</filename></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><filename>/etc/apt/preferences</filename></primary>"
msgid "<primary><citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry></primary>"
msgstr ""
msgid "APT defines several default priorities. Each installed package version has a priority of 100. A non-installed version has a priority of 500 by default, but it can jump to 990 if it is part of the target release (defined with the <literal>-t</literal> command-line option or the <literal>APT::Default-Release</literal> configuration directive)."
msgstr "APT définit un certain nombre de priorités par défaut. Chaque version de paquetage déjà installée a une priorité de 100, une version non installée reçoit une priorité de 500 sauf si elle fait partie de la distribution cible <foreignphrase>(Target Release)</foreignphrase>, qu'on spécifie avec l'option <literal>-t</literal> ou la directive <literal>APT::Default-Release</literal>, auquel cas sa priorité passe à 990."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "You can modify the priorities by adding entries in the <filename>/etc/apt/preferences</filename> file with the names of the affected packages, their version, their origin and their new priority."
msgid "You can modify the priorities by adding entries in a file in <filename>/etc/apt/preferences.d/</filename> or the <filename>/etc/apt/preferences</filename> file with the names of the affected packages, their version, their origin and their new priority."
msgstr "On modifiera ces priorités en intervenant sur le fichier <filename>/etc/apt/preferences</filename> pour y ajouter des entrées de quelques lignes décrivant le nom des paquets concernés, leur version, leur origine et leur nouvelle priorité."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "APT will never install an older version of a package (that is, a package whose version number is lower than the one of the currently installed package) except if its priority is higher than 1000. APT will always install the highest priority package which follows this constraint. If two packages have the same priority, APT installs the newest one (whose version number is the highest). If two packages of same version have the same priority but differ in their content, APT installs the version that is not installed (this rule has been created to cover the case of a package update without the increment of the revision number, which is usually required)."
msgid "APT will never install an older version of a package (that is, a package whose version number is lower than the one of the currently installed package) except if its priority is higher than 1000 (or it is explicitely requested by the user, see <xref linkend=\"sect.apt.install\" />). APT will always install the highest priority package which follows this constraint. If two packages have the same priority, APT installs the newest one (whose version number is the highest). If two packages of same version have the same priority but differ in their content, APT installs the version that is not installed (this rule has been created to cover the case of a package update without the increment of the revision number, which is usually required)."
msgstr "APT refusera toujours d'installer une version antérieure d'un paquet (portant un numéro de version inférieur à celui de la version actuelle), sauf si la priorité du paquet concerné est supérieure à 1 000. APT installera toujours la version de priorité la plus élevée. Si deux versions ont la même priorité, APT installe la plus récente (le numéro de version le plus grand). Si deux paquets de même version ont la même priorité mais diffèrent par leurs contenus, APT installe la version qui n'est pas installée (cette règle doit couvrir le cas d'une mise à jour de paquet sans incrément — normalement indispensable — du numéro de révision)."
msgid "In more concrete terms, a package whose priority is"
msgstr ""
msgid "< 0"
msgstr ""
msgid "will never be installed,"
msgstr ""
msgid "1..99"
msgstr ""
msgid "will only be installed if no other version of the package is already installed,"
msgstr ""
msgid "100..499"
msgstr ""
msgid "will only be installed if there is no other newer version installed or available in another distribution,"
msgstr ""
msgid "500....989"
msgstr ""
msgid "will only be installed if there is no newer version installed or available in the target distribution,"
msgstr ""
msgid "990..1000"
msgstr ""
msgid "will be installed except if the installed version is newer,"
msgstr ""
msgid "> 1000"
msgstr ""
msgid "will always be installed, even if it forces APT to downgrade to an older version."
msgstr ""
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "When APT checks <filename>/etc/apt/preferences</filename>, it first takes into account the most specific entries (often those specifying the concerned package), then the more generic ones (including for example all the packages of a distribution). If several generic entries exist, the first match is used. The available selection criteria include the package's name and the source providing it. Every package source is identified by the information contained in a <filename>Release</filename> file that APT downloads together with the <filename>Packages</filename> files. It specifies the origin (usually “Debian” for the packages of official mirrors, but it can also be a person's or an organization's name for third-party repositories). It also gives the name of the distribution (usually <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis>, <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis>, <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis> or <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Experimental</emphasis> for the standard distributions provided by Debian) together with its version (for example 8 for Debian <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Jessie</emphasis>). Let's have a look at its syntax through some realistic case studies of this mechanism."
msgid "When APT checks <filename>/etc/apt/preferences</filename> and <filename>/etc/apt/preferences.d/</filename>, it first takes into account the most specific entries (often those specifying the concerned package), then the more generic ones (including, for example, all the packages of a distribution). If several generic entries exist, the first match is used. The available selection criteria include the package's name and the source providing it. Every package source is identified by the information contained in a <filename>Release</filename> file that APT downloads together with the <filename>Packages</filename> files. It specifies the origin (usually “Debian” for the packages of official mirrors, but it can also be a person's or an organization's name for third-party repositories). It also gives the name of the distribution (usually <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis>, <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis>, <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis> or <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Experimental</emphasis> for the standard distributions provided by Debian) together with its version (for example, 10 for Debian <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Buster</emphasis>). Let's have a look at its syntax through some realistic case studies of this mechanism."
msgstr "Quand APT consulte le fichier <filename>/etc/apt/preferences</filename>, il prend d'abord en compte les entrées les plus précises (souvent, celles spécifiant le paquet concerné), puis les plus génériques (incluant par exemple tous les paquets d'une distribution). Si plusieurs entrées génériques existent, la première correspondant au paquet dont on cherche la priorité est utilisée. Les critères de sélection disponibles comprennent notamment le nom du paquet et la source d'où il provient. Chaque source de paquets est identifiée par un ensemble d'informations contenues dans un fichier <filename>Release</filename>, qu'APT télécharge en même temps que les fichiers <filename>Packages.gz</filename>. Ce dernier spécifie l'origine (habituellement « Debian » pour les paquets des miroirs officiels, mais il peut s'agir du nom d'une personne ou d'un organisme proposant une archive de paquets Debian) ; il précise également le nom de la distribution (habituellement <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis>, <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis>, <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis> ou <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Experimental</emphasis> pour les distributions standards fournies par Debian) ainsi que sa version (par exemple 8 pour Debian <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Jessie</emphasis>). Étudions-en la syntaxe précise au travers de quelques cas vraisemblables d'emploi de ce mécanisme."
msgid "<emphasis>SPECIFIC CASE</emphasis> Priority of <emphasis role=\"distribution\">experimental</emphasis>"
msgstr "<emphasis>CAS PARTICULIER</emphasis> Priorité d'<emphasis role=\"distribution\">Experimental</emphasis>"
msgid "<primary><emphasis role=\"distribution\">Experimental</emphasis></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><emphasis role=\"distribution\">Experimental</emphasis></primary>"
msgid "If you listed <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Experimental</emphasis> in your <filename>sources.list</filename> file, the corresponding packages will almost never be installed because their default APT priority is 1. This is of course a specific case, designed to keep users from installing <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Experimental</emphasis> packages by mistake. The packages can only be installed by typing <command>aptitude install <replaceable>package</replaceable>/experimental</command> — users typing this command can only be aware of the risks that they take. It is still possible (though <emphasis>not</emphasis> recommended) to treat packages of <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Experimental</emphasis> like those of other distributions by giving them a priority of 500. This is done with a specific entry in <filename>/etc/apt/preferences</filename>:"
msgstr "Si vous avez inscrit <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Experimental</emphasis> dans votre fichier <filename>sources.list</filename>, les paquets correspondants ne seront quasiment jamais installés, leur priorité APT étant de 1. C'est un cas particulier qui évite que les utilisateurs installent des paquets <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Experimental</emphasis> par erreur et les oblige à opérer en tapant <command>aptitude install <replaceable>paquet</replaceable>/experimental</command> — ils ont donc pleinement conscience des risques encourus. Il est possible, mais ce n'est <emphasis>pas</emphasis> recommandé, de considérer les paquets <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Experimental</emphasis> comme ceux des autres distributions en leur affectant une priorité de 500 grâce à une entrée dans le fichier <filename>/etc/apt/preferences</filename> :"
msgid ""
"Package: *\n"
"Pin: release a=experimental\n"
"Pin-Priority: 500"
msgstr ""
"Package: *\n"
"Pin: release a=experimental\n"
"Pin-Priority: 500"
msgid "Let's suppose that you only want to use packages from the stable version of Debian. Those provided in other versions should not be installed except if explicitly requested. You could write the following entries in the <filename>/etc/apt/preferences</filename> file:"
msgstr "Supposons qu'on souhaite utiliser exclusivement des paquets provenant de la version stable de Debian, sans jamais installer ceux des autres versions sauf demande explicite. Il est possible d'écrire ce qui suit dans le fichier <filename>/etc/apt/preferences</filename> :"
msgid ""
"Package: *\n"
"Pin: release a=stable\n"
"Pin-Priority: 900\n"
"\n"
"Package: *\n"
"Pin: release o=Debian\n"
"Pin-Priority: -10"
msgstr ""
"Package: *\n"
"Pin: release a=stable\n"
"Pin-Priority: 900\n"
"\n"
"Package: *\n"
"Pin: release o=Debian\n"
"Pin-Priority: -10"
msgid "<literal>a=stable</literal> defines the name of the selected distribution. <literal>o=Debian</literal> limits the scope to packages whose origin is “Debian”."
msgstr "<literal>a=stable</literal> précise le nom de la distribution concernée. <literal>o=Debian</literal> restreint l'entrée aux paquets dont l'origine est « Debian ». Le terme <foreignphrase>pin</foreignphrase> (épingle en anglais), est généralement traduit, dans ce contexte, par « étiquetage », car il permet d'accrocher à un paquet une étiquette désignant de quelle distribution il doit provenir."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "Let's now assume that you have a server with several local programs depending on the version 5.14 of Perl and that you want to ensure that upgrades will not install another version of it. You could use this entry:"
msgid "Let's now assume that you have a server with several local programs depending on the version 5.24 of Perl and that you want to ensure that upgrades will not install another version of it. You could use this entry:"
msgstr "Supposons maintenant que nous disposions d'un serveur ayant installé de nombreux programmes spécifiques à la version 5.14 de Perl et que l'on veuille s'assurer qu'aucune mise à jour n'en installera une autre version. On peut pour cela utiliser cette entrée :"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid ""
#| "Package: perl\n"
#| "Pin: version 5.14*\n"
#| "Pin-Priority: 1001"
msgid ""
"Package: perl\n"
"Pin: version 5.24*\n"
"Pin-Priority: 1001"
msgstr ""
"Package: perl\n"
"Pin: version 5.14*\n"
"Pin-Priority: 1001"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "To gain a better understanding of the mechanism of priority, do not hesitate to execute <command>apt-cache policy</command> to display the default priority associated with each package source. You can also use <command>apt-cache policy <replaceable>package</replaceable></command> to display the priorities of all available versions of a given package."
msgid "To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms of priority and distribution or repository properties to pin do not hesitate to execute <command>apt-cache policy</command> to display the default priority associated with each package source, or <command>apt-cache policy <replaceable>package</replaceable></command> to display the default priority for each available version and source of a package as explained in <xref linkend=\"sidebar.apt-cache-policy\" />."
msgstr "Pour mieux comprendre le mécanisme des priorités, n'hésitez pas à employer <command>apt-cache policy</command> pour voir la priorité par défaut associée à chaque source de paquets, et <command>apt-cache policy <replaceable>paquet</replaceable></command> pour consulter les priorités des différentes versions disponibles d'un paquet donné."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "The reference documentation for this configuration file is available in the manual page <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, which you can display with <command>man apt_preferences</command>."
msgid "The reference documentation for the files <filename>/etc/apt/preferences</filename> and <filename>/etc/apt/preferences.d/</filename> is available in the manual page <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, which you can display with <command>man apt_preferences</command>."
msgstr "La documentation de référence sur ce fichier de configuration est disponible dans la page de manuel <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, accessible par la commande <command>man apt_preferences</command>."
msgid "<emphasis>TIP</emphasis> Comments in <filename>/etc/apt/preferences</filename>"
msgstr "<emphasis>ASTUCE</emphasis> Commentaires dans <filename>/etc/apt/preferences</filename>"
msgid "<primary><literal>Explanation</literal></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><literal>Explanation</literal></primary>"
msgid "<primary><literal>Pin</literal></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><literal>Pin</literal></primary>"
msgid "<primary><literal>Pin-Priority</literal></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><literal>Pin-Priority</literal></primary>"
msgid "There is no official syntax to put comments in the <filename>/etc/apt/preferences</filename> file, but some textual descriptions can be provided by putting one or more “<literal>Explanation</literal>” fields at the start of each entry:"
msgstr "Il n'existe pas de syntaxe standard pour introduire des commentaires dans le fichier <filename>/etc/apt/preferences</filename>, mais il est possible d'y expliquer le rôle de chaque entrée à l'aide d'un ou plusieurs champs « <literal>Explanation</literal> » (explication) placés en début de bloc :"
msgid ""
"Explanation: The package xserver-xorg-video-intel provided\n"
"Explanation: in experimental can be used safely\n"
"Package: xserver-xorg-video-intel\n"
"Pin: release a=experimental\n"
"Pin-Priority: 500"
msgstr ""
"Explanation: Le paquet xserver-xorg-video-intel contenu dans\n"
"Explanation: experimental peut être utilisé\n"
"Package: xserver-xorg-video-intel\n"
"Pin: release a=experimental\n"
"Pin-Priority: 500"
msgid "Working with Several Distributions"
msgstr "Travailler avec plusieurs distributions"
msgid "<command>apt</command> being such a marvelous tool, it is tempting to pick packages coming from other distributions. For example, after having installed a <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> system, you might want to try out a software package available in <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> or <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis> without diverging too much from the system's initial state."
msgstr "L'outil formidable qu'est <command>apt</command> incite fortement à mettre en place des paquets provenant d'autres distributions. Ainsi, après avoir installé une version <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis>, vous voulez tester un logiciel présent dans <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> ou <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis>, sans trop vous éloigner de son état initial."
msgid "Even if you will occasionally encounter problems while mixing packages from different distributions, <command>apt</command> manages such coexistence very well and limits risks very effectively. The best way to proceed is to list all distributions used in <filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename> (some people always put the three distributions, but remember that <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis> is reserved for experienced users) and to define your reference distribution with the <literal>APT::Default-Release</literal> parameter (see <xref linkend=\"sect.apt-upgrade\" />)."
msgstr "Même si vous n'êtes pas complètement à l'abri de bogues d'interactions entre les paquets de différentes distributions, <command>apt</command> se révèle fort heureusement très habile pour gérer une telle cohabitation et en minimiser les risques. La meilleure manière de procéder est de préciser toutes les distributions employées dans le fichier <filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename> (certains y placent toujours les trois distributions, mais rappelons que l'utilisation d'<emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis> est réservée aux utilisateurs expérimentés) et de préciser votre distribution de référence avec le paramètre <literal>APT::Default-Release</literal> (voir <xref linkend=\"sect.apt-upgrade\" />)."
msgid "Let's suppose that <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> is your reference distribution but that <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> and <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis> are also listed in your <filename>sources.list</filename> file. In this case, you can use <command>apt install <replaceable>package</replaceable>/testing</command> to install a package from <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis>. If the installation fails due to some unsatisfiable dependencies, let it solve those dependencies within <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> by adding the <literal>-t testing</literal> parameter. The same obviously applies to <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis>."
msgstr "Supposons que <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> soit votre distribution de référence, mais que <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> et <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis> apparaissent également dans votre fichier <filename>sources.list</filename>. Dans ce cas, vous pouvez employer <command>apt install <replaceable>paquet</replaceable>/testing</command> pour installer un paquet depuis <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis>. Si l'installation échoue parce que certaines dépendances ne peuvent pas être satisfaites, autorisez-le à satisfaire ces dernières dans <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> en ajoutant le paramètre <literal>-t testing</literal>. Il en ira évidemment de même pour <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis>."
msgid "In this situation, upgrades (<command>upgrade</command> and <command>full-upgrade</command>) are done within <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> except for packages already upgraded to another distribution: those will follow updates available in the other distributions. We will explain this behavior with the help of the default priorities set by APT below. Do not hesitate to use <command>apt-cache policy</command> (see sidebar <xref linkend=\"sidebar.apt-cache-policy\" />) to verify the given priorities."
msgstr "Dans cette situation, les mises à jour (« <command>upgrade</command> » et « <command>full-upgrade</command> ») ont lieu dans le cadre de <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis>, sauf pour les paquets mis à jour depuis une autre distribution : ces derniers suivront les dernières évolutions dans celles-là. Nous donnons ci-après l'explication de ce comportement grâce aux priorités automatiques employées par APT. N'hésitez pas à employer <command>apt-cache policy</command> (voir encadré <xref linkend=\"sidebar.apt-cache-policy\" />) pour vérifier les priorités indiquées."
msgid "Everything centers around the fact that APT only considers packages of higher or equal version than the installed one (assuming that <filename>/etc/apt/preferences</filename> has not been used to force priorities higher than 1000 for some packages)."
msgstr "Tout est lié au fait que APT ne considère que les paquets de version supérieure ou égale à la version installée (sauf configuration particulière dans <filename>/etc/apt/preferences</filename> forçant la priorité de certains paquets au-delà de 1 000)."
msgid "Let's assume that you have installed version 1 of a first package from <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> and that version 2 and 3 are available respectively in <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> and <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis>. The installed version has a priority of 100 but the version available in <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> (the very same) has a priority of 990 (because it is part of the target release). Packages in <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> and <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis> have a priority of 500 (the default priority of a non-installed version). The winner is thus version 1 with a priority of 990. The package “stays in <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis>”."
msgstr "Considérons un premier paquet installé depuis <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> et qui en est à la version 1, dont la version 2 se trouve dans <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> et la 3 dans <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis>. La version installée a une priorité de 100, mais la version disponible dans <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> (la même) a une priorité de 990 (en tant que version dans la distribution cible). Les paquets de <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> et <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis> ont une priorité de 500 (priorité par défaut d'une version non installée). Le vainqueur est donc la version 1 avec une priorité de 990. Le paquet « reste dans <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> »."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "Let's take the example of another package whose version 2 has been installed from <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis>. Version 1 is available in <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> and version 3 in <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis>. Version 1 (of priority 990 — thus lower than 1000) is discarded because it is lower than the installed version. This only leaves version 2 and 3, both of priority 500. Faced with this alternative, APT selects the newest version, the one from <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis>.If you don't want a package installed from <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> to migrate to <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis>, you have to assign a priority lower than 500 (490 for example) to packages coming from <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis>. You can modify <filename>/etc/apt/preferences</filename> to this effect:"
msgid "Let's take the example of another package whose version 2 has been installed from <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis>. Version 1 is available in <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> and version 3 in <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis>. Version 1 (of priority 990 — thus lower than 1000) is discarded because it is lower than the installed version. This only leaves version 2 and 3, both of priority 500. Faced with this alternative, APT selects the newest version, the one from <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis>. If you don't want a package installed from <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> to migrate to <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis>, you have to assign a priority lower than 500 (490 for example) to packages coming from <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis>. You can modify <filename>/etc/apt/preferences</filename> to this effect:"
msgstr "Prenons le cas d'un autre paquet, dont la version 2 a été installée depuis <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> ; la version 1 est disponible dans <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> et la 3 dans <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis>. La version 1 (de priorité 990 — donc inférieure à 1 000) est ignorée car plus petite que la version installée. Restent donc les versions 2 et 3, toutes deux de priorité 500. Face à ce choix, APT choisit la version la plus récente, celle de la distribution <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis>. Si vous ne souhaitez pas qu'un paquet installé depuis <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> puisse migrer vers <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis>, il faut associer une priorité inférieure à 500 (par exemple, 490) aux paquets provenant d'<emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis> en modifiant <filename>/etc/apt/preferences</filename> :"
msgid ""
"Package: *\n"
"Pin: release a=unstable\n"
"Pin-Priority: 490"
msgstr ""
"Package: *\n"
"Pin: release a=unstable\n"
"Pin-Priority: 490"
msgid "Tracking Automatically Installed Packages"
msgstr "Suivi des paquets installés automatiquement"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "One of the essential functionalities of <command>apt</command> is the tracking of packages installed only through dependencies. These packages are called “automatic”, and often include libraries for instance."
msgid "One of the essential functionalities of <command>apt</command> is the tracking of packages installed only through dependencies. These packages are called “automatic”, and often include libraries."
msgstr "Une des fonctionnalités essentielles d'<command>apt</command> est le suivi des paquets qui ne sont installés que pour satisfaire des dépendances. Ces paquets sont dits « automatiques » et ils incluent souvent des bibliothèques."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><command>apt remove</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>apt autoremove</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>apt remove</command></primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><command>apt-get remove</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>apt-get autoremove</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>apt-get remove</command></primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary>interfaces</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary>automatic removal</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>APT</primary><secondary>interfaces</secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>package</primary><secondary>removal</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>package</primary><secondary>automatic removal</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>paquet</primary><secondary>suppression</secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "With this information, when packages are removed, the package managers can compute a list of automatic packages that are no longer needed (because there is no “manually installed” packages depending on them). <command>apt-get autoremove</command> will get rid of those packages. <command>aptitude</command> and <command>apt</command> do not have this command: the former because it removes them automatically as soon as they are identified, and the latter probably because the user should not have to manually run such a command. In all cases, the tools display a clear message listing the affected packages."
msgid "With this information, when packages are removed, the package managers can compute a list of automatic packages that are no longer needed (because there is no “manually installed” packages depending on them). <command>apt-get autoremove</command> or <command>apt autoremove</command> will get rid of those packages. <command>aptitude</command> does not have this command because it removes them automatically as soon as they are identified. In all cases, the tools display a clear message listing the affected packages."
msgstr "Avec cette information, lorsque des paquets sont supprimés, les gestionnaires de paquets peuvent calculer une liste des paquets automatiques qui ne sont plus requis (parce qu'il ne reste plus de paquets installés « manuellement » qui en dépendent). <command>apt-get autoremove</command> est la commande pour supprimer ces paquets. <command>aptitude</command> et <command>apt</command> ne disposent pas d'une commande équivalente, parce qu'ils suppriment ces paquets automatiquement dès qu'ils sont identifiés comme superflus. Dans tous les cas, les programmes mentionnent clairement les paquets affectés lors de leurs opérations."
msgid "<primary><command>apt-mark auto</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>apt-mark auto</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>apt-mark manual</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>apt-mark manual</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>aptitude markauto</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>aptitude markauto</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>aptitude unmarkauto</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>aptitude unmarkauto</command></primary>"
msgid "It is a good habit to mark as automatic any package that you don't need directly so that they are automatically removed when they aren't necessary anymore. <command>apt-mark auto <replaceable>package</replaceable></command> will mark the given package as automatic whereas <command>apt-mark manual <replaceable>package</replaceable></command> does the opposite. <command>aptitude markauto</command> and <command>aptitude unmarkauto</command> work in the same way although they offer more features for marking many packages at once (see <xref linkend=\"sect.aptitude\" />). The console-based interactive interface of <command>aptitude</command> also makes it easy to review the “automatic flag” on many packages."
msgstr "Il est sain d'adopter l'habitude de marquer comme automatiques les paquets dont on n'a pas besoin directement, de sorte qu'ils soient automatiquement supprimés lorsqu'ils ne sont plus nécessaires. <command>apt-mark auto <replaceable>paquet</replaceable></command> marque le paquet concerné comme automatique et <command>apt-mark manual <replaceable>package</replaceable></command> fait le contraire. <command>aptitude markauto</command> et <command>aptitude unmarkauto</command> fonctionnent de la même manière, mais offrent plus de fonctionnalités permettant de marquer plusieurs paquets d'un coup (voir <xref linkend=\"sect.aptitude\" />). L'interface interactive en mode semi-graphique d'<command>aptitude</command> facilite également la maintenance de ce marqueur « automatique » sur de nombreux paquets."
msgid "<primary><command>aptitude why</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>aptitude why</command></primary>"
msgid "People might want to know why an automatically installed package is present on the system. To get this information from the command line, you can use <command>aptitude why <replaceable>package</replaceable></command> (<command>apt</command> and <command>apt-get</command> have no similar feature):"
msgstr "Il arrive que l'on veuille savoir pourquoi un paquet automatiquement installé est présent sur le système. Pour obtenir cette information directement depuis la ligne de commande, on peut employer <command>aptitude why <replaceable>paquet</replaceable></command> (<command>apt</command> et <command>apt-get</command> ne disposent pas de cette fonctionnalité) :"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid ""
#| "<computeroutput>$ </computeroutput><userinput>aptitude why python-debian\n"
#| "</userinput><computeroutput>i aptitude Recommends apt-xapian-index \n"
#| "i A apt-xapian-index Depends python-debian (>= 0.1.15)\n"
#| "</computeroutput>"
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>$ </computeroutput><userinput>aptitude why python-debian\n"
"</userinput><computeroutput>i aptitude Suggests apt-xapian-index\n"
"p apt-xapian-index Depends python-debian (>= 0.1.14)\n"
"</computeroutput>"
msgstr ""
"<computeroutput>$ </computeroutput><userinput> aptitude why python-debian\n"
"</userinput><computeroutput>i aptitude Recommande apt-xapian-index \n"
"i A apt-xapian-index Dépend python-debian (>= 0.1.15)\n"
"</computeroutput>"
msgid "<emphasis>ALTERNATIVE</emphasis> <command>deborphan</command> and <command>debfoster</command>"
msgstr "<emphasis>ALTERNATIVE</emphasis> <command>deborphan</command> et <command>debfoster</command>"
msgid "<primary><command>deborphan</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>deborphan</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>debfoster</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>debfoster</command></primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "In days where <command>apt</command>, <command>apt-get</command> and <command>aptitude</command> were not able to track automatic packages, there were two utilities producing lists of unnecessary packages: <command>deborphan</command> and <command>debfoster</command>."
msgid "In days where <command>apt</command>, <command>apt-get</command> and <command>aptitude</command> were not able to track automatic packages, there were two utilities producing lists of unnecessary packages: <command>deborphan</command> and <command>debfoster</command>. Both can still be useful."
msgstr "Avant l'apparition du suivi des paquets automatiques par <command>apt</command>, <command>apt-get</command> et <command>aptitude</command>, il existait deux utilitaires qui permettaient de déterminer une liste de paquets non nécessaires, <command>deborphan</command> et <command>debfoster</command>."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<command>deborphan</command> is the most rudimentary of both. It simply scans the <literal>libs</literal> and <literal>oldlibs</literal> sections (in the absence of supplementary instructions) looking for the packages that are currently installed and that no other package depends on. The resulting list can then serve as a basis to remove unneeded packages."
msgid "<command>deborphan</command> scans the <literal>libs</literal> and <literal>oldlibs</literal> sections (in the absence of supplementary instructions) by default looking for the packages that are currently installed and that no other package depends on. The resulting list can then serve as a basis to remove unneeded packages."
msgstr "<command>deborphan</command>, le plus rudimentaire des deux, recherche simplement dans les sections <literal>libs</literal> et <literal>oldlibs</literal> (à défaut d'instructions supplémentaires) les paquets actuellement installés dont aucun autre paquet installé ne dépend. Cette liste peut ensuite servir de point de départ pour supprimer les paquets inutiles."
msgid "<command>debfoster</command> has a more elaborate approach, very similar to APT's one: it maintains a list of packages that have been explicitly installed, and remembers what packages are really required between each invocation. If new packages appear on the system and if <command>debfoster</command> doesn't know them as required packages, they will be shown on the screen together with a list of their dependencies. The program then offers a choice: remove the package (possibly together with those that depend on it), mark it as explicitly required, or ignore it temporarily."
msgstr "<command>debfoster</command> a une approche plus évoluée, qui se rapproche un peu de celle d'APT : il maintient une liste de paquets installés explicitement et se rappelle d'une invocation sur l'autre quels paquets sont réellement requis. Si de nouveaux paquets sont apparus sur le système, et si <command>debfoster</command> ne les connaît pas comme des paquets requis, ils seront présentés à l'écran, ainsi qu'une liste de leurs dépendances. Le programme propose alors un choix, permettant de supprimer le paquet (ainsi que ceux dont il dépend, le cas échéant), de le marquer comme explicitement requis, ou de l'ignorer temporairement."
msgid "The <command>apt-cache</command> Command"
msgstr "Commande <command>apt-cache</command>"
msgid "<primary><command>apt-cache</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>apt-cache</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary>package search</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>APT</primary><secondary>recherche de paquet</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary>header display</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>APT</primary><secondary>affichage des en-têtes</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>search of packages</primary>"
msgstr "<primary>recherche de paquet</primary>"
msgid "<primary>package</primary><secondary>search</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>paquet</primary><secondary>recherche</secondary>"
msgid "The <command>apt-cache</command> command can display much of the information stored in APT's internal database. This information is a sort of cache since it is gathered from the different sources listed in the <filename>sources.list</filename> file. This happens during the <command>apt update</command> operation."
msgstr "La commande <command>apt-cache</command> permet de consulter un certain nombre d'informations stockées dans la base de données interne d'APT. Ces informations — qui constituent une sorte de <emphasis>cache</emphasis> — sont rassemblées depuis les différentes sources données dans le fichier <filename>sources.list</filename> au cours de l'opération <command>apt update</command>."
msgid "<emphasis>VOCABULARY</emphasis> Cache"
msgstr "<emphasis>VOCABULAIRE</emphasis> Cache"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>proxy cache</primary>"
msgid "<primary>cache</primary>"
msgstr "<primary>proxy cache</primary>"
msgid "A cache is a temporary storage system used to speed up frequent data access when the usual access method is expensive (performance-wise). This concept can be applied in numerous situations and at different scales, from the core of microprocessors up to high-end storage systems."
msgstr "Un cache (« antémémoire », en français officiel) est un système de stockage temporaire servant à accélérer des accès fréquents à des données lorsque la méthode d'accès normale est coûteuse (en termes de performances). Cette notion s'applique dans de très nombreuses situations et à différentes échelles, depuis le cœur des microprocesseurs jusqu'aux systèmes de stockage de grande capacité."
msgid "In the case of APT, the reference <filename>Packages</filename> files are those located on Debian mirrors. That said, it would be very ineffective to go through the network for every search that we might want to do in the database of available packages. That is why APT stores a copy of those files (in <filename>/var/lib/apt/lists/</filename>) and searches are done within those local files. Similarly, <filename>/var/cache/apt/archives/</filename> contains a cache of already downloaded packages to avoid downloading them again if you need to reinstall them after a removal."
msgstr "Dans le cas d'APT, les fichiers <filename>Packages</filename> de référence sont ceux situés sur les miroirs Debian. Cependant, il serait très inefficace de devoir passer à travers le réseau pour chaque recherche que l'on souhaite faire dans la base de données des paquets disponibles. APT stocke donc (dans <filename>/var/lib/apt/lists/</filename>) une copie de ces fichiers et les recherches se font à l'aide de ces fichiers locaux. De même, <filename>/var/cache/apt/archives/</filename> contient un cache des paquets déjà téléchargés, ce qui évite de les télécharger de nouveau si on souhaite les réinstaller après les avoir supprimés."
msgid "On the other hand, it is mandatory to run <command>apt update</command> regularly to update the cache. Otherwise your package search results will always miss the latest updates distributed by the Debian mirrors."
msgstr ""
msgid "<primary><command>apt show</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>apt show</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>apt search</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>apt search</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>apt-cache show</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>apt-cache show</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>apt-cache search</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>apt-cache search</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>aptitude show</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>aptitude show</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>aptitude search</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>aptitude search</command></primary>"
msgid "The <command>apt-cache</command> command can do keyword-based package searches with <command>apt-cache search <replaceable>keyword</replaceable></command>. It can also display the headers of the package's available versions with <command>apt-cache show <replaceable>package</replaceable></command>. This command provides the package's description, its dependencies, the name of its maintainer, etc. Note that <command>apt search</command>, <command>apt show</command>, <command>aptitude search</command>, <command>aptitude show</command> work in the same way."
msgstr "Le programme <command>apt-cache</command> permet notamment de rechercher des paquets à l'aide de mots-clés, en tapant <command>apt-cache search <replaceable>mot-clé</replaceable></command>. On peut aussi consulter les en-têtes des différentes versions disponibles d'un paquet avec <command>apt-cache show <replaceable>paquet</replaceable></command>. Cette commande produira la description du paquet ainsi que ses dépendances, le nom de son mainteneur, etc. Signalons que <command>apt search</command>, <command>apt show</command>, <command>aptitude search</command> et <command>aptitude show</command> fonctionnent de manière similaire."
msgid "<emphasis>ALTERNATIVE</emphasis> <command>axi-cache</command>"
msgstr "<emphasis>ALTERNATIVE</emphasis> <command>axi-cache</command>"
msgid "<primary><command>axi-cache</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>axi-cache</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><emphasis role=\"pkg\">apt-xapian-index</emphasis></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><emphasis role=\"pkg\">apt-xapian-index</emphasis></primary>"
msgid "<command>apt-cache search</command> is a very rudimentary tool, basically implementing <command>grep</command> on package's descriptions. It often returns too many results or none at all when you include too many keywords."
msgstr "<command>apt-cache search</command> est un outil rudimentaire, qui ne dépasse guère un <command>grep</command> sur les descriptions de paquets. Il renvoie fréquemment trop de résultats, ou aucun lorsque de trop nombreux mots-clés lui sont fournis."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<command>axi-cache search <replaceable>term</replaceable></command>, on the other hand, provides better results, sorted by relevancy. It uses the <emphasis>Xapian</emphasis> search engine and is part of the <emphasis role=\"pkg\">apt-xapian-index</emphasis> package whichs indexes all package information (and more, like the <filename>.desktop</filename> files from all Debian packages). It knows about tags (see sidebar <xref linkend=\"sidebar.debtags\" />) and returns results in a matter of milliseconds."
msgid "<command>axi-cache search <replaceable>term</replaceable></command>, on the other hand, provides better results, sorted by relevancy. It uses the <emphasis>Xapian</emphasis> search engine and is part of the <emphasis role=\"pkg\">apt-xapian-index</emphasis> package which indexes all package information (and more, like the <filename>.desktop</filename> files from all Debian packages). It knows about tags (see sidebar <xref linkend=\"sidebar.debtags\" />) and returns results in a matter of milliseconds."
msgstr "À l'opposé, <command>axi-cache search <replaceable>terme</replaceable></command>, fournit de meilleurs résultats, triés par pertinence. Cet outil utilise le moteur de recherche <emphasis>Xapian</emphasis> ; il fait partie du paquet <emphasis role=\"pkg\">apt-xapian-index</emphasis>, qui indexe toutes les informations des paquets (mais pas seulement : il indexe également les fichiers <filename>.desktop</filename>, par exemple). Il sait gérer les étiquettes (voir <xref linkend=\"sidebar.debtags\" />) et son temps de réponse est souvent de l'ordre de quelques millisecondes."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid ""
#| "$ <userinput>axi-cache search package use::searching</userinput>\n"
#| "105 results found.\n"
#| "Results 1-20:\n"
#| "100% packagesearch - GUI for searching packages and viewing package information\n"
#| "98% debtags - Enables support for package tags\n"
#| "94% debian-goodies - Small toolbox-style utilities \n"
#| "93% dpkg-awk - Gawk script to parse /var/lib/dpkg/{status,available} and Packages\n"
#| "93% goplay - games (and more) package browser using DebTags\n"
#| "[...]\n"
#| "87% apt-xapian-index - maintenance and search tools for a Xapian index of Debian packages\n"
#| "[...]\n"
#| "More terms: search debian searching strigi debtags bsearch libbsearch\n"
#| "More tags: suite::debian works-with::software:package role::program interface::commandline implemented-in::c++ admin::package-management use::analysing\n"
#| "`axi-cache more' will give more results\n"
#| " "
msgid ""
"$ <userinput>axi-cache search package use::searching</userinput>\n"
"<![CDATA[\n"
"100 results found.\n"
"Results 1-20:\n"
"100% packagesearch - GUI for searching packages and viewing package information\n"
"99% apt-utils - package management related utility programs\n"
"98% whohas - query multiple distributions' package archives\n"
"98% dpkg-awk - Gawk script to parse /var/lib/dpkg/{status,available} and Packages\n"
"97% apt-file - search for files within Debian packages (command-line interface)\n"
"[..]\n"
"90% wajig - unified package management front-end for Debian\n"
"More terms: debtags debian paket dpkg search pakete tools\n"
"More tags: role::program interface::commandline works-with::software:package suite::debian admin::package-management scope::utility network::client\n"
"`axi-cache more' will give more results\n"
"]]>"
msgstr ""
"$ <userinput>axi-cache search package use::searching</userinput>\n"
"105 results found.\n"
"Results 1-20:\n"
"100% packagesearch - GUI for searching packages and viewing package information\n"
"98% debtags - Enables support for package tags\n"
"94% debian-goodies - Small toolbox-style utilities \n"
"93% dpkg-awk - Gawk script to parse /var/lib/dpkg/{status,available} and Packages\n"
"93% goplay - games (and more) package browser using DebTags\n"
"[...]\n"
"87% apt-xapian-index - maintenance and search tools for a Xapian index of Debian packages\n"
"[...]\n"
"More terms: search debian searching strigi debtags bsearch libbsearch\n"
"More tags: suite::debian works-with::software:package role::program interface::commandline implemented-in::c++ admin::package-management use::analysing\n"
"`axi-cache more' will give more results\n"
" "
msgid "<primary><command>apt-cache policy</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>apt-cache policy</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>apt-cache dumpavail</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>apt-cache dumpavail</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>apt-cache pkgnames</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>apt-cache pkgnames</command></primary>"
msgid "Some features are more rarely used. For instance, <command>apt-cache policy</command> displays the priorities of package sources as well as those of individual packages. Another example is <command>apt-cache dumpavail</command> which displays the headers of all available versions of all packages. <command>apt-cache pkgnames</command> displays the list of all the packages which appear at least once in the cache."
msgstr "Certaines fonctions ne servent que bien plus rarement. Ainsi, <command>apt-cache policy</command> permet de consulter les priorités des différentes sources de paquets ainsi que celles des paquets qui bénéficient d'un traitement particulier. On peut encore citer <command>apt-cache dumpavail</command> qui affiche les en-têtes de toutes les versions disponibles de tous les paquets. <command>apt-cache pkgnames</command> affiche une liste de tous les paquets existants dans la mémoire <emphasis>cache</emphasis>."
msgid "<emphasis>TIP</emphasis> <command>apt-cache policy</command>"
msgstr "<emphasis>ASTUCE</emphasis> <command>apt-cache policy</command>"
msgid "The <command>apt-cache policy</command> command displays the pinning priorities and distribution properties of each package source as explained in <xref linkend=\"sect.apt.priorities\" />. It can also show the pinning priorities for all available versions and sources of a package. For the <filename>sources.list</filename> example used in <xref linkend=\"example.stable-sources-list\" /> and <literal>APT::Default-Release</literal> set to <literal>\"buster\"</literal>, the output will look like this:"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>$ </computeroutput><userinput>apt-cache policy</userinput>\n"
"<computeroutput>Package files:\n"
" 100 /var/lib/dpkg/status\n"
" release a=now\n"
" 100 https://deb.debian.org/debian buster-backports/contrib amd64 Packages\n"
" release o=Debian Backports,a=buster-backports,n=buster-backports,l=Debian Backports,c=contrib,b=amd64\n"
" origin deb.debian.org\n"
" 100 https://deb.debian.org/debian buster-backports/main amd64 Packages\n"
" release o=Debian Backports,a=buster-backports,n=buster-backports,l=Debian Backports,c=main,b=amd64\n"
" origin deb.debian.org\n"
" 990 https://deb.debian.org/debian buster/non-free amd64 Packages\n"
" release v=10.0,o=Debian,a=stable,n=buster,l=Debian,c=non-free,b=amd64\n"
" origin deb.debian.org\n"
" 990 https://deb.debian.org/debian buster/contrib amd64 Packages\n"
" release v=10.0,o=Debian,a=stable,n=buster,l=Debian,c=contrib,b=amd64\n"
" origin deb.debian.org\n"
" 990 https://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 Packages\n"
" release v=10.0,o=Debian,a=stable,n=buster,l=Debian,c=main,b=amd64\n"
" origin deb.debian.org\n"
" 990 http://security.debian.org buster/updates/main amd64 Packages\n"
" release v=10,o=Debian,a=stable,n=buster,l=Debian-Security,c=main,b=amd64\n"
" origin security.debian.org</computeroutput>"
msgstr ""
msgid "<command>apt-cache policy</command> can also show the pinning priorities for all available versions and sources of a given package."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>$ </computeroutput><userinput>apt-cache policy iptables</userinput>\n"
"<computeroutput>iptables:\n"
" Installed: 1.8.2-4\n"
" Candidate: 1.8.2-4\n"
" Version table:\n"
" 1.8.3-2~bpo10+1 100\n"
" 100 https://deb.debian.org/debian buster-backports/main amd64 Packages\n"
" *** 1.8.2-4 990\n"
" 990 https://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 Packages\n"
" 100 /var/lib/dpkg/status</computeroutput>"
msgstr ""
msgid "Although there is a newer version of <emphasis role=\"pkg\">iptables</emphasis> in the <literal>buster-backports</literal> repository, APT will not install it automatically based on the priority. One would have to use <command>apt install iptables/buster-backports</command> or add a higher pinning priority to <filename>/etc/apt/preferences.d/iptables</filename>:"
msgstr ""
#, fuzzy
#| msgid ""
#| "Package: *\n"
#| "Pin: release a=unstable\n"
#| "Pin-Priority: 490"
msgid ""
"Package: iptables\n"
"Pin: release o=Debian Backports, a=buster-backports\n"
"Pin-Priority: 1001"
msgstr ""
"Package: *\n"
"Pin: release a=unstable\n"
"Pin-Priority: 490"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "The <command>apt-cache</command> Command"
msgid "The <command>apt-file</command> Command"
msgstr "Commande <command>apt-cache</command>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><command>apt-get</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>apt-file</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>apt-get</command></primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary>package search</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary>file search</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>APT</primary><secondary>recherche de paquet</secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>search of packages</primary>"
msgid "<primary>search of files</primary>"
msgstr "<primary>recherche de paquet</primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>package</primary><secondary>search</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>package</primary><secondary>search files</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>paquet</primary><secondary>recherche</secondary>"
msgid "Sometimes we refer to a file or a command and you might wonder, in which package it will be found. Fortunately the Debian repositories not only contain information about all the binary packages provided, but also all the files shipped with them. This information is stored in files named <filename>Contents-<replaceable>arch</replaceable>.gz</filename> and <filename>Contents-udeb-<replaceable>arch</replaceable>.gz</filename>. This information is not automatically downloaded by APT. Instead it needs the <command>apt-file update</command> command (from the similar named package) to retrieve the contents of all package sources mentioned in <filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename>. To update the database on a weekly base, the following entry can be added to <filename>/etc/crontab</filename> if convenient."
msgstr ""
msgid "<![CDATA[@weekly root test -x /usr/bin/apt-file && /usr/bin/apt-file update >> /dev/null 2>&1]]>"
msgstr ""
msgid "After the database has been updated, the command <command>apt-file search <replaceable>pattern</replaceable></command> will list all packages, which contain a filename or path containing the pattern."
msgstr ""
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<computeroutput># </computeroutput><userinput>apt install spamassassin/unstable</userinput>"
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>$ </computeroutput><userinput>apt-file search bin/axi-cache</userinput>\n"
"apt-xapian-index: /usr/bin/axi-cache"
msgstr "<computeroutput># </computeroutput><userinput>apt install spamassassin/unstable</userinput>"
msgid "The command <command>apt-file list <replaceable>package</replaceable></command> will list all files shipped with the package instead."
msgstr ""
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<emphasis>TIP</emphasis> Package naming conventions"
msgid "<emphasis>TIP</emphasis> Listing a package contents and finding a file's package"
msgstr "<emphasis>ASTUCE</emphasis> Conventions de nommage de certains paquets"
msgid "Similar to <command>apt-file list</command> the command <command>dpkg -L <replaceable>package</replaceable></command> lists all files, but only for an installed package. To find the package, a local file belongs to, use <command>dpkg -S <replaceable>file</replaceable></command> (see <xref linkend=\"sect.dpkg-list\" />). To list all local files not belonging to any installed package, you might want to take a look at the <emphasis role=\"pkg\">cruft</emphasis> or the <emphasis role=\"pkg\">cruft-ng</emphasis> package."
msgstr ""
msgid "Frontends: <command>aptitude</command>, <command>synaptic</command>"
msgstr "Frontaux : <command>aptitude</command>, <command>synaptic</command>"
msgid "<primary><command>synaptic</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>synaptic</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary>interfaces</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>APT</primary><secondary>interfaces</secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "APT is a C++ program whose code mainly resides in the <command>libapt-pkg</command> shared library. Using a shared library facilitates the creation of user interfaces (front-ends), since the code contained in the library can easily be reused. Historically, <command>apt-get</command> was only designed as a test front-end for <command>libapt-pkg</command> but its success tends to obscure this fact."
msgid "APT is a C++ program whose code mainly resides in the <literal>libapt-pkg</literal> shared library. Using a shared library facilitates the creation of user interfaces (front-ends), since the code contained in the library can easily be reused. Historically, <command>apt-get</command> was only designed as a test front-end for <literal>libapt-pkg</literal> but its success tends to obscure this fact."
msgstr "APT est un programme C++ dont la majorité du code est déportée dans la bibliothèque partagée <command>libapt-pkg</command>. La raison de ce choix est qu'il rend relativement facile de réaliser une interface (un « frontal »), puisqu'il suffit de faire appel au code placé dans la bibliothèque. <command>apt-get</command> n'était d'ailleurs à l'origine qu'un frontal développé pour tester <command>libapt-pkg</command>, bien que son succès ait tendance à le faire oublier."
msgid "<command>aptitude</command>"
msgstr "<command>aptitude</command>"
msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary>interfaces</secondary><tertiary><command>aptitude</command></tertiary><see><command>aptitude</command></see>"
msgstr ""
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<command>aptitude</command> is an interactive program that can be used in semi-graphical mode on the console. You can browse the list of installed and available packages, look up all the available information, and select packages to install or remove. The program is designed specifically to be used by administrators, so that its default behaviors are much more intelligent than <command>apt-get</command>'s, and its interface much easier to understand."
msgid "<command>aptitude</command> is an interactive program that can be used in semi-graphical mode on the console. You can browse the list of installed and available packages, look up all the available information, and select packages to install or remove. The program is designed specifically to be used by administrators, so that its default behaviors are designed to be much more intelligent than <command>apt-get</command>'s, and its interface much easier to understand."
msgstr "<command>aptitude</command> est un programme interactif en mode semi-graphique, utilisable sur la console, qui permet de naviguer dans la liste des paquets installés et disponibles, de consulter l'ensemble des informations et de les marquer en vue d'une installation ou d'une suppression. Comme il s'agit cette fois d'un programme réellement conçu pour être utilisé par les administrateurs, on y trouve des comportements par défaut plus intelligents que dans <command>apt-get</command>, en plus d'une interface plus abordable."
msgid "The <command>aptitude</command> package manager"
msgstr "Gestionnaire de paquets <command>aptitude</command>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><command>aptitude</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>aptitude</command></primary><secondary>basic usage</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>aptitude</command></primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "When it starts, <command>aptitude</command> shows a list of packages sorted by state (installed, non-installed, or installed but not available on the mirrors — other sections display tasks, virtual packages, and new packages that appeared recently on mirrors). To facilitate thematic browsing, other views are available. In all cases, <command>aptitude</command> displays a list combining categories and packages on the screen. Categories are organized through a tree structure, whose branches can respectively be unfolded or closed with the <keycombo><keycap>Enter</keycap></keycombo>, <keycombo><keycap>[</keycap></keycombo> and <keycombo><keycap>]</keycap></keycombo> keys. <keycombo><keycap>+</keycap></keycombo> should be used to mark a package for installation, <keycombo><keycap>-</keycap></keycombo> to mark it for removal and <keycombo><keycap>_</keycap></keycombo> to purge it (note than these keys can also be used for categories, in which case the corresponding actions will be applied to all the packages of the category). <keycombo><keycap>u</keycap></keycombo> updates the lists of available packages and <keycombo action=\"simul\"><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>u</keycap></keycombo> prepares a global system upgrade. <keycombo><keycap>g</keycap></keycombo> switches to a summary view of the requested changes (and typing <keycombo><keycap>g</keycap></keycombo> again will apply the changes), and <keycombo><keycap>q</keycap></keycombo> quits the current view. If you are in the initial view, this will effectively close <command>aptitude</command>."
msgid "When it starts, <command>aptitude</command> shows a list of packages sorted by state (installed, non-installed, or installed but not available on the mirrors — other sections display tasks, virtual packages, and new packages that appeared recently on mirrors). To facilitate thematic browsing, other views are available. In all cases, <command>aptitude</command> displays a list combining categories and packages on the screen. Categories are organized through a tree structure, whose branches can respectively be unfolded or closed with the <keycombo><keycap>Enter</keycap></keycombo>, <keycombo><keycap>[</keycap></keycombo> and <keycombo><keycap>]</keycap></keycombo> keys. <keycombo><keycap>+</keycap></keycombo> should be used to mark a package for installation, <keycombo><keycap>-</keycap></keycombo> to mark it for removal and <keycombo><keycap>_</keycap></keycombo> to purge it (note that these keys can also be used for categories, in which case the corresponding actions will be applied to all the packages of the category). <keycombo><keycap>u</keycap></keycombo> updates the lists of available packages and <keycombo action=\"simul\"><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>u</keycap></keycombo> prepares a global system upgrade. <keycombo><keycap>g</keycap></keycombo> switches to a summary view of the requested changes (and typing <keycombo><keycap>g</keycap></keycombo> again will apply the changes), and <keycombo><keycap>q</keycap></keycombo> quits the current view. If you are in the initial view, this will effectively close <command>aptitude</command>."
msgstr "En ce qui concerne l'interface, <command>aptitude</command> présente initialement une vue séparant les paquets selon leur état actuel (installé, non installé, ou installé mais non disponible sur les miroirs — d'autres sections affichent les tâches, les paquets virtuels et les paquets apparus récemment sur les miroirs). Afin de faciliter la navigation thématique, il est possible d'employer d'autres vues. Dans tous les cas, <command>aptitude</command> affiche sur un écran une liste combinant catégories et paquets. Les catégories étant organisées dans une arborescence, on pourra déplier ou refermer les branches respectivement avec les touches <keycombo><keycap>Entrée</keycap></keycombo>, <keycombo><keycap>[</keycap></keycombo> et <keycombo><keycap>]</keycap></keycombo>. On utilisera <keycombo><keycap>+</keycap></keycombo> pour marquer un paquet comme à installer, <keycombo><keycap>-</keycap></keycombo> pour le marquer comme à supprimer et <keycombo><keycap>_</keycap></keycombo> pour le purger (à noter que ces touches peuvent aussi être utilisées sur les catégories, auquel cas les actions concernées seront appliquées à tous les paquets de la catégorie) ; <keycombo><keycap>u</keycap></keycombo> met à jour les listes de paquets disponibles et <keycombo action=\"simul\"><keycap>Maj</keycap><keycap>u</keycap></keycombo> prépare une mise à jour globale du système. <keycombo><keycap>g</keycap></keycombo> bascule vers un résumé des modifications demandées (et un nouvel appui sur <keycombo><keycap>g</keycap></keycombo> déclenche alors la mise en application de ces modifications) et <keycombo><keycap>q</keycap></keycombo> permet de sortir de la vue courante ; si l'on est dans la vue initiale, cela équivaut à fermer <command>aptitude</command>."
msgid "<emphasis>DOCUMENTATION</emphasis> <command>aptitude</command>"
msgstr "<emphasis>DOCUMENTATION</emphasis> <command>aptitude</command>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>authentication</primary><secondary>package authentication</secondary>"
msgid "<primary><command>aptitude</command></primary><secondary>documentation</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>authentification</primary><secondary>de paquets</secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "This section does not cover the finer details of using <command>aptitude</command>, it rather focuses on giving you a survival kit to use it. <command>aptitude</command> is rather well documented and we advise you to use its complete manual available in the <emphasis role=\"pkg\">aptitude-doc-en</emphasis> package (see <filename>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/html/en/index.html</filename>)."
msgid "This section does not cover the finer details of using <command>aptitude</command>. It rather focuses on giving you a survival kit to use it. But it is well documented and we advise you to use its complete manual available in the <emphasis role=\"pkg\">aptitude-doc-en</emphasis> package (see <filename>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/html/en/index.html</filename>) or at <ulink url=\"https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/aptitude/\" />)."
msgstr "Nous n'entrons pas ici dans tous les détails de l'utilisation de ce frontal, en nous contentant de donner le minimum de survie. <command>aptitude</command> est relativement bien documenté et l'on consultera donc le mode d'emploi complet, qui est disponible lorsque le paquet <emphasis role=\"pkg\">aptitude-doc-fr</emphasis> est installé (voir <filename>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/html/fr/index.html</filename>)."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary>package search</secondary>"
msgid "<primary><command>aptitude</command></primary><secondary>package search</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>APT</primary><secondary>recherche de paquet</secondary>"
msgid "To search for a package, you can type <keycombo><keycap>/</keycap></keycombo> followed by a search pattern. This pattern matches the name of the package, but can also be applied to the description (if preceded by <literal>~d</literal>), to the section (with <literal>~s</literal>) or to other characteristics detailed in the documentation. The same patterns can filter the list of displayed packages: type the <keycombo><keycap>l</keycap></keycombo> key (as in <foreignphrase>limit</foreignphrase>) and enter the pattern."
msgstr "Pour chercher un paquet, on utilisera <keycombo><keycap>/</keycap></keycombo>, suivi d'un motif de recherche. Ce motif peut porter sur le nom du paquet, mais aussi sur sa description (si on le fait précéder de <literal>~d</literal>), sa section (avec <literal>~s</literal>) ou d'autres caractéristiques détaillées dans la documentation. Les mêmes motifs peuvent servir à filtrer les paquets affichés, fonctionnalité accessible grâce à la touche <keycombo><keycap>l</keycap></keycombo> (comme <foreignphrase>limit</foreignphrase>)."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>upgrade</primary><secondary>automatic system upgrade</secondary>"
msgid "<primary><command>aptitude</command></primary><secondary>automatic flag</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>mise à jour</primary><secondary>automatique du système</secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>main</literal></secondary>"
msgid "<primary><command>aptitude</command></primary><secondary><literal>markauto</literal></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>main</literal></secondary>"
msgid "Managing the “automatic flag” of Debian packages (see <xref linkend=\"sect.automatic-tracking\" />) is a breeze with <command>aptitude</command>. It is possible to browse the list of installed packages and mark packages as automatic with <keycombo action=\"simul\"><keycap>Shift</keycap> <keycap>m</keycap></keycombo> or to remove the mark with the <keycombo><keycap>m</keycap></keycombo> key. “Automatic packages” are displayed with an “A” in the list of packages. This feature also offers a simple way to visualize the packages in use on a machine, without all the libraries and dependencies that you don't really care about. The related pattern that can be used with <keycombo><keycap>l</keycap></keycombo> (to activate the filter mode) is <literal>~i!~M</literal>. It specifies that you only want to see installed packages (<literal>~i</literal>) not marked as automatic (<literal>!~M</literal>)."
msgstr "<command>aptitude</command> facilite grandement la gestion du marquage « automatique » des paquets Debian (voir <xref linkend=\"sect.automatic-tracking\" />). Il permet de parcourir la liste des paquets installés, d'en marquer comme automatiques avec <keycombo action=\"simul\"><keycap>Maj</keycap> <keycap>m</keycap></keycombo> et d'enlever cette marque avec la touche <keycombo><keycap>m</keycap></keycombo>. Les paquets « automatiques » sont marqués d'un « A » dans la liste des paquets. Cette fonctionnalité permet également de visualiser les paquets dont on se sert « consciemment » sur une machine, sans lister toutes les bibliothèques et dépendances qui ne nous intéressent pas. Le motif de recherche, qui peut être utilisé avec <keycombo><keycap>l</keycap></keycombo> (pour activer le mode filtrage), est <literal>~i!~M</literal>. Il spécifie de n'afficher que les paquets installés (<literal>~i</literal>) non marqués comme automatiques (<literal>!~M</literal>)."
msgid "<emphasis>TOOL</emphasis> Using <command>aptitude</command> on the command-line interface"
msgstr "<emphasis>OUTIL</emphasis> <command>aptitude</command> en ligne de commande"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><command>aptitude</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>aptitude</command></primary><secondary>command line</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>aptitude</command></primary>"
msgid "Most of <command>aptitude</command>'s features are accessible via the interactive interface as well as via command-lines. These command-lines will seem familiar to regular users of <command>apt-get</command> and <command>apt-cache</command>."
msgstr "La plupart des fonctionnalités d'<command>aptitude</command> sont accessibles aussi bien par l'interface interactive que par la ligne de commande et cette dernière ne dépaysera pas trop les habitués d'<command>apt-get</command> et <command>apt-cache</command>."
msgid "The advanced features of <command>aptitude</command> are also available on the command-line. You can use the same package search patterns as in the interactive version. For example, if you want to cleanup the list of “manually installed” packages, and if you know that none of the locally installed programs require any particular libraries or Perl modules, you can mark the corresponding packages as automatic with a single command:"
msgstr "Les fonctionnalités évoluées d'<command>aptitude</command> se retrouvent également sur la ligne de commande. On retrouve ainsi les mêmes motifs de recherche de paquets qu'en version interactive. Ainsi, si on veut faire le ménage des paquets « installés manuellement » et si on sait qu'aucun programme localement installé n'a besoin de bibliothèques particulières ou de modules Perl, on pourra marquer les paquets correspondants comme automatiques en une seule commande :"
msgid "<computeroutput># </computeroutput><userinput>aptitude markauto '~slibs|~sperl'</userinput>"
msgstr "<computeroutput># </computeroutput><userinput>aptitude markauto '~slibs|~sperl'</userinput>"
msgid "Here, you can clearly see the power of the search pattern system of <command>aptitude</command>, which enables the instant selection of all the packages in the <literal>libs</literal> and <literal>perl</literal> sections."
msgstr "On voit ici la puissance du système de motifs de recherche d'<command>aptitude</command>, qui permet de sélectionner d'un coup l'ensemble des paquets des sections <literal>libs</literal> et <literal>perl</literal>."
msgid "Beware, if some packages are marked as automatic and if no other package depends on them, they will be removed immediately (after a confirmation request)."
msgstr "Attention, s'il existe des paquets que cette commande marque comme automatiques, et si aucun autre paquet n'en dépend, ils seront immédiatement supprimés (avec une demande de confirmation)."
msgid "Managing Recommendations, Suggestions and Tasks"
msgstr "Gestion des recommandations, suggestions et tâches"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><command>aptitude</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>aptitude</command></primary><secondary>tasks</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>aptitude</command></primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "Another interesting feature of <command>aptitude</command> is the fact that it respects recommendations between packages while still giving users the choice not to install them on a case by case basis. For example, the <emphasis role=\"pkg\">gnome</emphasis> package recommends <emphasis role=\"pkg\">gdebi</emphasis> (among others). When you select the former for installation, the latter will also be selected (and marked as automatic if not already installed on the system). Typing <keycombo><keycap>g</keycap></keycombo> will make it obvious: <emphasis role=\"pkg\">gdebi</emphasis> appears on the summary screen of pending actions in the list of packages installed automatically to satisfy dependencies. However, you can decide not to install it by deselecting it before confirming the operations."
msgid "Another interesting feature of <command>aptitude</command> is the fact that it respects recommendations between packages while still giving users the choice not to install them on a case by case basis. For example, the <emphasis role=\"pkg\">gnome</emphasis> package recommends <emphasis role=\"pkg\">transmission-gtk</emphasis> (among others). When you select the former for installation, the latter will also be selected (and marked as automatic if not already installed on the system). Typing <keycombo><keycap>g</keycap></keycombo> will make it obvious: <emphasis role=\"pkg\">transmission-gtk</emphasis> appears on the summary screen of pending actions in the list of packages installed automatically to satisfy dependencies. However, you can decide not to install it by deselecting it before confirming the operations."
msgstr "Un autre intérêt d'<command>aptitude</command> est qu'il respecte les recommandations entre paquets tout en permettant à l'utilisateur de ne pas les installer au cas par cas. Ainsi, le paquet <emphasis role=\"pkg\">gnome</emphasis> recommande (entre autres) <emphasis role=\"pkg\">gdebi</emphasis>. Si l'on sélectionne le premier pour l'installation, le second sera également sélectionné (et marqué comme automatique s'il n'est pas déjà présent sur le système). Un appui sur <keycombo><keycap>g</keycap></keycombo> permet de s'en rendre compte : <emphasis role=\"pkg\">gdebi</emphasis> figure sur l'écran de résumé des actions en attente dans la liste des paquets ajoutés automatiquement pour satisfaire des dépendances. On peut cependant décider de ne pas l'installer, en le désélectionnant avant de valider les opérations."
msgid "Note that this recommendation tracking feature does not apply to upgrades. For instance, if a new version of <emphasis role=\"pkg\">gnome</emphasis> recommends a package that it did not recommend formerly, the package won't be marked for installation. However, it will be listed on the upgrade screen so that the administrator can still select it for installation."
msgstr "On notera que cette fonction de suivi des recommandations ne s'applique pas lors d'une mise à jour. Ainsi, si une nouvelle version de <emphasis role=\"pkg\">gnome</emphasis> recommande un paquet qu'il ne recommandait pas auparavant, il ne sera pas marqué pour l'installation. En revanche, il sera mentionné dans l'écran de mise à jour, afin de vous laisser la possibilité de l'installer malgré tout."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "Suggestions between packages are also taken into account, but in a manner adapted to their specific status. For example, since <emphasis role=\"pkg\">gnome</emphasis> suggests <emphasis role=\"pkg\">dia-gnome</emphasis>, the latter will be displayed on the summary screen of pending actions (in the section of packages suggested by other packages). This way, it is visible and the administrator can decide whether to take the suggestion into account or not. Since it is only a suggestion and not a dependency or a recommendation, the package will not be selected automatically — its selection requires a manual intervention from the user (thus, the package will not be marked as automatic)."
msgid "Suggestions between packages are also taken into account, but in a manner adapted to their specific status. For example, since <emphasis role=\"pkg\">gnome</emphasis> suggests <emphasis role=\"pkg\">empathy</emphasis>, the latter will be displayed on the summary screen of pending actions (in the section of packages suggested by other packages). This way, it is visible and the administrator can decide whether to take the suggestion into account or not. Since it is only a suggestion and not a dependency or a recommendation, the package will not be selected automatically — its selection requires a manual intervention from the user (thus, the package will not be marked as automatic)."
msgstr "Les suggestions entre paquets sont également prises en compte, mais de manière adaptée à leur statut particulier. Ainsi, comme <emphasis role=\"pkg\">gnome</emphasis> suggère <emphasis role=\"pkg\">dia-gnome</emphasis>, ce dernier sera listé sur l'écran de résumé des actions (dans la section des paquets qui sont suggérés par d'autres paquets), afin qu'il soit visible et que l'administrateur puisse décider de tenir compte, ou non, de la suggestion. Mais comme il s'agit d'une simple suggestion et non d'une dépendance ou recommandation, le paquet ne sera pas sélectionné et sa sélection devra être manuelle (le paquet ne sera donc pas marqué comme automatique)."
msgid "In the same spirit, remember that <command>aptitude</command> makes intelligent use of the concept of task. Since tasks are displayed as categories in the screens of packages lists, you can either select a full task for installation or removal, or browse the list of packages included in the task to select a smaller subset."
msgstr "Dans la même veine, rappelons qu'<emphasis role=\"pkg\">aptitude</emphasis> exploite intelligemment le concept de tâche. Ces tâches étant affichées comme des catégories dans les écrans de listes de paquets, on peut soit choisir une tâche complète à installer ou supprimer, soit consulter la liste des paquets inclus dans une tâche afin d'en sélectionner un sous-ensemble plus limité."
msgid "Better Solver Algorithms"
msgstr "Meilleurs algorithmes de résolution"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><command>aptitude</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>aptitude</command></primary><secondary>solver</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>aptitude</command></primary>"
msgid "To conclude this section, let's note that <command>aptitude</command> has more elaborate algorithms compared to <command>apt-get</command> when it comes to resolving difficult situations. When a set of actions is requested and when these combined actions would lead to an incoherent system, <command>aptitude</command> evaluates several possible scenarios and presents them in order of decreasing relevance. However, these algorithms are not failproof. Fortunately there is always the possibility to manually select the actions to perform. When the currently selected actions lead to contradictions, the upper part of the screen indicates a number of “broken” packages (and you can directly navigate to those packages by pressing <keycombo><keycap>b</keycap></keycombo>). It is then possible to manually build a solution for the problems found. In particular, you can get access to the different available versions by simply selecting the package with <keycombo><keycap>Enter</keycap></keycombo>. If the selection of one of these versions solves the problem, you should not hesitate to use the function. When the number of broken packages gets down to zero, you can safely go to the summary screen of pending actions for a last check before you apply them."
msgstr "Enfin, signalons pour terminer cette section qu'<command>aptitude</command> dispose d'algorithmes plus évolués qu'<command>apt-get</command> en ce qui concerne la résolution des situations délicates. Si un ensemble d'actions est demandé, qui, menées conjointement, aboutissent à un système incohérent, <command>aptitude</command> évalue plusieurs scénarios possibles et les propose par ordre de pertinence décroissante. Ces algorithmes ne sont cependant pas infaillibles ; heureusement, il reste la possibilité de sélectionner manuellement les actions à effectuer. Si les actions actuellement sélectionnées mènent à des contradictions, le haut de l'écran mentionne un nombre de paquets « cassés » (et on peut naviguer directement vers ces paquets en appuyant sur <keycombo><keycap>b</keycap></keycombo>). Il est alors possible de construire manuellement une solution aux problèmes constatés. On peut notamment, en sélectionnant un paquet avec <keycombo><keycap>Entrée</keycap></keycombo>, avoir accès aux différentes versions disponibles. Si le choix d'une de ces versions plutôt que d'une autre permet de résoudre le problème, on n'hésitera pas à utiliser cette fonction. Lorsque le nombre de paquets cassés descendra à zéro, on pourra en toute confiance passer par le résumé des actions à effectuer pour une dernière vérification avant leur mise en application."
msgid "<emphasis>NOTE</emphasis> <command>aptitude</command>'s log"
msgstr "<emphasis>NOTE</emphasis> Journal d'<command>aptitude</command>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><command>aptitude</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>aptitude</command></primary><secondary>log</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>aptitude</command></primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>main</literal></secondary>"
msgid "<primary><command>aptitude</command></primary><secondary><filename>/var/log/aptitude</filename></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>main</literal></secondary>"
msgid "Like <command>dpkg</command>, <command>aptitude</command> keeps a trace of executed actions in its logfile (<filename>/var/log/aptitude</filename>). However, since both commands work at a very different level, you cannot find the same information in their respective logfiles. While <command>dpkg</command> logs all the operations executed on individual packages step by step, <command>aptitude</command> gives a broader view of high-level operations like a system-wide upgrade."
msgstr "De même que <command>dpkg</command>, <command>aptitude</command> garde dans son journal (<filename>/var/log/aptitude</filename>) la trace des actions effectuées. Cependant, comme les deux commandes fonctionnent à un niveau bien différent, on ne trouve pas les mêmes informations dans les journaux respectifs. Là où celui de <command>dpkg</command> liste pas à pas les opérations exécutées sur chaque paquet individuel, celui d'<command>aptitude</command> donne une vue d'ensemble sur les opérations de plus haut niveau comme une mise à jour globale du système."
msgid "Beware, this logfile only contains a summary of operations performed by <command>aptitude</command>. If other front-ends (or even <command>dpkg</command> itself) are occasionally used, then <command>aptitude</command>'s log will only contain a partial view of the operations, so you can't rely on it to build a trustworthy history of the system."
msgstr "Attention, ce journal ne contient que le résumé des opérations initiées par <command>aptitude</command>. Si l'on utilise occasionnellement d'autres frontaux (voire directement <command>dpkg</command>), le journal d'<command>aptitude</command> n'aura qu'une vision partielle des choses et on ne pourra pas s'en servir pour reconstituer un historique fiable du système."
msgid "<command>synaptic</command>"
msgstr "<command>synaptic</command>"
msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary>interfaces</secondary><tertiary><command>synaptic</command></tertiary><see><command>synaptic</command></see>"
msgstr ""
msgid "<command>synaptic</command> is a graphical package manager for Debian which features a clean and efficient graphical interface based on GTK+/GNOME. Its many ready-to-use filters give fast access to newly available packages, installed packages, upgradable packages, obsolete packages and so on. If you browse through these lists, you can select the operations to be done on the packages (install, upgrade, remove, purge); these operations are not performed immediately, but put into a task list. A single click on a button then validates the operations, and they are performed in one go."
msgstr "<command>synaptic</command> est un gestionnaire de paquets Debian en mode graphique (il utilise GTK+/GNOME). Il dispose d'une interface graphique efficace et propre. Ses nombreux filtres prêts à l'emploi permettent de voir rapidement les nouveaux paquets disponibles, les paquets installés, ceux que l'on peut mettre à jour, les paquets obsolètes, etc. En naviguant ainsi dans les différentes listes, on indique progressivement les opérations à effectuer (installer, mettre à jour, supprimer, purger). Un simple clic suffit à valider l'ensemble de ces choix et toutes les opérations enregistrées sont alors effectuées en une seule passe."
msgid "<command>synaptic</command> package manager"
msgstr "Gestionnaire de paquets <command>synaptic</command>"
msgid "Checking Package Authenticity"
msgstr "Vérification d'authenticité des paquets"
msgid "<primary>package</primary><secondary>authenticity check</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>paquet</primary><secondary>vérification d'authenticité</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>package</primary><secondary>seal</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>paquet</primary><secondary>scellement</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>package</primary><secondary>signature</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>paquet</primary><secondary>signature</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>signature</primary><secondary>package signature</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>signature</primary><secondary>d'un paquet</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>authentication</primary><secondary>package authentication</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>authentification</primary><secondary>de paquets</secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary>interfaces</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary><filename>Release</filename></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>APT</primary><secondary>interfaces</secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary><foreignphrase>pinning</foreignphrase></secondary>"
msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary><filename>Release.gpg</filename></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>APT</primary><secondary><foreignphrase>pinning</foreignphrase></secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary>interfaces</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary><filename>InRelease</filename></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>APT</primary><secondary>interfaces</secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><filename>/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/</filename></primary>"
msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary><filename>/etc/apt/trusted.gpg</filename></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary><filename>/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/</filename></primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>non-free</literal></secondary>"
msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary><literal>apt-secure</literal></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>non-free</literal></secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary>configuration</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary>archive authentification</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>APT</primary><secondary>configuration</secondary>"
msgid "Security is very important for Falcot Corp administrators. Accordingly, they need to ensure that they only install packages which are guaranteed to come from Debian with no tampering on the way. A computer cracker could try to add malicious code to an otherwise legitimate package. Such a package, if installed, could do anything the cracker designed it to do, including for instance disclosing passwords or confidential information. To circumvent this risk, Debian provides a tamper-proof seal to guarantee — at install time — that a package really comes from its official maintainer and hasn't been modified by a third party."
msgstr "Étant donné l'importance qu'accordent les administrateurs de Falcot SA à la sécurité, ils veulent s'assurer de n'installer que des paquets garantis provenant de Debian et non altérés en cours de route. En effet, un pirate pourrait tenter d'agir indirectement sur des machines en modifiant un paquet Debian diffusé afin d'y ajouter les instructions de son choix. Si un paquet ainsi modifié est installé, ces instructions agiront, par exemple afin de dérober les mots de passe. C'est pourquoi Debian offre un moyen de s'assurer que le paquet installé provient bien de son mainteneur et qu'il n'a subi aucune modification par un tiers : il existe un mécanisme de scellement des paquets."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "The seal works with a chain of cryptographical hashes and a signature. The signed file is the <filename>Release</filename> file, provided by the Debian mirrors. It contains a list of the <filename>Packages</filename> files (including their compressed forms, <filename>Packages.gz</filename> and <filename>Packages.xz</filename>, and the incremental versions), along with their MD5, SHA1 and SHA256 hashes, which ensures that the files haven't been tampered with. These <filename>Packages</filename> files contain a list of the Debian packages available on the mirror, along with their hashes, which ensures in turn that the contents of the packages themselves haven't been altered either."
msgid "The seal works with a chain of cryptographical hashes and a signature and is explained in detail in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-secure</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Starting with Debian 10 <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Buster</emphasis> the signed file is the <filename>InRelease</filename> file, provided by the Debian mirrors. There is also a legacy file called <filename>Release</filename>. Both contain a list of the <filename>Packages</filename> files (including their compressed forms, <filename>Packages.gz</filename> and <filename>Packages.xz</filename>, and the incremental versions), along with their SHA256 hashes, which ensures that the files haven't been tampered with. These <filename>Packages</filename> files contain a list of the Debian packages available on the mirror, along with their hashes, which ensures in turn that the contents of the packages themselves haven't been altered either. The difference between <filename>InRelease</filename> and <filename>Release</filename> is, that the former are cryptographically signed in-line, whereas the latter provide a detached signature in the form of the file <filename>Release.gpg</filename>."
msgstr "Cette signature n'est pas directe : le fichier signé est un fichier <filename>Release</filename> placé sur les miroirs Debian et qui donne la liste des différents fichiers <filename>Packages</filename> (y compris sous leurs formes compressées <filename>Packages.gz</filename> et <filename>Packages.xz</filename> et les versions incrémentales), accompagnés de leurs sommes de contrôle MD5, SHA1 et SHA256 (pour vérifier que leur contenu n'a pas été altéré). Ces fichiers <filename>Packages</filename> renferment à leur tour une liste de paquets Debian et leurs sommes de contrôle, afin de garantir que leur contenu n'a pas lui non plus été altéré."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<emphasis>GOING FURTHER</emphasis> The cache of <filename>.deb</filename> files"
msgid "<emphasis>NOTE</emphasis> The future of <filename>Release</filename> and <filename>Release.gpg</filename>"
msgstr "<emphasis>POUR ALLER PLUS LOIN</emphasis> Cache des fichiers <filename>.deb</filename>"
msgid "Probably with the release of Debian 11 <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Bullseye</emphasis> APT will remove support for the legacy files <filename>Release</filename> and <filename>Release.gpg</filename>, used since APT 0.6, which introduced support for an archive authentication."
msgstr ""
msgid "<primary><command>apt-key</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>apt-key</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><emphasis role=\"pkg\">debian-archive-keyring</emphasis></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><emphasis role=\"pkg\">debian-archive-keyring</emphasis></primary>"
msgid "<primary><filename>/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/</filename></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><filename>/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/</filename></primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><filename>/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/</filename></primary>"
msgid "<primary><filename>/etc/apt/trusted.gpg</filename></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><filename>/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/</filename></primary>"
msgid "<primary><filename>Release.gpg</filename></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><filename>Release.gpg</filename></primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><filename>Release.gpg</filename></primary>"
msgid "<primary><filename>InRelease</filename></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><filename>Release.gpg</filename></primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "The trusted keys are managed with the <command>apt-key</command> command found in the <emphasis role=\"pkg\">apt</emphasis> package. This program maintains a keyring of GnuPG public keys, which are used to verify signatures in the <filename>Release.gpg</filename> files available on the mirrors. It can be used to add new keys manually (when non-official mirrors are needed). Generally however, only the official Debian keys are needed. These keys are automatically kept up-to-date by the <emphasis role=\"pkg\">debian-archive-keyring</emphasis> package (which puts the corresponding keyrings in <filename>/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d</filename>). However, the first installation of this particular package requires caution: even if the package is signed like any other, the signature cannot be verified externally. Cautious administrators should therefore check the fingerprints of imported keys before trusting them to install new packages:"
msgid "APT needs a set of trusted GnuPG public keys to verify signatures in the <filename>InRelease</filename> and <filename>Release.gpg</filename> files available on the mirrors. It gets them from files in <filename>/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/</filename> and from the <filename>/etc/apt/trusted.gpg</filename> keyring (managed by the <command>apt-key</command> command). The official Debian keys are provided and kept up-to-date by the <emphasis role=\"pkg\">debian-archive-keyring</emphasis> package which puts them in <filename>/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/</filename>. Note, however, that the first installation of this particular package requires caution: even if the package is signed like any other, the signature cannot be verified externally. Cautious administrators should therefore check the fingerprints of imported keys before trusting them to install new packages:"
msgstr "La gestion des clés de confiance se fait grâce au programme <command>apt-key</command>, fourni par le paquet <emphasis role=\"pkg\">apt</emphasis>. Ce programme maintient à jour un trousseau de clés publiques GnuPG, qui sont utilisées pour vérifier les signatures des fichiers <filename>Release.gpg</filename> obtenus depuis les miroirs Debian. Il est possible de l'utiliser pour ajouter manuellement des clés supplémentaires (si l'on souhaite ajouter des miroirs autres que les miroirs officiels) ; mais dans le cas le plus courant, on n'a besoin que des clés officielles Debian, qui sont automatiquement maintenues à jour par le paquet <emphasis role=\"pkg\">debian-archive-keyring</emphasis> (qui installe les trousseaux de clés dans <filename>/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d</filename>). Cependant, la première installation de ce paquet est également sujette à caution, car même s'il est signé comme les autres paquets, cette signature ne peut pas être vérifiée extérieurement. On s'attachera donc à vérifier les empreintes <foreignphrase>(fingerprints)</foreignphrase> des clés importées, avant de leur faire confiance pour installer de nouveaux paquets :"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid ""
#| "# <userinput>apt-key fingerprint</userinput>\n"
#| "/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-jessie-automatic.gpg\n"
#| "----------------------------------------------------------\n"
#| "pub 4096R/2B90D010 2014-11-21 [expires: 2022-11-19]\n"
#| " Key fingerprint = 126C 0D24 BD8A 2942 CC7D F8AC 7638 D044 2B90 D010\n"
#| "uid Debian Archive Automatic Signing Key (8/jessie) <ftpmaster@debian.org>\n"
#| "\n"
#| "/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-jessie-security-automatic.gpg\n"
#| "-------------------------------------------------------------------\n"
#| "pub 4096R/C857C906 2014-11-21 [expires: 2022-11-19]\n"
#| " Key fingerprint = D211 6914 1CEC D440 F2EB 8DDA 9D6D 8F6B C857 C906\n"
#| "uid Debian Security Archive Automatic Signing Key (8/jessie) <ftpmaster@debian.org>\n"
#| "\n"
#| "/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-jessie-stable.gpg\n"
#| "-------------------------------------------------------\n"
#| "pub 4096R/518E17E1 2013-08-17 [expires: 2021-08-15]\n"
#| " Key fingerprint = 75DD C3C4 A499 F1A1 8CB5 F3C8 CBF8 D6FD 518E 17E1\n"
#| "uid Jessie Stable Release Key <debian-release@lists.debian.org>\n"
#| "\n"
#| "/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-squeeze-automatic.gpg\n"
#| "-----------------------------------------------------------\n"
#| "pub 4096R/473041FA 2010-08-27 [expires: 2018-03-05]\n"
#| " Key fingerprint = 9FED 2BCB DCD2 9CDF 7626 78CB AED4 B06F 4730 41FA\n"
#| "uid Debian Archive Automatic Signing Key (6.0/squeeze) <ftpmaster@debian.org>\n"
#| "\n"
#| "/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-squeeze-stable.gpg\n"
#| "--------------------------------------------------------\n"
#| "pub 4096R/B98321F9 2010-08-07 [expires: 2017-08-05]\n"
#| " Key fingerprint = 0E4E DE2C 7F3E 1FC0 D033 800E 6448 1591 B983 21F9\n"
#| "uid Squeeze Stable Release Key <debian-release@lists.debian.org>\n"
#| "\n"
#| "/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-wheezy-automatic.gpg\n"
#| "----------------------------------------------------------\n"
#| "pub 4096R/46925553 2012-04-27 [expires: 2020-04-25]\n"
#| " Key fingerprint = A1BD 8E9D 78F7 FE5C 3E65 D8AF 8B48 AD62 4692 5553\n"
#| "uid Debian Archive Automatic Signing Key (7.0/wheezy) <ftpmaster@debian.org>\n"
#| "\n"
#| "/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-wheezy-stable.gpg\n"
#| "-------------------------------------------------------\n"
#| "pub 4096R/65FFB764 2012-05-08 [expires: 2019-05-07]\n"
#| " Key fingerprint = ED6D 6527 1AAC F0FF 15D1 2303 6FB2 A1C2 65FF B764\n"
#| "uid Wheezy Stable Release Key <debian-release@lists.debian.org>"
msgid ""
"<computeroutput># </computeroutput><userinput>apt-key fingerprint\n"
"</userinput><![CDATA[/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-buster-automatic.gpg\n"
"----------------------------------------------------------\n"
"pub rsa4096 2019-04-14 [SC] [expires: 2027-04-12]\n"
" 80D1 5823 B7FD 1561 F9F7 BCDD DC30 D7C2 3CBB ABEE\n"
"uid [ unknown] Debian Archive Automatic Signing Key (10/buster) <ftpmaster@debian.org>\n"
"sub rsa4096 2019-04-14 [S] [expires: 2027-04-12]\n"
"\n"
"/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-buster-security-automatic.gpg\n"
"-------------------------------------------------------------------\n"
"pub rsa4096 2019-04-14 [SC] [expires: 2027-04-12]\n"
" 5E61 B217 265D A980 7A23 C5FF 4DFA B270 CAA9 6DFA\n"
"uid [ unknown] Debian Security Archive Automatic Signing Key (10/buster) <ftpmaster@debian.org>\n"
"sub rsa4096 2019-04-14 [S] [expires: 2027-04-12]\n"
"\n"
"/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-buster-stable.gpg\n"
"-------------------------------------------------------\n"
"pub rsa4096 2019-02-05 [SC] [expires: 2027-02-03]\n"
" 6D33 866E DD8F FA41 C014 3AED DCC9 EFBF 77E1 1517\n"
"uid [ unknown] Debian Stable Release Key (10/buster) <debian-release@lists.debian.org>\n"
"\n"
"/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-jessie-automatic.gpg\n"
"----------------------------------------------------------\n"
"pub rsa4096 2014-11-21 [SC] [expires: 2022-11-19]\n"
" 126C 0D24 BD8A 2942 CC7D F8AC 7638 D044 2B90 D010\n"
"uid [ unknown] Debian Archive Automatic Signing Key (8/jessie) <ftpmaster@debian.org>\n"
"\n"
"/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-jessie-security-automatic.gpg\n"
"-------------------------------------------------------------------\n"
"pub rsa4096 2014-11-21 [SC] [expires: 2022-11-19]\n"
" D211 6914 1CEC D440 F2EB 8DDA 9D6D 8F6B C857 C906\n"
"uid [ unknown] Debian Security Archive Automatic Signing Key (8/jessie) <ftpmaster@debian.org>\n"
"\n"
"/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-jessie-stable.gpg\n"
"-------------------------------------------------------\n"
"pub rsa4096 2013-08-17 [SC] [expires: 2021-08-15]\n"
" 75DD C3C4 A499 F1A1 8CB5 F3C8 CBF8 D6FD 518E 17E1\n"
"uid [ unknown] Jessie Stable Release Key <debian-release@lists.debian.org>\n"
"\n"
"/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-stretch-automatic.gpg\n"
"-----------------------------------------------------------\n"
"pub rsa4096 2017-05-22 [SC] [expires: 2025-05-20]\n"
" E1CF 20DD FFE4 B89E 8026 58F1 E0B1 1894 F66A EC98\n"
"uid [ unknown] Debian Archive Automatic Signing Key (9/stretch) <ftpmaster@debian.org>\n"
"sub rsa4096 2017-05-22 [S] [expires: 2025-05-20]\n"
"\n"
"/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-stretch-security-automatic.gpg\n"
"--------------------------------------------------------------------\n"
"pub rsa4096 2017-05-22 [SC] [expires: 2025-05-20]\n"
" 6ED6 F5CB 5FA6 FB2F 460A E88E EDA0 D238 8AE2 2BA9\n"
"uid [ unknown] Debian Security Archive Automatic Signing Key (9/stretch) <ftpmaster@debian.org>\n"
"sub rsa4096 2017-05-22 [S] [expires: 2025-05-20]\n"
"\n"
"/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-stretch-stable.gpg\n"
"--------------------------------------------------------\n"
"pub rsa4096 2017-05-20 [SC] [expires: 2025-05-18]\n"
" 067E 3C45 6BAE 240A CEE8 8F6F EF0F 382A 1A7B 6500\n"
"uid [ unknown] Debian Stable Release Key (9/stretch) <debian-release@lists.debian.org>\n"
"\n"
"]]>"
msgstr ""
"# <userinput>apt-key fingerprint</userinput>\n"
"/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-jessie-automatic.gpg\n"
"----------------------------------------------------------\n"
"pub 4096R/2B90D010 2014-11-21 [expires: 2022-11-19]\n"
" Key fingerprint = 126C 0D24 BD8A 2942 CC7D F8AC 7638 D044 2B90 D010\n"
"uid Debian Archive Automatic Signing Key (8/jessie) <ftpmaster@debian.org>\n"
"\n"
"/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-jessie-security-automatic.gpg\n"
"-------------------------------------------------------------------\n"
"pub 4096R/C857C906 2014-11-21 [expires: 2022-11-19]\n"
" Key fingerprint = D211 6914 1CEC D440 F2EB 8DDA 9D6D 8F6B C857 C906\n"
"uid Debian Security Archive Automatic Signing Key (8/jessie) <ftpmaster@debian.org>\n"
"\n"
"/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-jessie-stable.gpg\n"
"-------------------------------------------------------\n"
"pub 4096R/518E17E1 2013-08-17 [expires: 2021-08-15]\n"
" Key fingerprint = 75DD C3C4 A499 F1A1 8CB5 F3C8 CBF8 D6FD 518E 17E1\n"
"uid Jessie Stable Release Key <debian-release@lists.debian.org>\n"
"\n"
"/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-squeeze-automatic.gpg\n"
"-----------------------------------------------------------\n"
"pub 4096R/473041FA 2010-08-27 [expires: 2018-03-05]\n"
" Key fingerprint = 9FED 2BCB DCD2 9CDF 7626 78CB AED4 B06F 4730 41FA\n"
"uid Debian Archive Automatic Signing Key (6.0/squeeze) <ftpmaster@debian.org>\n"
"\n"
"/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-squeeze-stable.gpg\n"
"--------------------------------------------------------\n"
"pub 4096R/B98321F9 2010-08-07 [expires: 2017-08-05]\n"
" Key fingerprint = 0E4E DE2C 7F3E 1FC0 D033 800E 6448 1591 B983 21F9\n"
"uid Squeeze Stable Release Key <debian-release@lists.debian.org>\n"
"\n"
"/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-wheezy-automatic.gpg\n"
"----------------------------------------------------------\n"
"pub 4096R/46925553 2012-04-27 [expires: 2020-04-25]\n"
" Key fingerprint = A1BD 8E9D 78F7 FE5C 3E65 D8AF 8B48 AD62 4692 5553\n"
"uid Debian Archive Automatic Signing Key (7.0/wheezy) <ftpmaster@debian.org>\n"
"\n"
"/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-wheezy-stable.gpg\n"
"-------------------------------------------------------\n"
"pub 4096R/65FFB764 2012-05-08 [expires: 2019-05-07]\n"
" Key fingerprint = ED6D 6527 1AAC F0FF 15D1 2303 6FB2 A1C2 65FF B764\n"
"uid Wheezy Stable Release Key <debian-release@lists.debian.org>"
msgid "<emphasis>IN PRACTICE</emphasis> Adding trusted keys"
msgstr "<emphasis>EN PRATIQUE</emphasis> Ajouter des clés de confiance"
msgid "<primary>trusted key</primary>"
msgstr "<primary>clé de confiance</primary>"
msgid "<primary>key</primary><secondary>APT's authentication keys</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>clé</primary><secondary>d'authentification pour APT</secondary>"
msgid "When a third-party package source is added to the <filename>sources.list</filename> file, APT needs to be told to trust the corresponding GPG authentication key (otherwise it will keep complaining that it can't ensure the authenticity of the packages coming from that repository). The first step is of course to get the public key. More often than not, the key will be provided as a small text file, which we will call <filename>key.asc</filename> in the following examples."
msgstr "Lorsqu'une source de paquets tierce est ajoutée au fichier <filename>sources.list</filename>, il faut désormais porter à la connaissance de APT la clé de confiance correspondante (sans quoi il se plaindra constamment qu'il ne peut pas vérifier l'authenticité des paquets contenus dans le dépôt concerné). Pour cela, il faut avant tout récupérer la clé publique en question : la plupart du temps, elle sera fournie sous la forme d'un petit fichier texte (qui sera nommé <filename>cle.asc</filename> dans les exemples ci-dessous)."
msgid "To add the key to the trusted keyring, the administrator can just put it in a <filename>*.asc</filename> file in <filename>/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/</filename>. This is supported since Debian <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stretch</emphasis>. With older releases, you had to run <command>apt-key add < key.asc</command>."
msgstr ""
msgid "Once the appropriate keys are in the keyring, APT will check the signatures before any risky operation, so that front-ends will display a warning if asked to install a package whose authenticity can't be ascertained."
msgstr "Une fois ces clés placées dans le trousseau, APT effectuera systématiquement les vérifications des signatures avant toute opération risquée ; les frontaux sont alors en mesure d'afficher un avertissement si l'on demande à installer un paquet dont l'authenticité n'a pu être vérifiée."
msgid "Upgrading from One Stable Distribution to the Next"
msgstr "Mise à jour d'une distribution à la suivante"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary><foreignphrase>pinning</foreignphrase></secondary>"
msgid "<primary>system</primary><secondary><foreignphrase>dist-upgrade</foreignphrase></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>APT</primary><secondary><foreignphrase>pinning</foreignphrase></secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><command>apt dist-upgrade</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><foreignphrase>dist-upgrade</foreignphrase></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>apt dist-upgrade</command></primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary><foreignphrase>pinning</foreignphrase></secondary>"
msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary><foreignphrase>dist-upgrade</foreignphrase></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>APT</primary><secondary><foreignphrase>pinning</foreignphrase></secondary>"
msgid "One of the best-known features of Debian is its ability to upgrade an installed system from one stable release to the next: <foreignphrase>dist-upgrade</foreignphrase> — a well-known phrase — has largely contributed to the project's reputation. With a few precautions, upgrading a computer can take as little as a few minutes, or a few dozen minutes, depending on the download speed from the package repositories."
msgstr "Un des éléments les plus marquants de Debian est sa capacité à mettre à jour un système d'une distribution stable vers la suivante (le fameux <foreignphrase>dist-upgrade</foreignphrase>, qui a contribué à la réputation du projet). Avec un peu d'attention, on peut ainsi migrer un ordinateur en quelques minutes ou dizaines de minutes, selon la rapidité d'accès aux sources de paquets."
msgid "Recommended Procedure"
msgstr "Démarche à suivre"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>APT</primary><secondary><foreignphrase>pinning</foreignphrase></secondary>"
msgid "<primary>system</primary><secondary><foreignphrase>release notes</foreignphrase></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>APT</primary><secondary><foreignphrase>pinning</foreignphrase></secondary>"
msgid "Since Debian has quite some time to evolve in-between stable releases, you should read the release notes before upgrading."
msgstr "Comme le système Debian a le temps d'évoluer entre deux versions stables, on prendra soin de lire, avant d'entreprendre la mise à jour, les notes de publication."
msgid "<emphasis>BACK TO BASICS</emphasis> Release notes"
msgstr "<emphasis>B.A.-BA</emphasis> Notes de publication"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>trusted key</primary>"
msgid "<primary>release notes</primary>"
msgstr "<primary>clé de confiance</primary>"
msgid "The release notes for an operating system (and, more generally, for any software) are a document giving an overview of the software, with some details concerning the particularities of one version. These documents are generally short compared to the complete documentation, and they usually list the features which have been introduced since the previous version. They also give details on upgrading procedures, warnings for users of previous versions, and sometimes errata."
msgstr "Les notes de publication <foreignphrase>(release notes)</foreignphrase> d'un logiciel ou d'un système d'exploitation sont un document, généralement court par rapport à la documentation complète, qui donne une idée du logiciel en question, particulièrement de la version concernée. Ces documents donnent souvent un résumé des nouvelles fonctionnalités offertes par rapport aux versions précédentes, des instructions de mise à jour, des avertissements pour les utilisateurs des anciennes versions et parfois des errata."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "Release notes are available online: the release notes for the current stable release have a dedicated URL, while older release notes can be found with their codenames: <ulink type=\"block\" url=\"http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/releasenotes\" /> <ulink type=\"block\" url=\"http://www.debian.org/releases/wheezy/releasenotes\" />"
msgid "Release notes are available online: the release notes for the current stable release have a dedicated URL, while older release notes can be found with their codenames: <ulink type=\"block\" url=\"https://www.debian.org/releases/stable/releasenotes\" /> <ulink type=\"block\" url=\"https://www.debian.org/releases/stretch/releasenotes\" />"
msgstr "Pour les versions de Debian, on trouvera ces notes de publication sur le Web, autant pour la version stable courante que pour les précédentes (qui restent accessibles par leur nom de code) : <ulink type=\"block\" url=\"http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/releasenotes\" /> <ulink type=\"block\" url=\"http://www.debian.org/releases/wheezy/releasenotes\" />"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "In this section, we will focus on upgrading a <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Wheezy</emphasis> system to <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Jessie</emphasis>. This is a major operation on a system; as such, it is never 100% risk-free, and should not be attempted before all important data has been backed up."
msgid "In this section, we will focus on upgrading a <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stretch</emphasis> system to <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Buster</emphasis>. This is a major operation on a system; as such, it is never 100% risk-free, and should not be attempted before all important data has been backed up."
msgstr "Nous allons ici nous attacher particulièrement à la migration d'un système <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Wheezy</emphasis> en <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Jessie</emphasis>. Comme toute opération majeure sur un système, cette mise à jour comporte une certaine part de risque et il est donc vivement conseillé de s'assurer que les données importantes sont sauvegardées avant de s'engager dans la procédure."
msgid "Another good habit which makes the upgrade easier (and shorter) is to tidy your installed packages and keep only the ones that are really needed. Helpful tools to do that include <command>aptitude</command>, <command>deborphan</command> and <command>debfoster</command> (see <xref linkend=\"sect.automatic-tracking\" />). For example, you can use the following command, and then use <command>aptitude</command>'s interactive mode to double check and fine-tune the scheduled removals:"
msgstr "Pour faciliter (et raccourcir) la mise à jour, il est également recommandé de faire un peu de nettoyage dans les paquets installés, pour ne garder que ceux qui sont réellement nécessaires. Pour cela, on mettra à profit les fonctions d'<command>apt-get</command>, éventuellement en conjonction avec <command>deborphan</command> et <command>debfoster</command> (voir <xref linkend=\"sect.automatic-tracking\" />). On pourra par exemple utiliser la commande suivante :"
msgid "# <userinput>deborphan | xargs aptitude --schedule-only remove</userinput>"
msgstr "# <userinput>deborphan | xargs aptitude --schedule-only remove</userinput>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<emphasis>TIP</emphasis> Package naming conventions"
msgid "<emphasis>TIP</emphasis> Finding changed files"
msgstr "<emphasis>ASTUCE</emphasis> Conventions de nommage de certains paquets"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><command>debfoster</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>debsums</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>debfoster</command></primary>"
msgid "The <command>debsums</command> command can check if files on the local system, which are part of an installed package, have been altered. It uses a simple hashsum algorithm and the information in <filename>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<replaceable>package</replaceable>.md5sums</filename> (see <xref linkend=\"sect.conffiles\" />). To find all altered configuration files use <command>debsums -ec</command>. To check the whole system, use <command>debsums -c</command>."
msgstr ""
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "Now for the upgrading itself. First, you need to change the <filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename> file to tell APT to get its packages from <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Jessie</emphasis> instead of <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Wheezy</emphasis>. If the file only contains references to <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> rather than explicit codenames, the change isn't even required, since <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> always refers to the latest released version of Debian. In both cases, the database of available packages must be refreshed (with the <command>apt update</command> command or the refresh button in <command>synaptic</command>)."
msgid "Now for the upgrading itself. First, you need to change the <filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename> file to tell APT to get its packages from <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Buster</emphasis> instead of <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stretch</emphasis>. If the file only contains references to <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> rather than explicit codenames, the change isn't even required, since <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> always refers to the latest released version of Debian. In both cases, the database of available packages must be refreshed (with the <command>apt update</command> command or the refresh button in <command>synaptic</command>)."
msgstr "Passons à la mise à jour du système. On commencera par indiquer à APT qu'il doit utiliser <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Jessie</emphasis> au lieu de <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Wheezy</emphasis>, en modifiant le fichier <filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename> en conséquence. Si ce fichier ne contient que des références à <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> et non à un de ces noms de code, c'est encore plus simple : la modification n'est pas nécessaire, puisque <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> est toujours identique à la dernière version publiée de Debian. Dans les deux cas, on n'oubliera pas de rafraîchir la base de données des paquets disponibles (<command>apt update</command>, ou le bouton de mise à jour dans <command>synaptic</command>)."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<emphasis>IN PRACTICE</emphasis> The Falcot Corp case"
msgid "<emphasis>NOTE</emphasis> Repository information changes"
msgstr "<emphasis>EN PRATIQUE</emphasis> Le cas de Falcot SA"
msgid "When a new stable version of Debian is released, some fields in the <filename>Release</filename> and <filename>InRelease</filename> files of a repository change, like the <literal>Suite</literal> field. When this happens, downloading data from the repository is declined until the change is confirmed to ensure the user is prepared for it. To confirm the change use the <literal>--allow-releaseinfo-change</literal> or <literal>--allow-releaseinfo-change-<replaceable>field</replaceable></literal> options for <command>apt-get</command> or the <literal>Acquire::AllowReleaseInfoChange</literal> configuration option."
msgstr ""
msgid "Once these new package sources are registered, you should first do a minimal upgrade with <command>apt upgrade</command>. By doing the upgrade in two steps, we ease the job of the package management tools and often ensure that we have the latest versions of those, which might have accumulated bugfixes and improvements required to complete the full distribution upgrade."
msgstr "Une fois que ces nouvelles sources de paquets sont déclarées, la première chose à faire est une mise à jour minimale avec <command>apt upgrade</command>. Cette mise à jour en deux temps facilite la tâche des outils de gestion de paquets ; en particulier, cela assure que ces outils eux-mêmes sont dans leur dernière version et qu'ils disposent donc de correctifs et d'améliorations qui peuvent s'avérer nécessaires lors de la mise à jour complète de la distribution."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "Once this first upgrade is done, it is time to handle the upgrade itself, either with <command>apt full-upgrade</command>, <command>aptitude</command>, or <command>synaptic</command>. You should carefully check the suggested actions before applying them: you might want to add suggested packages or deselect packages which are only recommended and known not to be useful. In any case, the front-end should come up with a scenario ending in a coherent and up-to-date <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Jessie</emphasis> system. Then, all you need is to do is wait while the required packages are downloaded, answer the Debconf questions and possibly those about locally modified configuration files, and sit back while APT does its magic."
msgid "Once this first upgrade is done, it is time to handle the upgrade itself, either with <command>apt full-upgrade</command>, <command>aptitude</command>, or <command>synaptic</command>. You should carefully check the suggested actions before applying them: you might want to add suggested packages or deselect packages which are only recommended and known not to be useful. In any case, the front-end should come up with a scenario ending in a coherent and up-to-date <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Buster</emphasis> system. Then, all you need is to do is wait while the required packages are downloaded, answer the debconf questions and possibly those about locally modified configuration files, and sit back while APT does its magic."
msgstr "Une fois ces préliminaires accomplis, on pourra passer à la mise à jour proprement dite, soit avec <command>apt full-upgrade</command>, <command>aptitude</command> ou <command>synaptic</command>. On vérifiera les actions à effectuer avant de les déclencher (pour éventuellement ajouter des paquets suggérés, ou désélectionner des paquets qui ne sont que recommandés) ; le frontal devrait dans tous les cas arriver à un scénario dont la situation finale est un système <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Jessie</emphasis> cohérent et à jour. Il suffira alors de patienter durant le téléchargement des paquets, de répondre aux questions Debconf et de regarder la magie s'opérer pendant le reste de la procédure en gardant un œil attentif sur les éventuelles questions portant sur le remplacement de fichiers de configuration qui auraient été localement modifiés."
msgid "Handling Problems after an Upgrade"
msgstr "Gérer les problèmes consécutifs à une mise à jour"
msgid "In spite of the Debian maintainers' best efforts, a major system upgrade isn't always as smooth as you could wish. New software versions may be incompatible with previous ones (for instance, their default behavior or their data format may have changed). Also, some bugs may slip through the cracks despite the testing phase which always precedes a Debian release."
msgstr "Malgré tous les efforts des mainteneurs Debian, une mise à jour majeure du système d'exploitation cause parfois quelques soucis. Les nouvelles versions de certains logiciels sont parfois incompatibles avec les précédentes (évolution d'un format de données, comportement par défaut qui diffère, etc.). En outre, certains bogues passent inaperçus malgré la période de test précédant la publication d'une nouvelle version."
msgid "To anticipate some of these problems, you can install the <emphasis role=\"pkg\">apt-listchanges</emphasis> package, which displays information about possible problems at the beginning of a package upgrade. This information is compiled by the package maintainers and put in <filename>/usr/share/doc/<replaceable>package</replaceable>/NEWS.Debian</filename> files for the benefit of users. Reading these files (possibly through <emphasis role=\"pkg\">apt-listchanges</emphasis>) should help you avoid bad surprises."
msgstr "Pour anticiper les problèmes liés aux évolutions des logiciels mis à jour, il est utile d'installer le paquet <emphasis role=\"pkg\">apt-listchanges</emphasis>. Il affichera, au début d'une mise à jour de paquet, des informations relatives aux embarras possibles. Ces informations sont rédigées par les mainteneurs de paquets à l'intention des utilisateurs et placées dans des fichiers <filename>/usr/share/doc/<replaceable>paquet</replaceable>/NEWS.Debian</filename> et en tenir compte évitera toute mauvaise surprise."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "You might sometimes find that the new version of a software doesn't work at all. This generally happens if the application isn't particularly popular and hasn't been tested enough; a last-minute update can also introduce regressions which are only found after the stable release. In both cases, the first thing to do is to have a look at the bug tracking system at <literal>https://bugs.debian.org/<replaceable>package</replaceable></literal>, and check whether the problem has already been reported. If it hasn't, you should report it yourself with <command>reportbug</command>. If it is already known, the bug report and the associated messages are usually an excellent source of information related to the bug:"
msgid "You might sometimes find that the new version of a software doesn't work at all. This generally happens if the application isn't particularly popular and hasn't been tested enough; a last-minute update can also introduce regressions which are only found after the stable release. In both cases, the first thing to do is to have a look at the bug tracking system at <ulink url=\"https://bugs.debian.org\"><literal>https://bugs.debian.org/<replaceable>package</replaceable></literal></ulink>, and check whether the problem has already been reported. If this is case it will be also listed before the upgrade begins, if you have <emphasis role=\"pkg\">apt-listbugs</emphasis> installed. If it hasn't, you should report it yourself with <command>reportbug</command>. If it is already known, the bug report and the associated messages are usually an excellent source of information related to the bug:"
msgstr "Parfois, la nouvelle version d'un logiciel ne fonctionne plus du tout. C'est par exemple le cas si le logiciel n'est pas très populaire et n'a pas été suffisamment testé ; une mise à jour de dernière minute peut aussi introduire des régressions qui ne sont découvertes qu'après publication. Dans ce cas, le premier réflexe sain est de consulter le système de suivi de bogue à l'adresse <literal>https://bugs.debian.org/<replaceable>paquet</replaceable></literal> pour déterminer si le problème est déjà connu et signalé. Si ce n'est pas le cas, il faut le signaler avec <command>reportbug</command>. Sinon, la lecture du rapport de bogue sera généralement très instructive :"
msgid "sometimes a patch already exists, and it is available on the bug report; you can then recompile a fixed version of the broken package locally (see <xref linkend=\"sect.rebuilding-package\" />);"
msgstr "On peut y découvrir l'existence d'un correctif qui permet alors de recompiler localement une version corrigée du paquet Debian (voir <xref linkend=\"sect.rebuilding-package\" />);"
msgid "in other cases, users may have found a workaround for the problem and shared their insights about it in their replies to the report;"
msgstr "Parfois, d'autres utilisateurs ont trouvé un moyen de contourner le problème et partagent leur expérience dans l'historique du bogue;"
msgid "in yet other cases, a fixed package may have already been prepared and made public by the maintainer."
msgstr "Enfin un paquet corrigé peut avoir été préparé par le mainteneur et être disponible en téléchargement."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "Depending on the severity of the bug, a new version of the package may be prepared specifically for a new revision of the stable release. When this happens, the fixed package is made available in the <literal>proposed-updates</literal> section of the Debian mirrors (see <xref linkend=\"sect.proposed-updates\" />). The corresponding entry can then be temporarily added to the <filename>sources.list</filename> file, and updated packages can be installed with <command>apt</command> or <command>aptitude</command>."
msgid "Depending on the severity of the bug, a new version of the package may be prepared specifically for a new revision of the stable release. When this happens, the fixed package is made available in the <literal>proposed-updates</literal> section of the Debian mirrors (see <xref linkend=\"sect.apt-sources.list.stable.proposed-updates\" />). The corresponding entry can then be temporarily added to the <filename>sources.list</filename> file, and updated packages can be installed with <command>apt</command> or <command>aptitude</command>."
msgstr "Selon la gravité du bogue, une nouvelle version peut être préparée pour être intégrée dans une nouvelle révision de la version stable. Dans ce cas, un paquet corrigé est peut-être disponible dans la section <literal>proposed-updates</literal> des miroirs Debian (voir <xref linkend=\"sect.proposed-updates\" />). On peut alors temporairement ajouter l'entrée correspondante dans son fichier <filename>sources.list</filename> et installer la mise à jour avec <command>apt</command> ou <command>aptitude</command>."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "Sometimes the fixed package isn't available in this section yet because it is pending a validation by the Stable Release Managers. You can verify if that's the case on their web page. Packages listed there aren't available yet, but at least you know that the publication process is ongoing. <ulink type=\"block\" url=\"https://release.debian.org/proposed-updates/stable.html\" />"
msgid "Sometimes the fixed package isn't available in this section yet because it is pending a validation by the Stable Release Managers. You can verify if that is the case on their web page. Packages listed there aren't available yet, but at least you know that the publication process is ongoing. <ulink type=\"block\" url=\"https://release.debian.org/proposed-updates/stable.html\" />"
msgstr "Si le paquet n'est pas encore disponible dans cette section, on peut vérifier s'il est en attente de validation par les SRM (les gestionnaires de la version stable) en consultant leur page web. Les paquets listés sur cette page ne sont pas encore disponibles publiquement mais l'on sait au moins que le processus de publication suit son cours. <ulink type=\"block\" url=\"https://release.debian.org/proposed-updates/stable.html\" />"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "Handling Problems after an Upgrade"
msgid "Cleaning Up after an Upgrade"
msgstr "Gérer les problèmes consécutifs à une mise à jour"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>package</primary><secondary>seal</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>upgrade</primary><secondary>cleaning</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>paquet</primary><secondary>scellement</secondary>"
msgid "APT usually ensures a clean upgrade, pulling in new and updated dependencies, or removing conflicting packages. But even being such a great tool, it cannot cover all tasks users and administrators will face after an upgrade, because they require a human decision."
msgstr ""
msgid "Packages removed from the Debian Archive"
msgstr ""
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><command>apt show</command></primary>"
msgid "<primary><command>apt-show-versions</command></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><command>apt show</command></primary>"
msgid "Sometimes the Debian FTP Masters remove packages from the Debian archive, because they contain release critical bugs, were abandoned by their upstream author or their package maintainer, or simply reached their end of life. In this case a newer Debian release does not ship the package anymore. To find all packages, which do not have a package source, use the <command>apt-show-versions</command> command:"
msgstr ""
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<computeroutput># </computeroutput><userinput>apt --reinstall install postfix</userinput>"
msgid "<computeroutput>$ </computeroutput><userinput>apt-show-versions | grep \"No available version\"</userinput>"
msgstr "<computeroutput># </computeroutput><userinput>apt --reinstall install postfix</userinput>"
msgid "A similar result can be achieved by <command>aptitude search ~o</command>. If the packages found are not required anymore, they should be purged from the system, because they will not face any updates for critical or security related bugs anymore."
msgstr ""
msgid "Dummy and Transitional Packages"
msgstr ""
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>removal of a package</primary>"
msgid "<primary>dummy package</primary>"
msgstr "<primary>suppression d'un paquet</primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>removal of a package</primary>"
msgid "<primary>transitional package</primary>"
msgstr "<primary>suppression d'un paquet</primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>package</primary><secondary>seal</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>package</primary><secondary>transitional</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>paquet</primary><secondary>scellement</secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>package</primary><secondary>seal</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>package</primary><secondary>dummy</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>paquet</primary><secondary>scellement</secondary>"
msgid "Sometimes, it might be necessary for a package to get a new name. In this case often the old package is kept as an (almost) empty package, depending on the new one and installing only the mandatory files in <filename>/usr/share/doc/<replaceable>package</replaceable>/</filename>. Such packages are called \"dummy\" or \"transitional\" packages. If the package maintainer in charge also changed the section of this package to <literal>oldlibs</literal>, then tools like <command>aptitude</command>, <command>deboprhan</command>, or <command>debfoster</command> (see sidebar <xref linkend=\"sidebar.deborphan-debfoster\" />) can pickup these packages to suggest their removal."
msgstr ""
msgid "Unfortunately there is currently no foolproof way of making sure that these packages are automatically removed or picked by the tools mentioned above. One way to check if the system still has some of these packages installed, is to look through the package descriptions of installed packages and then check the results. Be careful not to schedule the results for automatic removal, because this method can lead to false positives:"
msgstr ""
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<computeroutput>$ </computeroutput><userinput>dpkg --get-selections >pkg-list</userinput>"
msgid "<computeroutput>$ </computeroutput><userinput>dpkg -l | grep ^ii | grep -i -E \"(transition|dummy)\"</userinput>"
msgstr "<computeroutput>$ </computeroutput><userinput>dpkg --get-selections >liste-pkg</userinput>"
msgid "Because the new package is pulled in as a dependency of the transitional package, it is usually marked as automatically installed and might be scheduled for removal if you try to purge the transitional package from your system. In this case you can use either of the approaches described in sidebar <xref linkend=\"sidebar.apt-install-and-remove\" /> and <xref linkend=\"sect.automatic-tracking\" /> to selectively remove the transitional package."
msgstr ""
msgid "Old or Unused Configuration Files"
msgstr ""
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>main</literal></secondary>"
msgid "<primary>configuration files</primary><secondary><filename>.dpkg-dist</filename></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>main</literal></secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>main</literal></secondary>"
msgid "<primary>configuration files</primary><secondary><filename>.dpkg-old</filename></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>main</literal></secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>contrib</literal></secondary>"
msgid "<primary>configuration files</primary><secondary><filename>.ucf-old</filename></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>contrib</literal></secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>main</literal></secondary>"
msgid "<primary>configuration files</primary><secondary><filename>.ucf-new</filename></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>main</literal></secondary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>main</literal></secondary>"
msgid "<primary>configuration files</primary><secondary><filename>.ucf-dist</filename></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>section</primary><secondary><literal>main</literal></secondary>"
msgid "If the upgrade was successful there might be some configuration file cruft, either from dpkg (see <xref linkend=\"sect.conffiles\" />), ucf or from removed packages. The latter can be <link linkend=\"sidebar.purge\">purged</link> by using <command>apt autoremove --purge</command>. The configuration files, that were handled by <emphasis role=\"pkg\">dpkg</emphasis> or <emphasis role=\"pkg\">ucf</emphasis> during the upgrade process, have left some counterparts with a dedicated suffix (e.g. <filename>.dpkg-dist</filename>, <filename>.dpkg-old</filename>, <filename>.ucf-old</filename>). Using the <command>find</command> or <command>locate</command> command can help to track them down. If they are no longer of any use, they can be deleted."
msgstr ""
msgid "Files not owned by any Package"
msgstr ""
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><emphasis role=\"pkg\">approx</emphasis></primary>"
msgid "<primary><emphasis role=\"pkg\">cruft</emphasis></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><emphasis role=\"pkg\">approx</emphasis></primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><emphasis role=\"pkg\">apt-cacher-ng</emphasis></primary>"
msgid "<primary><emphasis role=\"pkg\">cruft-ng</emphasis></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><emphasis role=\"pkg\">apt-cacher-ng</emphasis></primary>"
msgid "The Debian policy enforces that packages don't leave files behind when they are purged. Violating this principle is a serious bug and you will rarely encounter it. If you do, report it; and if you are curious though, you can use the <emphasis role=\"pkg\">cruft</emphasis> or <emphasis role=\"pkg\">cruft-ng</emphasis> package to check your system for files not owned by any package."
msgstr ""
msgid "Keeping a System Up to Date"
msgstr "Maintenir un système à jour"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "The Debian distribution is dynamic and changes continually. Most of the changes are in the <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> and <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis> versions, but even <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> is updated from time to time, mostly for security-related fixes. Whatever version of Debian a system runs, it is generally a good idea to keep it up to date, so that you can get the benefit of recent evolutions and bug fixes."
msgid "The Debian distribution is dynamic and changes continually. Most of the changes are in the <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> and <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis> versions, but even <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> is updated from time to time, mostly for security-related fixes. Whatever version of Debian a system runs, it is generally a good idea to keep it up to date, so that you can get the benefit of recent evolution and bug fixes."
msgstr "Debian est une distribution qui évolue au fil du temps. Bien que les changements soient surtout visibles dans les versions <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> et <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Unstable</emphasis>, même la version <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis> voit quelques modifications de temps en temps (il s'agit principalement de correctifs pour des problèmes de sécurité). Quelle que soit la version installée, il est souvent utile de rester à jour, pour profiter des dernières évolutions et des corrections de bogues."
msgid "While it is of course possible to periodically run a tool to check for available updates and run the upgrades, such a repetitive task is tedious, especially when it needs to be performed on several machines. Fortunately, like many repetitive tasks, it can be partly automated, and a set of tools have already been developed to that effect."
msgstr "Bien sûr, il est possible de lancer régulièrement un outil vérifiant l'existence de paquets mis à jour, puis de déclencher l'opération. Cependant, c'est une tâche fastidieuse et répétitive, surtout si l'on a plusieurs machines à administrer. Il existe heureusement des outils permettant d'automatiser une partie des opérations."
msgid "The first of these tools is <command>apticron</command>, in the package of the same name. Its main effect is to run a script daily (via <command>cron</command>). The script updates the list of available packages, and, if some installed packages are not in the latest available version, it sends an email with a list of these packages along with the changes that have been made in the new versions. Obviously, this package mostly targets users of Debian <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis>, since the daily emails would be very long for the faster paced versions of Debian. When updates are available, <command>apticron</command> automatically downloads them. It does not install them — the administrator will still do it — but having the packages already downloaded and available locally (in APT's cache) makes the job faster."
msgstr "Citons tout d'abord <command>apticron</command>, dans le paquet du même nom. Il s'agit simplement d'un script, appelé quotidiennement par <command>cron</command>, qui met à jour la liste des paquets disponibles et envoie un courrier électronique à une adresse donnée pour lister les paquets qui ne sont pas installés dans leur dernière version, ainsi qu'une description des changements qui ont eu lieu. Ce script vise principalement les utilisateurs de Debian <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Stable</emphasis>, on s'en doute : ces e-mails seraient quotidiens et vraisemblablement très longs sur les versions plus mobiles de Debian. Lorsque des mises à jour sont disponibles, <command>apticron</command> les télécharge, mais ne les installe pas. L'administrateur peut ainsi exécuter la mise à jour plus rapidement, puisque les paquets sont déjà dans le cache d'APT, il ne sera plus nécessaire d'attendre qu'ils transitent depuis la source de paquets."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "Administrators in charge of several computers will no doubt appreciate being informed of pending upgrades, but the upgrades themselves are still as tedious as they used to be, which is where the <filename>/etc/cron.daily/apt</filename> script (in the <emphasis role=\"pkg\">apt</emphasis> package) comes in handy. This script is also run daily (and non-interactively) by <command>cron</command>. To control its behavior, use APT configuration variables (which are therefore stored in a file under <filename>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/</filename>). The main variables are:"
msgid "Administrators in charge of several computers will no doubt appreciate being informed of pending upgrades, but the upgrades themselves are still as tedious as they used to be. Periodic upgrades can be enabled: it uses a <command>systemd</command> timer unit or <command>cron</command>. If <emphasis role=\"pkg\">systemd</emphasis> is not installed, the <filename>/etc/cron.daily/apt-compat</filename> script (in the <emphasis role=\"pkg\">apt</emphasis> package) comes in handy. This script is run daily (and non-interactively) by <command>cron</command>. To control the behavior, use APT configuration variables (which are therefore stored in a file <filename>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/10periodic</filename>). The main variables are:"
msgstr "Si l'on administre plusieurs machines, il est certes intéressant d'être prévenu lorsque certaines ont besoin d'une mise à jour, mais cette opération elle-même peut rester fastidieuse. On pourra donc tirer parti du script <filename>/etc/cron.daily/apt</filename>, installé par le paquet <emphasis role=\"pkg\">apt</emphasis>. Ce script est lui aussi lancé quotidiennement par <command>cron</command>, donc sans interface interactive. Pour contrôler son fonctionnement, on utilisera des variables de configuration d'APT (qui seront donc stockées dans un fichier sous <filename>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/</filename>). Les plus importantes sont :"
msgid "<indexterm><primary>APT</primary><secondary><literal>APT::Periodic::Update-Package-Lists</literal></secondary></indexterm> <literal>APT::Periodic::Update-Package-Lists</literal>"
msgstr ""
msgid "This option allows you to specify the frequency (in days) at which the package lists are refreshed. <command>apticron</command> users can do without this variable, since <command>apticron</command> already does this task."
msgstr "Cette option permet de spécifier une fréquence (en jours) de mise à jour des listes de paquets. Si l'on utilise <command>apticron</command>, on pourra s'en passer, puisque cela ferait double emploi."
msgid "<indexterm><primary>APT</primary><secondary><literal>APT::Periodic::Download-Upgradeable-Packages</literal></secondary></indexterm> <literal>APT::Periodic::Download-Upgradeable-Packages</literal>"
msgstr ""
msgid "Again, this option indicates a frequency (in days), this time for the downloading of the actual packages. Again, <command>apticron</command> users won't need it."
msgstr "Cette option spécifie également une fréquence en jours, qui porte sur le téléchargement des paquets mis à jour. Là encore, les utilisateurs d'<command>apticron</command> pourront s'en passer."
msgid "<indexterm><primary>APT</primary><secondary><literal>APT::Periodic::AutocleanInterval</literal></secondary></indexterm> <literal>APT::Periodic::AutocleanInterval</literal>"
msgstr ""
msgid "This option covers a feature that <command>apticron</command> doesn't have. It controls how often obsolete packages (those not referenced by any distribution anymore) are removed from the APT cache. This keeps the APT cache at a reasonable size and means that you don't need to worry about that task."
msgstr "Cette option couvre une fonction que n'a pas <command>apticron</command> : elle spécifie la fréquence à laquelle le cache d'APT pourra être automatiquement épuré des paquets obsolètes (ceux qui ne sont plus disponibles sur les miroirs ni référencés par aucune distribution). Elle permet de ne pas avoir à se soucier de la taille du cache d'APT, qui sera ainsi régulée automatiquement."
msgid "<indexterm><primary>APT</primary><secondary><literal>APT::Periodic::Unattended-Upgrade</literal></secondary></indexterm> <literal>APT::Periodic::Unattended-Upgrade</literal>"
msgstr ""
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><emphasis role=\"pkg\">unattended-upgrades</emphasis></primary>"
msgid "<primary><emphasis role=\"pkg\">unattended-upgrades</emphasis></primary><secondary><filename>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/50unattended-upgrades</filename></secondary>"
msgstr "<primary><emphasis role=\"pkg\">unattended-upgrades</emphasis></primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary><filename>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/</filename></primary>"
msgid "<primary><filename>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/50unattended-upgrades</filename></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><filename>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/</filename></primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "When this option is enabled, the daily script will execute <command>unattended-upgrade</command> (from the <emphasis role=\"pkg\">unattended-upgrades</emphasis> package) which — as its name suggest — can automatize the upgrade process for some packages (by default it only takes care of security updates, but this can be customized in <filename>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/50unattended-upgrades</filename>). Note that this option can be set with the help of debconf by running <command>dpkg-reconfigure -plow unattended-upgrades</command>."
msgid "When this option is enabled, the daily script will execute <command>unattended-upgrade</command> (from the <emphasis role=\"pkg\">unattended-upgrades</emphasis> package) which — as its name suggest — can automatize the upgrade process for some packages (by default it only takes care of security updates, but this can be customized in <filename>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/50unattended-upgrades</filename>). Note that this option can be set with the help of debconf by running <command>dpkg-reconfigure -plow unattended-upgrades</command>. If <emphasis role=\"pkg\">apt-listbugs</emphasis> is installed it will prevent an automatic upgrade of packages which are affected by an already reported serious or grave bug."
msgstr "Lorsque cette option est activée, le script quotidien exécutera <command>unattended-upgrade</command> (dans le paquet <emphasis role=\"pkg\">unattended-upgrades</emphasis>) qui, comme son nom l'indique, automatise le processus de mise à jour pour certains paquets ; par défaut, il ne s'occupe que des mises à jour de sécurité, mais cela est configurable dans le fichier <filename>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/50unattended-upgrades</filename>). Notons que cette option peut être activée avec debconf, à l'aide de la commande <command>dpkg-reconfigure -plow unattended-upgrades</command>."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "Other options can allow you to control the cache cleaning behavior with more precision. They are not listed here, but they are described in the <filename>/etc/cron.daily/apt</filename> script."
msgid "Other options can allow you to control the cache cleaning behavior with more precision. They are not listed here, but they are described in the <filename>/usr/lib/apt/apt.systemd.daily</filename> script."
msgstr "D'autres options permettent de jouer plus finement sur le comportement du nettoyage de cache ; nous ne les aborderons pas ici, mais elles sont décrites dans le script <filename>/etc/cron.daily/apt</filename> lui-même."
msgid "<primary><emphasis role=\"pkg\">gnome-packagekit</emphasis></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><emphasis role=\"pkg\">gnome-packagekit</emphasis></primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "These tools work very well for servers, but desktop users generally prefer a more interactive system. That is why the “Debian desktop environment” task installs <emphasis role=\"pkg\">gnome-packagekit</emphasis> (at least when you select GNOME as desktop environment). It provides an icon in the notification area of desktop environments when updates are available; clicking on this icon then runs <command>gpk-update-viewer</command>, a simplified interface to perform updates. You can browse through available updates, read the short description of the relevant packages and the corresponding <filename>changelog</filename> entries, and select whether to apply the update or not on a case-by-case basis."
msgid "These tools work very well for servers, but desktop users generally prefer a more interactive system. The package <emphasis role=\"pkg\">gnome-software</emphasis> provides an icon in the notification area of desktop environments when updates are available; clicking on this icon then runs an interface to perform updates. You can browse through available updates, read the short description of the relevant packages and the corresponding <filename>changelog</filename> entries, and select whether to apply the update or not on a case-by-case basis."
msgstr "Ces outils conviennent très bien pour des serveurs, mais pour un ordinateur de bureau, on préférera en général un mécanisme plus interactif. C'est pourquoi la tâche « Environnement de bureau Debian » référence <command>gnome-packagekit</command> (au moins lorsqu'on sélectionne GNOME comme environnement de bureau). Ce paquet fournit une petite application qui affiche une icône dans la zone de notification d'un environnement de bureau lorsque des mises à jour sont disponibles. Dans ce cas, un clic sur cette icône lance <command>gpk-update-viewer</command>, une interface simplifiée pour effectuer des mises à jour. Elle permet de naviguer dans les mises à jour disponibles, de lire le <filename>changelog</filename> et la description des paquets concernés, et de décider individuellement si une mise à jour doit être installée ou non."
msgid "Upgrading with <command>gpk-update-viewer</command>"
msgstr "Mise à jour avec <command>gpk-update-viewer</command>"
msgid "This tool is no longer installed in the default GNOME desktop. The new philosophy is that security updates should be automatically installed, either in the background or, preferably, when you shutdown your computer so as to not confuse any running application."
msgstr ""
msgid "Automatic Upgrades"
msgstr "Mise à jour automatique"
msgid "<primary>upgrade</primary><secondary>automatic system upgrade</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>mise à jour</primary><secondary>automatique du système</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>automatic upgrade</primary>"
msgstr "<primary>automatisation de la mise à jour</primary>"
msgid "Since Falcot Corp has many computers but only limited manpower, its administrators try to make upgrades as automatic as possible. The programs in charge of these processes must therefore run with no human intervention."
msgstr "Dans le contexte de Falcot SA, qui inclut de nombreuses machines et des ressources humaines limitées, les administrateurs souhaitent automatiser au maximum les mises à jour. Les programmes chargés de ces opérations doivent donc fonctionner sans intervention humaine."
msgid "Configuring <command>dpkg</command>"
msgstr "Configuration de <command>dpkg</command>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "As we have already mentioned (see sidebar <xref linkend=\"sidebar.questions-conffiles\" />), <command>dpkg</command> can be instructed not to ask for confirmation when replacing a configuration file (with the <literal>--force-confdef --force-confold</literal> options). Interactions can, however, have three other sources: some come from APT itself, some are handled by <command>debconf</command>, and some happen on the command line due to package configuration scripts."
msgid "As we have already mentioned (see sidebar <xref linkend=\"sidebar.questions-conffiles\" />), <command>dpkg</command> can be instructed not to ask for confirmation when replacing a configuration file (with the <literal>--force-confdef --force-confold</literal> options). Interactions can, however, have three other sources: some come from APT itself, some are handled by <command>debconf</command>, and some happen on the command line due to package configuration scripts (sometimes handled by <emphasis role=\"pkg\">ucf</emphasis>)."
msgstr "Nous avons déjà vu (encadré <xref linkend=\"sidebar.questions-conffiles\" />) comment interdire à <command>dpkg</command> de demander confirmation du remplacement d'un fichier de configuration (avec les options <literal>--force-confdef --force-confold</literal>). Il reste trois éléments à prendre en compte : les interactions générées par APT lui-même, celles provenant de <command>debconf</command> et les interactions en ligne de commande intégrées dans les scripts de configuration des paquets."
msgid "Configuring APT"
msgstr "Configuration d'APT"
msgid "The case of APT is simple: the <literal>-y</literal> option (or <literal>--assume-yes</literal>) tells APT to consider the answer to all its questions to be “yes”."
msgstr "En ce qui concerne APT, la réponse est simple. Il suffit de lui préciser l'option <literal>-y</literal> ou <literal>--assume-yes</literal>, qui répondra « oui » automatiquement à toutes les questions qu'il aurait pu poser."
msgid "Configuring <command>debconf</command>"
msgstr "Configuration de <command>debconf</command>"
msgid "The case of <command>debconf</command> deserves more details. This program was, from its inception, designed to control the relevance and volume of questions displayed to the user, as well as the way they are shown. That is why its configuration requests a minimal priority for questions; only questions above the minimal priority are displayed. <command>debconf</command> assumes the default answer (defined by the package maintainer) for questions which it decided to skip."
msgstr "Pour <command>debconf</command>, la réponse mérite un plus long développement. Dès sa naissance, ce programme fut prévu pour permettre de vérifier la pertinence et le volume des questions posées à l'utilisateur, ainsi que la manière dont elles le seront. C'est pourquoi sa configuration demande la priorité minimale à partir de laquelle <command>debconf</command> posera une question. Quand il s'interdit d'interroger l'humain, ce programme utilise automatiquement la valeur par défaut définie par le mainteneur du paquet. Il faut encore choisir une interface pour l'affichage des questions (frontal, ou <foreignphrase>front-end</foreignphrase> en anglais)."
msgid "The other relevant configuration element is the interface used by the front-end. If you choose <literal>noninteractive</literal> out of the choices, all user interaction is disabled. If a package tries to display an informative note, it will be sent to the administrator by email."
msgstr "Parmi la liste des interfaces possibles, <literal>noninteractive</literal> (non interactive) est très particulière : la choisir désactive toute interaction avec l'utilisateur. Si un paquet désire malgré tout lui communiquer une note d'information, celle-ci sera automatiquement transformée en courrier électronique."
msgid "To reconfigure <command>debconf</command>, use the <command>dpkg-reconfigure</command> tool from the <emphasis role=\"pkg\">debconf</emphasis> package; the relevant command is <command>dpkg-reconfigure debconf</command>. Note that the configured values can be temporarily overridden with environment variables when needed (for instance, <varname>DEBIAN_FRONTEND</varname> controls the interface, as documented in the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> manual page)."
msgstr "Pour reconfigurer <command>debconf</command>, on utilise l'outil <command>dpkg-reconfigure</command> inclus dans le paquet <command>debconf</command> ; la commande est <command>dpkg-reconfigure debconf</command>. Il est aussi possible de changer temporairement les choix de configuration effectués à l'aide de variables d'environnement (<varname>DEBIAN_FRONTEND</varname> permet ainsi de changer d'interface, comme expliqué dans la page de manuel <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>)."
msgid "Handling Command Line Interactions"
msgstr "Gestion des interactions en ligne de commande"
msgid "The last source of interactions, and the hardest to get rid of, is the configuration scripts run by <command>dpkg</command>. There is unfortunately no standard solution, and no answer is overwhelmingly better than another."
msgstr "Finalement, les interactions en ligne de commande des scripts de configuration exécutés par <command>dpkg</command> sont les plus difficiles à éliminer. Il n'existe en effet aucune solution standard et aucune réponse n'est meilleure qu'une autre."
msgid "The common approach is to suppress the standard input by redirecting the empty content of <filename>/dev/null</filename> into it with <command><replaceable>command</replaceable> </dev/null</command>, or to feed it with an endless stream of newlines. None of these methods is 100 % reliable, but they generally lead to the default answers being used, since most scripts consider a lack of reply as an acceptance of the default value."
msgstr "La solution généralement employée est de supprimer l'entrée standard (en y redirigeant le contenu de <filename>/dev/null</filename>, par exemple avec la syntaxe <command><replaceable>commande</replaceable> </dev/null</command>), ou d'y brancher un flux continu de retours à la ligne. Aucune de ces méthodes n'est fiable à 100 % mais elles permettent en général d'accepter les choix par défaut, puisque la plupart des scripts interprètent l'absence de réponse explicite comme une validation de la valeur proposée par défaut."
msgid "The Miracle Combination"
msgstr "La combinaison miracle"
msgid "By combining the previous elements, it is possible to design a small but rather reliable script which can handle automatic upgrades."
msgstr "Si l'on met bout à bout les éléments de configuration exposés dans les sections précédentes, il est possible de rédiger un petit script capable d'effectuer une mise à jour automatique assez fiable."
msgid "Non-interactive upgrade script"
msgstr "Script pour mise à jour non interactive"
msgid ""
"export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive\n"
"yes '' | apt-get -y -o DPkg::options::=\"--force-confdef\" -o DPkg::options::=\"--force-confold\" dist-upgrade"
msgstr ""
"export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive\n"
"yes '' | apt-get -y -o DPkg::options::=\"--force-confdef\" -o DPkg::options::=\"--force-confold\" dist-upgrade"
msgid "<emphasis>IN PRACTICE</emphasis> The Falcot Corp case"
msgstr "<emphasis>EN PRATIQUE</emphasis> Le cas de Falcot SA"
msgid "Falcot computers are a heterogeneous system, with machines having various functions. Administrators will therefore pick the most relevant solution for each computer."
msgstr "Les administrateurs de Falcot doivent s'adapter à un système informatique hétérogène, dont les machines servent des buts différents. Ils choisiront donc pour chaque machine la solution la plus adaptée."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "In practice, the servers running <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Jessie</emphasis> are configured with the “miracle combination” above, and are kept up to date automatically. Only the most critical servers (the firewalls, for instances) are set up with <command>apticron</command>, so that upgrades always happen under the supervision of an administrator."
msgid "In practice, the servers running <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Buster</emphasis> are configured with the “miracle combination” above, and are kept up to date automatically. Only the most critical servers (the firewalls, for instances) are set up with <command>apticron</command>, so that upgrades always happen under the supervision of an administrator."
msgstr "En pratique, les serveurs (sous <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Jessie</emphasis>) utiliseront la « combinaison miracle » évoquée ci-dessus, pour être maintenus à jour automatiquement. Seuls les plus critiques (les pare-feu, par exemple) seront configurés pour utiliser <command>apticron</command>, afin que les mises à jour ne se fassent que sous le contrôle d'un administrateur."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "The office workstations in the administrative services also run <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Jessie</emphasis>, but they are equipped with <emphasis role=\"pkg\">gnome-packagekit</emphasis>, so that users trigger the upgrades themselves. The rationale for this decision is that if upgrades happen without an explicit action, the behavior of the computer might change unexpectedly, which could cause confusion for the main users."
msgid "The office workstations in the administrative services also run <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Buster</emphasis>, but they are equipped with <emphasis role=\"pkg\">gnome-packagekit</emphasis>, so that users trigger the upgrades themselves. The rationale for this decision is that if upgrades happen without an explicit action, the behavior of the computer might change unexpectedly, which could cause confusion for the main users."
msgstr "Les postes bureautiques du service administratif (en <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Jessie</emphasis> aussi) seront configurés avec <emphasis role=\"pkg\">gnome-packagekit</emphasis>, de sorte que les utilisateurs pourront déclencher les mises à jour eux-mêmes ; il est en effet important qu'elles se fassent à l'initiative des utilisateurs principaux des ordinateurs, sans quoi des modifications imprévues et silencieuses (donc mystérieuses) pourraient les perturber."
msgid "In the lab, the few computers using <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> — to take advantage of the latest software versions — are not upgraded automatically either. Administrators only configure APT to prepare the upgrades but not enact them; when they decide to upgrade (manually), the tedious parts of refreshing package lists and downloading packages will be avoided, and administrators can focus on the really useful part."
msgstr "Enfin, pour les quelques ordinateurs du laboratoire qui utilisent <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Testing</emphasis> pour bénéficier des dernières versions des logiciels, les administrateurs de Falcot décident simplement de configurer APT pour qu'il prépare périodiquement les mises à jour, sans les effectuer. De cette manière, lorsqu'ils voudront mettre à niveau (manuellement) ces machines expérimentales, ils pourront se concentrer sur les actions réellement utiles, les phases fastidieuses de téléchargement ayant déjà été effectuées automatiquement."
msgid "Searching for Packages"
msgstr "Recherche de paquets"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>package</primary><secondary>search</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>package</primary><secondary>search package</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>paquet</primary><secondary>recherche</secondary>"
msgid "With the large and ever-growing amount of software in Debian, there emerges a paradox: Debian usually has a tool for most tasks, but that tool can be very difficult to find amongst the myriad other packages. The lack of appropriate ways to search for (and to find) the right tool has long been a problem. Fortunately, this problem has almost entirely been solved."
msgstr "Avec la quantité énorme, et sans cesse croissante, de logiciels distribués par Debian, il se manifeste un paradoxe : lorsque l'on a un besoin, la quantité de paquets disponibles rend parfois difficile la recherche d'un paquet correspondant à ce besoin. Il existe, mais il est enfoui si profond sous une myriade d'autres qu'il est introuvable. Le besoin d'outils de recherche de paquets s'est donc fait de plus en plus criant au fil du temps. Il semble que ce problème soit en passe d'être résolu."
msgid "The most trivial search possible is looking up an exact package name. If <command>apt show <replaceable>package</replaceable></command> returns a result, then the package exists. Unfortunately, this requires knowing or even guessing the package name, which isn't always possible."
msgstr "La recherche la plus triviale correspond à une recherche sur le nom exact d'un paquet. Si <command>apt show <replaceable>paquet</replaceable></command> renvoie un résultat, c'est que le paquet existe. Malheureusement, il n'est pas toujours facile de deviner le nom du paquet."
msgid "<emphasis>TIP</emphasis> Package naming conventions"
msgstr "<emphasis>ASTUCE</emphasis> Conventions de nommage de certains paquets"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>package</primary><secondary>installation</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>package</primary><secondary>naming conventions</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>paquet</primary><secondary>installation</secondary>"
msgid "Some categories of packages are named according to a conventional naming scheme; knowing the scheme can sometimes allow you to guess exact package names. For instance, for Perl modules, the convention says that a module called <literal>XML::Handler::Composer</literal> upstream should be packaged as <emphasis role=\"pkg\">libxml-handler-composer-perl</emphasis>. The library enabling the use of the <command>gconf</command> system from Python is packaged as <emphasis role=\"pkg\">python-gconf</emphasis>. It is unfortunately not possible to define a fully general naming scheme for all packages, even though package maintainers usually try to follow the choice of the upstream developers."
msgstr "Certaines catégories de paquets suivent une nomenclature conventionnelle qui peut permettre de deviner le nom du paquet Debian. Par exemple, pour les modules Perl, la convention dicte qu'un module publié en amont sous le nom <literal>XML::Handler::Composer</literal> sera empaqueté en tant que <emphasis role=\"pkg\">libxml-handler-composer-perl</emphasis>. La bibliothèque permettant d'utiliser le système <command>gconf</command> en Python est empaquetée sous le nom <emphasis role=\"pkg\">python-gconf</emphasis>. Il n'est hélas pas possible d'établir une convention de nommage pour tous les paquets, même si le responsable essaie généralement de rester au plus près du nom choisi par le développeur amont."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "A slightly more successful searching pattern is a plain-text search in package names, but it remains very limited. You can generally find results by searching package descriptions: since each package has a more or less detailed description in addition to its package name, a keyword search in these descriptions will often be useful. <command>apt-cache</command> and <command>axi-cache</command> are the tools of choice for this kind of search; for instance, <command>apt-cache search video</command> will return a list of all packages whose name or description contains the keyword “video”."
msgid "A slightly more successful searching pattern is a plain-text search in package names, but it remains very limited. You can generally find results by searching package descriptions: since each package has a more or less detailed description in addition to its package name, a keyword search in these descriptions will often be useful. <command>apt-cache</command> and <command>axi-cache</command> are the tools of choice for this kind of search (see <xref linkend=\"sidebar.apt-axi-cache\" />); for instance, <command>apt-cache search video</command> will return a list of all packages whose name or description contains the keyword “video”."
msgstr "On peut aussi effectuer des recherches textuelles sur les noms des paquets, mais cela ne fait pas beaucoup avancer les choses. On n'obtient quelque chose de réellement utilisable qu'avec les recherches sur les descriptions : chaque paquet ayant, en plus de son nom, une description plus ou moins détaillée, une recherche par mots-clés pourra souvent rapporter des résultats. On utilisera pour cela <command>apt-cache</command> et <command>axi-cache</command> ; par exemple, <command>apt-cache search video</command> renverra la liste de tous les paquets contenant le mot-clé « video » dans leur nom ou leur description."
msgid "For more complex searches, a more powerful tool such as <command>aptitude</command> is required. <command>aptitude</command> allows you to search according to a logical expression based on the package's meta-data fields. For instance, the following command searches for packages whose name contains <literal>kino</literal>, whose description contains <literal>video</literal> and whose maintainer's name contains <literal>paul</literal>:"
msgstr "Si l'on souhaite effectuer des recherches plus complexes, on pourra utiliser <command>aptitude</command>, qui permet de spécifier une expression logique portant sur différents champs des paquets. Par exemple, on pourra obtenir la liste des paquets dont le nom contient <literal>kino</literal>, la description <literal>video</literal> et le nom du responsable <literal>paul</literal> :"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid ""
#| "$ <userinput>aptitude search kino~dvideo~mpaul</userinput>\n"
#| "p kino - Non-linear editor for Digital Video data\n"
#| "$ <userinput>aptitude show kino</userinput>\n"
#| "Package: kino\n"
#| "State: not installed\n"
#| "Version: 1.3.4-2.1+b1\n"
#| "Priority: extra\n"
#| "Section: video\n"
#| "Maintainer: Paul Brossier <piem@debian.org>\n"
#| "Architecture: amd64\n"
#| "Uncompressed Size: 8,472 k\n"
#| "Depends: libasound2 (>= 1.0.16), libatk1.0-0 (>= 1.12.4), libavc1394-0 (>=\n"
#| " 0.5.3), libavcodec56 (>= 6:11~beta1) | libavcodec-extra-56 (>=\n"
#| " 6:11~beta1), libavformat56 (>= 6:11~beta1), libavutil54 (>=\n"
#| " 6:11~beta1), libc6 (>= 2.14), libcairo2 (>= 1.2.4), libdv4,\n"
#| " libfontconfig1 (>= 2.11), libfreetype6 (>= 2.2.1), libgcc1 (>=\n"
#| " 1:4.1.1), libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0 (>= 2.22.0), libglade2-0 (>= 1:2.6.4-2~),\n"
#| " libglib2.0-0 (>= 2.12.0), libgtk2.0-0 (>= 2.24.0), libice6 (>=\n"
#| " 1:1.0.0), libiec61883-0 (>= 1.2.0), libpango-1.0-0 (>= 1.14.0),\n"
#| " libpangocairo-1.0-0 (>= 1.14.0), libpangoft2-1.0-0 (>= 1.14.0),\n"
#| " libquicktime2 (>= 2:1.2.2), libraw1394-11, libsamplerate0 (>= 0.1.7),\n"
#| " libsm6, libstdc++6 (>= 4.9), libswscale3 (>= 6:11~beta1), libx11-6,\n"
#| " libxext6, libxml2 (>= 2.7.4), libxv1, zlib1g (>= 1:1.1.4)\n"
#| "Recommends: ffmpeg, curl\n"
#| "Suggests: udev | hotplug, vorbis-tools, sox, mjpegtools, lame, ffmpeg2theora\n"
#| "Conflicts: kino-dvtitler, kino-timfx, kinoplus\n"
#| "Replaces: kino-dvtitler, kino-timfx, kinoplus\n"
#| "Provides: kino-dvtitler, kino-timfx, kinoplus\n"
#| "Description: Non-linear editor for Digital Video data\n"
#| " Kino allows you to record, create, edit, and play movies recorded with DV\n"
#| " camcorders. This program uses many keyboard commands for fast navigating and\n"
#| " editing inside the movie. \n"
#| " \n"
#| " The kino-timfx, kino-dvtitler and kinoplus sets of plugins, formerly\n"
#| " distributed as separate packages, are now provided with Kino.\n"
#| "Homepage: http://www.kinodv.org/\n"
#| "\n"
#| "Tags: field::arts, hardware::camera, implemented-in::c, implemented-in::c++,\n"
#| " interface::x11, role::program, scope::application, suite::gnome,\n"
#| " uitoolkit::gtk, use::editing, use::learning, works-with::video,\n"
#| " x11::application"
msgid ""
"$ <userinput>aptitude search kino~dvideo~mpaul</userinput>\n"
"p kino - Non-linear editor for Digital Video data\n"
"$ <userinput>aptitude show kino</userinput>\n"
"<![CDATA[Package: kino \n"
"Version: 1.3.4+dfsg0-1\n"
"State: not installed\n"
"Priority: optional\n"
"Section: video\n"
"Maintainer: Paul Brossier <piem@debian.org>\n"
"Architecture: amd64\n"
"Uncompressed Size: 8,304 k\n"
"Depends: libasound2 (>= 1.0.16), libatk1.0-0 (>= 1.12.4), libavc1394-0 (>= 0.5.3), libavcodec58 (>=\n"
" 7:4.0) | libavcodec-extra58 (>= 7:4.0), libavformat58 (>= 7:4.0), libavutil56 (>= 7:4.0),\n"
" libc6 (>= 2.14), libcairo2 (>= 1.2.4), libdv4 (>= 1.0.0), libfontconfig1 (>= 2.12.6),\n"
" libfreetype6 (>= 2.2.1), libgcc1 (>= 1:3.0), libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0 (>= 2.22.0), libglade2-0\n"
" (>= 1:2.6.4-2~), libglib2.0-0 (>= 2.16.0), libgtk2.0-0 (>= 2.24.32), libice6 (>= 1:1.0.0),\n"
" libiec61883-0 (>= 1.2.0), libpango-1.0-0 (>= 1.14.0), libpangocairo-1.0-0 (>= 1.14.0),\n"
" libpangoft2-1.0-0 (>= 1.14.0), libquicktime2 (>= 2:1.2.2), libraw1394-11, libsamplerate0\n"
" (>= 0.1.7), libsm6, libstdc++6 (>= 5.2), libswscale5 (>= 7:4.0), libx11-6, libxext6,\n"
" libxml2 (>= 2.7.4), libxv1, zlib1g (>= 1:1.1.4)\n"
"Recommends: ffmpeg, curl\n"
"Suggests: udev | hotplug, vorbis-tools, sox, mjpegtools, lame, ffmpeg2theora\n"
"Conflicts: kino-dvtitler, kino-timfx, kinoplus\n"
"Replaces: kino-dvtitler, kino-timfx, kinoplus\n"
"Provides: kino-dvtitler, kino-timfx, kinoplus\n"
"Description: Non-linear editor for Digital Video data\n"
" Kino allows you to record, create, edit, and play movies recorded with DV camcorders. This program\n"
" uses many keyboard commands for fast navigating and editing inside the movie.\n"
"\n"
" The kino-timfx, kino-dvtitler and kinoplus sets of plugins, formerly distributed as separate\n"
" packages, are now provided with Kino.\n"
"Homepage: http://www.kinodv.org/\n"
"Tags: field::arts, hardware::camera, implemented-in::c, implemented-in::c++, interface::graphical,\n"
" interface::x11, role::program, scope::application, suite::gnome, uitoolkit::gtk,\n"
" use::editing, use::learning, works-with::video, x11::application\n"
"]]>"
msgstr ""
"$ <userinput>aptitude search kino~dvideo~mpaul</userinput>\n"
"p kino - Non-linear editor for Digital Video data\n"
"$ <userinput>aptitude show kino</userinput>\n"
"Paquet : kino\n"
"État: non installé\n"
"Version : 1.3.4-2.1+b1\n"
"Priorité : supplémentaire\n"
"Section : video\n"
"Responsable : Paul Brossier <piem@debian.org>\n"
"Architecture : amd64\n"
"Taille décompressée : 8 472 k\n"
"Dépend: libasound2 (>= 1.0.16), libatk1.0-0 (>= 1.12.4), libavc1394-0 (>=\n"
" 0.5.3), libavcodec56 (>= 6:11~beta1) | libavcodec-extra-56 (>=\n"
" 6:11~beta1), libavformat56 (>= 6:11~beta1), libavutil54 (>=\n"
" 6:11~beta1), libc6 (>= 2.14), libcairo2 (>= 1.2.4), libdv4,\n"
" libfontconfig1 (>= 2.11), libfreetype6 (>= 2.2.1), libgcc1 (>=\n"
" 1:4.1.1), libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0 (>= 2.22.0), libglade2-0 (>= 1:2.6.4-2~),\n"
" libglib2.0-0 (>= 2.12.0), libgtk2.0-0 (>= 2.24.0), libice6 (>=\n"
" 1:1.0.0), libiec61883-0 (>= 1.2.0), libpango-1.0-0 (>= 1.14.0),\n"
" libpangocairo-1.0-0 (>= 1.14.0), libpangoft2-1.0-0 (>= 1.14.0),\n"
" libquicktime2 (>= 2:1.2.2), libraw1394-11, libsamplerate0 (>= 0.1.7),\n"
" libsm6, libstdc++6 (>= 4.9), libswscale3 (>= 6:11~beta1), libx11-6,\n"
" libxext6, libxml2 (>= 2.7.4), libxv1, zlib1g (>= 1:1.1.4)\n"
"Recommande: ffmpeg, curl\n"
"Suggère: udev | hotplug, vorbis-tools, sox, mjpegtools, lame, ffmpeg2theora\n"
"Est en conflit: kino-dvtitler, kino-dvtitler, kino-timfx, kino-timfx, kinoplus, kinoplus, kino\n"
"Remplace: kino-dvtitler, kino-dvtitler, kino-timfx, kino-timfx, kinoplus, kinoplus\n"
"Fournit: kino-dvtitler, kino-timfx, kinoplus\n"
"Description : Non-linear editor for Digital Video data\n"
" Kino allows you to record, create, edit, and play movies recorded with DV\n"
" camcorders. This program uses many keyboard commands for fast navigating and\n"
" editing inside the movie. \n"
" \n"
" The kino-timfx, kino-dvtitler and kinoplus sets of plugins, formerly\n"
" distributed as separate packages, are now provided with Kino.\n"
"Site : http://www.kinodv.org/\n"
"\n"
"Étiquettes: field::arts, hardware::camera, implemented-in::c, implemented-in::c++,\n"
" interface::x11, role::program, scope::application, suite::gnome,\n"
" uitoolkit::gtk, use::editing, use::learning, works-with::video,\n"
" x11::application"
msgid "The search only returns one package, <emphasis role=\"pkg\">kino</emphasis>, which satisfies all three criteria."
msgstr "Le résultat ne contient ici qu'un paquet, <emphasis role=\"pkg\">kino</emphasis>, qui satisfait bien les trois conditions requises."
msgid "Even these multi-criteria searches are rather unwieldy, which explains why they are not used as much as they could. A new tagging system has therefore been developed, and it provides a new approach to searching. Packages are given tags that provide a thematical classification along several strands, known as a “facet-based classification”. In the case of <emphasis role=\"pkg\">kino</emphasis> above, the package's tags indicate that Kino is a Gnome-based software that works on video data and whose main purpose is editing."
msgstr "Ces recherches multi-critères manquent un peu de flexibilité et ne sont donc pas toujours utilisées au maximum de leur puissance. Il a donc été mis en place un système de « marqueurs » ou « étiquettes » (en anglais, <foreignphrase>tags</foreignphrase>), qui propose une autre approche de la recherche. Ces étiquettes correspondent à une classification thématique des paquets selon plusieurs axes, appelée « classification à facettes ». Pour reprendre l'exemple de <emphasis role=\"pkg\">kino</emphasis> ci-dessus, on constate que ce paquet se présente sous la forme d'une interface graphique (qui utilise GTK), qu'il s'agit d'un logiciel Gnome, que sa fonction principale est l'édition et qu'il travaille sur des données de type vidéo."
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "Browsing this classification can help you to search for a package which corresponds to known needs; even if it returns a (moderate) number of hits, the rest of the search can be done manually. To do that, you can use the <literal>~G</literal> search pattern in <command>aptitude</command>, but it is probably easier to simply navigate the site where tags are managed: <ulink type=\"block\" url=\"http://debtags.alioth.debian.org/cloud/\" />"
msgid "Browsing this classification can help you to search for a package which corresponds to known needs; even if it returns a (moderate) number of hits, the rest of the search can be done manually. To do that, you can use the <literal>~G</literal> search pattern in <command>aptitude</command>, but it is probably easier to simply navigate the site where tags are managed: <ulink type=\"block\" url=\"https://debtags.debian.org/\" />"
msgstr "Il est alors possible de naviguer dans cette classification, à la recherche d'un paquet correspondant aux besoins, ou du moins d'un petit nombre de paquets parmi lesquels on pourra faire le tri manuellement. Pour cela, on pourra soit utiliser le motif de recherche <literal>~G</literal> dans <command>aptitude</command>, soit plus simplement naviguer vers le site qui centralise les étiquettes : <ulink type=\"block\" url=\"http://debtags.alioth.debian.org/cloud/\" />"
msgid "<primary><emphasis role=\"pkg\">debtags</emphasis></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><emphasis role=\"pkg\">debtags</emphasis></primary>"
msgid "<primary>tag</primary>"
msgstr "<primary>étiquette (tag)</primary>"
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<primary>package</primary><secondary>seal</secondary>"
msgid "<primary>package</primary><secondary>tags</secondary>"
msgstr "<primary>paquet</primary><secondary>scellement</secondary>"
msgid "Selecting the <literal>works-with::video</literal> and <literal>use::editing</literal> tags yields a handful of packages, including the <emphasis role=\"pkg\">kino</emphasis> and <emphasis role=\"pkg\">pitivi</emphasis> video editors. This system of classification is bound to be used more and more as time goes on, and package managers will gradually provide efficient search interfaces based on it."
msgstr "Si l'on sélectionne les étiquettes <literal>works-with::video</literal> et <literal>use::editing</literal>, on obtient une poignée de paquets, notamment les logiciels de montage vidéo <emphasis role=\"pkg\">kino</emphasis> et <emphasis role=\"pkg\">pitivi</emphasis>. Ce système de classification a vocation à être de plus en plus utilisé au fil du temps, à mesure que les outils de gestion de paquets fourniront des interfaces de recherche efficaces qui en tirent parti."
msgid "To sum up, the best tool for the job depends on the complexity of the search that you wish to do:"
msgstr "En résumé, selon la complexité des recherches que l'on souhaite mener, on utilisera un programme adapté :"
msgid "<command>apt-cache</command> only allows searching in package names and descriptions, which is very convenient when looking for a particular package that matches a few target keywords;"
msgstr "<command>apt-cache</command> ne permet que les recherches textuelles dans le nom et la description des paquets, il est très pratique pour retrouver rapidement le nom précis d'un paquet qu'on peut facilement décrire avec quelques mots-clés bien ciblés;"
msgid "when the search criteria also include relationships between packages or other meta-data such as the name of the maintainer, <command>synaptic</command> will be more useful;"
msgstr "Pour des recherches portant également sur les relations entre paquets et le nom du responsable, on pourra utiliser <command>synaptic</command>;"
msgid "when a tag-based search is needed, a good tool is <command>packagesearch</command>, a graphical interface dedicated to searching available packages along several criteria (including the names of the files that they contain). For usage on the command-line, <command>axi-cache</command> will fit the bill."
msgstr "Si l'on souhaite ajouter une recherche par étiquettes, on se dirigera vers <command>packagesearch</command>, interface graphique dont le seul but est de mener des recherches dans la liste des paquets disponibles, selon plusieurs critères ; on peut même chercher des paquets d'après le nom des fichiers qu'ils contiennent. Pour un usage en ligne de commande, on se tournera vers <command>axi-cache</command>."
msgid "<primary><emphasis role=\"pkg\">packagesearch</emphasis></primary>"
msgstr "<primary><emphasis role=\"pkg\">packagesearch</emphasis></primary>"
msgid "finally, when the searches involve complex expressions with logic operations, the tool of choice will be <command>aptitude</command>'s search pattern syntax, which is quite powerful despite being somewhat obscure; it works in both the command-line and the interactive modes."
msgstr "Enfin, si l'on a besoin de construire des requêtes complexes avec des opérateurs logiques, on utilisera la très puissante (mais relativement obscure) syntaxe des motifs de recherche d'<command>aptitude</command>, aussi bien en ligne de commande qu'en mode interactif."
#~ msgid "Each active line of the <filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename> file contains the description of a source, made of 3 parts separated by spaces."
#~ msgstr "Le fichier <filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename> contient sur chaque ligne active une description de source, qui se décompose en 3 parties séparées par des blancs."
#~ msgid "In practice, this repository is a subset of the <literal>proposed-updates</literal> repository, carefully selected by the Stable Release Managers."
#~ msgstr "En pratique, il s'agit d'un sous-ensemble du dépôt <literal>proposed-updates</literal>, sélectionné avec soin par les gestionnaires de publication de stable."
#~ msgid "The <literal>stable-backports</literal> repository is now available on the usual Debian mirrors. But backports for <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Squeeze</emphasis> are still hosted on a dedicated server (<literal>backports.debian.org</literal>), and requires the following <filename>sources.list</filename> entry:"
#~ msgstr "Le dépôt <literal>stable-backports</literal> est dorénavant disponible sur les miroirs Debian standards, mais les rétroportages pour <emphasis role=\"distribution\">Squeeze</emphasis> sont toujours hébergés sur un serveur dédié (<literal>backports.debian.org</literal>), et ont besoin de l'entrée suivante dans le fichier <filename>sources.list</filename> :"
#~ msgid "deb http://backports.debian.org/debian-backports squeeze-backports main contrib non-free"
#~ msgstr "deb http://backports.debian.org/debian-backports squeeze-backports main contrib non-free"
#~ msgid ""
#~ "# <userinput>apt install <replaceable>package1</replaceable> <replaceable>package2-</replaceable></userinput>\n"
#~ "[...]\n"
#~ "# <userinput>apt remove <replaceable>package1+</replaceable> <replaceable>package2</replaceable></userinput>\n"
#~ "[...]"
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "# <userinput>apt install <replaceable>paquet1</replaceable> <replaceable>paquet2-</replaceable></userinput>\n"
#~ "[...]\n"
#~ "# <userinput>apt remove <replaceable>paquet1+</replaceable> <replaceable>paquet2</replaceable></userinput>\n"
#~ "[...]"
#~ msgid "In more concrete terms, a package whose priority is less than 0 will never be installed. A package with a priority ranging between 0 and 100 will only be installed if no other version of the package is already installed. With a priority between 100 and 500, the package will only be installed if there is no other newer version installed or available in another distribution. A package of priority between 501 and 990 will only be installed if there is no newer version installed or available in the target distribution. With a priority between 990 and 1000, the package will be installed except if the installed version is newer. A priority greater than 1000 will always lead to the installation of the package even if it forces APT to downgrade to an older version."
#~ msgstr "Concrètement, un paquet de priorité inférieure à 0 ne sera jamais installé. Un paquet de priorité comprise entre 0 et 100 ne sera installé que si aucune autre version du même paquet n'est installée. Avec une priorité comprise entre 100 et 500, le paquet ne sera installé que s'il n'en existe aucune version plus récente, installée ou disponible dans une autre distribution. Un paquet de priorité entre 501 et 990 ne sera installé qu'à défaut de version plus récente, installée ou disponible dans la distribution cible. Une priorité entre 990 et 1 000 fera installer le paquet, sauf si la version installée est plus récente. Une priorité supérieure à 1 000 provoquera l'installation du paquet, même si cela force APT à installer une version plus ancienne que la version actuelle."
#~ msgid "To add the key to the trusted keyring, the administrator can run <command>apt-key add < key.asc</command>. Another way is to use the <command>synaptic</command> graphical interface: its “Authentication” tab in the <menuchoice><guimenu>Settings</guimenu> <guisubmenu>Repositories</guisubmenu></menuchoice> menu gives the possibility of importing a key from the <filename>key.asc</filename> file."
#~ msgstr "On peut alors ajouter cette clé de confiance par la commande <command>apt-key add < cle.asc</command> (à exécuter avec les droits administrateurs). Une autre manière de procéder existe avec l'interface graphique <command>synaptic</command> : l'onglet « Authentification » dans le menu <menuchoice><guimenu>Configuration</guimenu> <guisubmenu>Dépôts</guisubmenu></menuchoice> permet d'importer le fichier <filename>cle.asc</filename> préalablement récupéré."
#~ msgid "<primary><emphasis role=\"pkg\">gui-apt-key</emphasis></primary>"
#~ msgstr "<primary><emphasis role=\"pkg\">gui-apt-key</emphasis></primary>"
#~ msgid "For people who would want a dedicated application and more details on the trusted keys, it is possible to use <command>gui-apt-key</command> (in the package of the same name), a small graphical user interface which manages the trusted keyring."
#~ msgstr "Pour ceux qui préfèrent une application dédiée et veulent plus de détails sur les clés de confiance, il est possible d'employer le programme <command>gui-apt-key</command> (du paquet éponyme). Il s'agit d'une petite interface graphique qui gère le trousseau de clés de confiance."
#~ msgid "<literal>APT::Periodic::Update-Package-Lists</literal>"
#~ msgstr "<literal>APT::Periodic::Update-Package-Lists</literal>"
#~ msgid "<literal>APT::Periodic::Download-Upgradeable-Packages</literal>"
#~ msgstr "<literal>APT::Periodic::Download-Upgradeable-Packages</literal>"
#~ msgid "<literal>APT::Periodic::AutocleanInterval</literal>"
#~ msgstr "<literal>APT::Periodic::AutocleanInterval</literal>"
#~ msgid "<literal>APT::Periodic::Unattended-Upgrade</literal>"
#~ msgstr "<literal>APT::Periodic::Unattended-Upgrade</literal>"
#~ msgid "<emphasis>QUICK LOOK</emphasis> <command>apt-spy</command>"
#~ msgstr "<emphasis>DÉCOUVERTE</emphasis> <command>apt-spy</command>"
#~ msgid "<primary><command>apt-spy</command></primary>"
#~ msgstr "<primary><command>apt-spy</command></primary>"
#~ msgid "This software tests the download speed from several Debian mirrors and generates a <filename>sources.list</filename> file which points to the fastest mirror."
#~ msgstr "Ce logiciel teste la vitesse de téléchargement depuis plusieurs miroirs Debian et génère un fichier <filename>sources.list</filename> pointant sur le miroir le plus rapide."
#~ msgid "The mirror selected during installation is generally suitable since its selection is based on the country. However, if the download is a little slow, or after a move, you can try running the application available in the <emphasis role=\"pkg\">apt-spy</emphasis> package."
#~ msgstr "Le miroir sélectionné pendant l'installation convient généralement puisqu'il est choisi en fonction du pays. Mais si jamais l'on constatait des lenteurs lors du téléchargement, ou en cas de déménagement, il sera peut-être utile d'essayer cette application disponible dans le paquet <emphasis role=\"pkg\">apt-spy</emphasis>."
#~ msgid "<primary><literal>apt-get.org</literal></primary>"
#~ msgstr "<primary><literal>apt-get.org</literal></primary>"
#~ msgid "<command>aptitude full-upgrade</command> is <command>aptitude</command>'s corresponding command although <command>dist-upgrade</command> is also recognized (but deprecated)."
#~ msgstr "La commande correspondante avec <command>aptitude</command> est <command>aptitude full-upgrade</command> ; <command>aptitude dist-upgrade</command> est également disponible, mais n'est pas la syntaxe canonique."
#~ msgid "There are numerous non-official sources of Debian packages set up by advanced users who have recompiled some software, by programmers who make their creation available to all, and even by Debian developers who offer pre-versions of their package online. A web site was set up to find these alternative sources more easily. It contains an impressive amount of Debian package sources which can immediately be integrated into <filename>sources.list</filename> files. However, be careful not to add random packages. Each source is designed for a particular version of Debian (the one used to compile the packages in question); each user should maintain a certain coherence in what they choose to install. <ulink type=\"block\" url=\"http://www.apt-get.org/\" />"
#~ msgstr "Il existe de nombreuses sources non officielles de paquets Debian, mises en place par des utilisateurs avancés ayant recompilé certains logiciels, par des programmeurs mettant leur création à disposition, et même par des développeurs Debian proposant des pré-versions de leur paquet en ligne. Un site web fut mis en place pour trouver plus facilement ces sources alternatives. On y trouve une quantité impressionnante de sources de paquets Debian prêtes à être intégrées dans les fichiers <filename>sources.list</filename>. Attention toutefois à ne pas ajouter n'importe quoi. Chaque source est en effet prévue pour une version particulière de Debian (celle employée pour compiler les paquets concernés) ; on veillera à maintenir une certaine cohérence dans ce que l'on choisit d'installer. <ulink type=\"block\" url=\"http://www.apt-get.org/\" />"
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