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<!-- vim: set sw=2 et sts=2 ft=xml: -->
<!-- Last content review: 2024-01-20T00:15:15 UTC -->
<chapter id="_gui_system">
<title>GUI System</title>
<section id="_gui_desktops">
<title>GUI desktop environment</title>
<para>There are several choices for the full featured <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface">GUI</ulink> desktop environment on the Debian system.</para>
<table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
<title>List of desktop environment</title>
<tgroup cols="4">
<colspec colwidth="152pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="76pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="70pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="450pt" align="left"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry> task package </entry>
<entry> popcon </entry>
<entry> size </entry>
<entry> description </entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry> <literal>task-gnome-desktop</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME">GNOME</ulink> desktop environment </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>task-xfce-desktop</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xfce">Xfce</ulink> desktop environment </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>task-kde-desktop</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE_Plasma_5">KDE Plasma</ulink> desktop environment </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>task-mate-desktop</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MATE_(software)">MATE</ulink> desktop environment </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>task-cinnamon-desktop</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon_(desktop_environment)">Cinnamon</ulink> desktop environment </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>task-lxde-desktop</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXDE">LXDE</ulink> desktop environment </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>task-lxqt-desktop</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXQt">LXQt</ulink> desktop environment </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>task-gnome-flashback-desktop</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME#GNOME_Flashback">GNOME Flashback</ulink> desktop environment </entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
<tip>
<para>Dependency packages selected by a task metapackage may be out of sync with the latest package transition state under the Debian <literal>unstable</literal>/<literal>testing</literal> environment. For
<literal>task-gnome-desktop</literal>, you may need to adjust package selections as follows:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem> <para>Start <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) as <literal>sudo aptitude -u</literal>. </para> </listitem>
<listitem> <para>Move cursor to "Tasks" and press "Enter". </para> </listitem>
<listitem> <para>Move cursor to "End-user" press "Enter". </para> </listitem>
<listitem> <para>Move cursor to "GNOME" press "Enter". </para> </listitem>
<listitem> <para>Move cursor to <literal>task-gnome-desktop</literal> and press "Enter". </para> </listitem>
<listitem> <para>Move cursor to "Depends" and press "m" (manually selected). </para> </listitem>
<listitem> <para>Move cursor to "Recommends" and press "m" (manually selected). </para> </listitem>
<listitem> <para>Move cursor to "<literal>task-gnome-desktop</literal> and press "-". (drop) </para> </listitem>
<listitem> <para>Adjust selected packages while dropping problematic ones causing package conflicts. </para> </listitem>
<listitem> <para>Press "g" to start install. </para> </listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</tip>
<para>This chapter will focus mostly on the default desktop environment of Debian: <literal>task-gnome-desktop</literal> offering <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME">GNOME</ulink> on <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayland_(display_server_protocol)">wayland</ulink>.</para>
</section>
<section id="_gui_communication_protocol">
<title>GUI communication protocol</title>
<para>GUI communication protocol used on the GNOME desktop can be:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem> <para> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayland_(display_server_protocol)">Wayland (display server protocol)</ulink> (native)</para> </listitem>
<listitem> <para> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System_core_protocol">X Window System core protocol</ulink> (via <literal>xwayland</literal>)</para> </listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Please check <ulink url="https://wayland.freedesktop.org/architecture.html">freedesktop.org site for how Wayland architecture is different from X Window architecture</ulink>.</para>
<para>From user's perspective, differences can be colloquially summarized as:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem> <para> Wayland is a same-host GUI communication protocol: new, simpler, faster, no setuid root binary </para> </listitem>
<listitem> <para> X Window is a network-capable GUI communication protocol: traditional, complex, slower, setuid root binary </para> </listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>For applications using Wayland protocol, the access to their display contents from a remote host is supported by the <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Network_Computing">VNC</ulink> or <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Protocol">RDP</ulink>. See <xref linkend="_remote_desktop"/></para>
<para>Modern X servers have <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT-SHM">the MIT Shared Memory Extension</ulink> and communicate with their local X clients using the local shared memory. This bypasses the network transparent <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xlib">Xlib</ulink> interprocess communication channel and gains performance. This situation was the <ulink url="https://wayland.freedesktop.org/faq.html">background</ulink> of creating Wayland as a local-only GUI communication protocol.</para>
<para>Using the <literal>xeyes</literal> program started from the GNOME terminal, you can check GUI communication protocol used by each GUI application.</para>
<screen> $ xeyes</screen>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>If the mouse cursor is on an application such as "GNOME terminal" which uses Wayland display server protocol, eyes don't move with the mouse cursor.</para> </listitem>
<listitem><para>If the mouse cursor is on an application such as "xterm" which uses X Window System core protocol, eyes move with the mouse cursor exposing not-so-isolated nature of X Window architecture.</para> </listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>As of April 2021, many popular GUI applications such as GNOME and <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibreOffice">LibreOffice (LO)</ulink> applications have been migrated to the Wayland display server protocol. I see <literal>xterm</literal>, <literal>gitk</literal>, <literal>chromium</literal>, <literal>firefox</literal>, <literal>gimp</literal>, <literal>dia</literal>, and KDE applications still use X Window System core protocol.</para>
<note> <para>For both the xwayland on Wayland or the native X Window System, the old X server configuration file "<literal>/etc/X11/xorg.conf</literal>" shouldn't exist on the system. The graphics and input devices are now configured by the kernel with <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Rendering_Manager">DRM</ulink>, <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/KernelModesetting">KMS</ulink>, and <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udev">udev</ulink>. The native X server has been rewritten to use them. See "<ulink url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/fb/modedb.html">modedb default video mode support</ulink>" in the Linux kernel documentation.</para> </note>
</section>
<section id="_gui_infrastructure">
<title>GUI infrastructure</title>
<para>Here are notable GUI infrastructure packages for the GNOME on Wayland environment.</para>
<table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
<title>List of notable GUI infrastructure packages</title>
<tgroup cols="4">
<colspec colwidth="135pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="76pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="70pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="200pt" align="left"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry> package </entry>
<entry> popcon </entry>
<entry> package size </entry>
<entry> description </entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry> <literal>mutter</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> GNOME's <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutter_(software)">mutter</ulink> window manager <emphasis role="strong">[auto]</emphasis> </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>xwayland</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> An X server running on top of <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayland_(display_server_protocol)">wayland</ulink> <emphasis role="strong">[auto]</emphasis> </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>gnome-remote-desktop</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> Remote desktop daemon for GNOME using PipeWire <emphasis role="strong">[auto]</emphasis> </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>gnome-tweaks</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> Advanced configuration settings for GNOME </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>gnome-shell-extension-prefs</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> Tool to enable / disable GNOME Shell extensions </entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
<para>Here, "<emphasis role="strong">[auto]</emphasis>" means that these packages are automatically installed when <literal>task-gnome-desktop</literal> is installed.</para>
<tip>
<para> <literal>gnome-tweaks</literal> is the indispensable configuration utility. For example:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>You can force "Over-Amplification" of sound volume from "General".</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>You can force "Caps" to become "Esc" from "Keyboard & Mouse" -> "Keyboard" -> "Additional Layout Option".</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</tip>
<tip>
<para> Detail features of GNOME desktop environment can be configured with utilities started by typing "<literal>settings</literal>", "<literal>tweaks</literal>", or "<literal>extensions</literal>" after pressing <literal>Super</literal>-key. </para>
</tip>
</section>
<section id="_gui_applications">
<title>GUI applications</title>
<para>Many useful GUI applications are available on Debian now. Installing software packages such as <literal>scribus</literal> (KDE) on GNOME desktop environment are quite acceptable since corresponding functionality is not available under GNOME desktop environment. But installing too many packages with duplicated functionalities may clutter your system.</para>
<para>Here is a list of GUI applications which caught my eyes.</para>
<table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
<title>List of notable GUI applications</title>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colwidth="135pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="76pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="70pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="32pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="200pt" align="left"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry> package </entry>
<entry> popcon </entry>
<entry> package size </entry>
<entry> type </entry>
<entry> description </entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry> <literal>evolution</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> GNOME </entry>
<entry> Personal information Management (groupware and email) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>thunderbird</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> GTK </entry>
<entry> Email client (<ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Thunderbird">Mozilla Thunderbird</ulink>) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>kontact</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> KDE </entry>
<entry> Personal information Management (groupware and email) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>libreoffice-writer</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> LO </entry>
<entry> word processor </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>abiword</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> GNOME </entry>
<entry> word processor </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>calligrawords</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> KDE </entry>
<entry> word processor </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>scribus</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> KDE </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_publishing">desktop publishing</ulink> editor to edit <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF">PDF</ulink> files </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>glabels</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> GNOME </entry>
<entry> label editor </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>libreoffice-calc</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> LO </entry>
<entry> spreadsheet </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>gnumeric</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> GNOME </entry>
<entry> spreadsheet </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>calligrasheets</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> KDE </entry>
<entry> spreadsheet </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>libreoffice-impress</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> LO </entry>
<entry> presentation </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>calligrastage</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> KDE </entry>
<entry> presentation </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>libreoffice-base</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> LO </entry>
<entry> database management </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>kexi</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> KDE </entry>
<entry> database management </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>libreoffice-draw</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> LO </entry>
<entry> vector graphics editor (draw) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>inkscape</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> GNOME </entry>
<entry> vector graphics editor (draw) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>karbon</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> KDE </entry>
<entry> vector graphics editor (draw) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>dia</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> GTK </entry>
<entry> flowchart and diagram editor </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>gimp</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> GTK </entry>
<entry> bitmap graphics editor (paint) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>shotwell</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> GTK </entry>
<entry> digital photo organizer </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>digikam</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> KDE </entry>
<entry> digital photo organizer </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>darktable</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> GTK </entry>
<entry> lighttable and darkroom for photographers </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>planner</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> GNOME </entry>
<entry> project management </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>calligraplan</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> KDE </entry>
<entry> project management </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>gnucash</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> GNOME </entry>
<entry> personal accounting </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>homebank</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> GTK </entry>
<entry> personal accounting </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>lilypond</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> - </entry>
<entry> music typesetter </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>kmymoney</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> KDE </entry>
<entry> personal accounting </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>librecad</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> Qt-app </entry>
<entry> computer-aided design (CAD) system (2D) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>freecad</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> Qt-app </entry>
<entry> computer-aided design (CAD) system (3D) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>kicad</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> GTK </entry>
<entry> electronic schematic and PCB design software </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>xsane</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> GTK </entry>
<entry> scanner frontend </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>libreoffice-math</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> LO </entry>
<entry> mathematical equation/formula editor </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>calibre</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> KDE </entry>
<entry> e-book converter and library management </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>fbreader</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> GTK </entry>
<entry> e-book reader </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>evince</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> GNOME </entry>
<entry> document(pdf) viewer </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>okular</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> KDE </entry>
<entry> document(pdf) viewer </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>x11-apps</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> pure X-app </entry>
<entry> <literal>xeyes</literal>(1), etc.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>x11-utils</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> pure X-app </entry>
<entry> <literal>xev</literal>(1), <literal>xwininfo</literal>(1), etc.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</section>
<section id="_user_directories">
<title>User directories</title>
<para>Default names for user directories such as "<literal>~/Desktop</literal>", "<literal>~/Documents</literal>", ..., used by the Desktop environment depend on the locale used for the system installation. You can reset them to the English ones by:</para>
<screen> $ LANGUAGE=C xdg-user-dirs-update --force </screen>
<para>Then you manually move all the data to the newer directories. See <literal>xdg-user-dirs-update</literal>(1).</para>
<para>You can also set them to any names by editing "<literal>~/.config/user-dirs.dirs</literal>". See <literal>user-dirs.dirs</literal>(5).</para>
</section>
<section id="_fonts">
<title>Fonts</title>
<para>Many useful scalable fonts are available for users on Debian. User's concern is how to avoid redundancy and how to configure parts of installed fonts to be disabled. Otherwise, useless font choices may clutter your GUI application menus.</para>
<para>Debian system uses <ulink url="https://freetype.org">FreeType</ulink> 2.0 library to rasterise many scalable font formats for screen and print:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para><ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostScript_fonts#Type_1">Type 1 (PostScript) fonts</ulink> which use cubic <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bézier_curve">Bézier curves</ulink> (almost obsolete format)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrueType">TrueType fonts</ulink> which use quadratic <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bézier_curve">Bézier curves</ulink> (good choice format)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenType">OpenType fonts</ulink> which use cubic <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bézier_curve">Bézier curves</ulink> (best choice format)</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<section id="_basic_fonts">
<title>Basic fonts</title>
<para>The following table is compiled in the hope to help users to chose appropriate scalable fonts with clear understanding of the metric compatibility and the glyph coverage. Most fonts cover all Latin, Greek, and Cyril characters. The final choice of activated fonts can also be affected by your aesthetics. These fonts can be used for the screen display or for the paper printing.</para>
<table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
<title>List of notable <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrueType">TrueType</ulink> and <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenType">OpenType</ulink> fonts</title>
<tgroup cols="7">
<colspec colwidth="200pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="80pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="80pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="100pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="100pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="100pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="300pt" align="left"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry> package </entry>
<entry> popcon </entry>
<entry> size </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sans-serif">sans</ulink> </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serif">serif</ulink> </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monospaced_font">mono</ulink> </entry>
<entry> note on font </entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry> fonts-cantarell </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> 59 </entry>
<entry> - </entry>
<entry> - </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantarell_(typeface)">Cantarell</ulink> (GNOME 3, display) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> fonts-noto </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> 61 </entry>
<entry> 63 </entry>
<entry> 40 </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noto_fonts">Noto fonts</ulink> (Google, multi-lingual with CJK) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> fonts-dejavu </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> 58 </entry>
<entry> 68 </entry>
<entry> 40 </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DejaVu_fonts">DejaVu</ulink> (GNOME 2, MCM:<ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdana">Verdana</ulink>, extended <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitstream_Vera">Bitstream Vera</ulink>) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> fonts-liberation2 </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> 56 </entry>
<entry> 60 </entry>
<entry> 40 </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_fonts">Liberation fonts</ulink> for <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibreOffice">LibreOffice</ulink> (Red Hat, MCMATC) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> fonts-croscore </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> 56 </entry>
<entry> 60 </entry>
<entry> 40 </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croscore_fonts">Chrome OS: Arimo, Tinos and Cousine</ulink> (Google, MCMATC) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> fonts-crosextra-carlito </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> 57 </entry>
<entry> - </entry>
<entry> - </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croscore_fonts">Chrome OS: Carlito</ulink> (Google, MCM:<ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calibri">Calibri</ulink> ) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> fonts-crosextra-caladea </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> - </entry>
<entry> 55 </entry>
<entry> - </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croscore_fonts">Chrome OS: Caladea</ulink> (Google, MCM:<ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambria_(typeface)">Cambria</ulink> ) (Latin only )</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> fonts-freefont-ttf </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> 57 </entry>
<entry> 59 </entry>
<entry> 40 </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_FreeFont">GNU FreeFont</ulink> (extended <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URW_Type_Foundry">URW Nimbus</ulink>) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> fonts-quicksand </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> 56 </entry>
<entry> - </entry>
<entry> - </entry>
<entry> Debian task-desktop, <ulink url="https://fonts.google.com/specimen/Quicksand">Quicksand</ulink> (display, Latin only) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> fonts-hack </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> - </entry>
<entry> - </entry>
<entry> 40 P </entry>
<entry> A typeface designed for source code <ulink url="https://sourcefoundry.org/hack/">Hack</ulink> (Facebook) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> fonts-sil-gentiumplus </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> - </entry>
<entry> 54 </entry>
<entry> - </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentium">Gentium</ulink> SIL </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> fonts-sil-charis </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> - </entry>
<entry> 59 </entry>
<entry> - </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charis_SIL">Charis SIL</ulink> </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> fonts-urw-base35 </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> 56 </entry>
<entry> 60 </entry>
<entry> 40 </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URW_Type_Foundry">URW Nimbus</ulink> (<ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimbus_Sans">Nimbus Sans</ulink>, <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimbus_Roman_No._9_L">Roman No. 9 L</ulink>, <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimbus_Mono_L">Mono L</ulink>, MCAHTC) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> fonts-ubuntu </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> 58 </entry>
<entry> - </entry>
<entry> 33 P </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_(typeface)">Ubuntu fonts</ulink> (display) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> fonts-terminus </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> - </entry>
<entry> - </entry>
<entry> 33 </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://github.com/Swordfish90/cool-retro-term">Cool retro terminal fonts</ulink> </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> ttf-mscorefonts-installer </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> 56? </entry>
<entry> 60 </entry>
<entry> 40 </entry>
<entry> Downloader of Microsoft non-free fonts (see below) </entry>
</row>
<!--
<row>
<entry> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> - </entry>
<entry> - </entry>
<entry> - </entry>
<entry> <ulink url=""></ulink> () </entry>
</row>
Gentium – an Open Font License font which defines roughly 1,500 glyphs covering almost all the range of Latin characters used worldwide
Linux Libertine – another free software serif typeface with OpenType features support
<row>
<entry> fonts-linuxlibertine </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> Y </entry>
<entry> Y </entry>
<entry> Y </entry>
<entry><ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Libertine">Linux Libertine</ulink> (last release 2012, https://github.com/alerque/libertinus , metric-compatible with Microsoft <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arial">Arial</ulink>, <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_New_Roman">Times New Roman</ulink>, <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courier_(typeface)">Courier New</ulink> ) </entry>
</row>
FreeFont, derived from Nimbus, but with a better Unicode support.
-->
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
<para>Here:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>"MCM" stands for "metric compatible with fonts provided by Microsoft"</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>"MCMATC" stands for "metric compatible with fonts provided by Microsoft: <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arial">Arial</ulink>, <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_New_Roman">Times New Roman</ulink>, <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courier_(typeface)">Courier New</ulink>"</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>"MCAHTC" stands for "metric compatible with fonts provided by <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostScript_fonts">Adobe</ulink>: Helvetica, Times, Courier"</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Numbers in font type columns stands for the rough relative "M" width for the same point size font.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>"P" in mono font type columns stands for its usability for programming having clearly distinguishable "0"/"O" and "1"/"I"/"l".</para></listitem>
<listitem><para> The <literal>ttf-mscorefonts-installer</literal> package downloads Microsoft's "<ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_fonts_for_the_Web">Core fonts for the Web</ulink>" and installs <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arial">Arial</ulink>, <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_New_Roman">Times New Roman</ulink>, <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courier_(typeface)">Courier New</ulink>, <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdana">Verdana</ulink>, ... . These installed font data are non-free data. </para> </listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Many free Latin fonts have their lineage traced to <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URW_Type_Foundry">URW Nimbus</ulink> family or <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitstream_Vera">Bitstream Vera</ulink>.</para>
<tip> <para>If your locale needs fonts not covered well by the above fonts, please use aptitude to check under task packages listed under "Tasks" -> "Localization". The font packages listed as "Depends:" or "Recommends:" in the localization task packages are the primary candidates. </para> </tip>
</section>
<section id="_font_rasterization">
<title>Font rasterization</title>
<para>Debian uses <ulink url="https://freetype.org">FreeType</ulink> to rasterize fonts. Its font choice infrastructure is provided by the <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontconfig">Fontconfig</ulink> font configuration library.</para>
<table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
<title>List of notable font environment and related packages</title>
<tgroup cols="4">
<colspec colwidth="152pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="76pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="70pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="450pt" align="left"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry> package </entry>
<entry> popcon </entry>
<entry> size </entry>
<entry> description </entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry> <literal>libfreetype6</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://freetype.org">FreeType</ulink> font rasterization library </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>libfontconfig1</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontconfig">Fontconfig</ulink> font configuration library </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>fontconfig</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> <literal>fc-*</literal>: CLI commands for <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontconfig">Fontconfig</ulink> </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>font-manager</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://github.com/FontManager/font-manager">Font Manager</ulink>: GUI command for <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontconfig">Fontconfig</ulink> </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>nautilus-font-manager</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> Nautilus extension for <ulink url="https://github.com/FontManager/font-manager">Font Manager</ulink> </entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
<tip> <para> Some font packages such as <literal>fonts-noto*</literal> install too many fonts. You may also want to keep some font packages installed but disabled under the normal use situation. The multiple <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyph">glyphs</ulink> are expected for some <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode">Unicode</ulink> code points due to <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_unification">Han unification</ulink> and unwanted gliphs may be chosen by the unconfigured Fontconfig library. One of the most annoying case is "U+3001 IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA" and "U+3002 IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP" among CJK countries. You can avoid this problematic situation easily by configuring font availability using Font Manager GUI (<ulink url="https://github.com/FontManager/font-manager">font-manager</ulink>).</para> </tip>
<para>You can list font configuration state from the command line, too.</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem> <para> "<literal>fc-match(1)</literal>" for fontconfig font default </para> </listitem>
<listitem> <para> "<literal>fc-list(1)</literal>" for available fontconfig fonts </para> </listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>You can configure font configuration state from the text editor but this is non-trivial. See <literal>fonts.conf</literal>(5).</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id="_sandbox">
<title>Sandbox</title>
<para>Many mostly GUI applications on Linux are available in binary formats from non-Debian sources.</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem> <para> <ulink url="https://appimage.org/"> AppImage -- Linux apps that run anywhere </ulink> </para> </listitem>
<listitem> <para> <ulink url="https://www.flathub.org/"> FLATHUB -- Apps for Linux, right here </ulink> </para> </listitem>
<listitem> <para> <ulink url="https://snapcraft.io/"> snapcraft -- The app store for Linux </ulink> </para> </listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<warning> <para> Binaries from these sites may include proprietary non-free software packages. </para> </warning>
<para>There is some raison d'être for these binary format distributions for Free Software aficionados using Debian since these can accommodate clean set of libraries used for each application by the respective upstream developer independent of the ones provided by Debian.</para>
<para>The inherent risk of running external binaries can be reduced by using the <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbox_(computer_security)">sandbox environment</ulink> which leverages modern Linux security features (see <xref linkend="_linux_security_features"/>).</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem> <para> For binaries from AppImage and some upstream sites, run them in <ulink url="https://firejail.wordpress.com"> firejail </ulink> with <ulink url="https://firejail.wordpress.com/documentation-2/appimage-support/">manual configuration</ulink>.</para> </listitem>
<listitem> <para> For binaries from FLATHUB, run them in <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatpak"> Flatpak </ulink>. (No manual configuration required.) </para> </listitem>
<listitem> <para> For binaries from snapcraft, run them in <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snap_(software)"> Snap </ulink>. (No manual configuration required. Compatible with daemon programs.) </para> </listitem>
<!-- <listitem> <para> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_Install"> Zero Iinstall </ulink> </para> </listitem> -->
</itemizedlist>
<para>The <literal>xdg-desktop-portal</literal> package provides a standardized API to common desktop features. See <ulink url="https://github.com/flatpak/xdg-desktop-portal"> xdg-desktop-portal (flatpak) </ulink> and <ulink url="https://snapcraft.io/docs/xdg-desktop-portals"> xdg-desktop-portal (snap) </ulink>. </para>
<table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
<title>List of notable sandbox environment and related packages</title>
<tgroup cols="4">
<colspec colwidth="152pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="76pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="70pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="450pt" align="left"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry> package </entry>
<entry> popcon </entry>
<entry> size </entry>
<entry> description </entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry> <literal>flatpak</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatpak">Flatpak</ulink> application deployment framework for desktop apps </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>gnome-software-plugin-flatpak</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> Flatpak support for GNOME Software </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>snapd</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> Daemon and tooling that enable <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snap_(software)">snap</ulink> packages </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>gnome-software-plugin-snap</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> Snap support for GNOME Software </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>xdg-desktop-portal</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> desktop integration portal for Flatpak and Snap </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>xdg-desktop-portal-gtk</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://github.com/flatpak/xdg-desktop-portal-gtk"> xdg-desktop-portal backend for gtk (GNOME) </ulink> </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>xdg-desktop-portal-kde</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://github.com/KDE/xdg-desktop-portal-kde"> xdg-desktop-portal backend for Qt (KDE) </ulink> </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>xdg-desktop-portal-wlr</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://github.com/emersion/xdg-desktop-portal-wlr"> xdg-desktop-portal backend for wlroots (Wayland) </ulink> </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>firejail</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> a SUID security sandbox program <ulink url="https://firejail.wordpress.com">firejail</ulink> for use with <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppImage">AppImage</ulink> </entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
<para>This sandbox environment technology is very much like apps on smart phone OS where apps are executed under controlled resource accesses.</para>
<para>Some large GUI applications such as web browsers on Debian also use sandbox environment technology internally to make them more secure.</para>
</section>
<section id="_remote_desktop">
<title>Remote desktop</title>
<table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
<para>Access to the desktop and applications which use Wayland protocol and run on the remote host is supported by the <ulink url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Mutter/RemoteDesktop">GNOME Remote Desktop</ulink> on the remote host through <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Network_Computing">VNC</ulink> or <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Protocol">RDP</ulink> to the local client.</para>
<para>Access to the desktop capabilities of all QEMU virtual machines is supported by the <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Protocol_for_Independent_Computing_Environments">SPICE (the Simple Protocol for Independent Computing Environments)</ulink> protocol.</para>
<title>List of notable remote access server</title>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colwidth="152pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="76pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="70pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="70pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="450pt" align="left"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry> package </entry>
<entry> popcon </entry>
<entry> size </entry>
<entry> protocols </entry>
<entry> description </entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry> <literal>gnome-remote-desktop</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Protocol">RDP</ulink> </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Mutter/RemoteDesktop">GNOME Remote Desktop</ulink> server </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>xrdp</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Protocol">RDP</ulink> </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xrdp">xrdp</ulink>, Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) server </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>x11vnc</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFB_protocol">RFB (VNC)</ulink> </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X11vnc">x11vnc</ulink>, Remote Framebuffer Protocol (VNC) server </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>tigervnc-standalone-server</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFB_protocol">RFB (VNC)</ulink> </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TigerVNC">TigerVNC</ulink>, Remote Framebuffer Protocol (VNC) server </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>gnome-connections</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Protocol">RDP</ulink>, <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFB_protocol">RFB (VNC)</ulink> </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://apps.gnome.org/Connections/">GNOME remote desktop client</ulink> </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>vinagre</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Protocol">RDP</ulink>, <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFB_protocol">RFB (VNC)</ulink>, <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Protocol_for_Independent_Computing_Environments">SPICE</ulink>, <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell">SSH</ulink> </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinagre">Vinagre: GNOME remote desktop client</ulink> </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>remmina</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Protocol">RDP</ulink>, <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFB_protocol">RFB (VNC)</ulink>, <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Protocol_for_Independent_Computing_Environments">SPICE</ulink>, <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell">SSH</ulink>, ... </entry>
<!-- missing SPICE support for remmina in bookworm is ignored -->
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remmina">Remmina: GTK remote desktop client</ulink> </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>krdc</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Protocol">RDP</ulink>, <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFB_protocol">RFB (VNC)</ulink> </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://apps.kde.org/krdc/">KRDC: KDE remote desktop client</ulink> </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>guacd</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Protocol">RDP</ulink>, <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFB_protocol">RFB (VNC)</ulink>, <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell">SSH</ulink> / HTML5 </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://guacamole.apache.org/">Apache Guacamole: clientless remote desktop gateway (HTML5)</ulink> </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>virt-viewer</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFB_protocol">RFB (VNC)</ulink>, <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Protocol_for_Independent_Computing_Environments">SPICE</ulink> </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virt-manager">Virtual Machine Manager</ulink>'s GUI display client of guest OS </entry>
</row>
<!-- NO DEPRECATED MINOR SERVER/CLIENTS
<row>
<entry> <literal>vino</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFB_protocol">RFB (VNC)</ulink> </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vino_(VNC_server)">vino</ulink>, Remote Framebuffer Protocol (VNC) server </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>freerdp2-wayland</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Protocol">RDP</ulink> </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://www.freerdp.com/">FreeRDP: wayland client</ulink> </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>freerdp2-x11</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Protocol">RDP</ulink> </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://www.freerdp.com/">FreeRDP: X11 client</ulink> </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>rdesktop</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Protocol">RDP</ulink> </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rdesktop">RDP client for Windows NT/2000 Terminal Server and Windows Servers</ulink> </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>grdesktop</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Protocol">RDP</ulink> </entry>
<entry> GNOME frontend for the rdesktop client </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>tigervnc-viewer</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFB_protocol">RFB (VNC)</ulink> </entry>
<entry> Virtual network computing client for X </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>xtightvncviewer</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFB_protocol">RFB (VNC)</ulink> </entry>
<entry> virtual network computing client software for X </entry>
</row>
-->
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</section>
<section id="_x_server_connection">
<title>X server connection</title>
<para>There are several ways to connect from an application on a remote host to the X server including <literal>xwayland</literal> on the local host.</para>
<table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
<title>List of connection methods to the X server</title>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colwidth="152pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="76pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="70pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="270pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="250pt" align="left"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry> package </entry>
<entry> popcon </entry>
<entry> size </entry>
<entry> command </entry>
<entry> description </entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry> <literal>openssh-server</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> <literal>sshd</literal> with option <literal>X11-forwarding</literal> </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell">SSH</ulink> server (secure) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>openssh-client</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> <literal>ssh -X</literal> </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell">SSH</ulink> client (secure) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>xauth</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> <literal>xauth</literal> </entry>
<entry> X authority file utility </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>x11-xserver-utils</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> <literal>xhost</literal> </entry>
<entry> server access control for X </entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
<section id="_x_server_local_connection">
<title>X server local connection</title>
<para>Access to the local X server by the local applications which use X core protocol can be locally connected through a local UNIX domain socket. This can be authorized by the authority file holding <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_authorization#Cookie-based_access">access cookie</ulink>. The authority file location is identified by the "<literal>$XAUTHORITY</literal>" environment variable and X display is identified by the "<literal>$DISPLAY</literal>" environment variable. Since these are normally set automatically, no special action is needed, e.g. "<literal>gitk</literal>" as the following.</para>
<screen>username $ gitk</screen>
<note> <para>For <literal>xwayland</literal>, <literal>XAUTHORITY</literal> holds value like "<literal>/run/user/1000/.mutter-Xwaylandauth.YVSU30</literal>". </para> </note>
</section>
<section id="_x_server_remote_connection">
<title>X server remote connection</title>
<para>Access to the local X server display from the remote applications which use X core protocol is supported by using the X11 forwarding feature.</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem> <para>Open an <literal>gnome-terminal</literal> on the local host.</para> </listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Run <literal>ssh</literal>(1) with <literal>-X</literal> option to establish a connection with the remote site as the following.</para>
<screen>localname @ localhost $ ssh -q -X loginname@remotehost.domain
Password:</screen>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Run an X application command, e.g. "<literal>gitk</literal>", on the remote site as the following.</para>
<screen>loginname @ remotehost $ gitk</screen>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<!--
<listitem> <para>Execution of "<literal>ssh -X <emphasis>remote-host-name</emphasis></literal>" on the local host enables a X connection from the remote application to the local X server.</para> </listitem>
<listitem> <para>Set "<literal>X11Forwarding</literal>" entries to "<literal>yes</literal>" in "<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>" of the remote host, if you want to avoid "<literal>-X</literal>" command-line option.</para> </listitem>
-->
<para>This method can display the output from a remote X client as if it were locally connected through a local UNIX domain socket.</para>
<para>See <xref linkend="_the_remote_access_server_and_utilities_ssh"/> for SSH/SSHD.</para>
<warning> <para>A remote <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol">TCP</ulink>/<ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol">IP</ulink> connection to the X server is disabled by default on the Debian system for security reasons. Don't enable them by simply setting "<literal>xhost +</literal>" nor by enabling <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_display_manager">XDMCP connection</ulink>, if you can avoid it.</para> </warning>
</section>
<section id="_x_server_chroot_connection">
<title>X server chroot connection</title>
<para>Access to the X server by the applications which use X core protocol and run on the same host but in an environment such as chroot where the authority file is not accessible, can be authorized securely with <literal>xhost</literal> by using the <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_authorization#User-based_access">User-based access</ulink>, e.g. "<literal>gitk</literal>" as the following.</para>
<screen>username $ xhost + si:localuser:root ; sudo chroot /path/to
# cd /src
# gitk
# exit
username $ xhost -</screen>
</section>
</section>
<section id="_clipboard">
<title>Clipboard</title>
<para>For clipping text to clipboard, see <xref linkend="_mouse_operations"/>.</para>
<para>For clipping graphics to clipboard, see <xref linkend="_graphic_data_tools"/>.</para>
<para>Some CLI commands can manipulate character clipboard (PRIMARY and CLIPBOARD), too.</para>
<table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
<title>List of programs related to manipulating character clipboard</title>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colwidth="65pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="76pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="70pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="32pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="293pt" align="left"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry> package </entry>
<entry> popcon </entry>
<entry> package size </entry>
<entry> target </entry>
<entry> description </entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry> <literal>xsel</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> X </entry>
<entry> command line interface to X selections (clipboard) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>xclip</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> X </entry>
<entry> command line interface to X selections (clipboard) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>wl-clipboard</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> Wayland </entry>
<entry> <literal>wl-copy</literal> <literal>wl-paste</literal>: command line interface to <ulink url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Initiatives/Wayland/PrimarySelection">Wayland clipboard</ulink> </entry>
</row>
<!--
<row>
<entry> <literal>gtk-vector-screenshot</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> X </entry>
<entry> screenshot as PDF or SVG files </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>kde-spectacle</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> X </entry>
<entry> screenshot application </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>ksnip</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> X </entry>
<entry> screenshot application </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>screengrab</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> X </entry>
<entry> screenshot application </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>grimshot</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> Wayland </entry>
<entry> screenshot application </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>xfce4-screenshooter</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> X </entry>
<entry> screenshot application </entry>
</row>
-->
<row>
<entry> <literal>gpm</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> Linux console </entry>
<entry> a daemon that captures mouse events on Linux console </entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</section>
</chapter>
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