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<!-- vim: set sw=2 et sts=2 ft=xml: -->
<!-- Last content review: 2024-01-21T08:10:39 UTC -->
<chapter id="_data_conversion">
<title>Data conversion</title>
<para>Tools and tips for converting data formats on the Debian system are described.</para>
<para>Standard based tools are in very good shape but support for proprietary data formats are limited.</para>
<section id="_text_data_conversion_tools">
<title>Text data conversion tools</title>
<para>Following packages for the text data conversion caught my eyes.</para>
<table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
<title>List of text data conversion tools</title>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colwidth="59pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="76pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="70pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="65pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="456pt" align="left"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry> package </entry>
<entry> popcon </entry>
<entry> size </entry>
<entry> keyword </entry>
<entry> description </entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry> <literal>libc6</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> charset </entry>
<entry> text encoding converter between locales by <literal>iconv</literal>(1) (fundamental) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>recode</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> charset+eol </entry>
<entry> text encoding converter between locales (versatile, more aliases and features) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>konwert</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> charset </entry>
<entry> text encoding converter between locales (fancy) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>nkf</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> charset </entry>
<entry> character set translator for Japanese </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>tcs</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> charset </entry>
<entry> character set translator </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>unaccent</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> charset </entry>
<entry> replace accented letters by their unaccented equivalent </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>tofrodos</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> eol </entry>
<entry> text format converter between DOS and Unix: <literal>fromdos</literal>(1) and <literal>todos</literal>(1) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>macutils</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> eol </entry>
<entry> text format converter between Macintosh and Unix: <literal>frommac</literal>(1) and <literal>tomac</literal>(1) </entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
<section id="_converting_a_text_file_with_iconv">
<title>Converting a text file with iconv</title>
<tip>
<para><literal>iconv</literal>(1) is provided as a part of the <literal>libc6</literal> package and it is always available on practically all Unix-like systems to convert the encoding of characters.</para>
</tip>
<para>You can convert encodings of a text file with <literal>iconv</literal>(1) by the following.</para>
<screen>$ iconv -f encoding1 -t encoding2 input.txt >output.txt</screen>
<para>Encoding values are case insensitive and ignore "<literal>-</literal>" and "<literal>_</literal>" for matching. Supported encodings can be checked by the "<literal>iconv -l</literal>" command.</para>
<table id="list-of-encoding-values" pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
<title>List of encoding values and their usage</title>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colwidth="314pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="1112pt" align="left"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry> encoding value </entry>
<entry> usage </entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII">ASCII</ulink> </entry>
<entry><ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII">American Standard Code for Information Interchange</ulink>, 7 bit code w/o accented characters </entry> </row>
<row>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8">UTF-8</ulink> </entry>
<entry> current multilingual standard for all modern OSs </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1">ISO-8859-1</ulink> </entry>
<entry> old standard for western European languages, ASCII + accented characters </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-2">ISO-8859-2</ulink> </entry>
<entry> old standard for eastern European languages, ASCII + accented characters </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-15">ISO-8859-15</ulink> </entry>
<entry> old standard for western European languages, <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1">ISO-8859-1</ulink> with euro sign </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_850">CP850</ulink> </entry>
<entry> code page 850, Microsoft DOS characters with graphics for western European languages, <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1">ISO-8859-1</ulink> variant </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_932">CP932</ulink> </entry>
<entry> code page 932, Microsoft Windows style <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift_JIS">Shift-JIS</ulink> variant for Japanese </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_936">CP936</ulink> </entry>
<entry> code page 936, Microsoft Windows style <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GB2312">GB2312</ulink>, <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GBK">GBK</ulink> or <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GB18030">GB18030</ulink> variant for Simplified Chinese </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_949">CP949</ulink> </entry>
<entry> code page 949, Microsoft Windows style <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Unix_Code#EUC-KR">EUC-KR</ulink> or Unified Hangul Code variant for Korean </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_950">CP950</ulink> </entry>
<entry> code page 950, Microsoft Windows style <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big5">Big5</ulink> variant for Traditional Chinese </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows-1251">CP1251</ulink> </entry>
<entry> code page 1251, Microsoft Windows style encoding for the Cyrillic alphabet </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows-1252">CP1252</ulink> </entry>
<entry> code page 1252, Microsoft Windows style <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-15">ISO-8859-15</ulink> variant for western European languages </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KOI8-R">KOI8-R</ulink> </entry>
<entry> old Russian UNIX standard for the Cyrillic alphabet </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022">ISO-2022-JP</ulink> </entry>
<entry> standard encoding for Japanese email which uses only 7 bit codes </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Unix_Code">eucJP</ulink> </entry>
<entry> old Japanese UNIX standard 8 bit code and completely different from <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift_JIS">Shift-JIS</ulink> </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift_JIS">Shift-JIS</ulink> </entry>
<entry> JIS X 0208 Appendix 1 standard for Japanese (see <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_932">CP932</ulink>) </entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
<note> <para>Some encodings are only supported for the data conversion and are not used as locale values (<xref linkend="_the_locale"/>).</para> </note>
<para>For character sets which fit in single byte such as <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII">ASCII</ulink> and <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859">ISO-8859</ulink> character sets, the <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_encoding">character encoding</ulink> means almost the same thing as the character set.</para>
<para>For character sets with many characters such as <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JIS_X_0213">JIS X 0213</ulink> for Japanese or <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Character_Set">Universal Character Set (UCS, Unicode, ISO-10646-1)</ulink> for practically all languages, there are many encoding schemes to fit them into the sequence of the byte data.</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem> <para><ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Unix_Code">EUC</ulink> and <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022">ISO/IEC 2022 (also known as JIS X 0202)</ulink> for Japanese </para> </listitem>
<listitem> <para><ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8">UTF-8</ulink>, <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-16/UCS-2">UTF-16/UCS-2</ulink> and <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-32/UCS-4">UTF-32/UCS-4</ulink> for Unicode </para> </listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>For these, there are clear differentiations between the character set and the character encoding.</para>
<para>The <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page">code page</ulink> is used as the synonym to the character encoding tables for some vendor specific ones.</para>
<note> <para>Please note most encoding systems share the same code with ASCII for the 7 bit characters. But there are some exceptions. If you are converting old Japanese C programs and URLs data from the casually-called shift-JIS encoding format to UTF-8 format, use "<literal>CP932</literal>" as the encoding name instead of "<literal>shift-JIS</literal>" to get the expected results: <literal>0x5C</literal> → "<literal>\</literal>" and <literal>0x7E</literal> → "<literal>~</literal>". Otherwise, these are converted to wrong characters.</para> </note>
<tip> <para><literal>recode</literal>(1) may be used too and offers more than the combined functionality of <literal>iconv</literal>(1), <literal>fromdos</literal>(1), <literal>todos</literal>(1), <literal>frommac</literal>(1), and <literal>tomac</literal>(1). For more, see "<literal>info recode</literal>".</para> </tip>
</section>
<section id="_checking_file_to_be_utf_8_with_iconv">
<title>Checking file to be UTF-8 with iconv</title>
<para>You can check if a text file is encoded in UTF-8 with <literal>iconv</literal>(1) by the following.</para>
<screen>$ iconv -f utf8 -t utf8 input.txt >/dev/null || echo "non-UTF-8 found"</screen>
<tip> <para>Use "<literal>--verbose</literal>" option in the above example to find the first non-UTF-8 character.</para> </tip>
</section>
<section id="_converting_file_names_with_iconv">
<title>Converting file names with iconv</title>
<para>Here is an example script to convert encoding of file names from ones created under older OS to modern UTF-8 ones in a single directory.</para>
<screen>#!/bin/sh
ENCDN=iso-8859-1
for x in *;
do
mv "$x" "$(echo "$x" | iconv -f $ENCDN -t utf-8)"
done</screen>
<para>The "<literal>$ENCDN</literal>" variable specifies the original encoding used for file names under older OS as in <xref linkend="list-of-encoding-values"/>.</para>
<para>For more complicated case, please mount a filesystem (e.g. a partition on a disk drive) containing such file names with proper encoding as the <literal>mount</literal>(8) option (see <xref linkend="_filename_encoding"/>) and copy its entire contents to another filesystem mounted as UTF-8 with "<literal>cp -a</literal>" command.</para>
</section>
<section id="_eol_conversion">
<title>EOL conversion</title>
<para>The text file format, specifically the end-of-line (EOL) code, is dependent on the platform.</para>
<table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
<title>List of EOL styles for different platforms</title>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colwidth="135pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="54pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="48pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="43pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="59pt" align="left"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry> platform </entry>
<entry> EOL code </entry>
<entry> control </entry>
<entry> decimal </entry>
<entry> hexadecimal </entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry> Debian (unix) </entry>
<entry> LF </entry>
<entry> <literal>^J</literal> </entry>
<entry> 10 </entry>
<entry> 0A </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> MSDOS and Windows </entry>
<entry> CR-LF </entry>
<entry> <literal>^M^J</literal> </entry>
<entry> 13 10 </entry>
<entry> 0D 0A </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> Apple's Macintosh </entry>
<entry> CR </entry>
<entry> <literal>^M</literal> </entry>
<entry> 13 </entry>
<entry> 0D </entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
<para>The EOL format conversion programs, <literal>fromdos</literal>(1), <literal>todos</literal>(1), <literal>frommac</literal>(1), and <literal>tomac</literal>(1), are quite handy. <literal>recode</literal>(1) is also useful.</para>
<note> <para>Some data on the Debian system, such as the wiki page data for the <literal>python-moinmoin</literal> package, use MSDOS style CR-LF as the EOL code. So the above rule is just a general rule.</para> </note>
<note> <para>Most editors (eg. <literal>vim</literal>, <literal>emacs</literal>, <literal>gedit</literal>, …) can handle files in MSDOS style EOL transparently.</para> </note>
<tip> <para>The use of "<literal>sed -e '/\r$/!s/$/\r/'</literal>" instead of <literal>todos</literal>(1) is better when you want to unify the EOL style to the MSDOS style from the mixed MSDOS and Unix style. (e.g., after merging 2 MSDOS style files with <literal>diff3</literal>(1).) This is because <literal>todos</literal> adds CR to all lines.</para> </tip>
</section>
<section id="_tab_conversion">
<title>TAB conversion</title>
<para>There are few popular specialized programs to convert the tab codes.</para>
<table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
<title>List of TAB conversion commands from <literal>bsdmainutils</literal> and <literal>coreutils</literal> packages</title>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colwidth="135pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="81pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="65pt" align="left"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry> function </entry>
<entry> <literal>bsdmainutils</literal> </entry>
<entry> <literal>coreutils</literal> </entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry> expand tab to spaces </entry>
<entry> "<literal>col -x</literal>" </entry>
<entry> <literal>expand</literal> </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> unexpand tab from spaces </entry>
<entry> "<literal>col -h</literal>" </entry>
<entry> <literal>unexpand</literal> </entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
<para><literal>indent</literal>(1) from the <literal>indent</literal> package completely reformats whitespaces in the C program.</para>
<para>Editor programs such as <literal>vim</literal> and <literal>emacs</literal> can be used for TAB conversion, too. For example with <literal>vim</literal>, you can expand TAB with "<literal>:set expandtab</literal>" and "<literal>:%retab</literal>" command sequence. You can revert this with "<literal>:set noexpandtab</literal>" and "<literal>:%retab!</literal>" command sequence.</para>
</section>
<section id="_editors_with_auto_conversion">
<title>Editors with auto-conversion</title>
<para>Intelligent modern editors such as the <literal>vim</literal> program are quite smart and copes well with any encoding systems and any file formats. You should use these editors under the UTF-8 locale in the UTF-8 capable console for the best compatibility.</para>
<para>An old western European Unix text file, "<literal>u-file.txt</literal>", stored in the latin1 (iso-8859-1) encoding can be edited simply with <literal>vim</literal> by the following.</para>
<screen>$ vim u-file.txt</screen>
<para>This is possible since the auto detection mechanism of the file encoding in <literal>vim</literal> assumes the UTF-8 encoding first and, if it fails, assumes it to be latin1.</para>
<para>An old Polish Unix text file, "<literal>pu-file.txt</literal>", stored in the latin2 (iso-8859-2) encoding can be edited with <literal>vim</literal> by the following.</para>
<screen>$ vim '+e ++enc=latin2 pu-file.txt'</screen>
<para>An old Japanese unix text file, "<literal>ju-file.txt</literal>", stored in the eucJP encoding can be edited with <literal>vim</literal> by the following.</para>
<screen>$ vim '+e ++enc=eucJP ju-file.txt'</screen>
<para>An old Japanese MS-Windows text file, "<literal>jw-file.txt</literal>", stored in the so called shift-JIS encoding (more precisely: CP932) can be edited with <literal>vim</literal> by the following.</para>
<screen>$ vim '+e ++enc=CP932 ++ff=dos jw-file.txt'</screen>
<para>When a file is opened with "<literal>++enc</literal>" and "<literal>++ff</literal>" options, "<literal>:w</literal>" in the Vim command line stores it in the original format and overwrite the original file. You can also specify the saving format and the file name in the Vim command line, e.g., "<literal>:w ++enc=utf8 new.txt</literal>".</para>
<para>Please refer to the mbyte.txt "multi-byte text support" in <literal>vim</literal> on-line help and <xref linkend="list-of-encoding-values"/> for locale values used with "<literal>++enc</literal>".</para>
<para>The <literal>emacs</literal> family of programs can perform the equivalent functions.</para>
</section>
<section id="_plain_text_extraction">
<title>Plain text extraction</title>
<para>The following reads a web page into a text file. This is very useful when copying configurations off the Web or applying basic Unix text tools such as <literal>grep</literal>(1) on the web page.</para>
<screen>$ w3m -dump https://www.remote-site.com/help-info.html >textfile</screen>
<para>Similarly, you can extract plain text data from other formats using the following.</para>
<table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
<title>List of tools to extract plain text data</title>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colwidth="65pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="76pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="70pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="92pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="374pt" align="left"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry> package </entry>
<entry> popcon </entry>
<entry> size </entry>
<entry> keyword </entry>
<entry> function </entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry> <literal>w3m</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> html→text </entry>
<entry> HTML to text converter with the "<literal>w3m -dump</literal>" command </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>html2text</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> html→text </entry>
<entry> advanced HTML to text converter (ISO 8859-1) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>lynx</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> html→text </entry>
<entry> HTML to text converter with the "<literal>lynx -dump</literal>" command </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>elinks</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> html→text </entry>
<entry> HTML to text converter with the "<literal>elinks -dump</literal>" command </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>links</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> html→text </entry>
<entry> HTML to text converter with the "<literal>links -dump</literal>" command </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>links2</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> html→text </entry>
<entry> HTML to text converter with the "<literal>links2 -dump</literal>" command </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>catdoc</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> MSWord→text,TeX </entry>
<entry> convert MSWord files to plain text or TeX </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>antiword</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> MSWord→text,ps </entry>
<entry> convert MSWord files to plain text or ps </entry>
</row>
<!--
<row>
<entry> <literal>pstotext</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> ps/pdf→text </entry>
<entry> extract text from PostScript and PDF files </entry>
</row>
-->
<row>
<entry> <literal>unhtml</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> html→text </entry>
<entry> remove the markup tags from an HTML file </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>odt2txt</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> odt→text </entry>
<entry> converter from OpenDocument Text to text </entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</section>
<section id="_highlighting_and_formatting_plain_text_data">
<title>Highlighting and formatting plain text data</title>
<para>You can highlight and format plain text data by the following.</para>
<table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
<title>List of tools to highlight plain text data</title>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colwidth="103pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="76pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="70pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="65pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="434pt" align="left"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry> package </entry>
<entry> popcon </entry>
<entry> size </entry>
<entry> keyword </entry>
<entry> description </entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry> <literal>vim-runtime</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> highlight </entry>
<entry> Vim MACRO to convert source code to HTML with "<literal>:source $VIMRUNTIME/syntax/html.vim</literal>" </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>cxref</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> c→html </entry>
<entry> converter for the C program to latex and HTML (C language) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>src2tex</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> highlight </entry>
<entry> convert many source codes to TeX (C language) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>source-highlight</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> highlight </entry>
<entry> convert many source codes to HTML, XHTML, LaTeX, Texinfo, ANSI color escape sequences and DocBook files with highlight (C++) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>highlight</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> highlight </entry>
<entry> convert many source codes to HTML, XHTML, RTF, LaTeX, TeX or XSL-FO files with highlight (C++) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>grc</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> text→color </entry>
<entry> generic colouriser for everything (Python) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>pandoc</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> text→any </entry>
<entry> general markup converter (Haskell) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>python3-docutils</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> text→any </entry>
<entry> ReStructured Text document formatter to XML (Python) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>markdown</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> text→html </entry>
<entry> Markdown text document formatter to (X)HTML (Perl) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>asciidoctor</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> text→any </entry>
<entry> AsciiDoc text document formatter to XML/HTML (Ruby) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>python3-sphinx</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> text→any </entry>
<entry> ReStructured Text based document publication system (Python) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>hugo</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> text→html </entry>
<entry> Markdown based static site publication system (Go) </entry>
</row>
<!--
<row>
<entry> <literal>asciidoc</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> text→any </entry>
<entry> AsciiDoc text document formatter to XML/HTML (Python) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>txt2html</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> text→html </entry>
<entry> text to HTML converter (Perl) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>txt2tags</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> text→any </entry>
<entry> document conversion from text to HTML, SGML, LaTeX, man page, MoinMoin, Magic Point and PageMaker (Python) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>udo</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> text→any </entry>
<entry> universal document - text processing utility (C language) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>stx2any</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> text→any </entry>
<entry> document converter from structured plain text to other formats (m4) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>rest2web</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> text→html </entry>
<entry> document converter from ReStructured Text to html (Python) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>aft</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> text→any </entry>
<entry> "free form" document preparation system (Perl) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>yodl</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> text→any </entry>
<entry> pre-document language and tools to process it (C language) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>sdf</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> text→any </entry>
<entry> simple document parser (Perl) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>sisu</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> text→any </entry>
<entry> document structuring, publishing and search framework (Ruby) </entry>
</row>
-->
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</section>
</section>
<section id="_xml_data">
<title>XML data</title>
<para><ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML">The Extensible Markup Language (XML)</ulink> is a markup language for documents containing structured information.</para>
<para>See introductory information at <ulink url="https://www.xml.com/">XML.COM</ulink>.</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem> <para> <ulink url="https://www.xml.com/pub/a/98/10/guide0.html">"What is XML?"</ulink> </para> </listitem>
<listitem> <para> <ulink url="https://www.xml.com/pub/a/2000/08/holman/index.html">"What Is XSLT?"</ulink> </para> </listitem>
<listitem> <para> <ulink url="https://www.xml.com/pub/a/2002/03/20/xsl-fo.html">"What Is XSL-FO?"</ulink> </para> </listitem>
<listitem> <para> <ulink url="https://www.xml.com/pub/a/2000/09/xlink/index.html">"What Is XLink?"</ulink> </para> </listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<section id="_basic_hints_for_xml">
<title>Basic hints for XML</title>
<para>XML text looks somewhat like <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML">HTML</ulink>. It enables us to manage multiple formats of output for a document. One easy XML system is the <literal>docbook-xsl</literal> package, which is used here.</para>
<para>Each XML file starts with standard XML declaration as the following.</para>
<screen><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?></screen>
<para>The basic syntax for one XML element is marked up as the following.</para>
<screen><name attribute="value">content</name></screen>
<para>XML element with empty content is marked up in the following short form.</para>
<screen><name attribute="value" /></screen>
<para>The "<literal>attribute="value"</literal>" in the above examples are optional.</para>
<para>The comment section in XML is marked up as the following.</para>
<screen><!-- comment --></screen>
<para>Other than adding markups, XML requires minor conversion to the content using predefined entities for following characters.</para>
<table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
<title>List of predefined entities for XML</title>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colwidth="97pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="168pt" align="left"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry> predefined entity </entry>
<entry> character to be converted into </entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry> <literal>&quot;</literal> </entry>
<entry><literal>"</literal> : quote </entry> </row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>&apos;</literal> </entry>
<entry><literal>'</literal> : apostrophe </entry> </row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>&lt;</literal> </entry>
<entry><literal><</literal> : less-than </entry> </row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>&gt;</literal> </entry>
<entry><literal>></literal> : greater-than </entry> </row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>&amp;</literal> </entry>
<entry><literal>&</literal> : ampersand </entry> </row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
<caution> <para>"<literal><</literal>" or "<literal>&</literal>" can not be used in attributes or elements.</para> </caution>
<note> <para>When SGML style user defined entities, e.g. "<literal>&some-tag;</literal>", are used, the first definition wins over others. The entity definition is expressed in "<literal><!ENTITY some-tag "entity value"></literal>".</para> </note>
<note> <para>As long as the XML markup are done consistently with certain set of the tag name (either some data as content or attribute value), conversion to another XML is trivial task using <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XSL_Transformations">Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT)</ulink>.</para> </note>
</section>
<section id="_xml_processing">
<title>XML processing</title>
<para>There are many tools available to process XML files such as <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Stylesheet_Language">the Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL)</ulink>.</para>
<para>Basically, once you create well formed XML file, you can convert it to any format using <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XSL_Transformations">Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT)</ulink>.</para>
<para>The <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XSL_Formatting_Objects">Extensible Stylesheet Language for Formatting Objects (XSL-FO)</ulink> is supposed to be solution for formatting. The <literal>fop</literal> package is new to the Debian <literal>main</literal> archive due to its dependence to the <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)">Java programing language</ulink>. So the LaTeX code is usually generated from XML using XSLT and the LaTeX system is used to create printable file such as DVI, PostScript, and PDF.</para>
<table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
<title>List of XML tools</title>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colwidth="76pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="76pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="70pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="59pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="466pt" align="left"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry> package </entry>
<entry> popcon </entry>
<entry> size </entry>
<entry> keyword </entry>
<entry> description </entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry> <literal>docbook-xml</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> xml </entry>
<entry> XML document type definition (DTD) for DocBook </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>docbook-xsl</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> xml/xslt </entry>
<entry> XSL stylesheets for processing DocBook XML to various output formats with XSLT </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>xsltproc</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> xslt </entry>
<entry> XSLT command line processor (XML→ XML, HTML, plain text, etc.) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>xmlto</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> xml/xslt </entry>
<entry> XML-to-any converter with XSLT </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>fop</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> xml/xsl-fo </entry>
<entry> convert Docbook XML files to PDF </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>dblatex</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> xml/xslt </entry>
<entry> convert Docbook files to DVI, PostScript, PDF documents with XSLT </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>dbtoepub</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> xml/xslt </entry>
<entry> DocBook XML to .epub converter </entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
<para>Since XML is subset of <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGML">Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)</ulink>, it can be processed by the extensive tools available for SGML, such as <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language">Document Style Semantics and Specification Language (DSSSL)</ulink>.</para>
<table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
<title>List of DSSSL tools</title>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colwidth="86pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="76pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="70pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="59pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="456pt" align="left"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry> package </entry>
<entry> popcon </entry>
<entry> size </entry>
<entry> keyword </entry>
<entry> description </entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry> <literal>openjade</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> dsssl </entry>
<entry> ISO/IEC 10179:1996 standard DSSSL processor (latest) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>docbook-dsssl</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> xml/dsssl </entry>
<entry> DSSSL stylesheets for processing DocBook XML to various output formats with DSSSL </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>docbook-utils</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> xml/dsssl </entry>
<entry> utilities for DocBook files including conversion to other formats (HTML, RTF, PS, man, PDF) with <literal>docbook2*</literal> commands with DSSSL </entry>
</row>
<!--
<row>
<entry> <literal>sgml2x</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> SGML/dsssl </entry>
<entry> converter from SGML and XML using DSSSL stylesheets </entry>
</row>
-->
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
<tip> <para><ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME">GNOME</ulink>'s <literal>yelp</literal> is sometimes handy to read <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DocBook">DocBook</ulink> XML files directly since it renders decently on X.</para> </tip>
</section>
<section id="_the_xml_data_extraction">
<title>The XML data extraction</title>
<para>You can extract HTML or XML data from other formats using followings.</para>
<table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
<title>List of XML data extraction tools</title>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colwidth="65pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="76pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="70pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="103pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="363pt" align="left"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry> package </entry>
<entry> popcon </entry>
<entry> size </entry>
<entry> keyword </entry>
<entry> description </entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry> <literal>man2html</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> manpage→html </entry>
<entry> converter from manpage to HTML (CGI support) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>doclifter</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> troff→xml </entry>
<entry> converter from troff to DocBook XML </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>texi2html</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> texi→html </entry>
<entry> converter from Texinfo to HTML </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>info2www</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> info→html </entry>
<entry> converter from GNU info to HTML (CGI support) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>wv</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> MSWord→any </entry>
<entry> document converter from Microsoft Word to HTML, LaTeX, etc. </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>unrtf</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> rtf→html </entry>
<entry> document converter from RTF to HTML, etc </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>wp2x</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> WordPerfect→any </entry>
<entry> WordPerfect 5.0 and 5.1 files to TeX, LaTeX, troff, GML and HTML </entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</section>
<section id="_the_xml_data_lint">
<title>The XML data lint</title>
<para>For non-XML HTML files, you can convert them to XHTML which is an instance of well formed XML. XHTML can be processed by XML tools.</para>
<para>Syntax of XML files and goodness of URLs found in them may be checked.</para>
<table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
<title>List of XML pretty print tools</title>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colwidth="86pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="76pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="70pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="103pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="412pt" align="left"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry> package </entry>
<entry> popcon </entry>
<entry> size </entry>
<entry> function </entry>
<entry> description </entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry> <literal>libxml2-utils</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> xml↔html↔xhtml </entry>
<entry> command line XML tool with <literal>xmllint</literal>(1) (syntax check, reformat, lint, …) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>tidy</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> xml↔html↔xhtml </entry>
<entry> HTML syntax checker and reformatter </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>weblint-perl</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> lint </entry>
<entry> syntax and minimal style checker for HTML </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>linklint</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> link check </entry>
<entry> fast link checker and web site maintenance tool </entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
<para>Once proper XML is generated, you can use XSLT technology to extract data based on the mark-up context etc.</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id="_type_setting">
<title>Type setting</title>
<para>The Unix <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troff">troff</ulink> program originally developed by AT&T can be used for simple typesetting. It is usually used to create manpages.</para>
<para><ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeX">TeX</ulink> created by Donald Knuth is a very powerful type setting tool and is the de facto standard. <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaTeX">LaTeX</ulink> originally written by Leslie Lamport enables a high-level access to the power of TeX.</para>
<table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
<title>List of type setting tools</title>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colwidth="81pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="76pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="70pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="43pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="287pt" align="left"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry> package </entry>
<entry> popcon </entry>
<entry> size </entry>
<entry> keyword </entry>
<entry> description </entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry> <literal>texlive</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> (La)TeX </entry>
<entry> TeX system for typesetting, previewing and printing </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>groff</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> troff </entry>
<entry> GNU troff text-formatting system </entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
<section id="_roff_typesetting">
<title>roff typesetting</title>
<para>Traditionally, <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roff">roff</ulink> is the main Unix text processing system. See <literal>roff</literal>(7), <literal>groff</literal>(7), <literal>groff</literal>(1), <literal>grotty</literal>(1), <literal>troff</literal>(1), <literal>groff_mdoc</literal>(7), <literal>groff_man</literal>(7), <literal>groff_ms</literal>(7), <literal>groff_me</literal>(7), <literal>groff_mm</literal>(7), and "<literal>info groff</literal>".</para>
<para>You can read or print a good tutorial and reference on "<literal>-me</literal>" <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)">macro</ulink> in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/groff/</literal>" by installing the <literal>groff</literal> package.</para>
<tip> <para>"<literal>groff -Tascii -me -</literal>" produces plain text output with <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code">ANSI escape code</ulink>. If you wish to get manpage like output with many "^H" and "_", use "<literal>GROFF_NO_SGR=1 groff -Tascii -me -</literal>" instead.</para> </tip>
<tip> <para>To remove "^H" and "_" from a text file generated by <literal>groff</literal>, filter it by "<literal>col -b -x</literal>".</para> </tip>
</section>
<section id="_tex_latex">
<title>TeX/LaTeX</title>
<para>The <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeX_Live">TeX Live</ulink> software distribution offers a complete TeX system. The <literal>texlive</literal> metapackage provides a decent selection of the <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeX_Live">TeX Live</ulink> packages which should suffice for the most common tasks.</para>
<para>There are many references available for <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeX">TeX</ulink> and <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaTeX">LaTeX</ulink>.</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem> <para> <ulink url="https://tldp.org/HOWTO/TeTeX-HOWTO.html">The teTeX HOWTO: The Linux-teTeX Local Guide</ulink> </para> </listitem>
<listitem> <para><literal>tex</literal>(1) </para> </listitem>
<listitem> <para><literal>latex</literal>(1) </para> </listitem>
<listitem> <para><literal>texdoc</literal>(1) </para> </listitem>
<listitem> <para><literal>texdoctk</literal>(1) </para> </listitem>
<listitem> <para> "The TeXbook", by Donald E. Knuth, (Addison-Wesley) </para> </listitem>
<listitem> <para> "LaTeX - A Document Preparation System", by Leslie Lamport, (Addison-Wesley) </para> </listitem>
<listitem> <para> "The LaTeX Companion", by Goossens, Mittelbach, Samarin, (Addison-Wesley) </para> </listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>This is the most powerful typesetting environment. Many <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language">SGML</ulink> processors use this as their back end text processor. <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyx">Lyx</ulink> provided by the <literal>lyx</literal> package and <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_TeXmacs">GNU TeXmacs</ulink> provided by the <literal>texmacs</literal> package offer nice <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYSIWYG">WYSIWYG</ulink> editing environment for <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaTeX">LaTeX</ulink> while many use <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs">Emacs</ulink> and <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vim_(text_editor)">Vim</ulink> as the choice for the source editor.</para>
<para>There are many online resources available.</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem> <para> The TEX Live Guide - TEX Live 2007 ("<literal>/usr/share/doc/texlive-doc-base/english/texlive-en/live.html</literal>") (<literal>texlive-doc-base</literal> package) </para> </listitem>
<listitem> <para> <ulink url="https://www.stat.rice.edu/~helpdesk/howto/lyxguide.html">A Simple Guide to Latex/Lyx</ulink> </para> </listitem>
<listitem> <para> <ulink url="https://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/latex_basic/latex_basic.html">Word Processing Using LaTeX</ulink> </para> </listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>When documents become bigger, sometimes TeX may cause errors. You must increase pool size in "<literal>/etc/texmf/texmf.cnf</literal>" (or more appropriately edit "<literal>/etc/texmf/texmf.d/95NonPath</literal>" and run <literal>update-texmf</literal>(8)) to fix this.</para>
<note> <para>The TeX source of "The TeXbook" is available at <ulink url="https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/systems/knuth/dist/tex/texbook.tex">www.ctan.org tex-archive site for texbook.tex</ulink>. This file contains most of the required macros. I heard that you can process this document with <literal>tex</literal>(1) after commenting lines 7 to 10 and adding "<literal>\input manmac \proofmodefalse</literal>". It's strongly recommended to buy this book (and all other books from Donald E. Knuth) instead of using the online version but the source is a great example of TeX input!</para> </note>
</section>
<section id="_pretty_print_a_manual_page">
<title>Pretty print a manual page</title>
<para>You can print a manual page in PostScript nicely by one of the following commands.</para>
<screen>$ man -Tps some_manpage | lpr</screen>
</section>
<section id="_creating_a_manual_page">
<title>Creating a manual page</title>
<para>Although writing a manual page (manpage) in the plain <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troff">troff</ulink> format is possible, there are few helper packages to create it.</para>
<table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
<title>List of packages to help creating the manpage</title>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colwidth="92pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="76pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="70pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="76pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="293pt" align="left"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry> package </entry>
<entry> popcon </entry>
<entry> size </entry>
<entry> keyword </entry>
<entry> description </entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry> <literal>docbook-to-man</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> SGML→manpage </entry>
<entry> converter from DocBook SGML into roff man macros </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>help2man</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> text→manpage </entry>
<entry> automatic manpage generator from --help </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>info2man</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> info→manpage </entry>
<entry> converter from GNU info to POD or man pages </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>txt2man</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> text→manpage </entry>
<entry> convert flat ASCII text to man page format </entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</section>
</section>
<section id="_printable_data">
<title>Printable data</title>
<para>Printable data is expressed in the <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostScript">PostScript</ulink> format on the Debian system. <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Unix_Printing_System">Common Unix Printing System (CUPS)</ulink> uses Ghostscript as its rasterizer backend program for non-PostScript printers.</para>
<para>Printable data may also be expressed in the <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF">PDF</ulink> format on the recent Debian system.</para>
<para>PDF files can displayed and its form entries may be filled using GUI viewer tools such as <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evince">Evince</ulink> and <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okular">Okular</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_gui_applications" />); and modern browsers such as <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium_(web_browser)">Chromium</ulink>. </para>
<para>PDF files can be edited using some graphics tools such as <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibreOffice">LibreOffice</ulink>, <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribus">Scribus</ulink>, and <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkscape">Inkscape</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_graphic_data_tools" />). </para>
<tip> <para>You can read a PDF file with <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIMP">GIMP</ulink> and convert it into <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG">PNG</ulink> format using higher than 300 dpi resolution. This may be used as a background image for <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibreOffice">LibreOffice</ulink> to produce a desirable altered printout with minimum efforts. </para> </tip>
<section id="_ghostscript">
<title>Ghostscript</title>
<para>The core of printable data manipulation is the <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostscript">Ghostscript</ulink> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostScript">PostScript (PS)</ulink> interpreter which generates raster image.</para>
<table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
<title>List of Ghostscript PostScript interpreters</title>
<tgroup cols="4">
<colspec colwidth="108pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="76pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="70pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="494pt" align="left"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry> package </entry>
<entry> popcon </entry>
<entry> size </entry>
<entry> description </entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry> <literal>ghostscript</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostscript">The GPL Ghostscript PostScript/PDF interpreter</ulink> </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>ghostscript-x</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> GPL Ghostscript PostScript/PDF interpreter - X display support </entry>
</row>
<row>
<!--
libpoppler package name needs to be updated for every major releases
https://tracker.debian.org/pkg/poppler
-->
<entry> <literal>libpoppler147</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> PDF rendering library forked from the xpdf PDF viewer </entry>
</row>
<row>
<!--
check name for libpoppler-glib8t64 package name https://tracker.debian.org/pkg/poppler
-->
<entry> <literal>libpoppler-glib8t64</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> PDF rendering library (GLib-based shared library) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>poppler-data</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> CMaps for PDF rendering library (for <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJK_characters">CJK</ulink> support: Adobe-*) </entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
<tip> <para>"<literal>gs -h</literal>" can display the configuration of Ghostscript.</para> </tip>
</section>
<section id="_merge_two_ps_or_pdf_files">
<title>Merge two PS or PDF files</title>
<para>You can merge two <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostScript">PostScript (PS)</ulink> or <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF">Portable Document Format (PDF)</ulink> files using <literal>gs</literal>(1) of Ghostscript.</para>
<screen>$ gs -q -dNOPAUSE -dBATCH -sDEVICE=pswrite -sOutputFile=bla.ps -f foo1.ps foo2.ps
$ gs -q -dNOPAUSE -dBATCH -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -sOutputFile=bla.pdf -f foo1.pdf foo2.pdf</screen>
<note> <para>The <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF">PDF</ulink>, which is a widely used cross-platform printable data format, is essentially the compressed <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostScript">PS</ulink> format with few additional features and extensions.</para> </note>
<tip> <para>For command line, <literal>psmerge</literal>(1) and other commands from the <literal>psutils</literal> package are useful for manipulating PostScript documents. <literal>pdftk</literal>(1) from the <literal>pdftk</literal> package is useful for manipulating PDF documents, too.</para> </tip>
</section>
<section id="_printable_data_utilities">
<title>Printable data utilities</title>
<para>The following packages for the printable data utilities caught my eyes.</para>
<table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
<title>List of printable data utilities</title>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colwidth="86pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="76pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="70pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="108pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="407pt" align="left"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry> package </entry>
<entry> popcon </entry>
<entry> size </entry>
<entry> keyword </entry>
<entry> description </entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry> <literal>poppler-utils</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> pdf→ps,text,… </entry>
<entry> PDF utilities: <literal>pdftops</literal>, <literal>pdfinfo</literal>, <literal>pdfimages</literal>, <literal>pdftotext</literal>, <literal>pdffonts</literal> </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>psutils</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> ps→ps </entry>
<entry> PostScript document conversion tools </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>poster</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> ps→ps </entry>
<entry> create large posters out of PostScript pages </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>enscript</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> text→ps, html, rtf </entry>
<entry> convert ASCII text to PostScript, HTML, RTF or Pretty-Print </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>a2ps</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> text→ps </entry>
<entry> 'Anything to PostScript' converter and pretty-printer </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>pdftk</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> pdf→pdf </entry>
<entry> PDF document conversion tool: <literal>pdftk</literal> </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>html2ps</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> html→ps </entry>
<entry> converter from HTML to PostScript </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>gnuhtml2latex</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> html→latex </entry>
<entry> converter from html to latex </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>latex2rtf</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> latex→rtf </entry>
<entry> convert documents from LaTeX to RTF which can be read by MS Word </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>ps2eps</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> ps→eps </entry>
<entry> converter from PostScript to EPS (Encapsulated PostScript) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>e2ps</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> text→ps </entry>
<entry> Text to PostScript converter with Japanese encoding support </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>impose+</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> ps→ps </entry>
<entry> PostScript utilities </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>trueprint</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> text→ps </entry>
<entry> pretty print many source codes (C, C++, Java, Pascal, Perl, Pike, Sh, and Verilog) to PostScript. (C language) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>pdf2svg</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> pdf→svg </entry>
<entry> converter from PDF to <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics">Scalable vector graphics</ulink> format </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>pdftoipe</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> pdf→ipe </entry>
<entry> converter from PDF to IPE's XML format </entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</section>
<section id="_printing_with_cups">
<title>Printing with CUPS</title>
<para>Both <literal>lp</literal>(1) and <literal>lpr</literal>(1) commands offered by <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Unix_Printing_System">Common Unix Printing System (CUPS)</ulink> provides options for customized printing the printable data.</para>
<para>You can print 3 copies of a file collated using one of the following commands.</para>
<screen>$ lp -n 3 -o Collate=True filename</screen>
<screen>$ lpr -#3 -o Collate=True filename</screen>
<para>You can further customize printer operation by using printer option such as "<literal>-o number-up=2</literal>", "<literal>-o page-set=even</literal>", "<literal>-o page-set=odd</literal>", "<literal>-o scaling=200</literal>", "<literal>-o natural-scaling=200</literal>", etc., documented at <ulink url="http://localhost:631/help/options.html">Command-Line Printing and Options</ulink>.</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id="_the_mail_data_conversion">
<title>The mail data conversion</title>
<para>The following packages for the mail data conversion caught my eyes.</para>
<table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
<title>List of packages to help mail data conversion</title>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colwidth="70pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="76pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="70pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="70pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="461pt" align="left"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry> package </entry>
<entry> popcon </entry>
<entry> size </entry>
<entry> keyword </entry>
<entry> description </entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry> <literal>sharutils</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> mail </entry>
<entry><literal>shar</literal>(1), <literal>unshar</literal>(1), <literal>uuencode</literal>(1), <literal>uudecode</literal>(1) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>mpack</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> MIME </entry>
<entry> encoding and decoding of <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIME">MIME</ulink> messages: <literal>mpack</literal>(1) and <literal>munpack</literal>(1) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>tnef</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> ms-tnef </entry>
<entry> unpacking <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIME">MIME</ulink> attachments of type "application/ms-tnef" which is a Microsoft only format </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>uudeview</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> mail </entry>
<entry> encoder and decoder for the following formats: <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uuencoding">uuencode</ulink>, <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xxencode">xxencode</ulink>, <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base64">BASE64</ulink>, <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quoted-printable">quoted printable</ulink>, and <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BinHex">BinHex</ulink> </entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
<tip> <para>The <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol">Internet Message Access Protocol</ulink> version 4 (IMAP4) server may be used to move mails out from proprietary mail systems if the mail client software can be configured to use IMAP4 server too.</para> </tip>
<section id="_mail_data_basics">
<title>Mail data basics</title>
<para>Mail (<ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol">SMTP</ulink>) data should be limited to series of 7 bit data. So binary data and 8 bit text data are encoded into 7 bit format with the <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIME">Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)</ulink> and the selection of the charset (see <xref linkend="list-of-encoding-values"/>).</para>
<para>The standard mail storage format is mbox formatted according to <ulink url="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc2822/">RFC2822 (updated RFC822)</ulink>. See <literal>mbox</literal>(5) (provided by the <literal>mutt</literal> package).</para>
<para>For European languages, "<literal>Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable</literal>" with the ISO-8859-1 charset is usually used for mail since there are not much 8 bit characters. If European text is encoded in UTF-8, "<literal>Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable</literal>" is likely to be used since it is mostly 7 bit data.</para>
<para>For Japanese, traditionally "<literal>Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-2022-JP</literal>" is usually used for mail to keep text in 7 bits. But older Microsoft systems may send mail data in Shift-JIS without proper declaration. If Japanese text is encoded in UTF-8, <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base64">Base64</ulink> is likely to be used since it contains many 8 bit data. The situation of other Asian languages is similar.</para>
<note> <para>If your non-Unix mail data is accessible by a non-Debian client software which can talk to the IMAP4 server, you may be able to move them out by running your own IMAP4 server.</para> </note>
<note> <para>If you use other mail storage formats, moving them to mbox format is the good first step. The versatile client program such as <literal>mutt</literal>(1) may be handy for this.</para> </note>
<para>You can split mailbox contents to each message using <literal>procmail</literal>(1) and <literal>formail</literal>(1).</para>
<para>Each mail message can be unpacked using <literal>munpack</literal>(1) from the <literal>mpack</literal> package (or other specialized tools) to obtain the MIME encoded contents.</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id="_graphic_data_tools">
<title>Graphic data tools</title>
<para>Although GUI programs such as <literal>gimp</literal>(1) are very powerful, command line tools such as <literal>imagemagick</literal>(1) are quite useful for automating image manipulation via scripts.</para>
<para>The de facto image file format of the digital camera is the <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchangeable_image_file_format">Exchangeable Image File Format</ulink> (EXIF) which is the <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG">JPEG</ulink> image file format with additional metadata tags. It can hold information such as date, time, and camera settings.</para>
<para><ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempel-Ziv-Welch">The Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) lossless data compression</ulink> patent has been expired. <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_Interchange_Format">Graphics Interchange Format (GIF)</ulink> utilities which use the LZW compression method are now freely available on the Debian system.</para>
<tip> <para>Any digital camera or scanner with removable recording media works with Linux through <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_flash_drive">USB storage</ulink> readers since it follows the <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_rule_for_Camera_File_system">Design rule for Camera Filesystem</ulink> and uses <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table">FAT</ulink> filesystem. See <xref linkend="_removable_storage_device"/>.</para> </tip>
<section id="_graphic_data_tools_meta">
<title>Graphic data tools (metapackage)</title>
<para>The following metapackages are good starting points for searching graphics data tools using <literal>aptitude</literal>(8). "<ulink url="https://qa.debian.org/developer.php?email=pkg-phototools-devel@lists.alioth.debian.org">Packages overview for Debian PhotoTools Maintainers</ulink>" can be another starting point.</para>
<table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
<title>List of graphics data tools (metapackage)</title>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colwidth="146pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="76pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="70pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="124pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="331pt" align="left"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry> package </entry>
<entry> popcon </entry>
<entry> size </entry>
<entry> keyword </entry>
<entry> description </entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<!-- missing in trixie, mayneed to reactivate for forky
<row>
<entry> <literal>design-desktop-graphics</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> svg, jpeg, … </entry>
<entry> metapackage for graphics designers </entry>
</row>
-->
<row>
<entry> <literal>education-graphics</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> svg, jpeg, … </entry>
<entry> metapackage for teaching graphics and pictural art. </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>open-font-design-toolkit</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> ttf, ps, … </entry>
<entry> metapackage for open font design </entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
<tip> <para>Search more image tools using regex "<literal>~Gworks-with::image</literal>" in <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) (see <xref linkend="_search_method_options_with_aptitude"/>).</para> </tip>
</section>
<section id="_graphic_data_tools_gui">
<title>Graphic data tools (GUI)</title>
<para>The following packages for the GUI graphics data conversion, editing, and organization tools caught my eyes.</para>
<table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
<title>List of graphics data tools (GUI)</title>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colwidth="146pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="76pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="70pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="124pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="331pt" align="left"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry> package </entry>
<entry> popcon </entry>
<entry> size </entry>
<entry> keyword </entry>
<entry> description </entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry> <literal>gimp</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> image(bitmap) </entry>
<entry> GNU Image Manipulation Program </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>xsane</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> image(bitmap) </entry>
<entry> GTK-based X11 frontend for SANE (Scanner Access Now Easy) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>scribus</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> ps/pdf/SVG/… </entry>
<entry><ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribus">Scribus</ulink> DTP editor </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>libreoffice-draw</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> image(vector) </entry>
<entry> LibreOffice office suite - drawing </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>inkscape</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> image(vector) </entry>
<entry><ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics">SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics)</ulink> editor </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>dia</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> image(vector) </entry>
<entry> diagram editor (Gtk) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>xfig</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> image(vector) </entry>
<entry> Facility for Interactive Generation of figures under X11 </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>gocr</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> image→text </entry>
<entry> free OCR software </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>eog</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> image(Exif) </entry>
<entry> Eye of GNOME graphics viewer program </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>gthumb</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> image(Exif) </entry>
<entry> image viewer and browser (GNOME) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>geeqie</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> image(Exif) </entry>
<entry> image viewer using GTK </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>shotwell</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> image(Exif) </entry>
<entry> digital photo organizer (GNOME) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>gwenview</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> image(Exif) </entry>
<entry> image viewer (KDE) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>kamera</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> image(Exif) </entry>
<entry> digital camera support for KDE applications </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>digikam</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> image(Exif) </entry>
<entry> digital photo management application for KDE </entry>
</row>
<!-- POPCON I=13 RAW handling GUI, group-maintained -->
<row>
<entry> <literal>darktable</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> image(Exif) </entry>
<entry> virtual lighttable and darkroom for photographers </entry>
</row>
<!-- POPCON I ~ 10, group-maintained -->
<row>
<entry> <literal>hugin</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> image(Exif) </entry>
<entry> panorama photo stitcher </entry>
</row>
<!-- low POPCON I=4, photo meta data are available with other tools -->
@-@XML_COMMENT_START@-@
<row>
<entry> <literal>gtkam</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> image(Exif) </entry>
<entry> application for retrieving media from digital cameras (GTK) </entry>
</row>
@-@XML_COMMENT_END@-@
<!-- low POPCON I=1 -->
@-@XML_COMMENT_START@-@
<row>
<entry> <literal>fotoxx</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> image(Exif) </entry>
<entry> Edit photos and manage a large collection </entry>
</row>
@-@XML_COMMENT_END@-@
<!-- low POPCON I=0 -->
@-@XML_COMMENT_START@-@
<row>
<entry> <literal>phototonic</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> image(Exif) </entry>
<entry> image viewer and organizer </entry>
</row>
@-@XML_COMMENT_END@-@
<row>
<entry> <literal>librecad</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> DXF, ... </entry>
<entry> 2D CAD data editor </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>freecad</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> DXF, ... </entry>
<entry> 3D CAD data editor </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>blender</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> blend, TIFF, VRML, … </entry>
<entry> 3D content editor for animation etc </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>mm3d</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> ms3d, obj, dxf, … </entry>
<entry> OpenGL based 3D model editor </entry>
</row>
<!-- ref: open-font-design-toolkit -->
<row>
<entry> <literal>fontforge</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> ttf, ps, … </entry>
<entry> font editor for PS, TrueType and OpenType fonts </entry>
</row>
<!-- ref: open-font-design-toolkit -->
<row>
<entry> <literal>xgridfit</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> ttf </entry>
<entry> program for <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinting">gridfitting and hinting</ulink> TrueType fonts </entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</section>
<section id="_graphic_data_tools_cli">
<title>Graphic data tools (CLI)</title>
<para>The following packages for the CLI graphics data conversion, editing, and organization tools caught my eyes.</para>
<table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
<title>List of graphics data tools (CLI)</title>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colwidth="146pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="76pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="70pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="124pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="331pt" align="left"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry> package </entry>
<entry> popcon </entry>
<entry> size </entry>
<entry> keyword </entry>
<entry> description </entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry> <literal>imagemagick</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> image(bitmap) </entry>
<entry> image manipulation programs </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>graphicsmagick</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> image(bitmap) </entry>
<entry> image manipulation programs (fork of <literal>imagemagick</literal>) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>netpbm</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> image(bitmap) </entry>
<entry> graphics conversion tools </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>libheif-examples</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> heif→jpeg(bitmap) </entry>
<entry> convert <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Efficiency_Image_File_Format">High Efficiency Image File Format (HEIF)</ulink> to JPEG, PNG, or Y4M formats with <literal>heif-convert</literal>(1) command</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>icoutils</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> png↔ico(bitmap) </entry>
<entry> convert <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICO_(icon_image_file_format)">MS Windows icons and cursors to and from PNG formats</ulink> (<ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favicon">favicon.ico</ulink>) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>pstoedit</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> ps/pdf→image(vector) </entry>
<entry> PostScript and PDF files to editable vector graphics converter (SVG) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>libwmf-bin</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> Windows/image(vector) </entry>
<entry> Windows metafile (vector graphics data) conversion tools </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>fig2sxd</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> fig→sxd(vector) </entry>
<entry> convert XFig files to OpenOffice.org Draw format </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>unpaper</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> image→image </entry>
<entry> post-processing tool for scanned pages for <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_character_recognition">OCR</ulink> </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>tesseract-ocr</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> image→text </entry>
<entry> free <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_character_recognition">OCR</ulink> software based on the HP's commercial OCR engine </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>tesseract-ocr-eng</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> image→text </entry>
<entry> OCR engine data: tesseract-ocr language files for English text </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>ocrad</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> image→text </entry>
<entry> free OCR software </entry>
</row>
<!-- highest POPCON -->
<row>
<entry> <literal>exif</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> image(Exif) </entry>
<entry> command-line utility to show EXIF information in JPEG files </entry>
</row>
<!-- higher POPCON, GNOME -->
<row>
<entry> <literal>exiv2</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> image(Exif) </entry>
<entry> EXIF/IPTC metadata manipulation tool </entry>
</row>
<!-- higher POPCON -->
<row>
<entry> <literal>exiftran</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> image(Exif) </entry>
<entry> transform digital camera jpeg images </entry>
</row>
<!-- lower POPCON, similar functionality available in other package -->
@-@XML_COMMENT_START@-@
<row>
<entry> <literal>gphoto2</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> image(Exif) </entry>
<entry> The gphoto2 digital camera command-line client </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>jhead</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> image(Exif) </entry>
<entry> manipulate the non-image part of Exif compliant JPEG (digital camera photo) files </entry>
</row>
@-@XML_COMMENT_END@-@
<row>
<entry> <literal>exiftags</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> image(Exif) </entry>
<entry> utility to read Exif tags from a digital camera JPEG file </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>exifprobe</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> image(Exif) </entry>
<entry> read metadata from digital pictures </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>dcraw</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> image(Raw)→ppm </entry>
<entry> decode raw digital camera images </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>findimagedupes</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> image→fingerprint </entry>
<entry> find visually similar or duplicate images </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>ale</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> image→image </entry>
<entry> merge images to increase fidelity or create mosaics </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>imageindex</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> image(Exif)→html </entry>
<entry> generate static HTML galleries from images </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>outguess</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> jpeg,png </entry>
<entry> universal <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steganography">Steganographic</ulink> tool </entry>
</row>
<!-- design-desktop-graphics depends on jpegoptim -->
<row>
<entry> <literal>jpegoptim</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> jpeg </entry>
<entry> optimize <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG">JPEG</ulink> files </entry>
</row>
<!-- design-desktop-graphics depends on optipng -->
<row>
<entry> <literal>optipng</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> png </entry>
<entry> optimize <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG">PNG</ulink> files, lossless compression </entry>
</row>
<!-- POPCON less than optipng, not metapackage reference -->
@-@XML_COMMENT_START@-@
<row>
<entry> <literal>pngcrush</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> png </entry>
<entry> optimize <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG">PNG</ulink> files, lossless compression </entry>
</row>
@-@XML_COMMENT_END@-@
<!-- POPCON == non-zero, lossy ... different functionality -->
<row>
<entry> <literal>pngquant</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> png </entry>
<entry> optimize <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG">PNG</ulink> files, lossy compression </entry>
</row>
<!-- POPCON == zero, similar pngquant is more pupular -->
@-@XML_COMMENT_START@-@
<row>
<entry> <literal>pngnq</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> png </entry>
<entry> optimize <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG">PNG</ulink> files, lossy compression </entry>
</row>
@-@XML_COMMENT_END@-@
<!-- DROP since low popcon and no reference by metapackage, all newer program GIF or SVG for animation No more LZW-issue -->
@-@XML_COMMENT_START@-@
<row>
<entry> <literal>apngopt</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> apng </entry>
<entry> optimize APNG (Animated Portable Network Graphics) animated images </entry>
</row>
@-@XML_COMMENT_END@-@
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</section>
</section>
<section id="_miscellaneous_data_conversion">
<title>Miscellaneous data conversion</title>
<para>There are many other programs for converting data. Following packages caught my eyes using regex "<literal>~Guse::converting</literal>" in <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) (see <xref linkend="_search_method_options_with_aptitude"/>).</para>
<table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
<title>List of miscellaneous data conversion tools</title>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colwidth="65pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="76pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="70pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="70pt" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="466pt" align="left"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry> package </entry>
<entry> popcon </entry>
<entry> size </entry>
<entry> keyword </entry>
<entry> description </entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry> <literal>alien</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> rpm/tgz→deb </entry>
<entry> converter for the foreign package into the Debian package </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>freepwing</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> EB→EPWING </entry>
<entry> converter from "Electric Book" (popular in Japan) to a single <ulink url="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/JIS_X_4081">JIS X 4081</ulink> format (a subset of the <ulink url="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPWING">EPWING</ulink> V1) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry> <literal>calibre</literal> </entry>
<entry> @-@popcon1@-@ </entry>
<entry> @-@psize1@-@ </entry>
<entry> any→EPUB </entry>
<entry> e-book converter and library management </entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
<para>You can also extract data from RPM format with the following.</para>
<screen>$ rpm2cpio file.src.rpm | cpio --extract</screen>
</section>
</chapter>
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