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<?xml version="1.0"?>
<article>
  <articleinfo>
    <title>DebianReference/Network</title>
  </articleinfo>
  <para/>
  <section>
    <title>Do not use Edit(GUI) button.</title>
    <para> </para>
    <para>Copyright 2007, 2008  Osamu Aoki GPL, (Please agree to GPL, GPL2, and any version of GPL which is compatible with DSFG if you update any part of wiki page) </para>
    <para>Generated HTML is at "<ulink url="http://people.debian.org/~osamu/pub/getwiki/html/ch06.en.html">Debian Reference: Chapter 6. Network setup</ulink>". </para>
    <para>I welcome your contributions to update this wiki page. You must follow these rules: </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>Do not use Edit(GUI) button of <ulink url="/MoinMoin">MoinMoin</ulink>. </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>You can update anytime for: <itemizedlist><listitem>grammar errors </listitem><listitem>spelling errors </listitem><listitem>moved URL location </listitem><listitem>package name transition adjustment (emacs23 etc.) </listitem><listitem>clearly broken script. </listitem></itemizedlist></listitem>
      <listitem>Before updating this wiki content: <itemizedlist><listitem><para>Read "<ulink url="http://wiki.debian.org/DebianReference/Test">Guide for contributing to Debian Reference</ulink>". </para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para/>
  </section>
  <section>
    <title>Network setup</title>
    <para>This section will address <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Suite">TCP/IP network</ulink> setup for the mobile PC which moves around different networks. (For the non-mobile PC, the debian-installer should have taken care your network setup and there are almost nothing for us to play with.) </para>
    <para><emphasis role="strong">You should install the <code>resolvconf</code> package for the mobile PC.</emphasis>  This package provides framework to solve conflicts of the host address resolution between different network configuration scripts when network configuration changes.  Read more on <code>/usr/share/doc/resolvconf/README.Debian</code>. </para>
    <para>For the fixed location server machine, you can do without the <code>resolvconf</code> package and keep your system simple. </para>
    <para>In this document, we focus on Debian-specific issues. For a general guide to GNU/Linux networking, read the <ulink url="http://www.tldp.org/LDP/nag2/">Linux Network Administrators Guide</ulink>. </para>
    <para/>
    <section>
      <title>The basic network infrastructure</title>
      <para>Let's review the basic network infrastructure of the modern Debian system. </para>
      <para/>
      <section>
        <title>The domain name</title>
        <para>The naming for the domain name is a tricky one for the normal workstation PC users.  The PC workstation may be mobile one hopping around the network or located behind the NAT firewall inaccessible from the Internet. For such case, you may not want the domain name to be a valid domain name to avoid name collision. </para>
        <para/>
        <para/>
        <para>According to <ulink url="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2606">rfc2606</ulink>, "<code>invalid</code>" seems to be a choice for the <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level_domain">top level domain (TLD)</ulink> to construct domain names that are sure to be invalid from the Internet.  </para>
        <para>The <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDNS">mDNS</ulink> network discovery protocol (<ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonjour_(software)">Apple Bonjour / Apple Rendezvous</ulink>, Avahi on Debian) uses <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.local">"local"</ulink> as the <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-top-level_domain">pseudo-top-level domain</ulink>.  <ulink url="http://support.microsoft.com/kb/296250">Microsoft also seem to promote "local" for the TLD of local area network</ulink>.  </para>
        <para>Other popular choices for the invalid TLD seem to be "<code>localdomain</code>", "<code>lan</code>", "<code>localnet</code>", or "<code>home</code>" according to my incoming mail analysis.   </para>
        <para/>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>The hostname resolution</title>
        <para>The hostname resolution is currently supported by the <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_Service_Switch">NSS (Name Service Switch)</ulink> mechanism too.  The flow of this resolution is: </para>
        <orderedlist numeration="arabic">
          <listitem>
            <para>The <code>/etc/nsswitch.conf</code> file with stanza like "<code>hosts: files dns</code>" dictates the hostname resolution order. (This replaces the old functionality of the "<code>order</code>" stanza in <code>/etc/host.conf</code>.) </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>The <code>files</code> method is invoked first.  If the hostname is found in the <code>/etc/hosts</code> file, it returns all valid addresses for it and exits. (The <code>/etc/host.conf</code> file contains "<code>multi on</code>".) </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>The <code>dns</code> method is invoked.  If the hostname is found by the query to the <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System">Internet Domain Name System (DNS)</ulink> identified by the <code>/etc/resolv.conf</code> file, it returns all valid addresses for it and exits. </para>
          </listitem>
        </orderedlist>
        <para>The <code>/etc/hosts</code> file <ulink url="http://bugs.debian.org/316099">associates IP addresses with hostnames</ulink>: </para>
        <screen><![CDATA[127.0.0.1 localhost
127.0.1.1 <host_name>.<domain_name> <host_name>

# The following lines are desirable for IPv6 capable hosts
::1     ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
fe00::0 ip6-localnet
ff00::0 ip6-mcastprefix
ff02::1 ip6-allnodes
ff02::2 ip6-allrouters
ff02::3 ip6-allhosts
]]></screen>
        <para>Here the &lt;host_name&gt; in this matches the own hostname defined in the <code>/etc/hostname</code>.  The &lt;domain_name&gt; in this is the <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FQDN">fully qualified domain name (FQDN)</ulink> of this host. </para>
        <para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata width="16" fileref="/htdocs/rightsidebar/img/icon-info.png" depth="16"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>{i}</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> I sometimes use bogus domain name for &lt;domain_name&gt;, such as "<code>invalid</code>" in this configuration for the mobile PC. </para>
        <para>The <code>/etc/resolv.conf</code> is a static file if the <code>resolvconf</code> package is not installed.  If installed, it is a symbolic link.  Either way, it contains information that initialize the resolver routines. If the DNS is found at IP="<code>192.168.11.1</code>", it contains: </para>
        <screen><![CDATA[nameserver 192.168.11.1
]]></screen>
        <para>The <code>resolvconf</code> package makes this <code>/etc/resolv.conf</code> into a symbolic link and manages its contents by the hook scripts automatically. </para>
        <para>The hostname resolution via Multicast DNS (using <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeroconf">Zeroconf</ulink>, aka <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonjour_(software)">Apple Bonjour / Apple Rendezvous</ulink>) which effectively allows name resolution by common Unix/Linux programs in the ad-hoc mDNS domain "<code>local</code>", can be provided by installing the <code>libnss-mdns</code> package.  The <code>/etc/nsswitch.conf</code> file should have stanza like "<code>hosts: files mdns4_minimal [NOTFOUND=return] dns mdns4</code>" to enable this functionality. </para>
        <para/>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>The network interface name</title>
        <para>The network interface name, e.g. <code>eth0</code>, is assigned to each hardware in the Linux kernel through the user space configuration mechanism, <code>udev</code> (see: @{@theudevsystem@}@), as it is found.  The network interface name is referred as <emphasis role="strong">physical interface</emphasis> in the manpage of <code>ifup</code>(8) and <code>interfaces</code>(5). </para>
        <para>In order to ensure each network interface to be named persistently for each reboot using <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_address">MAC address</ulink> etc., there is a record file "<code>/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules</code>".  This file is automatically generated by the "<code>/lib/udev/write_net_rules</code>" program, probably run by the "<code>persistent-net-generator.rules</code>" rules file. You can modify it to change naming rule. </para>
        <para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata width="15" fileref="/htdocs/rightsidebar/img/attention.png" depth="15"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>&lt;!&gt;</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> When editing the "<code>/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules</code>" rules file, you must keep each rule on a single line and the <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_address">MAC address</ulink> in lowercase. For example, if you find "Firewire device" and "PCI device" in this file, you probably want to name "PCI device" as <code>eth0</code> and configure it as the primary network interface. </para>
        <para/>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>The network address range for the LAN</title>
        <para>Let us be reminded of the IPv4 32 bit address ranges in each class reserved for use on the <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network">local area networks (LANs)</ulink> by <ulink url="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1918">rfc1918</ulink>.  These addresses are guaranteed not to conflict with any addresses on the Internet proper.   </para>
        <table>
          <caption/>
          <tgroup cols="5">
            <colspec colname="xxx1"/>
            <colspec colname="xxx2"/>
            <colspec colname="xxx3"/>
            <colspec colname="xxx4"/>
            <colspec colname="xxx5"/>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> List of network address ranges. </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <emphasis role="strong">Class</emphasis>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <emphasis role="strong">network addresses</emphasis>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <emphasis role="strong">net mask</emphasis>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <emphasis role="strong">net mask /bits</emphasis>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <emphasis role="strong"># of subnets</emphasis>
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> A </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> 10.x.x.x </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> 255.0.0.0 </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> /8 </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> 1 </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> B </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> 172.16.x.x -- 172.31.x.x   </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> 255.255.0.0 </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> /16 </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> 16 </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> C </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> 192.168.0.x -- 192.168.255.x </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> 255.255.255.0 </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>/24 </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> 256 </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </table>
        <para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata width="15" fileref="/htdocs/rightsidebar/img/idea.png" depth="15"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>(!)</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> If one of these addresses is assigned to a host, then that host must not access the Internet directly but must access it through a gateway that acts as a proxy for individual services or else does <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Address_Translation">Network Address Translation(NAT)</ulink>.  The broadband router usually performs NAT for the consumer LAN environment. </para>
        <para/>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>The network configuration infrastructure</title>
        <para>The <code>ifupdown</code> package and its associated packages are the de facto standard for the Debian networking infrastructure.  Its configuration file is the <code>/etc/network/interfaces</code> (<emphasis role="strong"><code>/e/n/i</code></emphasis>)file and its typical contents are: </para>
        <screen><![CDATA[auto lo
iface lo inet loopback

auto eth0
iface eth0 inet dhcp
]]></screen>
        <para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata width="16" fileref="/htdocs/rightsidebar/img/icon-info.png" depth="16"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>{i}</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> There are independent automatic network configuration tools for mobile desktop users on laptops (see @{@automaticnetworkconfiguration@}@). </para>
        <table>
          <caption/>
          <tgroup cols="5">
            <colspec colname="xxx1"/>
            <colspec colname="xxx2"/>
            <colspec colname="xxx3"/>
            <colspec colname="xxx4"/>
            <colspec colname="xxx5"/>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> List of network configuration tools. </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> 1 </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> 2 </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> 3 </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <emphasis role="strong">packages</emphasis>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <emphasis role="strong">popcon</emphasis>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <emphasis role="strong">size</emphasis>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <emphasis role="strong">type</emphasis>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <emphasis role="strong">function</emphasis>
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>ifupdown</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> 35032 </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> config::<ulink url="http://packages.debian.org/search?keywords=ifupdown&amp;searchon=names&amp;exact=1&amp;suite=all&amp;section=all">ifupdown</ulink> </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Standardized level to bring up and down the network (Debian specific) </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>ifplugd</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> 571 </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> , , </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Manage the wired network automatically </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>ifupdown-extra</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> -- </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> , , </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Network testing script to enhance "<code>ifupdown</code>" package </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>ifmetric</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>  , , </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Set routing metrics for a network interface. </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>guessnet</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> 112 </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> , , </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Mapping script to enhance "<code>ifupdown</code>" package via <emphasis role="strong"><code>/e/n/i</code></emphasis> file </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>ifscheme</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> -- </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> , , </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Mapping scripts to enhance "<code>ifupdown</code>" package </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>ifupdown-scripts-zg2</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> -- </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> , , </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Zugschlus' interface scripts for ifupdown's manual method </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>network-manager</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> config::<ulink url="http://projects.gnome.org/NetworkManager/">NetworkManager</ulink> </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para><ulink url="/NetworkManager">NetworkManager</ulink> (daemon): Manage the network automatically </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>network-manager-gnome</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> , , </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para><ulink url="/NetworkManager">NetworkManager</ulink> (GNOME frontend) </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>network-manager-kde</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> , , </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para><ulink url="/NetworkManager">NetworkManager</ulink> (KDE frontend) </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>wicd</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> config::<ulink url="http://wicd.sourceforge.net/">wicd</ulink> </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Wired and wireless network manager </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>iptables</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> config::<ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netfilter">Netfilter</ulink> </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Administration tools for packet filtering and NAT </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>iproute</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> 19172 </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> config::<ulink url="http://www.linuxfoundation.org/en/Net:Iproute2">iproute2</ulink> </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> IPv6 and other advanced network configuration: <code>ip</code>(8), <code>tc</code>(8), etc. </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>ifrename</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> , , </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Rename network interfaces based on various static criteria: <code>ifrename</code>(8) </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>ethtool</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> , , </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Display or change Ethernet device settings: </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>iputils-ping</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> test::<ulink url="http://www.linuxfoundation.org/en/Net:Iproute2">iproute2</ulink> </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Tools to test network reachability of a remote host by <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostname">hostname</ulink> or <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address">IP address</ulink> </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>iputils-arping</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> , , </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Tools to test network reachability of a remote host specified by the <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol">ARP</ulink> address </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>iputils-tracepath</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> , , </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Tools to trace the network path to a remote host </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>net-tools</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> 36300 </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> config::<ulink url="http://www.linuxfoundation.org/en/Net:Net-tools">net-tools</ulink> </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> The NET-3 networking toolkit (IPv4 network configuration):  <code>ifconfig</code>(8) etc.  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>inetutils-ping</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> test::<ulink url="http://www.linuxfoundation.org/en/Net:Net-tools">net-tools</ulink> </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Tools to test network reachability of a remote host by <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostname">hostname</ulink> or <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address">IP address</ulink> (legacy, GNU) </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>arping</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> , , </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Tools to test network reachability of a remote host specified by the <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol">ARP</ulink> address (legacy) </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>traceroute</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> , , </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Tools to trace the network path to a remote host (legacy, console) </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>dhcp3-client</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> 20532 </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> config::low-level </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> DHCP client </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>wpasupplicant</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> , , </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Client support for WPA and WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i) </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>wireless-tools</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> , , </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Tools for manipulating Linux Wireless Extensions </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>ppp</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> 4638 </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> , , </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> PPP/PPPoE connection with <code>chat</code> </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>pppoeconf</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> 566 </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> config::helper </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Configuration helper for PPPoE connection </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>pppconfig</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> 559 </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> , , </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Configuration helper for plain PPP connection with <code>chat</code> </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>wvdial</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> 224 </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> , , </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> PPP connection with <code>wvdial</code> with <code>ppp</code>, configuration helper  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>mtr-tiny</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> test::low-level </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Tools to trace the network path to a remote host (curses) </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>mtr</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> , , </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Tools to trace the network path to a remote host (curses and GTK+) </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>gnome-nettool</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> , , </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Tools for common network information operations (GNOME) </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>nmap</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> , , </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Network mapper / port scanner (console) </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>zenmap</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> , , </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Network mapper / port scanner (GTK+) </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>knmap</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> , , </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Network mapper / port scanner (KDE) </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>tcpdump</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> , , </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Network traffic analyzer (console) </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>wireshark</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> , , </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Network traffic analyzer (GTK+) </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>tshark</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> , , </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Network traffic analyzer (console) </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>tcptrace</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> , , </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Tool to produce a summarization of the connections from <code>tcpdump</code> output </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>snort</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> , , </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Flexible network intrusion detection system </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>ntop</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> , , </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> display network usage in web browser </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>dnsutils</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> , , </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>  Network clients provided with <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIND">BIND</ulink>: <code>nslookup</code>(8), <code>nsupdate</code>(8), <code>dig</code>(8)  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>dlint</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> , , </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Checks <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System">DNS</ulink> zone information using nameserver lookups </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>dnstracer</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> - </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> , , </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Tool to trace a chain of <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System">DNS</ulink> servers to the source  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </table>
        <para/>
        <para/>
        <para/>
        <para/>
        <para/>
        <para/>
        <para/>
        <para/>
        <para/>
        <para>There are 2 types of low level networking programs for Linux networking system (see @{@iprouteccommands@}@). </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>Old <code>net-tools</code> programs (<code>ifconfig</code>(8), ...) are from the Linux NET-3 networking system. Most of these are obsolete now. </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>New <ulink url="http://www.linuxfoundation.org/en/Net:Iproute2">Linux iproute2</ulink> programs (<code>ip</code>(8), ...) are the current Linux networking system. </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para/>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>The network device support</title>
        <para>Although most hardware devices are supported by the Debian system, there are some network devices which require <ulink url="http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines">DSFG</ulink> non-free external hardware drivers to support them.  Please see @{@nonfreehardwaredrivers@}@. </para>
        <para/>
      </section>
    </section>
    <section>
      <title>The network connection method</title>
      <para/>
      <para>The typical network connection method and connection path for a PC can be summarized as: </para>
      <table>
        <caption/>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec colname="xxx1"/>
          <colspec colname="xxx2"/>
          <colspec colname="xxx3"/>
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para> List of network connection types and connection paths. </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <emphasis role="strong">PC</emphasis>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <emphasis role="strong">connection method</emphasis>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <emphasis role="strong">connection path</emphasis>
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para> Serial port (<code>ppp0</code>) </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> PPP </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> &lt;=&gt; <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem">modem</ulink> &lt;=&gt; POTS &lt;=&gt; dial-up access point &lt;=&gt; ISP </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para> Ethernet port (<code>eth0</code>) </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> PPPoE/DHCP/Static </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> &lt;=&gt; BB-modem &lt;=&gt; BB service &lt;=&gt; BB access point &lt;=&gt; ISP </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para> Ethernet port (<code>eth0</code>) </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> DHCP/Static </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> &lt;=&gt; LAN &lt;=&gt; BB-router with <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translation">network address translation (NAT)</ulink> (&lt;=&gt; BB-modem ...) </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </table>
      <para>Here is the summary of configuration script for each connection method: </para>
      <table>
        <caption/>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec colname="xxx1"/>
          <colspec colname="xxx2"/>
          <colspec colname="xxx3"/>
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para> List of network connection configurations. </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <emphasis role="strong">connection method</emphasis>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <emphasis role="strong">configuration</emphasis>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <emphasis role="strong">backend package(s)</emphasis>
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para> PPP </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para><code>pppconfig</code> to create deterministic chat </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para><code>pppconfig</code>, <code>ppp</code></para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para> PPP (alternative) </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para><code>wvdialconf</code> to create heuristic chat </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para><code>ppp</code>, <code>wvdial</code></para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para> PPPoE  </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para><code>pppoeconf</code> to create deterministic chat </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para><code>pppoeconf</code>, <code>ppp</code></para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para> DHCP </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> described in <code>/etc/dhcp3/dhclient.conf</code> </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <code>dhcp3-client</code>
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para> static IP (IPv4) </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> described in <emphasis role="strong"><code>/e/n/i</code></emphasis> </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <code>net-tools</code>
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para> static IP (IPv6) </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> described in <emphasis role="strong"><code>/e/n/i</code></emphasis> </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <code>iproute</code>
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </table>
      <para>The network connection acronyms mean: </para>
      <table>
        <caption/>
        <tgroup cols="2">
          <colspec colname="xxx1"/>
          <colspec colname="xxx2"/>
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para> List of network connection acronyms. </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <emphasis role="strong">acronym</emphasis>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <emphasis role="strong">meaning</emphasis>
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_service">POTS</ulink>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> The plain old telephone service </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para> BB </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> The <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband">broadband</ulink> </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para> BB-service </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> E.g., the digital subscriber line (DSL), the cable TV, or the fiber to the premises (FTTP). </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para> BB-modem </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> E.g., <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSL_modem">the DSL modem</ulink>, <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_modem">the cable modem</ulink>, or <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTTP">the optical network terminal (ONT)</ulink>. </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network">LAN</ulink>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> The local area network </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_network">WAN</ulink>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> The wide area network </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol">DHCP</ulink>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>The dynamic host configuration protocol </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol">PPP</ulink>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> The point-to-point protocol </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol_over_Ethernet">PPPoE</ulink>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> The point-to-point protocol over Ethernet </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISP">ISP</ulink>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> The Internet service provider </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </table>
      <para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata width="15" fileref="/htdocs/rightsidebar/img/idea.png" depth="15"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>(!)</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> The WAN connection services via cable TV are generally served by DHCP or PPPoE.  The ones by ADSL and FTTP are generally served by PPPoE.  You have to consult your ISP for exact configuration requirements of the WAN connection. </para>
      <para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata width="15" fileref="/htdocs/rightsidebar/img/idea.png" depth="15"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>(!)</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> When BB-router is used to create home LAN environment, PCs on LAN are connected to the WAN via BB-router with <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translation">network address translation (NAT)</ulink>.  For such case, PC's network interfaces on the LAN are served by static IP or DHCP from the BB-router.  BB-router must be configured to connect the WAN following the instruction by your ISP. </para>
      <para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata width="15" fileref="/htdocs/rightsidebar/img/attention.png" depth="15"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>&lt;!&gt;</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> The connection test method described in this section are meant for testing purposes.  It is not meant to be used directly for the daily network connection.  You are advised to use them via the <code>ifupdown</code> package (see @{@thebasicnetworkctionwithifupdown@}@). </para>
      <para/>
      <section>
        <title>The DHCP connection with the Ethernet</title>
        <para>The typical modern home and small business network, i.e. LAN, are connected to the WAN(Internet) using some consumer grade broadband router.  The LAN behind this router is usually served by the <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol">dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP)</ulink> server running on the router. </para>
        <para>Just install the <code>dhcp3-client</code> package for the Ethernet served by the <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol">dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP)</ulink>. </para>
        <para/>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>The static IP connection with the Ethernet</title>
        <para>No special action is needed for the Ethernet served by the static IP. </para>
        <para/>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>The PPP connection with pppconfig</title>
        <para>The configuration script <code>pppconfig</code> will configure the PPP connection interactively just by selecting: </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>the telephone number, </listitem>
          <listitem>the ISP user name,  </listitem>
          <listitem>the ISP password, </listitem>
          <listitem>the port speed, </listitem>
          <listitem>the modem communication port, and </listitem>
          <listitem>the authentication method. </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>The configuration files are: </para>
        <table>
          <caption/>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colname="xxx1"/>
            <colspec colname="xxx2"/>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> List of configuration files for the PPP connection with pppconfig. </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <emphasis role="strong">file</emphasis>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <emphasis role="strong">function</emphasis>
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>/etc/ppp/peers/&lt;isp_name&gt;</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> The <code>pppconfig</code> generated configuration file for <code>pppd</code> specific to &lt;isp_name&gt; </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>/etc/chatscripts/&lt;isp_name&gt;</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> The <code>pppconfig</code> generated configuration file for <code>chat</code> specific to &lt;isp_name&gt; </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>/etc/ppp/options</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> The general execution parameter for <code>pppd</code> </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>/etc/ppp/pap-secret</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Authentication data for the PAP (still used) </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>/etc/ppp/chap-secret</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Authentication data for the CHAP (more secure) </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </table>
        <para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata width="15" fileref="/htdocs/rightsidebar/img/attention.png" depth="15"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>&lt;!&gt;</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> The "&lt;isp_name&gt;" value of "provider" is assumed if <code>pon</code> and <code>poff</code> commands are invoked without arguments. </para>
        <para>You can test configuration using lower level network configuration tools: </para>
        <screen><![CDATA[$ sudo pon <isp_name>
...
$ sudo poff <isp_name>
]]></screen>
        <para>See <code>/usr/share/doc/ppp/README.Debian.gz</code> for more information. </para>
        <para/>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>The alternative PPP connection with wvdialconf</title>
        <para>A different approach to using <code>pppd</code> is to run it from <code>wvdial</code> which comes in the <code>wvdial</code> package.  Instead of <code>pppd</code> running <code>chat</code> to dial in and negotiate the connection, <code>wvdial</code> does the dialing and initial negotiating and then starts <code>pppd</code> to do the rest.   </para>
        <para>The configuration script <code>wvdialconf</code> will configure the PPP connection interactively just by selecting: </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>the telephone number, </listitem>
          <listitem>the ISP user name, and  </listitem>
          <listitem>the ISP password. </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>The <code>wvdial</code> succeeds in making the connection in most cases and maintains authentication data list automatically. </para>
        <para>The configuration files are: </para>
        <table>
          <caption/>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colname="xxx1"/>
            <colspec colname="xxx2"/>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> List of configuration files for the PPP connection with wvdialconf. </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <emphasis role="strong">file</emphasis>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <emphasis role="strong">function</emphasis>
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>/etc/ppp/peers/wvdial</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> The <code>wvdialconf</code> generated configuration file for <code>pppd</code> specific to <code>wvdial</code> </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>/etc/wvdial.conf</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> The <code>wvdialconf</code> generated configuration file </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>/etc/ppp/options</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> The general execution parameter for <code>pppd</code> </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>/etc/ppp/pap-secret</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Authentication data for the PAP (still used) </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>/etc/ppp/chap-secret</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Authentication data for the CHAP (more secure) </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </table>
        <para>You can test configuration using lower level network configuration tools: </para>
        <screen><![CDATA[$ sudo wvdial
...
$ sudo killall wvdial
]]></screen>
        <para>See manpages of wvdial(1), wvdial.conf(5) for more information. </para>
        <para/>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>The PPPoE connection with pppoeconf</title>
        <para>When your ISP serves you with PPPoE connection and you decide to connect your PC directly to the WAN, the network of your PC must be configured with the PPPoE. The PPPoE stand for PPP over Ethernet. The configuration script <code>pppoeconf</code> will configure the PPPoE connection interactively. </para>
        <para>The configuration files are: </para>
        <table>
          <caption/>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colname="xxx1"/>
            <colspec colname="xxx2"/>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> List of configuration files for the PPPoE connection with pppoeconf. </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <emphasis role="strong">file</emphasis>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <emphasis role="strong">function</emphasis>
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>/etc/ppp/peers/dsl-provider</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> The <code>pppoeconf</code> generated configuration file for <code>pppd</code> specific to <code>pppoe</code> </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>/etc/ppp/options</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> The general execution parameter for <code>pppd</code> </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>/etc/ppp/pap-secret</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Authentication data for the PAP (still used) </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>/etc/ppp/chap-secret</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Authentication data for the CHAP (more secure) </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </table>
        <para>You can test configuration using lower level network configuration tools: </para>
        <screen><![CDATA[$ sudo /sbin/ifconfig eth0 up
$ sudo pon dsl-provider
...
$ sudo poff dsl-provider
$ sudo /sbin/ifconfig eth0 down
]]></screen>
        <para>See <code>/usr/share/doc/pppoeconf/README.Debian</code> for more information. </para>
        <para/>
      </section>
    </section>
    <section>
      <title>The basic network configuration with ifupdown</title>
      <para>The <code>ifupdown</code> package provides the standardized framework for the high level network configuration in the Debian system. In this section, we learn the basic network configuration with <code>ifupdown</code> with simplified introduction and many typical examples. </para>
      <para/>
      <section>
        <title>The command syntax simplified</title>
        <para>The <code>ifupdown</code> package contains 2 commands: <code>ifup</code>(8) and <code>ifdown</code>(8).  They offer high level network configuration dictated by the configuration file <emphasis role="strong">/e/n/i</emphasis>. </para>
        <table>
          <caption/>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colname="xxx1"/>
            <colspec colname="xxx2"/>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> List of basic network configuration commands with ifupdown. </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <emphasis role="strong">command</emphasis>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <emphasis role="strong">action</emphasis>
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>ifup eth0</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> To bring up a network interface <code>eth0</code> with the configuration <code>eth0</code> if "<code>iface eth0</code>" stanza exists. </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>ifdown eth0</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> To bring down a network interface <code>eth0</code> with the configuration <code>eth0</code> if "<code>iface eth0</code>" stanza exists. </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </table>
        <para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata width="15" fileref="/htdocs/rightsidebar/img/idea.png" depth="15"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>(!)</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> There is no command <code>ifupdown</code>. </para>
        <para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata width="15" fileref="/htdocs/rightsidebar/img/alert.png" depth="15"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>/!\</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> Do not use low level configuration tools such as <code>ifconfig</code>(8) and <code>ip</code>(8) commands to configure an interface in <emphasis role="strong">up</emphasis> state. </para>
        <para/>
        <para/>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>The basic syntax of /etc/network/interfaces</title>
        <para>The key syntax of <code>/etc/network/interfaces</code> (<emphasis role="strong"><code>/e/n/i</code></emphasis> as its acronym in the following text) as explained in the manpage <code>interfaces</code>(5) can be summarized as: </para>
        <table>
          <caption/>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colname="xxx1"/>
            <colspec colname="xxx2"/>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> List of stanzas in <emphasis role="strong"><code>/e/n/i</code></emphasis> </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <emphasis role="strong">stanza</emphasis>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <emphasis role="strong">meaning</emphasis>
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> "<code>auto &lt;interface_name&gt;</code>" </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> To start interface  &lt;interface_name&gt; upon start of the system.  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> "<code>allow-auto &lt;interface_name&gt;</code>" </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> , , </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> "<code>allow-hotplug &lt;interface_name&gt;</code>" </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> To start interface &lt;interface_name&gt; when the kernel detects a hotplug event from the interface. </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> Lines started with "<code>iface &lt;config_name&gt; ...</code>" </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> To define the network configuration &lt;config_name&gt;.  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> Lines started with "<code>mapping &lt;interface_name_glob&gt; </code>"</para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> To define mapping value of &lt;config_name&gt; for the matching &lt;interface_name&gt;.  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> A line starting with a hash "<code>#</code>" </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> To be ignored as comments. (end-of-line comments are <emphasis role="strong">not</emphasis> supported) </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> A line ending with a backslash "<code>\</code>" </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> To extend the configuration to the next line. </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </table>
        <para>Lines started with <emphasis role="strong"><code>iface</code></emphasis> stanza has the following syntax: </para>
        <screen><![CDATA[iface <config_name> <address_family> <method_name>
 <option1> <value1>
 <option2> <value2>
 ...
]]></screen>
        <para>For the basic configuration, the <emphasis role="strong"><code>mapping</code></emphasis> stanza is not used and you use the network interface name as the network configuration name. (See @{@themappingstanza@}@). </para>
        <para/>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>The loopback network interface</title>
        <para>The following configuration entry in the <emphasis role="strong"><code>/e/n/i</code></emphasis> file brings up the loopback network interface <code>lo</code> upon booting the system (via <emphasis role="strong"><code>auto</code></emphasis> stanza). </para>
        <screen><![CDATA[auto lo
iface lo inet loopback
]]></screen>
        <para>This one always exists in the <emphasis role="strong"><code>/e/n/i</code></emphasis> file. </para>
        <para/>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>The network interface served by the DHCP</title>
        <para>After prepairing the system by @{@thedhcpconnectionwiththeethernet@}@, the network interface served by the DHCP is configured by creating the configuration entry in the <emphasis role="strong"><code>/e/n/i</code></emphasis> file as: </para>
        <screen><![CDATA[allow-hotplug eth0
iface eth0 inet dhcp
 hostname "mymachine"
]]></screen>
        <para>When the Linux kernel detects the physical interface <code>eth0</code>, the <emphasis role="strong"><code>allow-hotplug</code></emphasis> stanza will cause ifup to bring up the interface and the <emphasis role="strong"><code>iface</code></emphasis> stanza will cause <code>ifup</code> to use DHCP to configure the interface. </para>
        <para/>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>The network interface with the static IP</title>
        <para>The network interface served by the static IP is configured by creating the configuration entry in the <emphasis role="strong"><code>/e/n/i</code></emphasis> file as, e.g.,: </para>
        <screen><![CDATA[allow-hotplug eth0
iface eth0 inet static
 address 192.168.11.100
 netmask 255.255.255.0
 broadcast 192.168.11.255
 gateway 192.168.11.1
 dns-domain lan
 dns-nameservers 192.168.11.1
]]></screen>
        <para>When the Linux kernel detects the physical interface <code>eth0</code>, the <emphasis role="strong"><code>allow-hotplug</code></emphasis> stanza will cause ifup to bring up the interface and the <emphasis role="strong"><code>iface</code></emphasis> stanza will cause <code>ifup</code> to use the static IP to configure the interface. </para>
        <para>Here, I assumed: </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>IP address range of the LAN network: <code>192.168.11.0</code> - <code>192.168.11.255</code> </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>IP address of the gateway: <code>192.168.11.1</code> </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>IP address of the PC: <code>192.168.11.100</code> </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>The <code>resolvconf</code> package is installed. </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>The domain name as "<code>lan</code>". </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>The DNS server at: <code>192.168.11.1</code> </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>When the <code>resolvconf</code> package is not installed, DNS related configuration needs to be done manually by editing the <code>/etc/resolv.conf</code> as: </para>
        <screen><![CDATA[nameserver 192.168.11.1 
domain lan
]]></screen>
        <para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata width="15" fileref="/htdocs/rightsidebar/img/attention.png" depth="15"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>&lt;!&gt;</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> The IP addresses used in the above example are not meant to be copied literally.  You have to adjust IP numbers to your actual network configuration. </para>
        <para/>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>The basics of wireless LAN interface</title>
        <para>The <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LAN">wireless LAN (WLAN for short)</ulink> provides the fast wireless connectivity through the spread-spectrum communication of unlicensed radio bands based on the set of standards called <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11">IEEE 802.11</ulink>. </para>
        <para>The WLAN interfaces are almost like normal Ethernet interfaces but require some network ID and encryption key data to be provided when they are initialized.  The higher level network tools are exactly the same as the Ethernet except the interface names are a bit different like <code>ath0</code>, <code>wlan0</code>, <code>ath0</code>, <code>wifi0</code>, ... depending on the kernel drivers used. </para>
        <para>Here are some keywords to remember for the WLAN: </para>
        <table>
          <caption/>
          <tgroup cols="3">
            <colspec colname="xxx1"/>
            <colspec colname="xxx2"/>
            <colspec colname="xxx3"/>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> List of acronyms for WLAN. </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <emphasis role="strong">acronym</emphasis>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <emphasis role="strong">full word</emphasis>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <emphasis role="strong">meaning</emphasis>
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> NWID </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Network ID </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> The 16 bit network ID used by pre-802.11 network. Very much deprecated. </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> (E)SSID </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> (Extended) <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_set_identifier">Service Set Identifier</ulink> </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> The network name of the <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_access_point">Wireless Access Points (APs)</ulink> interconnected to form an integrated <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11">802.11 wireless LAN</ulink>.  Domain ID. </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> WEP, (WEP2) </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_Equivalent_Privacy">Wired Equivalent Privacy</ulink>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> The 1st generation 64-bit (128-bit) wireless encryption standard with 40-bit key. Deprecated. </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> WPA </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Protected_Access">Wi-Fi Protected Access</ulink>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> The 2nd generation wireless encryption standard (most of 802.11i), compatible with WEP. </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> WPA2 </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11i">Wi-Fi Protected Access 2</ulink>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> The 3rd generation wireless encryption standard (full 802.11i), non-compatible with WEP. </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </table>
        <para>The actual choice of protocol is usually limited by the wireless router you deploy. </para>
        <para/>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>The wireless LAN interface with WEP</title>
        <para>You need to install the <code>wireless-tools</code> package to support the WLAN with the old WEP.  (Your consumer grade router may still be using.  Insecure infrastructure but better than nothing.) </para>
        <para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata width="15" fileref="/htdocs/rightsidebar/img/attention.png" depth="15"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>&lt;!&gt;</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> Please note that your network traffic on WLAN may be sniffed by others. </para>
        <para>In case of the <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol">DHCP</ulink> served IP on WLAN connection, the <emphasis role="strong"><code>/e/n/i</code></emphasis> file entry should be: </para>
        <screen><![CDATA[allow-hotplug eth0
iface eth0 inet dhcp
 wireless-essid Home
 wireless-key1 0123-4567-89ab-cdef
 wireless-key2 12345678
 wireless-key3 s:password
 wireless-defaultkey 2
 wireless-keymode open
]]></screen>
        <para>See more on <code>/usr/share/doc/wireless-tools/README.Debian</code>. </para>
        <para/>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>The wireless LAN interface with WPA/WPA2</title>
        <para>You need to install the <code>wpasupplicant</code> package to support the WLAN with the new WPA/WPA2. </para>
        <para>In case of the DHCP served IP on WLAN connection, the <emphasis role="strong"><code>/e/n/i</code></emphasis> file entry should be: </para>
        <screen><![CDATA[allow-hotplug ath0
iface ath0 inet dhcp
 wpa-ssid homezone
 # hexadecimal psk is encoded from a plaintext passphrase
 wpa-psk 000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f
]]></screen>
        <para>See more on <code>/usr/share/doc/wpasupplicant/README.modes.gz</code>. </para>
        <para/>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>The PPP connection</title>
        <para>You need to configure the PPP connection first as described before (see @{@thepppconnectionwithpppconfig@}@).  Then, add the <emphasis role="strong"><code>/e/n/i</code></emphasis> file entry for the primary PPP device <code>ppp0</code> as: </para>
        <screen><![CDATA[iface ppp0 inet ppp
 provider <isp_name>
]]></screen>
        <para/>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>The alternative PPP connection</title>
        <para>You need to configure the alternative PPP connection with <code>wvdial</code> first as described before (see @{@thealternativepponwithwvdialconf@}@).  Then, add the <emphasis role="strong"><code>/e/n/i</code></emphasis> file entry for the primary PPP device <code>ppp0</code> as: </para>
        <screen><![CDATA[iface ppp0 inet wvdial
]]></screen>
        <para/>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>The PPPoE connection</title>
        <para>For PC connected directly to the WAN served by the PPPoE, you need to configure system with the PPPoE connection as described before (see @{@thepppoeconnectionwithpppoeconf@}@).  Then, add the <emphasis role="strong"><code>/e/n/i</code></emphasis> file entry for the primary PPPoE device <code>eth0</code> as: </para>
        <screen><![CDATA[allow-hotplug eth0
iface eth0 inet manual
 pre-up /sbin/ifconfig eth0 up
 up ifup ppp0=dsl
 down ifdown ppp0=dsl
 post-down /sbin/ifconfig eth0 down
# The following is used internally only
iface dsl inet ppp
 provider dsl-provider
]]></screen>
        <para/>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>The network configuration state of ifupdown</title>
        <para>The <code>/etc/network/run/ifstate</code> file stores the <emphasis role="strong">intended</emphasis> network configuration states for all the currently active network interfaces managed by the <code>ifupdown</code> package are listed. Unfortunately, even if the <code>ifupdown</code> system fails to bring up the interface as intended, the <code>/etc/network/run/ifstate</code> file lists it active. </para>
        <para>The output of the <code>ifconfig</code>(8) command without any arguments or with the interface name as its argument provides the <emphasis role="strong">actual</emphasis> network configuration state.  If the interface does not have the second line as: </para>
        <screen><![CDATA[          inet addr:192.168.11.2  Bcast:192.168.11.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
]]></screen>
        <para>it can not be used as a part of <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4">IPV4 network</ulink>. </para>
        <para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata width="15" fileref="/htdocs/rightsidebar/img/idea.png" depth="15"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>(!)</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> For the Ethernet device connected to the PPPoE, the output of the <code>ifconfig</code>(8) command lacks above line. </para>
        <para/>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>The basic network reconfiguration</title>
        <para>When you try to reconfigure the interface, e.g. <code>eth0</code>, you must disable it first with the "<emphasis role="strong"><code>sudo ifdown eth0</code></emphasis>" command.  This will remove the entry of <code>eth0</code> from the <code>/etc/network/run/ifstate</code> file. (This may result in some error message if <code>eth0</code> is not active or it is configured improperly previously.  So far, it seems to be safe to do this for the simple single user work station at any time.) </para>
        <para>You are now free to rewrite the <emphasis role="strong"><code>/e/n/i</code></emphasis> contents as needed to reconfigure the network interface, <code>eth0</code>. </para>
        <para>Then, you can reactivate <code>eth0</code> with the "<emphasis role="strong"><code>sudo ifup eth0</code></emphasis>" command. </para>
        <para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata width="16" fileref="/htdocs/rightsidebar/img/icon-info.png" depth="16"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>{i}</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> You can (re)initialize the network interface simply by "<emphasis role="strong"><code>sudo ifdown eth0;sudo ifup eth0</code></emphasis>". </para>
        <para/>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>The ifupdown-extra package</title>
        <para>The <code>ifupdown-extra</code> package provides the easy network connection test for use with the <code>ifupdown</code> package: </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>the <code>network-test</code>(1) command from the shell, and </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>the automatic scripts run for each <code>ifup</code> command execution. </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>The <code>network-test</code> command frees you from the execution of cumbersome low level commands to analyze the network problem. </para>
        <para>The automatic scripts are installed in <code>/etc/network/*/</code> and: </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>check the network cable connection, </listitem>
          <listitem>check duplicate use of IP address, </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>setup system's static routes based on the <code>/etc/network/routes</code> definition, </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>check if network gateway is reachable, and </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>record results in the <code>/var/log/syslog</code> file. </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>This syslog record is quite useful for administration of the network problem on the remote system. </para>
        <para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata width="16" fileref="/htdocs/rightsidebar/img/icon-info.png" depth="16"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>{i}</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> The automatic behavior of the <code>ifupdown-extra</code> package is configurable with the <code>/etc/default/network-test</code> . Some of these automatic checks slow down the system bootup a little bit since it takes some time to listen for <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol">ARP</ulink> replies. </para>
        <para/>
      </section>
    </section>
    <section>
      <title>The advanced network configuration with ifupdown</title>
      <para>The functionality of the <code>ifupdown</code> package can be improved beyond what was described in @{@thebasicnetworkctionwithifupdown@}@ with the advanced knowledge.   </para>
      <para>The functionalities described here are completely optional.  I, being lazy and minimalist, rarely bother to use these. </para>
      <para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata width="15" fileref="/htdocs/rightsidebar/img/attention.png" depth="15"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>&lt;!&gt;</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> If you could not set up network connection by information in @{@thebasicnetworkctionwithifupdown@}@, you will make situation worse by using information below. </para>
      <para/>
      <section>
        <title>The ifplugd</title>
        <para>The <code>ifplugd</code> package is older automatic network configuration tool which can manage only Ethernet connections. This solves unplugged/replugged Ethernet cable issues for mobile PC etc..   If you have <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetworkManager">NetworkManager</ulink> or <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicd_(Linux_Network_Manager)">Wicd</ulink> (see @{@automaticnetworkconfiguration@}@) installled, you do not need this package. </para>
        <para>This package runs <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemon_(computer_software)">daemon</ulink> and replaces <emphasis role="strong">auto</emphasis> or <emphasis role="strong">allow-hotplug</emphasis> functionalities (see @{@listofstanzasineni@}@) and starts interfaces upon their connection to the network.   </para>
        <para>Here is how to use the <code>ifplugd</code> package for the internal Ethernet port, e.g. <code>eth0</code>: </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>Remove stanza in <emphasis role="strong"><code>/e/n/i</code></emphasis>: "<code>auto eth0</code>" or "<code>allow-hotplug eth0</code>", </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>Keep stanza in <emphasis role="strong"><code>/e/n/i</code></emphasis>: "<code>iface eth0 inet ...</code>" and "<code>mapping ...</code>", </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>Install the <code>ifplugd</code> package, </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>Run "<code>sudo dpkg-reconfigure ifplugd</code>", and </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>Put <code>eth0</code> as the "static interfaces to be watched by ifplugd". </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>Now, the network reconfiguration works as you desire: </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>Upon power-on or upon hardware discovery, the interface is not brought up by itself. <itemizedlist><listitem>Quick boot process without the long DHCP timeout. </listitem><listitem>No funny activated interface without proper IPv4 address (see @{@thenetworkconfignstateofifupdown@}@). </listitem></itemizedlist></listitem>
          <listitem>Upon finding the Ethernet cable, the interface is brought up.  </listitem>
          <listitem>Upon some time after unplugging the Ethernet cable, the interface is brought down automatically.   </listitem>
          <listitem>Upon plugging in another Ethernet cable, the interface will be brought up under the new network environment. </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata width="16" fileref="/htdocs/rightsidebar/img/icon-info.png" depth="16"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>{i}</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> The arguments for the <code>ifplugd</code>(8) command can set its behaviors such as the delay for reconfiguring interfaces. </para>
        <para/>
        <para/>
        <para/>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>The ifmetric</title>
        <para>The <code>ifmeric</code> package enables us to manipulate metrics of routes a posteriori even for DHCP. </para>
        <para>The following will set the <code>eth0</code> interface preferred over the <code>wlan0</code> interface: </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>Install the <code>ifmetric</code> package, and </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>Add an option line with "<code>metric 0</code>" just below the "<code>iface eth0 inet dhcp</code>" line. </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>Add an option line with "<code>metric 1</code>" just below the "<code>iface wlan0 inet dhcp</code>" line. </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>The metric 0 means the highest priority route and is the default one.  The larger metric value means lower priority routes. The IP address of the active interface with the lowest metric value becomes the originating one. See <code>ifmetric</code>(8). </para>
        <para/>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>The virtual interface</title>
        <para>A single physical Ethernet interface can be configured as multiple virtual interfaces with different IP addresses.  Usually the purpose is to connect an interface to several IP subnetworks.  For example, IP address based virtual web hosting by a single network interface is one such application. </para>
        <para>For example, let's suppose that </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>a single Ethernet interface on your host is connected to a Ethernet hub (not to the broadband router), </listitem>
          <listitem>the Ethernet hub is connected to both the Internet and LAN network, </listitem>
          <listitem>the Internet and LAN network by a single Ethernet interface with the Ethernet hub, </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>the LAN network uses subnet <code>192.168.0.x/24</code>, </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>your host uses DHCP served IP address with the physical interface <code>eth0</code> for the Internet, and </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>your host uses <code>192.168.0.1</code> with the virtual interface <code>eth0:0</code> for the LAN, </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>then following stanzas in <emphasis role="strong"><code>/e/n/i</code></emphasis> will configure your network: </para>
        <screen><![CDATA[iface eth0 inet dhcp
 metric 0
iface eth0:0 inet static
 address 192.168.0.1
 netmask 255.255.255.0
 network 192.168.0.0
 broadcast 192.168.0.255
 metric 1
]]></screen>
        <para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata width="15" fileref="/htdocs/rightsidebar/img/attention.png" depth="15"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>&lt;!&gt;</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> Although this configuration example with <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translation">network address translation (NAT)</ulink> using <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netfilter">netfilter/iptables</ulink> (see @{@netfilter@}@) can provide cheap router for the LAN with only single interface, there is no real firewall capability with such set up.  You should use 2 physical interfaces with NAT to secure the local network from Internet. </para>
        <para/>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>The advanced command syntax</title>
        <para>The <code>ifupdown</code> package offers advanced network configuration using the  <emphasis role="strong">network configuration</emphasis> name and the <emphasis role="strong">network interface</emphasis> name.  I use slightly different terminology from one used in the manpage of <code>ifup</code>(8) and <code>interfaces</code>(5). </para>
        <table>
          <caption/>
          <tgroup cols="4">
            <colspec colname="xxx1"/>
            <colspec colname="xxx2"/>
            <colspec colname="xxx3"/>
            <colspec colname="xxx4"/>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> List of terminology for network devices. </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <emphasis role="strong">manpage terminology</emphasis>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <emphasis role="strong">my terminology</emphasis>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <emphasis role="strong">explanation</emphasis>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <emphasis role="strong">examples in the following text</emphasis>
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para><emphasis role="strong">physical interface</emphasis> name </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para><emphasis role="strong">network interface</emphasis> name </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> A name given by the Linux kernel (using <code>udev</code> mechanism). </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para><code>lo</code>, <code>eth0</code>, <code>&lt;interface_name&gt;</code></para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para><emphasis role="strong">logical interface</emphasis> name </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para><emphasis role="strong">network configuration</emphasis> name </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> A name token following <emphasis role="strong"><code>iface</code></emphasis> in the <emphasis role="strong"><code>/e/n/i</code></emphasis>. </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para><code>config1</code>, <code>config2</code>, <code>&lt;config_name&gt;</code></para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </table>
        <para>Basic network configuration commands in @{@thebasicsyntaxofetworkinterfaces@}@ require the <emphasis role="strong">network configuration</emphasis> name token of the <emphasis role="strong"><code>iface</code></emphasis> stanza to match the <emphasis role="strong">network interface</emphasis> name in the <emphasis role="strong"><code>/e/n/i</code></emphasis>. </para>
        <para>Advanced network configuration commands enables separation of the <emphasis role="strong">network configuration</emphasis> name and the <emphasis role="strong">network interface</emphasis> name in the <emphasis role="strong"><code>/e/n/i</code></emphasis>: </para>
        <table>
          <caption/>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colname="xxx1"/>
            <colspec colname="xxx2"/>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> List of advanced network configuration commands with ifupdown. </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <emphasis role="strong">command</emphasis>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <emphasis role="strong">action</emphasis>
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>ifup eth0=config1</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> To bring up a network interface <code>eth0</code> with the configuration <code>config1</code>. </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>ifdown eth0=config1</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> To bring down a network interface <code>eth0</code> with the configuration <code>config1</code>. </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>ifup eth0</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> To bring up a network interface <code>eth0</code> with the configuration selected by <emphasis role="strong"><code>mapping</code></emphasis> stanza. </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>ifdown eth0</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> To bring down a network interface <code>eth0</code> with the configuration selected by <emphasis role="strong"><code>mapping</code></emphasis> stanza. </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </table>
        <para/>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>The mapping stanza</title>
        <para>We skipped explaining the <emphasis role="strong"><code>mapping</code></emphasis> stanza in the <emphasis role="strong"><code>/e/n/i</code></emphasis> in @{@thebasicsyntaxofetworkinterfaces@}@ to avoid complication.  This stanza has the following syntax: </para>
        <screen><![CDATA[mapping <interface_name_glob>
 script <script_name>
 map <script_input1>
 map <script_input2>
 map ...
]]></screen>
        <para>This provides advanced feature to the <emphasis role="strong"><code>/e/n/i</code></emphasis> file by automating the choice of the configuration with the mapping script specified by <code>&lt;script_name&gt;</code>. </para>
        <para>When the "<code>&lt;interface_name_glob&gt;</code>" matches "<code>eth0</code>", the execution of </para>
        <screen><![CDATA[$ sudo ifup eth0
]]></screen>
        <para>will produce the execution of: </para>
        <para/>
        <para/>
        <screen><![CDATA[$ sudo ifup eth0=$(echo -e '<script_input1> \n <script_input2> \n ...' | <script_name> eth0)
]]></screen>
        <para>to configure <code>eth0</code> automatically. Here, lines with "<code>map</code>" are optional and can be repeated. </para>
        <para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata width="15" fileref="/htdocs/rightsidebar/img/idea.png" depth="15"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>(!)</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> The glob for <emphasis role="strong"><code>mapping</code></emphasis> stanza works like shell file name glob. </para>
        <para/>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>The manually switchable network configuration</title>
        <para>Here is how to switch manually among several network configurations without rewriting the <emphasis role="strong"><code>/e/n/i</code></emphasis> file as in @{@thebasicnetworkreconfiguration@}@ . </para>
        <para>For all the network configuration you need to access, you create a single <emphasis role="strong"><code>/e/n/i</code></emphasis> file, e.g,: </para>
        <screen><![CDATA[auto lo
iface lo inet loopback

iface config1 inet dhcp
 hostname "mymachine"

iface config2 inet static
 address 192.168.11.100
 netmask 255.255.255.0
 broadcast 192.168.11.255
 gateway 192.168.11.1
 dns-domain lan
 dns-nameservers 192.168.11.1

iface pppoe inet manual
 pre-up /sbin/ifconfig eth0 up
 up ifup ppp0=dsl
 down ifdown ppp0=dsl
 post-down /sbin/ifconfig eth0 down

# The following is used internally only
iface dsl inet ppp
 provider dsl-provider

iface pots inet ppp
 provider provider
]]></screen>
        <para>Please note the <emphasis role="strong">network configuration name</emphasis> which is the token after <emphasis role="strong"><code>iface</code></emphasis> does not use the token for the <emphasis role="strong">network interface name</emphasis>.  Also, there are no <emphasis role="strong"><code>auto</code></emphasis> stanza nor <emphasis role="strong"><code>allow-hotplug</code></emphasis> stanza to start the network interface <code>eth0</code> automatically upon events. </para>
        <para>Now you are ready to switch the network configuration. </para>
        <para>Let's move your PC to a LAN served by the DHCP.  You bring up the <emphasis role="strong">network interface</emphasis> (the physical interface) <code>eth0</code> by assigning  the <emphasis role="strong">network configuration</emphasis> name (the logical interface name) <code>config1</code> to it: </para>
        <screen><![CDATA[$ sudo ifup eth0=config1
Password:
...
]]></screen>
        <para>The interface <code>eth0</code> is up, configured by DHCP and connected to LAN. </para>
        <screen><![CDATA[$ sudo ifdown eth0=config1
...
]]></screen>
        <para>The interface <code>eth0</code> is down and disconnected from LAN. </para>
        <para>Let's move your PC to a LAN served by the static IP.  You bring up the <emphasis role="strong">network interface</emphasis> <code>eth0</code> by assigning the <emphasis role="strong">network configuration</emphasis> name <code>config2</code> to it: </para>
        <screen><![CDATA[$ sudo ifup eth0=config2
...
]]></screen>
        <para>The interface <code>eth0</code> is up, configured with static IP and connected to LAN. The additional parameters given as <code>dns-*</code> configures <code>/etc/resolv.conf</code> contents.  This <code>/etc/resolv.conf</code> is better manged if the <code>resolvconf</code> package is installed. </para>
        <screen><![CDATA[$ sudo ifdown eth0=config2
...
]]></screen>
        <para>The interface <code>eth0</code> is down and disconnected from LAN, again. </para>
        <para>Let's move your PC directly connected to BB-modem connected to the PPPoE served service.  You bring up the <emphasis role="strong">network interface</emphasis> <code>eth0</code> by assigning the <emphasis role="strong">network configuration</emphasis> name <code>pppoe</code> to it: </para>
        <screen><![CDATA[$ sudo ifup eth0=pppoe
...
]]></screen>
        <para>The interface <code>eth0</code> is up, configured with PPPoE connection directly to the ISP. </para>
        <screen><![CDATA[$ sudo ifdown eth0=pppoe
...
]]></screen>
        <para>The interface <code>eth0</code> is down and disconnected, again. </para>
        <para>Let's move your PC to a location without LAN or BB-modem but with POTS and modem.  You bring up the <emphasis role="strong">network interface</emphasis> <code>ppp0</code> by assigning the <emphasis role="strong">network configuration</emphasis> name <code>pots</code> to it: </para>
        <screen><![CDATA[$ sudo ifup ppp0=pots
...
]]></screen>
        <para>The interface <code>ppp0</code> is up and connected to the Internet with PPP. </para>
        <screen><![CDATA[$ sudo ifdown ppp0=pots
...
]]></screen>
        <para>The interface <code>ppp0</code> is down and disconnected from the Internet. </para>
        <para>You should check the <code>/etc/network/run/ifstate</code> file for the current network configuration state of the <code>ifupdown</code> system. </para>
        <para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata width="15" fileref="/htdocs/rightsidebar/img/alert.png" depth="15"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>/!\</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> You may need to adjust numbers at the end of <code>eth*</code>, <code>ppp*</code>, etc. if you have multiple network interfaces. </para>
        <para/>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>Scripting with the ifupdown</title>
        <para>The <code>ifupdown</code> system automatically runs scripts installed in <code>/etc/network/*/</code> while exporting  environment variables to scripts: </para>
        <table>
          <caption/>
          <tgroup cols="1">
            <colspec colname="xxx1"/>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> List of environment variables passed by the ifupdown system </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <emphasis role="strong">environment variable</emphasis>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <emphasis role="strong">value passed</emphasis>
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>IFACE</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> physical name (interface name) of the interface being processed. </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>LOGICAL</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> logical name (configuration name) of the interface being processed. </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>ADDRFAM</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> address family of the interface. </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>METHOD</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> method of the interface. (e.g., "static") </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>MODE</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> "start" if run from <code>ifup</code>, "stop" if run from <code>ifdown</code>. </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>PHASE</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> as per MODE, but with finer granularity, distinguishing the pre-up, post-up, pre-down and post-down phases. </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>VERBOSITY</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> indicates whether "<code>--verbose</code>" was used; set to 1 if so, 0 if not. </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>PATH</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> the command search path: <code>/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin</code> </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>IF_&lt;OPTION&gt;</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> the value for the corresponding option under the <emphasis role="strong"><code>iface</code></emphasis> stanza. </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </table>
        <para>Here, each environment variable name, <code>IF_&lt;OPTION&gt;</code>, is created from the name for the corresponding option by prepending "<code>IF_</code>", converting the case to the upper case, replacing hyphens to underscores, and discarding non-alphanumeric characters.   </para>
        <para>The <code>ifupdown-extra</code> package (see @{@theifupdownextrapackage@}@) uses these environment variables to extend the functionality of the <code>ifupdown</code> package.  The <code>ifmetric</code> package (see @{@theifmetric@}@) installs the <code>/etc/network/if-up.d/ifmetric</code> script which sets the metric via the <code>IF_METRIC</code> variable.  The <code>guessnet</code> package (see @{@mappingwithguessnet@}@), which provides simple and powerful framework for the auto-selection of the network configuration via the mapping mechanism, also uses these. </para>
        <para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata width="15" fileref="/htdocs/rightsidebar/img/idea.png" depth="15"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>(!)</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> For more specific examples of custom network configuration scripts using these environment variables, you should check example scripts in <code>/usr/share/doc/ifupdown/examples/*</code> and scripts used in the <code>ifscheme</code> and <code>ifupdown-scripts-zg2</code> packages.  These additional scripts have some overlaps of functinalities with the basic <code>ifupdown-extra</code> and <code>guessnet</code> packages.  If you install these additional scripts, you should customize these scripts to avoid interferences. </para>
        <para/>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>Mapping with guessnet</title>
        <para>Instead of manually choosing configuration as described in @{@themanuallyswitcorkconfiguration@}@, you can use the mapping mechanism described in @{@themappingstanza@}@ to select network configuration automatically with custom scripts. </para>
        <para>The <code>guessnet-ifupdown</code>(8) command provided by the <code>guessnet</code> package is designed to be used as a mapping script and provides powerful framework to enhance the <code>ifupdown</code> system. </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>you list test condition as the value for <emphasis role="strong"><code>guessnet</code></emphasis> options for each network configuration under <emphasis role="strong"><code>iface</code></emphasis> stanza. </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>mapping will chose the <emphasis role="strong"><code>iface</code></emphasis> with first non-ERROR result as the network configuration. </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>This dual usage of the <emphasis role="strong"><code>/e/n/i</code></emphasis> file by the mapping script, <code>guessnet-ifupdown</code>, and the original network configuration infrastructure, <code>ifupdown</code>, does not cause negative impacts since <emphasis role="strong"><code>guessnet</code></emphasis> options only export extra environment variables to scripts run by the <code>ifupdown</code> system.  See details in <code>guessnet-ifupdown</code>(8). </para>
        <para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata width="15" fileref="/htdocs/rightsidebar/img/idea.png" depth="15"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>(!)</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> When multiple <emphasis role="strong"><code>guessnet</code></emphasis> option lines are required in <emphasis role="strong"><code>/e/n/i</code></emphasis>, use option lines started with <emphasis role="strong"><code>guessnet1</code></emphasis>, <emphasis role="strong"><code>guessnet2</code></emphasis>, and so on, since the <code>ifupdown</code> package does not allow starting strings of option lines to be repeated. </para>
        <para/>
      </section>
    </section>
    <section>
      <title>The network configuration for desktop</title>
      <para/>
      <section>
        <title>Automatic network configuration</title>
        <para>There are independent automatic network configuration tools, such as  <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetworkManager">NetworkManager (NM)</ulink> (<code>network-manager</code> and associated packages) and <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicd_(Linux_Network_Manager)">Wicd</ulink> (<code>wicd</code> package) which manage network connection via <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemon_(computer_software)">daemon</ulink> independen of the <code>ifupdown</code> package. They allow easy management of wireless connections with nice GUI user interfaces. </para>
        <para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata width="15" fileref="/htdocs/rightsidebar/img/attention.png" depth="15"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>&lt;!&gt;</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> These automatic network configuration tools are aimed primarily for mobile desktop users on laptops and is not intended for usage on servers. </para>
        <para>The configuration of NM is described in <code>/usr/share/doc/network-manager/README.Debian</code>.  Essentially: </para>
        <orderedlist numeration="arabic">
          <listitem>
            <para>Make desktop user, e.g. <code>foo</code>, belong to group "<code>netdev</code>". </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>"<code>sudo adduser foo netdev</code>" </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>Keep configuration of <emphasis role="strong"><code>/e/n/i</code></emphasis> as simple as: </para>
            <screen><![CDATA[auto lo
iface lo inet loopback

auto eth0
iface eth0 inet dhcp
]]></screen>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>Restart NM. <itemizedlist><listitem><para>"<code>sudo /etc/init.d/network-manager restart</code>" </para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem>
        </orderedlist>
        <para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata width="15" fileref="/htdocs/rightsidebar/img/idea.png" depth="15"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>(!)</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> Only interfaces which are <emphasis role="strong">not</emphasis> listed in <emphasis role="strong"><code>/e/n/i</code></emphasis> or which have been configured with "<code>auto ...</code>" or "<code>allow-hotplug ...</code>" and "<code>iface ... inet dhcp</code>" (with no other options) are managed by NM to avoid conflict with <code>ifupdown</code>. </para>
        <para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata width="15" fileref="/htdocs/rightsidebar/img/attention.png" depth="15"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>&lt;!&gt;</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> NM may not be compatible with esoteric configurations of <code>ifupdown</code> in <emphasis role="strong"><code>/e/n/i</code></emphasis> such as ones described below.  Having even "<code>hostname</code>" stanza for DHCP controlled interface as described in @{@thenetworkinterfaceservedbythedhcp@}@ caused NM to ignore such interface in <code>lenny</code>. Check <ulink url="http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/pkgreport.cgi?package=network-manager">BTS of network-manager</ulink> for current issues and limitations of NM. </para>
        <para>The configuration of <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicd_(Linux_Network_Manager)">Wicd</ulink> is described in <code>/usr/share/doc/wicd/README.Debian</code>.  Essentially: </para>
        <orderedlist numeration="arabic">
          <listitem>
            <para>Make configuration in <emphasis role="strong"><code>/e/n/i</code></emphasis> only as: </para>
            <screen><![CDATA[auto lo
iface lo inet loopback
]]></screen>
          </listitem>
        </orderedlist>
        <para/>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>GUI network configuration tools</title>
        <para>The capability of default GUI network configuration tools for each desktop tends to be limited to basic configurations such as static IP or DHCP.  They actually overwrite contents of <emphasis role="strong"><code>/e/n/i</code></emphasis> file behind you. Please check how they change <emphasis role="strong">e/n/i</emphasis> file by yourself. </para>
        <para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata width="15" fileref="/htdocs/rightsidebar/img/attention.png" depth="15"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>&lt;!&gt;</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> They may not understand complicated advanced configuration done manually in <emphasis role="strong"><code>/e/n/i</code></emphasis> file. </para>
        <para/>
      </section>
    </section>
    <section>
      <title>The low level network configuration</title>
      <para/>
      <section>
        <title>Iproute2 commands</title>
        <para><ulink url="http://www.linuxfoundation.org/en/Net:Iproute2">Iproute2</ulink> commands offer complete low-level network configuration capabilities. Here is a translation table from obsolete <ulink url="http://www.linuxfoundation.org/en/Net:Net-tools">net-tools</ulink> commands to new <ulink url="http://www.linuxfoundation.org/en/Net:Iproute2">iproute2</ulink> commands. </para>
        <table>
          <caption/>
          <tgroup cols="1">
            <colspec colname="xxx1"/>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> Translation table from obsolete <code>net-tools</code> commands to new <code>iproute2</code> commands. </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <emphasis role="strong">net-tools</emphasis>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <emphasis role="strong">iproute2</emphasis>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <emphasis role="strong">manipulation</emphasis>
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para><code>arp</code>(8) </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>ip neigh</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> ARP or NDISC cache entry. </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para><code>ifconfig</code>(8) </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>ip addr</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> protocol (IP or IPv6) address on a device. </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>ipmaddr</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>ip maddr</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> multicast address. </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>iptunnel</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>ip tunnel</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> tunnel over IP. </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para><code>route</code>(8) </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <code>ip route</code>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> routing table entry. </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para><code>nameif</code>(8) </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para><code>ifrename</code>(8) </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> name network interfaces based on MAC addresses. </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para><code>mii-tool</code>(8) </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para><code>ethtool</code>(8) </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> Ethernet device settings. </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </table>
        <para>See <code>ip</code>(8) and <ulink url="http://www.policyrouting.org/iproute2.doc.html">IPROUTE2 Utility Suite Howto</ulink>. </para>
        <para/>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>Safe lower level network operations</title>
        <para>You may use the lower level network commands as follows safely since they do not change network configuration: </para>
        <table>
          <caption/>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colname="xxx1"/>
            <colspec colname="xxx2"/>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> List of lower level network commands. </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <emphasis role="strong">command</emphasis>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <emphasis role="strong">effects</emphasis>
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> "<code>ifconfig</code>" without arguments </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> displays the status of active interfaces (IPv4) </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> "<code>route -n</code>" </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> display all the routing table in numerical addresses (IPv4) </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> "<code>arp</code>" without arguments </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> displays the current content of the <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol">ARP</ulink> cache tables (IPv4) </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> "<code>ip link show</code>" </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> displays the link status of active interfaces (IPv4/v6) </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> "<code>ip addr show</code>" </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> displays the link and address status of active interfaces (IPv4/v6) </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> "<code>ip route show</code>" </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> displays the routing table (IPv4/v6) </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> "<code>ip neigh</code>" </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> displays the current content of the <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol">ARP</ulink> cache tables (IPv4/v6) </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> "<code>plog</code>" </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> display ppp daemon log </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> "<code>ping yahoo.com</code>" </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> check Internet connection to yahoo.com </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> "<code>whois yahoo.com</code>" </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> check who registered yahoo.com in the domains database </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> "<code>tracepath yahoo.com</code>" </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> trace Internet connection to <code>yahoo.com</code> </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> "<code>traceroute yahoo.com</code>" </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> trace Internet connection to <code>yahoo.com</code> </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> "<code>dig [@dns-server.com] example.com [{a|mx|any}]</code>" </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> check example.com DNS records by <code>dns-server.com</code> for a {a|mx|any} record </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> "<code>iptables -L -n</code>" </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> check packet filter </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> "<code>netstat -a</code>" </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> find all open ports </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> "<code>netstat -l --inet</code>" </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> find listening ports </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> "<code>netstat -ln --tcp</code>" </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> find listening TCP ports (numeric) </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> "<code>dlint example.com</code>" </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> check DNS zone information of <code>examle.org</code> </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </table>
        <para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata width="16" fileref="/htdocs/rightsidebar/img/icon-info.png" depth="16"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>{i}</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> Some of these lower level network configuration tools reside in <code>/sbin/</code>.  You may need to issue full command path such as <code>/sbin/ifconfig</code> or add <code>/sbin</code> to the <code>PATH</code> list in your <code>~/.bashrc</code>. </para>
        <para/>
      </section>
    </section>
    <section>
      <title>Network optimization</title>
      <para>Generic network optimization is beyond the scope of this documentation.  I will touch only subjects pertinent to the consumer grade connection. </para>
      <table>
        <caption/>
        <tgroup cols="4">
          <colspec colname="xxx1"/>
          <colspec colname="xxx2"/>
          <colspec colname="xxx3"/>
          <colspec colname="xxx4"/>
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para> List of network optimization tools. </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> 1 </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> 2 </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> 3 </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <emphasis role="strong">packages</emphasis>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <emphasis role="strong">popcon</emphasis>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <emphasis role="strong">size</emphasis>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <emphasis role="strong">description</emphasis>
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <code>iftop</code>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> - </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> - </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> displays bandwidth usage information on an network interface </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <code>iperf</code>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> - </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> - </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> Internet Protocol bandwidth measuring tool </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <code>apt-spy</code>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> - </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> - </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> writes a sources.list file based on bandwidth tests </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <code>ifstat</code>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> - </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> - </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para><ulink url="/InterFace">InterFace</ulink> STATistics Monitoring </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <code>bmon</code>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> - </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> - </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> portable bandwidth monitor and rate estimator </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <code>ethstatus</code>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> - </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> - </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> script that quickly measures network device throughput </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <code>bing</code>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> - </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> - </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> Empirical stochastic bandwidth tester </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <code>bwm-ng</code>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> - </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> - </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> small and simple console-based bandwidth monitor </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <code>ethstats</code>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> - </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> - </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> console-based Ethernet statistics monitor </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <code>ipfm</code>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> - </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> - </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> a bandwidth analysis tool </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </table>
      <para/>
      <para/>
      <para/>
      <para/>
      <para/>
      <para/>
      <para/>
      <para/>
      <para/>
      <para/>
      <para/>
      <para/>
      <section>
        <title>Finding optimal MTU</title>
        <para>The <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_transmission_unit">Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU)</ulink> value can be determined experimentally with <code>ping</code>(8) with "<code>-M do</code>" option which sends ICMP packets with data size starting from 1500 (with offset of 28 bytes for the IP+ICMP header) and finding the largest size without IP fragmentation. For example: </para>
        <screen><![CDATA[$ ping -c 1 -s $((1500-28)) -M do www.debian.org
PING www.debian.org (194.109.137.218) 1472(1500) bytes of data.
From 192.168.11.2 icmp_seq=1 Frag needed and DF set (mtu = 1454)

--- www.debian.org ping statistics ---
0 packets transmitted, 0 received, +1 errors
]]></screen>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>... try 1454 instead of 1500 </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>The <code>ping</code>(8) command succeed </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>This process is <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_MTU_discovery">Path MTU (PMTU) discovery</ulink> (<ulink url="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1191">RFC1191</ulink>)and the <code>tracepath</code>(8) command can automate this.   </para>
        <para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata width="16" fileref="/htdocs/rightsidebar/img/icon-info.png" depth="16"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>{i}</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> The above example with PMTU value of 1454 is for my previous FTTH provider which used <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode">Asynchronous Transfer Mode</ulink> (ATM) as its backbone network and served its clients with the <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol_over_Ethernet">PPPoE</ulink>.  The actual PMTU value depends on your environment, e.g., 1500 for the my new FTTH provider. </para>
        <table>
          <caption/>
          <tgroup cols="3">
            <colspec colname="xxx1"/>
            <colspec colname="xxx2"/>
            <colspec colname="xxx3"/>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> Basic guide lines of the optimal MTU value </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <emphasis role="strong">network environment</emphasis>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <emphasis role="strong">MTU</emphasis>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <emphasis role="strong">rationale</emphasis>
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> Dial-up link (IP: PPP)</para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> 576 </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> standard </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> Ethernet link (IP: DHCP or fixed) </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> 1500 </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> standard and default </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> Ethernet link (IP: PPPoE) </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> 1492 (=1500-8) </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> 2 bytes for PPP header and 6 bytes for PPPoE header </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> Ethernet link (ISP's backbone: ATM, IP: DHCP or fixed) </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> 1462 (=48*31-18-8) </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> author's speculation: 18 for Ethernet header, 8 for SAR trailer. </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para> Ethernet link (ISP's backbone: ATM, IP: PPPoE) </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> 1454 (=48*31-8-18-8) </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para> see "<ulink url="http://www.mynetwatchman.com/kb/ADSL/pppoemtu.htm">Optimal MTU configuration for PPPoE ADSL Connections</ulink>" for rationale. </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </table>
        <para>In addtion to these basic guide lines, you should know: </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>Any use of tunneling methods (<ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_network">VPN</ulink> etc.) may reduce optimal MTU further by their overheads. </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>The MTU value should not exceed the experimentally determined PMTU value. </listitem>
          <listitem>The bigger MTU value is generally better when other limitations are met. </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para/>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>Setting MTU</title>
        <para>Here are examples for setting the MTU value from its default 1500 to 1454. </para>
        <para>For the DHCP (see @{@thenetworkinterfeservedbythedhcp@}@), you can replace pertinent <emphasis role="strong"><code>iface</code></emphasis> stanza lines in the <emphasis role="strong"><code>/e/n/i</code></emphasis> with, e.g.,: </para>
        <screen><![CDATA[iface eth0 inet dhcp
 hostname "mymachine"
 pre-up /sbin/ifconfig $IFACE mtu 1454
]]></screen>
        <para> </para>
        <para>For the static IP (see @{@thenetworkinterfewiththestaticip@}@), you can replace pertinent <emphasis role="strong"><code>iface</code></emphasis> stanza lines in the <emphasis role="strong"><code>/e/n/i</code></emphasis> with, e.g.,: </para>
        <screen><![CDATA[iface eth0 inet static
 address 192.168.11.100
 netmask 255.255.255.0
 broadcast 192.168.11.255
 gateway 192.168.11.1
 mtu 1454
 dns-domain lan
 dns-nameservers 192.168.11.1
]]></screen>
        <para> </para>
        <para>For the direct PPPoE (see @{@thepppoeconnectionwithpppoeconf@}@), you can replace pertinent <emphasis role="strong"><code>mtu</code></emphasis> line in the <code>/etc/ppp/peers/dsl-provider</code> with: </para>
        <screen><![CDATA[mtu 1454
]]></screen>
        <para>The <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_segment_size">maximum segment size</ulink> (MSS) is used as an alternative measure of packet size.  The relationship between MSS and MTU are: </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>MSS = MTU - 40 for IPv4 </listitem>
          <listitem>MSS = MTU - 60 for IPv6 </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata width="15" fileref="/htdocs/rightsidebar/img/idea.png" depth="15"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>(!)</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> The <code>iptables</code>(8) (see @{@netfilter@}@) based optimization can clamp packet size by the MSS and is useful for the router. </para>
        <para/>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>WAN TCP optimization</title>
        <para>The TCP throughput can be maximized by adjusting TCP buffer size parameters as described in "<ulink url="http://dsd.lbl.gov/TCP-tuning/">TCP Tuning Guide</ulink>" and "<ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP_tuning">TCP tuning</ulink>"  for the modern high-bandwidth and high-latency WAN.  So far, the current Debian default settings serve well even for my LAN connected by the fast 100M bps FTTP service. </para>
        <para/>
      </section>
    </section>
    <section>
      <title>Netfilter</title>
      <para><ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netfilter">Netfilter</ulink> provides infrastructure for <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stateful_firewall">stateful firewall</ulink> and <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translation">network address translation (NAT)</ulink> with <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel">Linux kernel</ulink> modules (see @{@thekernelmoduleinitialization@}@).   </para>
      <table>
        <caption/>
        <tgroup cols="4">
          <colspec colname="xxx1"/>
          <colspec colname="xxx2"/>
          <colspec colname="xxx3"/>
          <colspec colname="xxx4"/>
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para> List of firewall tools. </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> 1 </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> 2 </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> 3 </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <emphasis role="strong">packages</emphasis>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <emphasis role="strong">popcon</emphasis>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <emphasis role="strong">size</emphasis>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <emphasis role="strong">description</emphasis>
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <code>iptables</code>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> - </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> - </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> administration tools for <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netfilter">netfilter</ulink> </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <code>iptstate</code>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> - </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> - </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> Tool to continuously monitor <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netfilter">netfilter</ulink> state. (similar to <code>top</code>(1)) </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <code>shorewall</code>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> - </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> - </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para><ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorewall">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netfilter">netfilter</ulink> configuration file generator (recommended for <code>etch</code>) </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <code>shorewall-perl</code>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> - </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> - </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para><ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorewall">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netfilter">netfilter</ulink> configuration file generator (Perl-based, recommended for <code>lenny</code>) </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <code>shorewall-shell</code>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> - </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> - </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para><ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorewall">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netfilter">netfilter</ulink> configuration file generator (shell-based, alternative for <code>lenny</code>) </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <code>ipmasq</code>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> - </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> - </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para> Simple set of init script to configure <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netfilter">netfilter</ulink> (old) </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </table>
      <para>Main user space program of <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netfilter">netfilter</ulink> is <code>iptables</code>(8).  You can manually configure <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netfilter">netfilter</ulink> interactively from shell, save its state with <code>iptables-save</code>(8), and restore it via init script with <code>iptables-restore</code>(8) upon system reboot. </para>
      <para>Configuration helper scripts such as <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorewall">shorewall</ulink> ease this process. </para>
      <para>See documentation at <ulink url="http://www.netfilter.org/documentation/">http://www.netfilter.org/documentation/</ulink> (or in <code>/usr/share/doc/iptables/html/</code>):  </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            <ulink url="http://www.netfilter.org/documentation/HOWTO//networking-concepts-HOWTO.html">Linux Networking-concepts HOWTO</ulink>
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            <ulink url="http://www.netfilter.org/documentation/HOWTO//packet-filtering-HOWTO.html">Linux 2.4 Packet Filtering HOWTO</ulink>
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            <ulink url="http://www.netfilter.org/documentation/HOWTO/NAT-HOWTO.html">Linux 2.4 NAT HOWTO</ulink>
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata width="16" fileref="/htdocs/rightsidebar/img/icon-info.png" depth="16"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>{i}</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> Although these were written for Linux <emphasis role="strong">2.4</emphasis>, both <code>iptables</code>(8) command and netfilter kernel function apply for current Linux <emphasis role="strong">2.6</emphasis>. </para>
    </section>
  </section>
</article>