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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<meta name="keywords" lang="en" content="debtree debian package build dependency graph">
<title>debtree - Package dependency graphs</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>debtree — package dependency graphs on steroids</h1>
<table>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr>
<td>
<h2>Introduction</h2>
<p>
This started with the simple question "how exactly does package X pull in
package Y when I install it". The only way I knew of was to use
<tt>aptitude</tt> interactively and just guess which package was the most
likely culprit.
</p><p>
So I set out to create a simple script to recurse through dependencies...
</p><p>
Basically this meant building a dependency tree. I'd long wanted to play
with <tt>dot</tt>, and this seemed like a good opportunity as visualizing
the trees looked like a nice way to check their correctness.
</p><p>
To make a long story short, after the basic functionality had been implemented,
it turned out to be fairly easy (and irresistible) to extend the functionality
bit by bit.
</p><p>
So now we have a script that can generate dependency graphs in the form of
<tt>.dot</tt> files that serve as input for <tt>dot</tt> (from the
<tt>graphviz</tt> package).
</p><p>
The commands <tt>apt-cache</tt> and <tt>apt-rdepends</tt> have similar options,
but <tt>debtree</tt> is a lot more powerful.
</p>
<h3 id="examples">Examples</h3>
<p>
The examples below show the different levels of detail that can be
obtained using <tt>debtree</tt> and explain the graphs. Please view
them in the indicated order.
</p><p>
Note that Postscript viewers may not display some of the larger graphs until
you zoom out one or more times. I've used <tt>kghostview</tt> and that at
least always showed the thumbnail correctly.
</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="debconf1.html">debconf</a></li>
<li><a href="aptitude1.html">aptitude</a></li>
<li><a href="usage1.html">advanced usage</a></li>
</ul>
<p>
Other packages for which (mostly default) graphs have been produced, roughly
in ascending order of complexity:<br />
<tt>bind9</tt>, <tt>debmirror</tt>, <tt>gettext</tt>, <tt>iceweasel</tt>,
<tt>logcheck</tt>, <tt>logrotate</tt>, <tt>mutt</tt>,
<tt>mysql-client</tt>, <tt>mysql-server</tt>, <tt>ssh</tt>, <tt>subversion</tt>,
<tt>debiandoc-sgml</tt>, <tt>exim4</tt>, <tt>cupsys</tt>, <tt>gimp</tt>,
<tt>lintian</tt>, <tt>apache2</tt>, <tt>wesnoth</tt>, <tt>vlc</tt>.
</p><p>
To get usable graphs for some of these, a number of packages have been added
to the <tt>/etc/debtree/endlist</tt> configuration file. If you try other
packages, you may need to do the same. Try to add only packages for which it
is "logical" not to expand the graph any further.
</p><p>
Another option is to limit the number of dependency levels (the "depth" of the
graph) by specifying a maximum depth or to reduce the amount of information
included in the graph using the available command line options.
</p>
<h2 id="download">Download</h2>
<p>
The <tt>debtree</tt> package is available from the
<a href="http://packages.debian.org/debtree">Debian archive</a> for 'Sqeeze'
and later. The package for 'Squeeze' can be installed without any problems on
systems running 'Lenny'.
</p><p>
You can also check out the source code from the
<a href="http://git.debian.org/?p=collab-maint/debtree.git;a=summary">git
repository</a> using:<br />
<tt><font size="-1">
$ git clone git://git.debian.org/collab-maint/debtree.git
</font></tt>
</p><p>
The dependencies are <tt>perl</tt>, <tt>libapt-pkg-perl</tt>,
<tt>dctrl-tools</tt> and <tt>ucf</tt>; <tt>graphviz</tt> is recommended.
</p><p>
Comments to: <a href="mailto:elendil%40planet.nl">Frans Pop</a>.
Please submit bugs and patches via the Debian Bug Tracking System.
</p><p>
<b>Note</b><br />
The option to print dependency paths has been dropped in version 0.9.0.
I doubt anybody used that, and the same is possible using
'<tt>aptitude why</tt>', which does a better job.
</p>
<h2 id="issues">Known issues</h2>
<ul>
<li>
In some cases graphs can get fairly messy when there are alternatives that
have very similar dependencies. Good examples are <tt>apache</tt> and
<tt>wesnoth</tt> (although the last looks to have been cleaned up in Squeeze).
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="future">Future development</h2>
<p>
There is still a lot of improvement possible. See also the comments in the
current script.
</p>
<ul>
<li>
Option to generate sub-graphs on separate pages.
</li><li>
Accept multiple packages as input to generate combined graphs.
</li><li>
Have the tool automatically determine points where to stop recursing or
where to create sub-graphs on a separate page.
</li><li>
Maybe show aggregated package sizes.
</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td width="10" />
<td width="500">
<pre>
$ debtree dpkg
</pre>
<hr />
<img src="thumbs/dpkg.png" alt="Dependency graph for dpkg" />
<hr />
<h3 id="usage">Usage</h3>
<p>
See the <b>debtree</b>(1) man page for detailed usage information.
</p>
<p>
<b>Examples</b>
</p>
<ul>
<li><b>Create a <tt>.dot</tt> file</b><br />
<tt>$ debtree --with-suggests <package> >out.dot</tt></li>
<li><b>Create a graph (PNG) from a <tt>.dot</tt> file</b><br />
<tt>$ dot -T png -o out.png out.dot</tt></li>
<li><b>Create a graph (Postscript) and view it using <tt>kghostview</tt></b><br />
<tt>$ debtree <package> | dot -Tps | kghostview - &</tt></li>
</ul>
<p>
<b>Option summary</b>
</p>
<dl>
<dt><tt>--show-installed | -I</tt></dt>
<dd>Show which packages are installed on the system</dd>
<dt><tt>--show-rdeps | -R</tt></dt>
<dd>Also show reverse dependencies of the package and any virtual packages it provides</dd>
<dt><tt>--build-dep | -b</tt></dt>
<dd>Generate a graph showing build dependencies instead of package dependencies</dd>
<dt><tt>--arch=<arch></tt></dt>
<dd>Specify the architecture (or 'all') for the build dependency graph
(default is the architecture of the system)</dd>
<dt><tt>--with-suggests | -S</tt></dt>
<dd>Include suggested packages; dependencies of suggested packages are never included</dd>
<dt><tt>--no-recommends</tt></dt>
<dd>Don't show recommended packages</dd>
<dt><tt>--no-alternatives</tt></dt>
<dd>Only show the first dependency from a set of alternatives (i.e. show what would
be installed by default)</dd>
<dt><tt>--no-provides</tt></dt>
<dd>Do not show virtual packages provided by the requested package</dd>
<dt><tt>--max-providers=<num></tt></dt>
<dd>Limit the display of packages that provide a virtual package (default: 3)</dd>
<dt><tt>--no-versions</tt></dt>
<dd>Don't show the versions for versioned dependencies</dd>
<dt><tt>--no-conflicts</tt></dt>
<dd>Don't show unversioned conflicts</dd>
<dt><tt>--versioned-conflicts | -VC</tt></dt>
<dd>Include versioned conflicts; by default only unversioned conflicts are shown</dd>
<dt><tt>--max-depth=<num></tt></dt>
<dd>Limit the number of levels of dependencies</dd>
<dt><tt>--rdeps-depth=<num></tt></dt>
<dd>The maximum number of levels for reverse dependencies (default: 1)</dd>
<dt><tt>--max-rdeps=<num></tt></dt>
<dd>Limit the display of indirect reverse dependencies (default: 5)</dd>
<dt><tt>--no-skip</tt></dt>
<dd>Also display packages that are suppressed by default (e.g. libc6)</dd>
<dt><tt>--show-all</tt></dt>
<dd>Generate full dependency tree (recurse for <em>all</em> packages); implies <tt>--no-skip</tt></dd>
<dt><tt>--rotate | -r</tt></dt>
<dd>Draw the graph top-town instead of left-to-right</dd>
<dt><tt>--condense</tt></dt>
<dd>Condense the graph by merging lines (relationships) between packages</dd>
<dt><tt>--quiet | -q</tt></dt>
<dd>Suppress any informational/warning messages</dd>
<dt><tt>--verbose | -v</tt></dt>
<dd>Increase verbosity to display debug messages; can be repeated</dd>
</dl>
<p>
<b>Configuration</b>
</p>
<dl>
<dt><tt>/etc/debtree/skiplist</tt></dt>
<dd>Packages that by default will be excluded from dependency graphs.</dd>
<dt><tt>/etc/debtree/endlist</tt></dt>
<dd>Packages for which by default no dependencies will be shown on graphs.</dd>
</dl>
<p>
See the comments in these files and the examples on these pages for information
on how they are used. The configuration can be overruled on a per-user basis by
creating a directory <tt>~/.debtree/</tt> and adding custom versions of these
files there.
</p><p>
Suggestions for packages to add are welcome. Please mail both the command for the
graph you'd like to reduce and the packages you're proposing to add to the lists.
</p><p>
The current list of 'skip' packages is:<br />
<tt>libc6</tt>, <tt>libgcc1</tt>, <tt>libstdc++6</tt>, <tt>zlib1g</tt>,
<tt>libx11-6</tt>, <tt>libc6-dev</tt>, <tt>libc-dev</tt>.<br />
Reason these packages are excluded is that they are so common that including
them only result in cluttering the graph without adding any real information.
An option is available that allows to generate a full graph that includes
these packages.
</p>
<p>
<b>Tips</b>
</p>
<p>
The <tt>graphviz</tt> suite includes utilities that can be used to manipulate
graphs after they have been generated. See for example the man pages for
<tt>prune</tt> and <tt>gvpr</tt>.
</p>
</td>
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