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<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.1//EN" [
<!ENTITY index SYSTEM "index/index.sgml">
<!ENTITY dfsbuild "<application>dfsbuild</application>">
<!ENTITY man.dfsbuild SYSTEM "dfsbuild.sgml">
]>
<book id="dfs">
<bookinfo>
<title>Using Debian From Scratch</title>
<author>
<firstname>John</firstname> <surname>Goerzen</surname>
</author>
<address><email>jgoerzen@complete.org</email></address>
<legalnotice>
<para>
PLEASE NOTE: THIS DOCUMENTATION IS NOT YET ANYWHERE NEAR FINISHED.
</para>
<para>
FIXME: add copyright here
</para>
</legalnotice>
</bookinfo>
<chapter id="intro">
<title>Introduction to DFS</title>
<para>
Welcome to Debian From Scratch (DFS). DFS is really two
systems: 1) a bootable CD for repairing Linux systems or
installing Debian; and 2) the program that generates the CDs
that are used for #1. Most of this manual focuses on #1.
A wide variety of DFS CDs can be made using the DFS build
tools. This manual will refer to CDs made using the default
configuration.
</para>
<sect1 id="features">
<title>DFS Features</title>
<indexterm><primary>Features</primary></>
<para>
You can expect the following from your DFS CD:
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Bootable CD featuring the GNU Grub
bootloader. Can be used to boot hard disk partitions even
if no hard disk bootloader is present.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Kernel and userland support for all major
filesystems, including ext2, ext3, JFS, XFS, ReiserFS,
FAT, VFAT, NTFS, ISO9660, CramFS, tmpfs, and more. Userland support for Reiser4.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Kernel and userland support for different disk
layout schemes including standard partitioning, Logical
Volume Manager 2 (LVM2), software RAID, etc.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Full recovery tools runnable directly from CD,
including:
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Filesystem utilities for all major filesystems, including undeletion tools for ext2</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Partition editors (fdisk, cfdisk, parted)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Text editors (nano, joe, vim, emacs)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>C, Perl, Python, and OCaml development
environments. Enough to configure and compile a new
kernel and build basic .debs. Kernel 2.6.6 sources
included on CD.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Full networking support, including PPP and
various Ethernet cards and DHCP</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Network tools including FTP clients, Web
client, ssh, telnet, NFS, smbclient, tcpdump, netcat, etc.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Backup restoration tools such as
rdiff-backup, dump/restore, tar, cpio, amanda client,
afbackup client, etc.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>CD and DVD burning tools</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Basic printing tools (cat for local
printers, rlpr for remote ones, and netcat for
Jetdirect, plus unix2dos for text files and
Ghostscript for emergency conversions)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Mail reader (mutt)</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Base systems for multiple versions of Debian
installable directly from CD, including: sarge, etch, and
sid (stable, testing, and unstable).
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>
Hybrid amd64 support: A single i386/amd64 hybrid CD
provides
enough to install or fix either an i386 or an
AMD64 system. Includes 64-bit kernel with 32-bit
emulation (to run the 32-bit userland on the CD). Also
includes 64-bit packages for bootstrapping a new AMD64
support. In short, you can boot a 64-bit kernel and be
treated as a first-class citizen in almost all respects.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>
Easy porting to other architectures. Existing ports to
Alpha and PowerPC.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>i386 or x86_64 (amd64) kernels bootable
directly from initial boot menu.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>DFS generation scripts support custom kernels,
packages, mirrors, compressed ISO images, and a high
degree of flexibility.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="getting">
<title>Getting DFS</title>
<para>
You may download ISO images for DFS from John Goerzen's
<ulink url="http://people.debian.org/~jgoerzen/dfs/">DFS
site</ulink>. The &dfsbuild; program is available from within
Debian itself, or you may find it on the
<ulink url="http://packages.debian.org/dfsbuild">Debian
package page</ulink>.
</para>
<para>
For more resources, please visit <xref
linkend="dfsbuild.links"/>.
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="history">
<title>History of DFS</title>
<para>
DFS begain as the first installer for the amd64 port of
Debian. I also wanted to have a handy rescue disk for systems
that use LVM, Reiser4, etc. At the time, the Debian
installers didn't support any of this.
</para>
</sect1>
</chapter>
<chapter id="booting">
<title>Booting DFS</title>
<indexterm><primary>Booting</></>
<para>
Booting procedures vary by architecture. Here are some basics:
</para>
<sect1 id="booting.i386">
<title>Booting on i386 (PC)</title>
<para>
Booting DFS usually is as simple as inserting a CD into the
drive. DFS can boot from an IDE or SCSI CD-ROM. On some
systems,
you may need to access your BIOS to enable booting from CD.
When you have successfully booted DFS the CD, you'll see a blue
Grub selection screen.
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="booting.alpha">
<title>Booting on Alpha</title>
<para>
The DFS images for Alpha support the SRM console only at this
time. If your system uses AlphaBIOS or some other BIOS, you
may need to convert to SRM. If you need the SRM firmware, you
may be able to find it on the <ulink
url="http://ftp.digital.com/pub/DEC/Alpha/firmware/">Alpha
firmware updates</ulink> page.
</para>
<para>
Details about SRM can be found at the SRM HOWTO. If you are
reading this manual directly from the DFS CD-ROM, you can find
the HOWTO at <ulink
url="file:///usr/share/doc/aboot-base/SRM-HOWTO/index.html"></ulink>.
If you are reading this on the Web, the SRM HOWTO can be found
at <ulink url="http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/SRM-HOWTO/"></ulink>
or <ulink
url="http://www.alphalinux.org/faq/srm.html"></ulink>.
</para>
<para>
Booting the DFS CD generally involves these steps:
</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem><para>Boot to an SRM prompt. If your system is set
to automatically boot an operating system, Ctrl-C at the
appropriate time may accomplish this.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Set the operating system type with:
<command>set os_type Unix</command>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Find the device that represents your CD-ROM
drive. Typing <command>show dev</command> will help you
out. IDE users may often find dqa2 as their CD-ROM
device.
Please consult <command>show dev</command> to discover the
proper value for your system.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Boot the aboot bootloader. Run: <command>boot
<replaceable>device</replaceable> -fl i</command>.
Replace <replaceable>device</replaceable> with your
particular CD-ROM device.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>
You should now see an aboot prompt. You can press "l"
(lower-case "L") to see a list of available kernels.
Press zero through 9 to boot one of them; the default
should be set to 0. If you don't know what to do, just
press 0.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>
Linux should now start.
</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="booting.powerpc">
<title>Booting on PowerPC</title>
<para>
The DFS images for PowerPC support booting from OpenFirmware
(OF) into yaboot.
</para>
<para>
Booting the DFS CD generally involves these steps:
</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem><para>Boot into yaboot. On newer PowerPC (NewWorld)
you can press "c" (or "Command-Option-Shift-Delete")
during boot until you reach the yaboot
bootprompt. If this does not work, you have to boot into
OpenFirmware first. This can be done by pressing
"Option-Command-o-f" (all four at the same time) during boot.
The Option key might also be labeled "Alt" and the
Command key with the Apple sign on your keyboard. Once
you have reached the OpenFirmware prompt, type <command>boot
cd:,\boot\yaboot</command> to boot into yaboot.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>
You should now see an yaboot prompt. You can press "TAB"
to see a list of available kernels. Enter the kernel's name
to boot it. The *-safe options use "video=ofonly" which
is needed if your machine has a framebuffer that is not well
supported and booting would give flickering lines on the screen.
"ofonly" relies on the OpenFirmware console.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>
Linux should now start.
</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="dfsboot-kernel">
<title>Booting a Kernel</title>
<para>
Depending on how your CD was built, you'll see options for one
or more different kernel images. Select one appropriate for
your system. If a given image says "amd64", this should only
be used on amd64 systems such as Opteron or Athlon64 system.
<emphasis>
Note: if you intend to install a 64-bit amd64 system, you MUST
boot from the 64-bit amd64 kernel.
</emphasis>
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="dfsboot-selcd">
<title>Selecting CD-ROM device</title>
<para>
In most cases, DFS can automatically detect which drive holds
your DFS CD. However, if that check is time-consuming or
fails, you can manually specify your CD with the
<command>dfscd</command> parameter. To use it, select the
kernel
you wish, press e to edit the command and edit the "kernel"
line. Insert something such as
<command>dfscd=/dev/hdc</command>, press Enter, then b to
boot.
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="dfsboot-hardware">
<title>Detecting Hardware</title>
<indexterm><primary>Hardware</><secondary>Detecting</></>
<indexterm><primary>discover</></>
<indexterm><primary>USB</></>
<para>
Some hardware will automatically be configured. You can
attempt to autodetect more hardware by running
<command>/etc/init.d/discover start</command>. If you want to
use USB devices, try <command>/etc/init.d/hotplug
start</command>. Otherwise, you will likely need to
manually load kernel modules. You can find them under
<filename>/lib/modules/<replaceable>kernelversion</replaceable></filename>.
Tools such as <command>lspci</command> can help you find out
what hardware you have that needs to be loaded.
</para>
<para>
<indexterm><primary>PCMCIA</></>
If you have PCMCIA devices, run <command>/etc/init.d/pcmcia
start</command>.
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="ethernet">
<title>Enabling Ethernet</title>
<indexterm><primary>Ethernet</><see>Networking, Ethernet</></>
<indexterm><primary>Networking</><secondary>Ethernet</></>
<para>
<indexterm><primary>ifup</primary></indexterm>
If your network hardware was detected and your LAN uses DHCP,
you can simply say <command>ifup eth0</command>. Your network
will be activated.
</para>
<para>
<indexterm><primary>/etc/network/interfaces</></>
If your LAN does not use DHCP, you will need to edit
<filename>/etc/networking/interfaces</filename>. You should
delete the eth0 line and replace it with something along these
lines:</para>
<screen>
iface eth0 inet static
address 192.168.0.4
netmask 255.255.255.0
gateway 192.168.0.1
</screen>
<para>Then run <command>ifup eth0</command>. You'll also need
to edit <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename> and add a line
such as <command>nameserver 192.168.0.1</command> to specify
your nameserver. (If you run DHCP, this is usually taken care
of for you, but you may occasionally need to do it anyway.)
</para>
<sect2 id="wireless">
<title>Wireless Networking</title>
<indexterm><primary>Networking</><secondary>Wireless</></>
<indexterm><primary>Wireless</><see>Networking, Wireless</></>
<para>
If you are using wireless networking, first make sure that
your hardware is detected. Sometimes the device name is not
eth0; if so, figure out what your device is called. If your
network is open -- has no encryption -- you should be able
to enable your wireless device the same as a wired device.
Otherwise, you will need to modify
<filename>/etc/network/interfaces</filename> as described in
the file
<filename>/usr/share/doc/wireless-tools/README.Debian</filename> on the live DFS system.
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="dfsboot.ppp">
<title>Dialup with PPP</title>
<indexterm><primary>PPP</><see>Networking, PPP</></>
<indexterm><primary>Networking</><secondary>PPP</></>
<indexterm><primary>Dial-up</><see>Networking, PPP</></>
<para>
To dial-up with ppp, first run <command>pppconfig</> to set up
your access. Name your connection "provider". Now, you can
use
<command>pon</command> to connect and <command>poff</command>
to disconnect.
</para>
</sect1>
</chapter>
<chapter id="install">
<title>Installation</title>
<para>
Installation from DFS involves the following general steps:
</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem><para>Partitioning</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Initialize and mount swap</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Formatting and Mounting Filesystems</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Installing Base System</para>
<para>You can do this (assuming you have mounted your new
partitions at /mnt) with: <command>cdebootstrap sid /mnt
file:///opt/packages</command>. (amd64: add <command>-a
amd64</command> before "sid". Also, I recommend using the
amd64 mirror directly, since things change frequently and the
data available when the CD was made may or may not be usable for
you.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Configuring Base System</para>
<para>You should copy your
<filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename> to the new system.
Then, configure its
<filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename>,
<filename>/etc/fstab</filename>, and
<filename>/etc/network/interfaces</filename>. Then,
<filename>chroot /mnt</filename> and:
</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem><para><command>apt-get update</command></para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>i386: <command>apt-get install module-init-tools
grub ppp</command></para>
<para>alpha: <command>apt-get install module-init-tools
aboot ppp</command></para>
<para>powerpc: <command>apt-get install module-init-tools
yaboot ppp</command></para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para><command>apt-get install</command>
appropriate filesystem tools for your chosen filesystem</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>i386: <command>mkdir /boot/grub; cp
/lib/grub/i386-pc/* /boot/grub</command></para>
<para>If your /boot is its own partition, also run
<command>cd /boot; ln -s . boot</command>.</para>
<note><para>
amd64 did not have a grub package as of the last check.
However, you can simulate it; just
<command>mkdir /mnt/boot/grub</command>
and copy the files from
<filename>/lib/grub/i386-pc</filename> on the
live CD image to <filename>/boot/grub</filename>
on your new system.</para>
</note>
<para>alpha: see aboot docs</para>
<para>powerpc: see yaboot docs</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Installing Kernel</para>
<para>If you like the kernel on the DFS CD, you can do this:
<command>cd /mnt/root; dpkg-repack
linunx-image-2.6.16.4</command>. Then, <command>chroot
/mnt</command> and <command>dpkg -i
/root/linux-image-*</command>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Installing Grub</para>
<screen>
# grub
grub> root (hd0,0)
grub> setup (hd0)
grub> quit
# update-grub
</screen>
<para>amd64 users: if this doesn't work, try rebooting the DFS
cd. Press "c" when you see the blue Grub menu to get a
command line. Then run the above.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Rebooting into new system</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</chapter>
<appendix id="dfsbuild.reference">
<title>Command Reference</title>
&man.dfsbuild;
</appendix>
<appendix id="dfsbuild.links">
<title>Links to Related Resources</title>
<para>
Here are some links to websites where you may find DFS-related
resources:
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para><ulink
url="http://people.debian.org/~jgoerzen/dfs">DFS pre-built ISO
images</ulink></para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>NewsForge article: <ulink
url="http://www.newsforge.com/article.pl?sid=05/01/10/1727246">Installing
Debian From Scratch</ulink></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Article by Suramya Tomar: <ulink
url="http://linux.suramya.com/tutorials/Install_DFS/">How to
Install Debian From Scratch</ulink></para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</appendix>
</book>
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