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H.
HABEAS CORPORA, English practice. A writ issued out of the C. P. commending
the sheriff to compel the appearance of a jury in the cause between the
parties. It answers the same purpose in that court as the Distringas
juratores answers in the K. B. For a form, see Bootes Suit at Law, 151.
HABEAS CORPUS, remedies A writ of habeas corpus is an order in writing,
signed by the judge who grants the same, and sealed with the seal of the
court of he is a judge, issued in the name of the sovereign power where it
is granted, by such a court or a judge thereof, having lawful authority to
issue the same, directed to any one having a person in his custody or under
his restraint, commanding him to produce, such person at a certain time and
place, and to state the reasons why he is held in custody, or under
restraint.
2. This writ was it common law considered as a remedy to remove the
illegal restraint on a freeman. But anterior to the 31 Charles II. its
benefit was, in a great degree, eluded by time-serving judges, who awarded
it only in term time, and who assumed a discretionary power of awarding or
refusing it. 3 Bulstr. 23. Three or four years before that statute was
passed there had been two very great cases much agitated in Westminster
Hall, upon writs of habeas corpus for private custody, viz: the cases of
Lord Lei-ah: 2 Lev; 128; and Sir Robert Viner, Lord Mayor.of London. 3
Keble, 434, 447, 470, 504; 2 Lev. 128; Freem. 389. But the court has wisely
drew the line of distinction between civil constitutional liberty, as
opposed to the power of the crown, and liberty as opposed to the violence
and power of private persons. Wilmot's Opinions, 85, 86.
3. To secure the full benefit of it to the subject the statute 81 Car.
II. c. 2, commonly called the habeas corpus act, was passed. This gave to
the. writ the vigor, life, and efficacy requisite for the due protection of
the liberty of the subject. In England this. is considered as a high
prerogative writ, issuing out of the court of king's bench, in term time or
vacation, and running into every part of the king's dominions. It is also
grantable as a matter of right, ex debito justitae, upon the application of
any person.
4. The interdict De homine libero exhibendo of the Roman law, was a
remedy very similar to the writ of habeas corpus. When a freeman was
restrained by another, contrary to good faith, the praetor ordered that such
person should be brought before him that he might be liberated. Dig. 43, 29,
1.
5. The habeas corpus act has been substantially incorporated into the
jurisprudence of every state in the Union, and the right to the writ has
been secured by most of the constitutions of the states, and of the United
States. The statute of 31 Car. II. c. 2, provides that the person
imprisoned, if he be not a prisoner convict, or in execution of legal
process, or committed for treason or felony, plainly expressed in the
warrant, or has not neglected willfully, by the space of two whole terms
after his imprisonment, to pray a habeas corpus for his enlargement, may
apply by any one in his behalf, in vacation time, to a judicial officer for
the writ of habeas corpus, and the officer, upon view of the copy of the
warrant of commitment, or upon proof of denial of it after due demand, must
allow the writ to be directed to the person in whose custody the party is
detained, and made returnable immediately before him. And, in term time, any
of the said prisoners may obtain his writ of habeas corpus, by applying to
the proper court.
6. By the habeas corpus law of Pennsylvania, (the Act of February 18,
1785,) the benefit of the writ of habeas corpus is given in "all cases where
any person, not being committed or detained for any criminal, or supposed
criminal matter," Who "shall be confined or restrained of his or her
liberty, under any color or pretence whatsoever." A similar provision is
contained in the habeas corpus act of New York. Act of April 21, 1818, sect.
41, ch. 277.
7. The Constitution of the United State art. 1, s. 9, n. 2, provides,
that "the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended,
unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may
require it" and the same principle is contained in many of the state
constitutions. In order still more to secure the citizen the benefit of this
great writ, a heavy penalty is inflicted upon the judges who are bound to
grant it, in case of refusal.
8. It is proper to consider, 1. When it is to be granted. 2. How it is
to be served. 3. What return is to be made to it. 4. The bearing. 5. The
effect of the judgment upon it.
9.-1. The writ is to be granted whenever a person is in actual
confinement, committed or detained as aforesaid, either for a criminal
charge, or, as in Pennsylvania and New York, in all cases where he is
confined or restrained of his liberty, under any color or pretence
whatsoever. But persons discharged on bail will not be considered as
restrained of their liberty so as to be entitled to, a writ of habeas
corpus, directed to their bail. 3 Yeates, R. 263; 1 Serg & Rawle, 356.
10.-2. The writ may be served by any free person, by leaving it with
the person to whom it is directed, or left at the gaol or prison with any of
the under officers, under keepers, or deputy of the said officers or
keepers. In Louisiana, it is provided, that if the person to whom it is
addressed shall refuse to receive the writ, he who is charged to serve it,
shall inform him of its contents; if he to whom the writ is addressed
conceal himself, or refuse admittance to the person charged to serve it on
him, the latter shall affix the order on the exterior of the place where the
person resides, or in which the petitioner is so confined. Lo. Code of
Pract. art. 803. The service is proved by the oath of the party making it.
11.-3. The person to whom the writ is addressed or directed, is
required to make a return to it, within the time prescribed; he either
complies, or he does not. If, he complies, he must positively answer, 1.
Whether he has or has not in his power or custody the person to be set at
liberty, or whether that person is confined by him; if he return that he has
not and has not had him in his power or custody, and the return is true, it
is evident that a mistake was made in issuing the writ; if the return is
false, he is liable to a penalty, and other punishment, for making such a,
false return. If he return that he has such person in his custody, then he
must show by his return, further, by what authority, and for what cause, he
arrested or detained him. If he does not comply, he is to be considered in
contempt of the court under whose seal the writ has been issued, and liable
to a severe penalty, to be recovered by the party aggrieved.
12.-4. When the prisoner is brought, before the judge, his judicial
discretion commences, and he acts under no other responsibility than that
which belongs to the exercise of ordinary judicial power. The judge or court
before whom the prisoner is brought on a habeas corpus, examines the return
and Papers, if any, referred to in it, and if no legal cause be shown for
the imprisonment or restraint; or if it appear, although legally committed,
he has not been prosecuted or tried within the periods required by law, or
that, for any other cause, the imprisonment cannot be legally continued, the
prisoner is discharged from custody. In the case of wives, children, and
wards, all the court does, is to see that they ire under no illegal
restraint. 1 Strange, 445; 2. Strange, 982; Wilmot's Opinions, 120.
13. For those offences which are bailable, when the prisoner offers
sufficient bail, he is to be bailed.
14. He is to be remanded in the following cases: 1. When it appears he,
is detained upon legal process, out of some court having jurisdiction of
criminal matters, 2. When he is detained by warrant, under the hand and seal
of a magistrate, for some offence for which, by law, the prisoner is not
bailable. 3. When he is a convict in execution, or detained in execution by
legal civil process. 4. When he is detained for a contempt, specially and
plainly charged in the commitment, by some existing court, having authority
to commit for contempt. 5. When he refuses or neglects to give the requisite
bail in a case bailable of right. The judge is not confined to the return,
but he is to examine into the causes of the imprisonment, and then he is to
discharge, bail, or remand, as justice shall require. 2 Kent, Com. 26; Lo.
Code of Prac. art. 819.
15.-5. It is provided by the habeas corpus act, that a person set at
liberty by the writ, shall not again be imprisoned for the same offence, by
any person whomsoever, other than by the legal order and process of such
court wherein he shall be bound by recognizance to appear, or other court
having jurisdiction of the cause. 4 Johns. R. 318; 1 Binn. 374; 5 John. R.
282.
16. The habeas corpus can be suspended only by authority of the
legislature. The constitution of the United States provides, that the
privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended unless when,
in cases of invasion and rebellion, the public safety may require it.
Whether this writ ought to be suspended depends on political considerations,
of which the legislature, is to decide. 4 Cranch, 101. The proclamation of a
military chief, declaring martial law, cannot, therefore, suspend the
operation of the law. 1 Harr. Cond. Rep. Lo. 157, 159 3 Mart. Lo. R. 531.
17. There are various kinds of this writ; the principal of which are
explained below.
18. Habeas corpus ad deliberandum et recipiendum, is a writ which lies
to remove a prisoner to take his trial in the county where the offence was
committed. Bac. Ab. Habeas Corpus, A.
19. Habeas corpus ad faciendum et recipiendum, is a writ which issues
out of a court of competent jurisdiction, when a person is sued in an
inferior court, commanding the inferior judges to produce the body of the
defendant, together with the day and cause of his caption and detainer,
(whence this writ is frequently denominated habeas corpus cum causa) to do
and receive whatever the court or the judge issuing the writ shall consider
in that behalf. This writ may also be issued by the bail of a prisoner, who
has been taken upon a criminal accusation, in order to surrender him in his
own discharge; upon. the return of this writ, the court will cause an
exoneretur to be entered on the bail piece, and remand the prisoner to his
former custody. Tidd's Pr. 405; 1 Chit. Cr. Law, 182.
20. Habeas corpus ad prosequendum, is a writ which issues for the
purpose of removing a prisoner in order to prosecute. 3 Bl. Com. 130.
21. Habeas corpus ad respondendum, is a writ which issues at the
instance of a creditor, or one who has a cause of action against a person
who is confined by the process of some inferior court, in order to remove
the prisoner and charge him with this new action in the court above. 2 Mod.
198; 3 Bl. Com. 107.
22. Habeas corpus ad satisfaciendum, is a writ issued at the instance of
a plaintiff for the purpose of bringing up a prisoner, against whom a
judgment has been rendered, in a superior court to charge him with the
process of execution. 2 Lill. Pr. Reg. 4; 3 Bl. Com. 129, 130.
23. Habeas corpus ad subjiciendum, by way of eminence called the writ of
habeas corpus, (q.v.) is a writ directed to the person detaining another,
and commanding him to produce the body of the prisoner, with the day and
cause of his caption and detention, ad faciendum, subjiciendum, et
recipiendum, to do, submit to, and receive, whatsoever the judge or court
awarding such writ shall consider in that behalf. 3 Bl. Com. 131; 3 Story,
Const. Sec. 1333.
24. Habeas corpus ad testificandum, a writ issued for the purpose of
bringing a prisoner, in order that he may testify, before the court. 3 Bl.
Com. 130.
25. Habeas corpus cum causa, is a writ which may be issued by the bail
of a prisoner, who has been taken upon a criminal accusation, in order to
render him in their own discharge. Tidd's Pr. 405. Upon the return of this
writ the court will cause an exoneretur to be entered on the bail piece, and
remand the defendant to his former custody. Id. ibid.; 1 Chit. Cr. Law 132.
Vide, generally, Bac. Ab. h.t.; Vin. Ab. h.t.; Com. Dig. h.t.; Nels. Ab.
h.t.; the various American Digests, h.t.; Lo. Code of Prac. art. 791 to
827; Dane's Ab. Index, h.t.; Bouv. Inst. Index, h.t.
HABENDUM, conveyancing. This is a Latin word, which signifies to have.
2. In conveyancing, it is that part of a deed which usually declares
what estate or interest is granted by it, its certainty, duration, and to
what use. It sometimes qualifies the estate, so that the general implication
of the estate, which, by construction of law, passes in the premises, may by
the habendum be controlled; in which case the habendum may enlarge the
estate, but not totally contradict, or be repugnant to it. It may abridge
the premises. Perk. Sec. 170, 176; Br. Estate, 36 Cont. Co. Litt. 299. It
may explain the premises. More, 43; 2 Jones, 4. It may enlarge the premises
Co. Litt. 299; 2 Jones, 4. It may be frustrated by the premises, when they
are general; Skin. 544 but it cannot frustrate the premises, though it may
restrain them. Skin. 543. Its proper office is not to give anything, but to
limit or define the certainty of the estate to the feoffee or grantee, who
should be previously named in the premises of the deed, or it is void. Cro.
Eliz. 903. In deeds and devises it is sometimes construed distributively,
reddendo singula singulis. 1 Saund. 183-4, notes 3 and 4; Yelv. 183, and
note 1.
3. The habendum commences in our common deeds, with the words "to have
and to hold." 2 Bl. Com. 298.; 14 Vin. Ab. 143; Com. Dig. Fait, E 9; 2 Co.
55 a; 8 Mass. R. 175; 1 Litt. R. 220; Cruise, Dig. tit. 32, c. 20, s. 69 to
93; 5 Serg. & Rawle, 375; 2 Rolle, Ab. 65; Plowd. 153; Co. Litt. 183;
Martin's N. C. Rep. 28; 4 Kent, Com. 456; 3 Prest. on Abstr. 206 to 210; 5
Barnw. & Cres. 709; 7 Greenl. R. 455; 6 Conn. R. 289; 6 Har. & J. l32; 3
Wend. 99.
HABERDASHER. A dealer in miscellaneous goods and merchandise.
HABERE. To have. This word is used in composition.
HABERE FACIAS POSSESSIONEM, Practice, remedies. The name of a writ of
execution in the action of ejectment.
2. The sheriff, is commanded by this writ that, without delay, he cause
the plaintiff to have possession of the land in dispute which is therein
described; a fi. fa. or ca. sa. for costs may be included in the writ. The
duty of the sheriff in the execution and return of that part of the writ, is
the same as on a common fi. fa. or ca. sa. The sheriff is to execute this
writ by delivering a full and, actual possession of the premises to the
plaintiff. For this purpose he may break an outer or inner door of the
house, and, should he be violently opposed, he may raise the posse
comitatus. Wats. on Sher. 60, 215; 5 Co. 91 b.; 1 Leon. 145; 3 Bouv. Inst.
n. 3375.
3. The name of this writ is abbreviated hab. fa. poss. Vide 10 Vin. Ab.
14; Tidd's Pr. 1081, 8th Engl. edit.; 2 Arch. Pr. 58; 3 Bl. Com. 412; Bing.
on Execut. 115, 252; Bac. Ab. h.t.
HABERE FACIAS SEISINAM, practice, remedies. The name of a writ of execution,
used in most real actions, by which the sheriff is directed that he cause
the demandant to have seisin of the lands which he has recovered. 3 Bouv.
Inst. n. 3374.
2. This writ may be taken out at any time within a year and day after
judgment. It is to be executed nearly in the same manner as the writ of
habere facias possessionem, and, for this purpose, the officer may break
open the outer door of a house to deliver seisin to the demandant. 5 Co. 91
b; Com. Dig. Execution, E; Wats. Off. of Sheriff, 238. The name of this writ
is abbreviated hab. fac. seis. Vide Bingh. on Exec. 115, 252; Bac. Ab. h.t.
HABERE FACIAS VISUM, practice. The name of a writ which lies when a view is
to be taken of lands and tenements., F. N. B. Index, verbo View.
HABIT. A disposition or condition of the body or mind acquired by custom or
a frequent repetition of the same act. See 2 Mart. Lo. Rep. N. S. 622.
2. The habit of dealing has always an important bearing upon the
construction of commercial contracts. A ratification will be inferred from
the mere habit of dealing between the parties; as, if a broker has been
accustomed to settle losses on policies in a particular manner, without any
objection being made, or with the silent approbation of his principal, and
he should afterward settle other policies in the same manner, to which no
objection should be made within a reasonable time, a just presumption would
arise of an implied ratification; for if the principal did not agree to such
settlement he should have declared his dissent. 2 Bouv. Inst. 1313-14.
HABITATION, civil law. It was the right of a person to live in the house of
another without prejudice to the property.
2. It differed from a usufruct in this, that the usufructuary might
have applied the house to any purpose, as, a store or manufactory; whereas
the party having the right of habitation. could only use it for the
residence of himself and family. 1 Bro. Civ. Law, 184 Domat. l. 1, t. 11, s.
2, n. 7.
HABITATION, estates. A dwelling-house, a home-stall. 2 Bl. Com. 4; 4 Bl.
Com. 220. Vide House.
HABITUAL DRUNKARD. A person given to ebriety or the excessive use of
intoxicating drink, who has lost the power or the will, by frequent
indulgence, to control his appetite for it.
2. By the laws of Pennsylvania an habitual drunkard is put nearly upon
the same footing with a lunatic; he is deprived of his property, and a
committee is appointed by the court to take care of his person and estate.
Act of June 13, 1836, Pamph. p. 589. Vide 6 Watts' Rep. 139; 1 Ashm. R. 71.
3. Habitual drunkenness, by statutory provisions in some of the states,
is a sufficient cause for divorce. 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 296.
HABITUALLY. Customarily, by habit. or frequent use or practice, or so
frequently, as to show a design of repeating the same act. 2 N. S. 622: 1
Mart. Lo. R. 149.
2. In order to found proceedings in lunacy, it is requisite that the
insanity should be habitual, yet it is not necessary that it should be
continued. 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 379.
HAD BOTE, Engl. law. A recompense or amends made for violence offered to a
person in holy orders.
HAEREDES PROXIMI. The children or descendants of the deceased. Dalr. Feud.
Pr. 110; Spellm. Remains.
HAEREDES REMOTIORES. The kinsmen other than children or descendants; Dalr.
Feud. Pr. 110; Spellm. Remains.
HAEREDITAS. An inheritance, or an estate which descends to one by
succession. At common law an inheritance never ascends, haereditas nunquam
ascendit. But in many of the states of the Union provision is made by
statute in favor of ascendants.
HAEREDITAS JACENS. This is said of an inheritance which is not taken by the
heirs, but remains in abeyance.
HAERES civil law. An heir, one who succeeds to the whole inheritance.
2. These are of various kinds. 1. Haeres natus, an heir born; the heir
at law: he is distinguished from, 2. Haeres factus, or an heir created by
will, a testamentary heir, to whom the whole estate of the testator is
given. 3. Haeres fiduciarius, an heir to whom the estate is given in trust
for another. Just. 2, 23, 1, 2. Haeres-legitimus, a lawful heir; this is one
who is manifested by the marriage of his parents; haeres legitimus est quem
nuptiae demonstrant; haeres suus, one's own heir, a proper heir;
descendants. Just. 3, 1, 4, 5.
HALF. One equal part of a thing divided into two parts, either in fact or in
contemplation. A moiety. This word is used in composition; as, half cent,
half dime, &c.
HALF-BLOOD, parentage, kindred. When persons have only one parent in common,
they are of the half-blood. For example, if John marry Sarah and has a son
by that marriage, and after Sarah's death he marry Maria, and has by her
another son, these children are of the half-blood; whereas two of the
children of John and Sarah would be of the whole blood.
2. By the English common law, one related to an intestate of the half-
blood only, could never inherit, upon the presumption that he is not of the
blood of the original purchaser; but this rule has been greatly modified by
the 3 and 4 Wm. IV. c. 106.
3. In this country the common law principle on this subject may be
considered as not in force, though in some states some distinction is still
preserved between the whole and the half-blood. 4 Kent, Com. 403, n.; 2
Yerg. 115; 1 M'Cord, 456; Dane's Ab. Index, h.t.; Reeves on Descents,
passim. Vide Descents.
HALF-BROTHER AND HALF-SISTER. Persons who have the same father but different
mothers; or the same mother but different fathers.
HALF CENT, money. A copper coin of the United States, of the value of one
two-hundredth part of a dollar, or five mills. It weighs eighty-four grains.
Act of January 18, 1837, s. 12, 4 Sharswood's cont. of Story's L. U. S.
2523, 4. Vide Money.
HALF DEFENCE, pleading. It is the peculiar form of a defence, which is as
follows, "venit et defendit vim et injuriam, et dicit," &c. It differs from
full defence. Vide Defence; Et cetera;
HALF DIME, money. A silver coin of the United States, of the value of one-
twentieth part of a dollar, or five cents. It weighs twenty grains and five-
eighths of a grain. Of one thousand parts, nine hundred are of pure silver,
and one hundred are of alloy. Act of January 18, 1837, s. 8 and 9, 4
Sharswood's cont. of Story's L. U. S. 2523, 4. Vide Money.
HALF DOLLAR, money. A silver coin of the United States of the value of fifty
cents. It weighs two hundred and six and one-fourth grains. Of one thousand
parts, nine hundred are of pure silver, and one hundred of alloy. Act of
January 18, 1837, S. 8 and 9, 4 Sharsw. cont. of Story's L. U. S. 2523, 4.
Vide Money.
HALF EAGLE, money. A gold coin of the United States, of the value of five
dollars. It weighs one hundred and twenty-nine grains. Of one thousand
parts, nine hundred are of pure gold, and one hundred of alloy. Act of
January 18, 1837, 4 Sharsw. cont. of Story's L. U. S. 2523, 4. Vide Money.
HALF PROOF, semiplena probatio, civil law. Full proof is that which is
sufficient to end the controversy, while half proof is that which is
insufficient, as the foundation of a sentence or decree, although in itself
entitled to some credit. Vicat, voc. Probatio.
HALF SEAL. A seal used in the English chancery for the sealing of
commissions to delegates appointed upon any appeal, either in ecclesiastical
or marine causes.
HALF YEAR, In the computation of time, a half year consists of one hundred
and eighty-two days. Co. Litt. 135 b; Rev. Stat., of N. Y. part 1, c. 19, t.
1. Sec. 3.
HALL. A public building used either for the meetings of corporations,
courts, or employed to some public uses; as the city hall, the town hall.
Formerly this word denoted the chief mansion or habitation.
HALLUCINATION, med. jur. It is a species of mania, by which "an idea
reproduced by the memory is associated and embodied by the imagination."
This state of mind is sometimes called delusion or waking dreams.
2. An attempt has been made to distinguish hallucinations from
illusions; the former are said to be dependent on the state of the
intellectual organs and, the latter, on that of those of sense. Ray, Med.
Jur. Sec. 99; 1 Beck, med. Jur. 538, note. An instance is given of a
temporary hallucination in the celebrated Ben Johnson, the poet. He told a
friend of his that he had spent many a night in looking at his great toe,
about which he had seen Turks and Tartars, Romans and Carthagenians, fight,
in his imagination. 1 Coll. on Lun. 34. If, instead of being temporary, this
affection of his mind had been permanent, he would doubtless have been
considered insane. See, on the subject of spectral illusions, Hibbert,
Alderson and Farrar's Essays; Scott on Demonology, &c.; Bostock's
Physiology, vol. 3, p. 91, 161; 1 Esquirol, Maladies Mentales, 159.
HALMOTE. The name of a court among the Saxons. It had civil and criminal
jurisdiction.
HAMESUCKEN, Scotch law. The crime of hamesucken consists in "the felonious
seeking and invasion of a person in his dwelling house." 1 Hume, 312;
Burnett, 86; Alison's Princ. of the Cr. Law of Scotl. 199.
2. The mere breaking into a house, without personal violence, does not
constitute the offence, nor does the violence without an entry with intent
to, commit an assault. It is the combination of both which completes the
crime. 1. It is necessary that the invasion of the house should have
proceeded from forethought malice; but it is sufficient, if, from any
illegal motive, the violence has been meditated, although it may not have
proceeded from the desire of wreaking personal revenge, properly so called.
2. The place where the assault was committed must have been the proper
dwelling house of the party injured, and not a place of business, visit, or
occasional residence. 3. the offence maybe committed equally in the day as
in the night, and not only by effraction of the building by actual force but
by an entry obtained by fraud, with the intention of inflicting personal
violence, followed by its perpetration. 4. But unless the injury to the
person be of a grievous and material, character, it is not hamesucken,
though the other requisites to the crime have occurred. When this is the
case, it is immaterial whether the violence be done lucri caus, or from
personal spite. 5. The punishment of hamesucken in aggravated cases of
injury, is death in cases of inferior atrocity, an arbitrary punishment.
Alison's Pr. of Cr. Law of Scotl. ch. 6; Ersk. Pr. L. Scotl. 4, 9, 23. This
term wag formerly used in England instead of the now modern term burglary. 4
Bl. Com. 223.
HAMLET, Eng. law. A small village; a part or member of a vill.
HANAPER OFFICE, Eng.law. This is the name of one of the offices belonging to
the English court of chancery. 3 Bl. Com. 49.
HAND. That part of the human body at the end of the arm.
2. Formerly the hand was considered as the symbol of good faith, and
some contracts derive their names from the fact that the hand was used in
making them; as handsale, (q.v.) mandatum, (q.v.) which comes from a
mandata. The hand is still used for various legal or forensic purposes. When
a person is accused of a crime and he is arraigned, and he is asked to hold
up his right hand; and when one is sworn as a witness, he is required to lay
his right hand on the Bible, or to hold it up.
3. Hand is also the name of a measure of length used in ascertaining
the height of horses. It is four inches long. See Measure: Ell.
4. In a figurative sense, by hand is understood a particular form of
writing; as if B writes a good hand. Various kinds of hand have been used,
as, the secretary hand, the Roman hand, the court hand, &c. Wills and
contracts may be written in any of these, or any other which is
intelligible.
HANDBILL. A printed or written notice put up on walls, &c., in order to
inform those concerned of something to be done.
HANDSALE, contracts. Anciently, among all the northern nations, shaking of
hands was held necessary to bind a bargain; a custom still retained in
verbal contracts; a sale thus made was called handsale, venditio per mutuam
manum complexionem. In process of time the same word was used to signify the
price or earnest which was given immediately after the shaking of hands, or
instead thereof. In some parts of the country it is usual to speak of hand
money as the part of the consideration paid or to be paid at the execution
of a contract of sale. 2 Bl. Com. 448. Heineccius, de Antique Jure
Germanico, lib. 2, Sec. 335; Toull. Dr. Civ. Fr. liv. 3, t. 3, c. 2, n. 33.
HANDWRITING, evidence. Almost every person's handwriting has something
whereby it may be distinguished from the writing of others, and this
difference is sometimes intended by the term.
2. It is sometimes necessary to prove that a certain instrument or name
is in the handwriting of a particular person; that is done either by the
testimony of a witness, who saw the paper or signature actually written, or
by one who has by sufficient means, acquired such a knowledge of the general
character of the handwriting of the party, as will enable him to swear to
his belief, that the handwriting of the person is the handwriting in
question. 1 Phil. Ev. 422; Stark. Ev. h.t.; 2 John. Cas. 211; 5 John. R.
144; 1 Dall. 14; 2 Greenl. R. 33; 6 Serg. & Rawle, 668; 1 Nott & M'Cord,
554; 19 Johns. R. 134; Anthon's N. P. 77; 1 Ruffin's R. 6; 2 Nott & M'Cord,
400; 7 Com. Dig. 447; Bac. Ab. Evidence, M; Dane's Ab. Index, h.t.
HANGING, punishment. Death by the halter, or the suspending of a criminal,
condemned to suffer death, by the neck, until life is extinct. A mode of
capital punishment.
HANGMAN. The name usually given to a man employed by the sheriff to put a
man to death, according to law, in pursuance of a judgment of a competent
court, and lawful warrant. The same as executioner. (q.v.)
HAP. An old word which signifies to catch; as, "to hap the rent," to hap the
deed poll." Techn. Dict. h.t.
HARBOR. A place where ships may ride with safety; any navigable water
protected by the surrounding country; a haven. (q.v.) It is public
property. 1. Bouv. Inst. n. 435.
TO HARBOR, torts. To receive clandestinely or without lawful authority a
person for the purpose of so concealing him that another having a right to
the lawful custody of such person, shall be deprived of the same; for
example, the harboring of a wife or an apprentice, in order to deprive the
husband or the master of them; or in a less technical sense, it is the
reception of persons improperly. 10 N. H. Rep. 247; 4 Scam. 498.
2. The harboring of such persons will subject the harborer to an,
action for the injury; but in order to put him completely in the wrong, a
demand should be made for their restoration, for in cases where the harborer
has not committed any other wrong than merely receiving the plaintiff's
wife, child, or apprentice, he may be under no obligation to return them
without a demand. 1 Chit. Pr. 564; Dane's Ab. Index, h.t.; 2 N. Car. Law
Repos. 249; 5 How. U. S. Rep. 215, 227.
HARD LABOR, punishment. In those states where the penitentiary system has
been adopted, convicts who are to be imprisoned, as part of their
punishment, are sentenced to perform hard labor. This labor is not greater
than many freemen perform voluntarily, and the quantity required to be
performed is not at all unreasonable. In the penitentiaries of Pennsylvania
it consists in being employed in weaving, shoemaking, and such like
employments.
HART. A stag or male deer of the forest five years old complete.
HAT MONEY, mar. law. The name of a small duty paid to the captain and
mariners of a ship, usually called primage. (q.v.)
TO HAVE. These words are used in deeds for the conveyance of land, in that
clause which usually declared for what estate the land is granted. The same
as Habendum. (q.v.) Vide Habendum; Tenendum.
HAVEN. A place calculated for the reception of ships, and so situated, in
regard to the surrounding land, that the vessel may ride at anchor in it in
safety. Hale, de Port. Mar. c. 2; 2 Chit. Com. Law, 2; 15 East, R. 304, 5.
Vide Creek; Port; Road.
HAWKERS. Persons going from place to place with goods and merchandise for
sale. To prevent impositions they are generally required to take out
licenses, under regulations established by the local laws of the states.
HAZARDOUS CONTRACT, civil law. When the performance of that which is one of
its objects, depends on an uncertain event, the contract is said to be
hazardous. Civ. Co. of Lo. art. 1769 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 707.
2. When a contract is hazardous, and the lender may lose all or some
part of his principal, it is lawful for him to charge more than lawful
interest for the use of his money. Bac. Ab. Usury D; 1 J. J. Marsh, 596; 3
J. J. Marsh, 84.
HEAD BOROUGH, English law. Formerly he was a chief officer of a borough, but
now he is an officer subordinate to constable. St. Armand, Hist. Essay on
the Legisl. Power of Eng. 88.
HEALTH. Freedom from pain or sickness; the most perfect state of animal
life. It may be defined, the natural agreement and concordant dispositions
of the parts of the living body.
2. Public health is an object of the utmost importance and has
attracted the attention of the national and state legislatures.
3. By the act of Congress of the 25th of February, 1799, 1 Story's L.
U. S. 564, it is enacted: 1. That the quarantines and other restraints,
which shall be established by the laws of any state, respecting any vessels
arriving in or bound to any port or district thereof, whether coming from a
foreign port or some other part of the United States, shall be observed and
enforced by all officers of the United States, in such place. Sect. 1. 2. In
times of contagion the collectors of the revenue may remove, under the
provisions of the act, into another district. Sect. 4. 3. The judge of any
district court may, when a contagious disorder prevails in his district,
cause the removal of persons confined in prison under the laws of the United
States, into another district. Sect. 5. 4. In case of the prevalence of a
contagious disease at the seat of government, the president of the United
States may direct the removal of any or all public offices to a place of
safety. Sect. 6. 5. In case of such contagious disease, at the seat of
government, the chief justice, or in case of his death or inability, the
senior associate justice of the supreme court of the United States, may
issue his warrant to the marshal of the district court within which the
supreme court is by law to be holden, directing him to adjourn the said
session of the said court to such other place within the same or adjoining
district as he may deem convenient. And the district judges may, under the
same circumstances, have the same power to adjourn to some other part of
their several districts. Sect. 7.
3. Offences against the provisions of the health laws are generally
punished by fine and imprisonment. These are offences against public health,
punishable by the common law by fine and imprisonment, such for example, as
selling unwholesome provisions. 4 Bl. Com. 162; 2 East's P. C. 822; 6 East,
R.133 to 141; 3 M. & S. 10; 4 Campb. R. 10.
4. Private injuries affecting a man's health arise upon a breach of
contract, express or implied; or in consequence of some tortious act
unconnected with a contract.
5.-1. Those injuries to health which arise upon contract are, 1st.
The misconduct of medical men, when, through neglect, ignorance, or wanton
experiments, they injure their patients. 1 Saund. 312, n. 2. 2d. By the sale
of unwholesome food; though the law does not consider a sale to be a
warranty as to the goodness or quality of a personal chattel, it is
otherwise with regard to food and liquors. 1 Rolle's Ab. 90, pl. 1, 2.
6.-2. Those injuries which affect a man's health, and which arise
from tortious acts unconnected with contracts, are, 1st. Private nuisances.
2d. Public nuisances. 3d. Breaking quarantine. 4th. By sudden alarms, and
frightening; as by raising a pretended ghost. 4 Bl. Com. 197, 201, note 25;
1 Hale, 429; Smith's Forens. Med. 37 to 39; 1 Paris & Fonbl. 351, 352. For
private injuries affecting his health a man may generally have an action on
the case.
HEALTH OFFICER. The name of an officer invested with power to enforce the
health laws. The powers and duties of health officers are regulated by local
laws.
HEARING, chancery practice. The term, hearing is given to the trial of a
chancery suit.
2. The hearing is conducted as follows. When the cause is called on in
court, the pleadings on each side are opened in a brief manner to the court
by the junior counsel for the plaintiff; after which the plaintiff's leading
counsel states the plaintiff's case, and the points in issue, and submits to
the court his arguments upon them. Then the depositions (if any) of the
plaintiff's witnesses, and such parts of the defendant's answer as support
the plaintiff's case are read by the plaintiff's solicitor; after which the
rest of the plaintiff's counsel address the court; then the same course of
proceedings is observed on the other side, excepting that no part of the
defendant's answer can be read in his favor, if it be replied to; the
leading counsel for the plaintiff is then heard in reply; after which the
court pronounces the decree, Newl. Pr. 153, 4; 14 Vin. Ab. 233; Com. Dig.
Chancery, T. 1, 2, 3.
HEARING, crim. law. The examination of a prisoner charged with a crime or
misdemeanor, and of the witnesses for the accuser.
2. The magistrate should examine with care all the witnesses for the
prosecution, or so many of them as will satisfy his mind that there is
sufficient ground to believe the prisoner guilty, and that the case ought to
be examined in court and the prisoner ought to be tried. If, after the
hearing of all such witnesses, the offence charged is not made out, or, if
made out, the matter charged is not criminal, the magistrate is bound to
discharge the prisoner.
3. When the magistrate cannot for want of time, or on account of the
absence of a witness, close the hearing at one sitting, he may adjourn the
case to another day, and, in bailable offences, either take bail from the
prisoner for his appearance on that day, or commit him for a further
hearing. See Further hearing.
4. After a final hearing, unless the magistrate discharge the prisoner,
it is his duty to take bail in bailable offences, and he is the sole judge
of the amount of bail to be demanded this, however, must not be excessive.
He is the sole judge, also, whether the offence be bailable or not. When the
defendant can give the bail required, he must be discharged; when not, he
must be committed to the county prison, to take his trial, or to be
otherwise disposed of according, to law. See 1 Chit. Cr. Law, 72, ch. 2.
HEARSAY EVIDENCE. The evidence of those who relate, not what they know
themselves, but what they have heard from others.
2. As a general rule, hearsay evidence of a fact is not admissible. If
any fact is to be substantiated against a person, it ought to be proved in
his presence by the testimony of a witness sworn or affirmed to speak the
truth.
3. There are, however, exceptions to the rule. 1. Hearsay is admissible
when it is introduced, not as a medium of proof in order to establish a
distinct fact, but as being in itself a part of the transaction in question,
when it is a part of the res gestae. 1 Phil. Ev. 218; 4 Wash. C. C. R. 729;
14 Serg. & Rawle, 275; 21 How. St. Tr. 535; 6 East, 193.
4.-2. What a witness swore on a former trial, between the same
parties, and where the same point was in issue as in the second action, and
he is since dead, what he swore to is in general, evidence. 2 Show. 47; 11
John. R. 446; 2 Hen. & Munf. 193; 17 John. R. 176; But see 14 Mass. 234; 2
Russ. on Cr. 683, and the notes.
5.-3. The dying declarations of a person who has received a mortal
injury, as to the fact itself, and the party by whom it was committed, are
good evidence under certain circumstances. Vide Declarations, and 15 John.
R. 286; 1 Phil. Ev. 215; 2 Russ. on Cr. 683.
6.-4. In questions concerning public rights, common reputation is
admitted to be evidence.
7.-5. The declarations of deceased persons in cases where they appear
to have been made against their interest, have been admitted.
8.-6. Declarations in cases of birth and pedigree are also to be
received in evidence.
9.-7. Boundaries may be proved by hearsay evidence, but, it seems, it
must amount to common tradition or repute. 6 Litt. 7; 6 Pet. 341; Cooke, R
142; 4 Dev. 342; 1 Hawks 45; 4 Hawks, 116; 4 Day, 265. See 3 Ham. 283; 3
Bouv. Inst. n. 3065, et seq. 10. There are perhaps a few more exceptions
which will be found in the books referred to below. 2 Russ. on Cr. B. 6, c.
3; Phil. Ev. ch. 7, s. 7; 1 Stark. Ev. 40; Rosc. Cr. Ev. 20; Rosc. Civ. Ev.
19 to 24; Bac. Ab. Evidence, K; Dane's Ab. Index, h.t. Vide also, Dig. 39,
3, 2, 8; Id. 22, 3, 28. see Gresl. Eq. Ev. pt. 2, c. 3, s. 3, p. 218, for
the rules in courts of equity, as to receiving hearsay evidence 20 Am. Jur.
68.
HEDGE-BOTE. Wood used for repairing hedges or fences. 2 Bl. Com. 35; 16
John. 15.
HEIFER. A young cow, which has not had a calf. A beast of this kind two
years and a half old, was held to be improperly described in the indictment
as a cow. 2 East, P. C. 616; 1 Leach, 105.
HEIR. One born in lawful matrimony, who succeeds by descent, and right of
blood, to lands, tenements or hereditaments, being an estate of inheritance.
It is an established rule of law, that God alone can make an heir. Beame's
Glanville, 143; 1 Thomas, Co. Lit. 931; and Butler's note, p. 938. Under the
word heirs are comprehended the heirs of heirs in infinitum. 1 Co. Litt. 7
b, 9 a, 237 b; Wood's Inst. 69. According to many authorities, heir may be
nomen collectivuum, as well in a deed as in a will, and operate in both in
the same manner, as heirs in the plural number. 1 Roll. Abr. 253; Ambl. 453;
Godb. 155; T. Jones, 111; Cro, Eliz. 313; 1 Burr. 38; 10 Vin. Abr. 233, pl.
1; 8 Vin. Abr. 233; sed vide 2 Prest. on, Est. 9, 10. In wills, in order to
effectuate the intention of the testator, the word heirs is sometimes
construed to mean next of kin; 1 Jac. & Walk. 388; and children, Ambl. 273.
See further, as to the force and import of this word, 2 Vent. 311; 1 P. Wms.
229; 3 Bro. P. C. 60, 454; 2 P. Wms. 1, 369; 2 Black. R. 1010; 4 Ves. 26,
766, 794; 2 Atk. 89, 580; 5 East Rep. 533; 5 Burr. 2615; 11 Mod. 189; 8 Vin.
Abr. 317; 1 T. R. 630; Bac. Abr. Estates in fee simple, B.
2. There are several kinds of heirs specified below.
3. By the civil law, heirs are divided into testamentary or instituted
heirs legal heirs, or heirs of the blood; to which the Civil Code of
Louisiana has added irregular heirs. They are also divided into
unconditional and beneficiary heirs.
4. It is proper here to notice a difference in the meaning of the word
heir, as it is understood by the common and by, the civil law. By the civil
law, the term heirs was applied to all persons who were called to the
succession, whether by the act of the party or by operation of law. The
person who was created universal successor by a will, was called the
testamentary heir; and the next of kin by blood was, in cases of intestacy,
called the heir at law, or heir by intestacy. The executor of the common law
is, in many respects, not unlike the testamentary heir of the civil law.
Again, the administrator in many respects corresponds with the heir by
intestacy. By the common law, executors unless expressly authorized by the
will and administrators, have no right, except to the personal estate of the
deceased; whereas, the heir by the civil law was authorized to administer
both the personal and real estate. 1 Brown's Civ. Law, 344; Story, Confl. of
Laws, Sec. 508.
5. All free persons, even minors, lunatics, persons of insane mind or
the like, may transmit their estates as intestate ab intestato, and inherit
from others. Civ. Code of Lo., 945; Accord, Co. Lit. 8 a.
6. The child in its mother's womb, is considered as born for all
purposes of its own interest; it takes all successions opened in its favor,
after its conception, provided it be capable of succeeding at the moment of
its birth. Civ. Code of Lo. 948. Nevertheless, if the child conceived is
reputed born, it is only in the hope of its birth; it is necessary then that
the child be born alive, for it cannot be said that those who are born dead
ever inherited. Id. 949. See In ventre sa mere.
HEIR. APPARENT. One who has an indefeasible right to the inheritance,
provided he outlive the ancestor. 2 Bl. Com. 208.
HEIR, BENEFICIARY. A term used in the civil law. Beneficiary heirs are those
who have accepted the succession under the benefit of an inventory regularly
made. Civ. Code of Lo. art. 879. If the heir apprehend that the succession
will be burdened with debts beyond its value, he accepts with benefit of
inventory, and in that case he is responsible only for the value of the
succession. See inventory, benefit of.
HEIR, COLLATERAL. A collateral heir is one who is not of the direct line of
the deceased, but comes from a collateral line; as, a brother, sister, an
uncle and aunt, a nephew, niece, or cousin of the deceased.
HEIR, CONVENTIONAL, civil law. A conventional heir is one who takes a
succession by virtue of a contract; for example, a marriage contract, which
entitles the heir to the succession.
HEIR, FORCED. Forced heirs are those who cannot be disinherited. This term
is used among the civilians. Vide Forced heirs
HEIR, GENERAL. Heir at common in the English law. The heir at common law is
he who, after his father or ancestor's death has a right to, and is
introduced into all his lands, tenements and hereditaments. He must be of
the whole blood, not a bastard, alien, &c. Bac. Abr. Heir, B 2; Coparceners;
Descent.
HEIR, IRREGULAR. In Louisiana, irregular heirs are those who are neither
testamentary nor legal, and who have been established by law to take the
succession. See Civ. Code of Lo. art. 874. When the deceased has left
neither lawful descendants nor ascendants, nor collateral relations, the law
calls to his inheritance either the surviving husband or wife, or his or her
natural children, or the state. Id. art., 911. This is called an irregular
succession.
HEIR AT LAW. He who, after his ancestor's death intestate, has a right to
all lands, tenements, and hereditaments, which belonged to him, or of which
he was seised. The same as heir general. (q.v.)
HEIR, LEGAL, civil law. A legal heir is one who is of the same blood of the
deceased, and who takes the succession by force of law; this is different
from a testamentary or conventional heir, who takes the succession in virtue
of the disposition of man. See Civil, Code of Louis. art. 873, 875; Dict. de
Jurisp., Heritier legitime. There are three classes of legal heirs, to wit;
the children and other lawful descendants; the fathers and mothers and other
lawful ascendants; and the collateral kindred. Civ. Code of Lo. art. 883.
HEIR LOOM, estates. This word seems to be compounded of heir and loom, that
is, a frame, viz. to weave in. Some derive the word loom from the Saxon
loma, or geloma, which signifies utensils or vessels generally. However this
may be, the word loom, by time, is drawn to a more general signification,
than it, at the first, did bear, comprehending all implements of household;
as, tables, presses, cupboards, bedsteads, wainscots, and which, by the
custom of some countries, having belonged to a house, are never inventoried
after the decease of the owner, as chattels, but accrue to the heir, with
the house itself minsheu[?]. The term heir looms is applied to those
chattels which are considered as annexed and necessary to the enjoyment of
an inheritance.
2. They are chattels which, contrary to the nature of chattels, descend
to the heir, along with the inheritance, and do not pass to the executor of
the last proprietor. Charters, deeds, and other evidences of the title of
the land, together with the box or chest in which they are contained; the
keys of a house, and fish in a fish pond, are all heir looms. 1 Inst. 3 a;
Id. 185 b; 7 Rep. 17 b; Cro. Eliz. 372; Bro. Ab. Charters, pl. 13; 2 Bl.
Com. 28; 14 Vin. Ab. 291.
HEIR PRESUMPTIVE. A presumptive heir is one who, in the present
circumstances, would be entitled to the inheritance, but whose rights may be
defeated by the contingency of some nearer heir being born. 2 B1 Com. 208.
In Louisiana, the presumptive heir is he who is the nearest relation of the
deceased, capable of inheriting. This quality is given to him before the
decease of the person from whom he is to inherit, as well as after the
opening of the succession, until he has accepted or renounced it. Civ. Code
of Lo. art. 876.
HEIR, TESTAMENTARY, civil law. A testamentary heir is one who is constituted
heir by testament executed in the form prescribed by law. He is so called to
distinguish him from the legal heirs, who are called to the succession by
the law; and from conventional heirs, who are so constituted by a contract
inter vivos. See Haeres factus; Devisee.
HEIR, UNCONDITIONAL. A term used in the civil law, adopted by the Civil Code
of Louisiana. Unconditional heirs are those who inherit without any
reservation, or without making an inventory, whether their acceptance be
express or tacit. Civ. Code of Lo. art. 878.
HEIRESS. A female heir to a person having an estate of inheritance. When
there is more than one, they are called co-heiresses, or co-heirs.
HEPTARCHY, Eng. law. The name of the kingdom or government established by
the Saxons, on their establishment in Britain so called because it was
composed of seven kingdoms, namely, Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East
Anglia, Mercia, and Northumberland.
HERALDRY, civil and canon law. The art or office of a herald. It is the art,
practice, or science of recording genealogies, and blazoning arms or ensigns
armorial. It also teaches whatever relates to the marshaling of cavalcades,
processions, and other public ceremonies. Encyc.; Ridley's View of the Civil
and Canon Law, pt. 2, c. 1, Sec. 6.
HERBAGE, English Law, A species of easement, which consists in the right to
feed one's cattle on another man's ground.
HEREDITAMENTS, estates. Anything capable of being inherited, be it corporeal
or incorporeal, real, personal, or mixed and including not only lands and
everything thereon, but also heir looms, and certain furniture which, by
custom, may descend to the heir, together with the land. Co. Litt. 5 b; 1
Tho. Co. Litt. 219; 2 Bl. Com. 17. By this term such things are denoted, as
may be the subject-matter of inheritance, but not the inheritance itself; it
cannot therefore, by its own intrinsic force, enlarge an estate, prima facie
a life estate, into a fee. 2 B. & P. 251; 8 T. R. 503; 1 Tho. Co. Litt. 219,
note T.
2. Hereditaments are divided into corporeal and incorporeal. Corporeal
hereditaments are confined to lands. (q.v.) Vide Incorporeal hereditaments,
and Shep. To. 91; Cruise's Dig. tit. 1, s. 1; Wood's Inst. 221; 3 Kent, Com.
321; Dane's Ab. Index, h.t.; 1 Chit. Pr. 203-229; 2 Bouv. Inst. n. 1595, et
seq.
HEREDITARY. That which is inherited.
HERESY, Eng. law. The adoption of any erroneous religious tenet, not
warranted by the established church.
2. This is punished by the deprivation of certain civil rights, and by
fine and imprisonment. 1 East, P. C. 4.
3. In other countries than England, by heresy is meant the profession,
by Christians, of religious opinions contrary to the dogmas approved by the
established church of the respective countries. For an account of the origin
and progress of the laws against heresy, see Giannoni's Istoria di Napoli,
vol. 3, pp, 250, 251, &c.
4. in the United State, happily, we have no established religion; there
can, therefore, be no legal heresy. Vide Apostacy; Christianity.
HERISCHILD. A species of English military service, or knight's fee.
HERIOTS, Eng. law. A render of the best beast or other goods, as the custom
may be, to the lord, on the death of the tenant. 2 Bl. Com. 97.
2. They are usually divided into two sorts, heriot service, and heriot
custom; the former are such as are due upon a special reservation in the
grant or lease of lands, and therefore amount to little more than a mere
rent; the latter arise upon no special reservation whatsoever, but depend
merely upon immemorial usage and custom. These are defined to be a customary
tribute of goods and chattels, payable to the lord of the fee, on the
decease of the owner of the land. 2 Bl. Com. 422. Vide Com. Dig. Copyhold, K
18; Bac. Ab. h.t.; 2 Saund. Index, h.t.; 1 Vern. 441.
HERITAGE. By this word is understood, among the civilians, every species of
immovable which can be the subject of property, such as lands, houses,
orchards, woods, marshes, ponds, &c., in whatever mode they may have been
acquired, either by descent or purchase. 3 Toull. 472. It is something that
can be inherited. Co. Litt. s. 731.
HERMAPHRODITES. Persons who have in the sexual organs the appearance of both
sexes. They are adjudged to belong to that which prevails in them. Co. Litt.
2, 7; Domat, Lois Civ. liv. 1, t. 2, s. 1, n.. 9.
2. The sexual characteristics in the human species are widely
separated, and the two sexes are never, perhaps, united in the same
individual. 2 Dunglison's Hum. Physiol. 304; 1 Beck's Med. Jur. 94 to 110.
3. Dr. William Harris, in a lecture delivered to the Philadelphia
Medical Institute, gives an interesting account of a supposed hermaphrodite
who came under his own observation in Chester county, Pennsylvania. The
individual was called Elizabeth, and till the age of eighteen, wore the
female dress, when she threw it off, and assumed the name of Rees, with the
dress and habits of a man; at twenty-five, she married a woman, but had no
children. Her clitoris was five or six inches long, and in coition, which
she greatly enjoyed, she used this instead of the male organ. She lived till
she was sixty years of age, and died in possession of a large estate, which
she had acquired by her industry and enterprise. Medical Examiner, vol. ii.
p, 314. Vide 1 Briand, Md. Lg. c. 2, art. 2, Sec. 2, n. 2; Dict. des
Sciences Md. art. Hypospadias, et art. Impuissance; Guy, Med. Jur. 42, 47.
HIDE, measures. In England, a hide of land, according to some ancient
manuscripts, contained one hundred and twenty acres. Co. Litt. 5; Plowd.
167; Touchst. 93.
HIERARCHY, eccl. law. A hierarchy signified, originally, power of the
priest; for in the beginning of societies, the priests were entrusted with
all the power but, among the priests themselves, there were different
degrees of power and authority, at the summit of which was the sovereign
pontiff, and this was called the hierarchy. Now it signifies, not so much
the power of the priests as the border of power.
HIGH. This word has various significations: 1. Principal or chief, as high
constable, high sheriff. 2. Prominent, in a bad sense, as high treason. 3.
Open, not confined, as high seas.
HIGH CONSTABLE. An officer appointed in some cities bears this name. His
powers are generally limited to matters of police, and are not more
extensive in these respects than those of constables. (q.v.)
HIGH COURT OF DELEGATES, English law. The name of a court established by
stat. 25 Hen. VIII. c. 19, s. 4. No permanent judges are appointed, but in
every case of appeal to this court, there issues a special commission, under
the great seal of Great Britain, directed to such persons as the lord
chancellor, lord keeper, or lords commissioners of the great seal, for the
time being, shall think fit to appoint to bear and determine the same. The
persons usually appointed, are three puisne judges, one from each court of
common law, and three or more civilians; but in special cases, a fuller
commission is sometimes issued, consisting of spiritual and temporal peers,
judges of the common law, and civilians, three of each description. In case
of the court being equally divided, or no common law judge forming part of
the majority, a commission of adjuncts issues, appointing additional judges
of the same description. 1 Hagg. Eccl. R. 384; 2 Hagg. Eccl. R. 84; 3 Hagg.
@Eccl. R. 471; 4 Burr. 2251.
HIGH SEAS. This term, which is frequently used in the laws of the United
States signifies the unenclosed waters of the ocean, and also those waters
on the sea coast which are without the boundaries of low water mark. 1 Gall.
R. 624; 5 Mason's R. 290; 1 Bl. Com. 110; 2 Haze. Adm. R. 398; Dunl. Adm.
Pr. 32, 33.
2. The Act of Congress of April 30 1790, s. 8, 1 Story'S L. U. S. 84,
enacts, that if any person shall commit upon the high seas, or in any river,
haven, basin, or bay, out of the jurisdiction of any particular state,
murder, &c., which, if committed within the body of a county, would, by the
laws of the United States, be punishable with death, every such offender,
being thereof convicted, shall suffer death and the trial of crimes
committed on the high seas, or in any place out of the jurisdiction of any
particular state, shall be in the district where the offender is
apprehended, or into which he may first be brought. See 4 Dall. R. 426; 3
Wheat. R. 336; 5 Wheat 184, 412; 3 W. C. C. R. 515; Serg. Const. Law, 334;
13 Am. Jur. 279 1 Mason, 147, 152; 1 Gallis. 624.
HIGH TREASON, English law. Treason against the king, in contradistinction
with petit treason, which is the treason of a servant towards his master; a
wife towards her husband; a secular or religious man against his prelate.
See Petit treason; Treason.
HIGH WATER MARK. That part of the shore of the sea to which the waves
ordinarily reach when he tide is at its highest. 6 Mass. R. 435; 1 Pick. R.
180; 1 Halst. R. 1; 1 Russ. on Cr. 107; 2 East, P. C. 803. Vide Sea shore;
Tide.
HIGHEST BIDDER, contracts. He who, at an auction, offers the greatest price
for the property sold.
2. The highest bidder is entitled to have the article sold at his bid,
provided there has been no unfairness on his part. A distinction has been
made between the highest and the best bidder. In judicial sales, where the
highest bidder is unable to pay, it is said the sheriff may offer the
property to the next highest, who will pay, and he is considered the highest
best bidder. 1 Dall. R. 419.
HIGHWAY. A passage or road through the country, or some parts of it, for the
use of the people. 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 442. The term highway is said to be a
generic name for all kinds of public ways. 6 Mod R, 255.
2. Highways are universally laid out by public authority and repaired
at the public expense, by direction of law. 4 Burr. Rep. 2511.
3. The public have an easement over a highway, of which the owner of
the land cannot deprive them; but the soil and freehold still remain in the
owner, and he may use the land above and below consistently with the
easement. He may, therefore, work a mine, sink a drain or water course,
under the highway, if the easement remains unimpaired. Vide Road; Street;
Way; and 4 Vin. Ab. 502; Bac. Ab. h.t.; Com. Dig. Chemin; Dane's Ab. Index,
h.t.; Egremont on Highways; Wellbeloved on Highways; Woolrych on Ways; 1 N.
H. Rep. 16; 1 Conn. R. 103; 1 Pick. R. 122; 1 M'Cord's R. 67; 2 Mass. R.
127; 1 Pick. R. 122; 3 Rawle, R. 495; 15 John. R. 483; 16 Mass. R. 33; 1
Shepl. R. 250; 4 Day, R. 330; 2 Bail. R. 271; 1 Yeates, Rep. 167.
4. The owners of lots on opposite sides of a highway, are prima facie
owners, each of one half of the highway,, 9 Serg. & Rawle, 33; Ham. Parties,
275; Bro. Abr. Nuisance, pl. 18 and the owner may recover the possession in
ejectment, and have it delivered to him, subject to the public easement.
Adams on Eject. 19, 18; 2 Johns. Rep. 357; 15 Johns. Rep. 447; 6 Mass. 454;
2 Mass. 125.
5. If the highway is impassable, the public have the right to pass over
the adjacent soil; but this rule does not extend to private ways, without an
express grant. Morg. Vad. Mec. 456-7; 1 Tho. Co. Lit. 275; note 1 Barton,
Elem. Conv. 271; Yelv. 142, note 1.
HIGHWAYMAN. A robber on the highway.
HILARY TERM, Eng. law. One of the four terms of the courts, beginning the
11th and ending the 31st day of January in each year.
HIGLER, Eng. law. A person who carries from door to door, and sells by
retail, small articles of provisions, and the like.
HIRE, contracts. A bailment, where a compensation is to be given for the use
of a thing, or for labor or services about it. 2 Kent's Com. 456; 1 Bell's
Com. 451; Story on Bailm. Sec. 369; see 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 980, et seq;
Pothier, Contrat de Louage, ch. 1, n. 1; Domat, B. 1, tit. 4 Sec. 1, n. 1
Code Civ. art.. 1709, 1710; Civ. Code of Lo., art. 2644, 2645. See this
Dict. Hirer; Letter.
2. The contract of letting and hiring is usually divided into two
kinds; first, Locatio, or Locatio conductio rei, the bailment of a thing to
be used by the hirer, for a compensation to be paid by him.
3. Secondly, Locatio operis, or the hire of the labor and services of
the hirer, for a compensation to be paid by the letter.
4. And this last kind is again subdivided into two classes: 1. Locatio
operis faciendi, or the hire of labor and work to be done, or care and
attention to be bestowed on the goods let by the hirer, for a compensation;
or,
5.-2. Locatio operis mercium vehendarum, or the hire and carriage of
goods from one place to another, for a compensation. Jones' Bailm. 85, 86,
90, 103, 118; 2 Kent's Com. 456; Code Civ. art. 1709, 1710, 1711.
6. This contract arises from the principles of natural law; it is
voluntary, and founded in consent; it involves mutual and reciprocal
obligations; and it is for mutual benefit. In some respects it bears a
strong resemblance to the contract of sale, the principal difference between
them being, that in cases of sale, the owner, parts with the whole
proprietary interest in the thing; and in cases of hire, the owner parts
with it only for a temporary use and purpose. In a sale, the thing itself is
the object of the contract; in hiring, the use of the thing is its object.
Vinnius, lib. 3, tit. 25, in pr.; Pothier, Louage, n. 2, 3, 4; Jones Bailm.
86; Story on Bailm. Sec. 371.
7. Three things are of the essence of the contract: 1. That there
should be a thing to be let. 2. A price for the hire. 3. A contract
possessing a legal obligation. Pothier, Louage, n. 6; Civ. Code of Lo. art.
2640.
8. There is a species of contract in which, though no price in money be
paid, and which, strictly speaking, is not the contract of hiring, yet
partakes of its nature. According to Pothier, it is an agreement which must
be classed with contracts do ut des. (q.v.) It frequently takes place among
poor people in the country. He gives the following example: two poor
neighbors, each owning a horse, and desirous to plough their respective
fields, to do which two horses are required, one agrees that he will let the
other have his horse for a particular time, on condition that the latter
will let the former have his horse for the same length of time. Du Louage n.
458. This contract is not a hiring, strictly speaking, for want of a price;
nor is it a loan for use, because there is to be a recompense. It has been
supposed to be a partnership; but it is different from that contract,
because there is no community of profits. This contract is, in general,
ruled by, the same principles which govern the contract of hiring. 19 Toull.
n. 247.
9. Hire also, means the price given for the use of the thing hired; as,
the hirer is bound to pay the hire or recompense. Vide Domat. liv. 1, tit.
4; Poth. Contrat de Louage; Toull. tomes 18, 19, 20; Merl. Repert. mot
Louage; Dalloz, Dict. mot Louage; Argou, Inst. liv. 3, c. 27.
HIRER, contracts. Called, in the civil law, conductor, and, in the French
law conducteur, procureur, locataire, is he who takes a thing from another,
to use it, and pays a compensation therefor. Wood's Inst. B. 3, c. 5, p.
236; Pothier, Louage, n. 1; Domat, B. 1, tit. 4, Sec. 1, n. 2; Jones' Bailm.
70; see this Dict. Letter.
2. There is, on the part of the hirer, an implied obligation, not only
to use the thing with due care and moderation but not to apply it to any
other use than that for which it is hired; for example, if a horse is hired
as a saddle, horse; the hirer has no right to use the horse in a cart, or to
carry loads, or as a beast of burden. Pothier Louage, n. 189; Domat, B. 1,
tit. 4, Sec. 2, art. 2, 3; Jones' Bailm. 68, 88; 2 Saund. 47 g, and note; 1
Bell's Com. 454; 1 Cowen's R. 322; 1 Meigs, R. 459. If a carriage and horses
are hired to go from Philadelphia to New York, the hirer has no right to go
with them on a journey to Boston. Jones' Bailm. 68; 2 Ld. Raym. 915. So, if
they are hired for a week, he has no right to use them for a month, Jones'
Bailm. 68; 2 Ld. Raym. 915; 5 Mass. 104. And if the thing be used for a
different purpose from that which was intended by the parties, or in a
different manner, or for a longer period, the hirer is not only responsible
for all damages, but if a loss occur, although by inevitable casualty, he
will be responsible therefor. 1 Rep. Const. C. So. Car. 121; Jones' Bailm.
68, 121; 2 Ld. Raym. 909, 917. In short, such a misuser is deemed a
conversion of the property, for which the hirer is deemed responsible. Bac.
Abr. Bailment, C; Id. Trover, C, D, E; 2 Saund. 47 g; 2 Bulst. 306, 309.
3. The above rules apply to cases where the hirer has the possession as
well as the use of the thing hired when the owner or his agents retain the
possession, the hirer is not in general responsible for an injury done to
it. For example, when the letter of a carriage and a pair of horses sent his
driver with them and an injury occurred, the hirer was held not to be
responsible. 9 Watts, R. 556, 562; 5 Esp. R. 263; Poth. Louage n. 196;
Jones, Bailm. 88; Story., Bailm. Sec. 403. But see 1 Bos. & P. 404, 409; 5
Esp. N. P. c 35; 10 Am. Jur. 256.
4. Another implied obligation of the hirer is to restore the thing
hired, when the bailment, is determined. 4 T. R. 260; 3 Camp. 5, n.; 13
Johns. R. 211.
5. The time, the place, and the mode of restitution of the thing hired,
are governed by the circumstances of each case depend and depend upon rules
of presumption of the intention of the parties, like those in other cases of
bailment. Story on Bailm. Sec. 415
6. There is also an implied obligation on the part of the hirer, to pay
the hire or recompense. Pothier, Louage, n. 134; Domat, B. 2, tit. 2, Sec.
2, n. 11 Code Civ; art. 1728.
See, generally, Bouv. Inst. Index, h.t.; Employer; Letter.
HIS EXCELLENCY. A title given by the constitution of Massachusetts to the
governor of that commonwealth. Const. part 2, c. 2, s. 1, art. 1. This title
is customarily given to the governors of the other states, whether it be the
official designation in their constitutions and laws or not.
HIS HONOR. A title given by the constitution of Massachusetts to the
lieutenant governor of that commonwealth. Const. part 2, c. 2, s. 2, art. 1.
It, is also customarily given to some inferior magistrates, as the mayor of
a city.
HISTORY, evidence. The recital of facts written and given out for true.
2. Facts stated in histories may be read in evidence, on the ground of
their notoriety. Skin. R. 14; 1 Ventr. R. 149. But these facts must be of a
public nature, and the general usages and customs of the country. Bull. P.
248; 7 Pet. R. 554; 1 Phil. & Am. Ev. 606; 30 Howell's St. Tr. 492.
Histories are not admissible in relation to matters not of a public nature,
such as the custom of a particular town, a descent, the boundaries of a
county, and the like. 1 Salk. 281; S. C. Skin. 623; T. Jones, 164; 6 C. & P.
586, note. See 9 Ves. 347; 10 Ves. 354; 3 John. 385; 1 Binn. 399; and
Notoriety.
HODGE-PODGE ACT. A name given to a legislative act which embraces many
subjects. Such acts, besides being evident proofs of the ignorance of the
makers of them, or of their want of good faith, are calculated to create a
confusion which is highly prejudicial to the interests of justice. Instances
of this wretched legislation are everywhere to be found. See Barring on the
Stat. 449. Vide Title; Legislation.
HOERES FACTUS, civil law. An heir instituted by testament; one made an heir
by the testator. Vide Heir.
HOERES NATUS, civil law. An heir by intestacy; he on whom an estate descends
by operation of law. Vide Heir.
HOGSHEAD. A measure of wine, oil, and the like, containing half a pipe; the
fourth part of a tun, or sixty-three gallons.
TO HOLD. These words are now used in a deed to express by what tenure the
grantee is to have the land. The clause which commences with these words is
called the tenendum. Vide Habendum; Tenendum.
2. To hold, also means to decide, to adjudge, to decree; as, the court
in that case held that the husband was not liable for the contract of the
wife, made without his express or implied authority.
3. It also signifies to bind under a contract, as the obligor is held
and firmly bound. In the constitution of the United States, it is provided,
that no person held to service or labor in one state under the laws thereof,
escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation
therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up
on the claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. Art. 4,
sec. 3, Sec. 3; 2 Serg. & R. 306; 3 Id. 4; 5 Id. 52; 1 Wash. C. C. R. 500; 2
Pick. 11; 16 Pet. 539, 674.
HOLDER. The holder of a bill of exchange is the person who is legally in the
possession of it, either by endorsement or delivery, or both, and entitled
to receive payment either from the drawee or acceptor, and is considered as
an assignee. 4 Dall. 53. And one who endorses a promissory note for
collection, as an agent, will be considered the holder for the purpose of
transmitting notices. 2 Hall, R. 112; 6 How. U. S. 248; 20 John. 372. Vide
Bill of Exchange.
HOLDING OVER. The act of keeping possession by the tenant, without the
consent of the landlord of premises which the latter, or those under whom he
claims, had leased to the former, after the term has expired.
2. When a proper notice has been given, this injury is remedied by,
ejectment, or, under local regulations, by summary proceedings. Vide 2
Yeates' R. 523; 2 Serg. & Rawle, 486; 5 Binn. 228; 8 Serg. & Rawle, 459; 1
Binn. 334, a.; 5 Serg. & Rawle 174; 2 Serg. & Rawle, *50; 44 Rawle, 123.
HOLOGRAPH. What is written by one's own hand. The same as Olograph. Vide
Olograph.
HOMAGE, Eng. law. An acknowledgment made by the vassal in the presence of
his lord, that he is his man, that is, his subject or vassal. The form in
law French was, Jeo deveigne vostre home.
2. Homage was liege and feudal. The former was paid to the king, the
latter to the lord. Liege, was borrowed from the French, as Thaumas informs
us, and seems to have meant a service that was personal and inevitable.
Houard, Cout. Anglo Norman, tom. 1, p. 511; Beames; Glanville, 215, 216,
218, notes.
HOME PORT. The port where the owner of a ship resides; this is a relative
term.
HOMESTALL. The mansion-house.
HOMESTEAD. The place of the house or home place. Homestead farm does not
necessarily include all the parcels of land owned by the grantor, though
lying and occupied together. This depends upon the intention of the parties
when the term is mentioned in a deed, and is to be gathered from the
context. 7 N. H. Rep. 241; 15 John. R. 471. See Manor; Mansion.
HOMICIDE, crim. law. According to Blackstone, it is the killing of any human
creature. 4 Com. 177. This is the most extensive sense of this word, in
which the intention is not considered. But in a more limited sense, it is
always understood that the killing is by human agency, and Hawkins defines
it to be the killing of a man by a man. 1 Hawk. c. 8, s. 2. See Dalloz,
Dict. h.t. Homicide may perhaps be described to be the destruction of the
life of one human being, either by himself, or by the act, procurement, or
culpable omission of another. When the death has been intentionally caused
by the deceased himself, the offender is called felo de se; when it is
caused by another, it is justifiable, excusable, or felonious.
2. The person killed must have been born; the killing before birth is
balled foeticide. (q.v.)
3. The destruction of human life at any period after birth, is
homicide, however near it may be to extinction, from any other cause.
4.-1. Justifiable homicide is such as arises, 1st. From unavoidable
necessity, without any will, intention or desire, and without any
inadvertence in the party killing, and therefore without blame; as, for
instance, the execution, according to law, of a criminal who has been
lawfully sentenced to be hanged; or, 2d. It is committed for the advancement
of public justice; as if an officer, in the lawful execution of his office,
either in a civil or criminal case, should kill a person who assaults and
resists him. 4 Bl. Com. 178-1 80. See Justifiable Homicide.
5.-2. Excusable homicide is of two kinds 1st. Homicide per
infortunium. (q.v.) or, 2d. Se defendendo, or self defence. (q.v.) 4 Bl.
Com. 182, 3.
6.-3. Felonious homicide, which includes, 1. Self-murder, or suicide;
2. Man-slaughter, (q.v.); and, 3. Murder. (q.v.) Vide, generally, 3 Inst.
47 to 57; 1 Hale P. C. 411 to 602; 1 Hawk. c. 8; Fost. 255 to 837; 1 East,
P. C. 214 to 391; Com. Dig. Justices, L. M.; Bac. Ab. Murder and Homicide;
Burn's Just. h.t.; Williams' Just. h.t.; 2 Chit. Cr. Law, ch. 9; Cro. C.
C. 285 to 300; 4 Bl. Com. to 204; 1 Russ. Cr. 421 to 553; 2 Swift's Dig. 267
to 292.
HOMINE CAPTO IN WITHERNAM, Engl. law.. The name of a writ directed to the
sheriff, and commanding him to take one who has taken any bondsman, and
conveyed him out of the country, so that he cannot be replevied. Vide
Withernam; Thesaurus, Brev. 63.
HOMINE ELIGENDO, English law. The name of a writ directed to a corporation,
requiring the members to make choice of a new man, to keep the one part of a
seal appointed for statutes merchant. Techn. Dict. h.t.
HOMINE REPLEGIANDO. When a man is unlawfully in custody, he may be restored
to his liberty by writ de homine replegiando, upon giving bail; or by a writ
of habeas, corpus, which is the more usual remedy. Vide Writ de homine
replegiando.
HOMO. This Latin word, in its most enlarged sense, includes both man and
woman. 2 Inst. 45. Vide Man.
HOMOLOGATION, civil law. Approbation, confirmation by a court of justice, a
judgment which orders the execution of some act; as, the approbation of an
award, and ordering execution on the same. Merl. Repert. h.t.; Civil Code
of Louis. Index, h.t.; Dig. 4, 8; 7 Toull. n. 224. To homologate, is to say
the like, similiter dicere. 9 Mart. L. R. 324.
HONESTY. That principle which requires us to give every one his due. Nul ne
doit slenrichir aux de ens du droit d'autrui.
2. The very object of social order is to promote honesty, and to
restrain dishonesty; to do justice and to prevent injustice. It is no less a
maxim of law than of religion, do unto others as you wish to be done by.
HONOR. High estimation. A testimony of high estimation. Dignity. Reputation.
Dignified respect of character springing from probity, principle, or moral
rectitude. A duel is not justified by any insult to our honor. Honor is also
employed to signify integrity in a judge, courage in a soldier, and chastity
in a woman. To deprive a woman of her honor is, in some cases, punished as a
public wrong, and by an action for the recovery of damages done to the
relative rights of a husband or a father. Vide Criminal conversation.
2. In England, when a peer of parliament is sitting judicially in that
body, his pledge of honor is received instead of an oath; and in courts of
equity, peers, peeresses, and lords of parliament, answer on their honor
only. But the courts of common law know no such distinction. It is needless
to add, that as we are not encumbered by a nobility, there is no such
distinction in the United States, all persons being equal in the eye of the
law.
HONOR, Eng. law. The seigniory of a lord paramount. 2 Bl. Com. 9f.
TO HONOR, contr. To accept a bill of exchange; to pay a bill accepted, or a
promissory note, on the day it becomes due. 7 Taunt. 164; 1 T. R. 172. Vide
To Dishonor.
HONORARIUM. A recompense for services rendered. It is usually applied only
to the recompense given to persons whose business is connected with science;
as the fee paid to counsel.
2. It is said this honorarium is purely voluntary, and differs from a
fee, which may be recovered by action. 5 Serg. & Rawle, 412; 3 Bl. Com. 28;
1 Chit. Rep. 38; 2 Atk. 332; but see 2 Penna. R. 75; 4 Watts' R. 334. Vide
Dalloz, Dict. h.t., and Salary. See Counsellor at law.
HORS DE SON FEE, pleading in the ancient English law. These words signify
out of his fee. A plea which was pleaded, when a person who pretended to be
the lord, brought an action for rent services, as issuing out of his land:
because if the defendant could prove the land was out of his fee, the action
failed. Vide 9 Rep. 30; 2 Mod. 104; 1 Danvers' Ab. 655; Vin. Ab. h.t.
HORSE. Until a horse has attained the age of four years, he is called a
colt. (q.v.) Russ. & Ry. 416. This word is sometimes used as a generic name
for all animals of the horse kind. 3 Brev. 9. Vide Colt; Gender; and Yelv.
67, a.
HOSTAGE. A person delivered into the possession of a public enemy in the
time of war, as a security for the performance of a contract entered into
between the belligerents.
2. Hostages are frequently given as a security for the payment of a
ransom bill, and if they should die, their death would not discharge the
contract. 3 Burr. 1734; 1 Kent, Com. 106; Dane's Ab. Index, h.t.
HOSTELLAGIUM, Engl. law. A right reserved to the lords to be lodged and
entertained in the houses of their tenants.
HOSTILITY. A state of open enmity; open war. Wolff, Dr. de la Rat. Sec.
1191. Hostility, as it regards individuals, may be permanent or temporary;
it is permanent when the individual is a citizen or subject of the
government at war, and temporary when he happens to be domiciliated or
resident in the country of one of the belligerents; in this latter case the
individual may throw off the national character he has thus acquired by
residence, when he puts himself in motion, bona fide, to quit the country
sine animo revertendi. 3 Rob. Adm. Rep. 12; 3 Wheat. R. 14.
2. There may be a hostile character merely as to commercial purposes,
and hostility may attach only to the person as a temporary enemy, or it may
attach only to the property of a particular description. This hostile
character in a commercial view, or one limited to certain intents and
purposes only, will attach in, consequence of having possessions in the
territory of the enemy, or by maintaining a commercial establishment there,
or by a personal residence, or, by particular modes of traffic, as by
sailing under the enemy's flag of passport. 9 Cranch, 191 5 Rob. Adm. Rep.
21, 161; 1 Kent Com. 73; Wesk. on Ins. h.t.; Chit. Law of Nat. Index, h.t.
HOTCHPOT, estates. This homely term is used figuratively to signify the
blending and mixing property belonging to different persons, in order to
divide it equally among those entitled to it. For example, if a man seised
of thirty acres of land, and having two children, should, on the marriage of
one of them, give him ten acres of it, and then die intestate seised of the
remaining twenty; now, in order to obtain his portion of the latter, the
married child, must bring back the ten acres he received, and add it to his
father's estate, when an equal division of the whole will take place, and
each be entitled to fifteen acres. 2 Bl. Com. 190. The term hotchpot is also
applied to bringing together all the personal estate of the deceased, with
the advancements he has made to his children, in order that the same may be
divided agreeably to the provisions of the statute for the distribution of
intestate's estates. In bringing an advancement into hotchpot, the donee is
not required to account for the profits of the thing given; for example, he
is not required to bring into hotchpot the produce of negroes, nor the
interest of money. The property must be accounted for at its value when
given. 1 Wash. R. 224; 17 Mass. 358; 2 Desaus. 127.; 3 Rand. R. 117; 3 Pick.
R. 450; 3 Rand. 559; Coop. Justin. 575.
2. In Louisiana the term collation is used instead of hotchpot. The
collation of goods is the supposed or real return to the mass of the
succession, which an heir makes of property which he received in advance of
his share or otherwise, in order that such property maybe divided, together
with the other effects of the succession. Civ. Code of Lo. art. 1305; and
vide from that article to article 1367. Vide, generally, Bac. Ab.
Coparceners, E; Bac. Ab. Executors, &c., K; Com. Dig. Guardian, G 2,
Parcener, C 4; 8 Com. Dig. App. tit. Distribution, Statute of, III. For the
French law, see Merl. Repert. mots Rapport a succession.
HOUR measure of time. The space of sixty minutes, or the twenty-fourth part
of a natural day. Vide Date; Fraction; and Co. Litt. 135; 3 Chit. Pr. 110.
HOUSE, estates. A place for the habitation and dwelling of man. This word
has several significations, as it is applied to different things. In a grant
or demise of a house, the curtilage and garden will pass, even without the
words "with the appurtenances," being added. Cro. Eliz. 89; S. C.; 3 Leon.
214; 1 Plowd. 171; 2 Saund. 401 note 2; 4 Penn. St. R; 93.
2. In a grant or demise of a house with the appurtenances, no more, will
pass, although other lands have been occupied with the house. 1 P. Wms. 603;
Cro. Jac. 526; 2 Co. 32; Co. Litt. 5 d.; Id. 36 a. b.; 2 Saund. 401, note 2.
3. If a house, originally entire, be divided into several apartments,
with an outer door to each apartment and no communication with each other
subsists, in such case the several apartments are considered as distinct
houses. 6 Mod. 214; Woodf. Land. & Ten. 178.
4. In cases of burglary, the mansion or dwelling-house in which the
burglary might be committed, at common law includes the outhouses, though
not under the same roof or adjoining to the dwelling-house provided they
were within the curtilage, or common fence, as the dwelling or mansion
house. 3 Inst. 64; 1 Hale, 558; 4 Bl. Com. 225; 2 East, P. C. 493; 1 Hayw.
N. C. Rep. 102, 142; 2 Russ. on Cr. 14.
5. The term house, in case of arson, includes not only the dwelling but
all the outhouses, as in the case of burglary. It is a maxim in law that
every man's house is his castle, and there he is entitled to perfect
security; this asylum cannot therefore be legally invaded, unless by an
officer duly authorized by legal process; and this process must be of a
criminal nature to authorize the breaking of an outer door; and even with
it, this cannot be done, until after demand of admittance and refusal. 5 Co.
93; 4 Leon. 41; T. Jones, 234. The house may be also broken for the purpose
of executing a writ of habere facias. 5 Co. 93; Bac. Ab. Sheriff, N 3.
6. The house protects the owner from the service of all civil process
in the first instance, but not if he is once lawfully arrested and he takes
refuge in his own house; in that case, the officer may pursue him and break
open any door for the purpose. Foster, 320; 1 Rolle, R. 138; Cro. Jac. 555;
Bac. Ab. ubi sup. In the civil law the rule was nemo de domo sua extrahi
debet. Dig. 50, 17, 103. Vide, generally, 14 Vin. Ab. 315; Yelv. 29 a, n. 1;
4 Rawle, R. 342; Arch. Cr. Pl. 251; and Burglary.
7. House is used figuratively to signify a collection of persons, as
the house of representatives; or an institution, as the house of refuge; or
a commercial firm, as the house of A B & Co. of New Orleans; or a family,
as, the house of Lancaster, the house of York.
HOUSE OF COMMONS, Eng. law. The representatives of the people, in
contradistinction to the nobles, taken collectively are called the house of
commons.
2. This house must give its consent to all bills before they acquire
the authority of law, and all laws for raising revenue must originate there.
HOUSE OF CORRECTIONS. A prison where offenders of a particular class are
confined. The term is more common in England than in the United States.
HOUSE OF LORDS. Eng. law. The English lords, temporal and spiritual, when
taken collectively and forming a branch of the parliament, are called the
House of Lords.
2. Its assent is required to all laws. As a court of justice, it tries
all impeachments.
HOUSE OF REFUGE, punishment. The name given to a prison for juvenile
delinquents. These houses are regulated in the United States on the most
humane principles, by special local laws.
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, government. The popular branch of the legislature.
2. The Constitution of the United States, art. 1, s. 2, 1, provides,
that "the house of representatives shall be composed of members chosen every
second year by the people of, the several states; and the electors of each
state, shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most
numerous branch of the state legislature."
3. The general qualifications of electors of the assembly, or most
numerous branch of the legislature, in the several state governments, are,
that they be of the age of twenty-one years and upwards, and free resident
citizens of the state in which they vote, and have paid taxes: several of
the state constitutions have prescribed the same or higher qualifications,
as to property, in the elected, than in the electors.
4. The constitution of the United States, however, requires no evidence
of property in the representatives, nor any declarations as to his religious
belief. He must be free from undue bias or dependence, by not holding any
office under the United States. Art. 1, s. 6, 2.
5. By the constitutions of the several states, the most numerous branch
of the legislature generally bears the name of the house of representatives.
Vide Story on Constitution of the United States, chap. 9 1 Kent's Com. 228.
6. By the Act of June 22, 1842, c. 47, it is provided,
Sec. 1. That from and after the third day of March, one thousand eight
hundred and forty-three, the house of representatives shall be composed of
members elected agreeably to a ratio of one representative for every seventy
thousand six hundred and eighty persons in each state, and of one additional
representative for each state having a fraction greater than one moiety of
the said ratio, computed according to the rule prescribed by the
constitution of the United States; that is to say: within the state of
Maine, seven; within the state of New Hampshire, four; within the state of
Massachusetts, ten; within the state of Rhode Island, two within the state
of Connecticut, four; within the state of Vermont, four; within the state of
New York, thirty-four; within the state of New Jersey, five; within the
state of Pennsylvania, twenty-four; within the state of Delaware, one;
within the state of Maryland, six; within the state of Virginia, fifteen;
within the state of North Carolina, nine; within the state of South
Carolina, seven; within the state of Georgia, eight; within the state of
Alabama, seven; within state of Louisiana, four; within the state of
Mississippi, four; within the state of Tennessee, eleven; within the state
of Kentucky, ten; within the state of Ohio, twenty-one; within the state of
Indiana, ten; within the state of Illinois, seven; within the state of
Missouri, five; within the state of Arkansas, one; within the State of
Michigan, three.
7.-2. That in every case where a state is entitled to more than one
representative, the number to which each state shall be entitled under this
apportionment shall be elected by districts. composed of contiguous
territory, equal in number to the number of representatives to which said
state may be entitled, no one district electing more than one
representative.
8. For the constitutions of the houses of representatives in the
several states, the reader is referred to the names of the states in this
work. Vide Congress.
HOUSE-BOTE. An allowance of necessary timber out of the landlord's woods,
for the repairing and support of a house or tenement. This belongs of
common-right to any lessee for years or for life. House-bote is said to be
of two kinds, estoveriam aedificandi et ardendi. Co. Litt. 41.
HOUSEKEEPER. One who occupies a house.
2. A person who occupies every room in the house, under a lease, except
one, which is reserved for his landlord, who pays all the taxes, is not a
housekeeper. 1 Chit. Rep. 502. Nor is a person a housekeeper, who takes a
house, which be afterwards underlets to another, whom the landlord refuses
to accept as his tenant; in this case, the under-tenant aid the, taxes and
let to the tenant the, first floor of the house, and the rent was paid for
the whole house to the tenant, who paid it to the landlord. Id. note.
3. In order to make the party a house-keeper, he must be in actual
possession of the house; 1 Chit. Rep. 288 and must occupy a whole house. 1
Chit. Rep. 316. See 1 Barn. & Cresw. 178; 2 T. R. 406; 1 Bott, 5; 3 Petersd,
Ab. 103, note; 2 Mart. Lo. R. 313.
HOVEL. A place used by husbandmen to set their ploughs, carts, and other
farming utensils, out of the rain and sun. Law Latin Dict. A shed; a
cottage; a mean house.
HOYMAN. The master or captain of a hoy.
2. Hoymen are liable as common carriers. Story, Bailm. Sec. 496.
HUE AND CRY, Eng. law. A mode of pursuing felons, or such as have
dangerously wounded any person, or assaulted any one with intent to rob him,
by the constable, for the purpose of arresting the offender. 2 Hale, P. C.
100.
HUEBRA, Spanish law. An acre of land or as much as can be ploughed in a day
by two oxen. Sp. Dict.; 2 White's Coll. 49.
HUISSIER. An usher of a court. In France, an officer of this name performs
many of the duties which in this country devolve on the sheriff or
constable. Dalloz, Dict. h.t. See 3 Wend. 173.
HUNDRED, Eng. law. A district of country originally comprehending one
hundred families. In many cases, when an offence is committed within the
hundred, the inhabitants tire civilly responsible to the party injured.
2. This rule was probably borrowed from the nations of German origin,
where it was known. Montesq. Esp. des Lois, ]iv. 30, c. 17. It was
established by Clotaire, among the Franks. 11 Toull. n. 237.
3. To make the innocent pay for the guilty, seems to be contrary to the
first principles of justice, and can be justified only by necessity. In some
of the United States laws have been passed making cities or counties
responsible for, the destruction of property by a mob. This can be justified
only on the ground that it is the interest of every one that property should
be protected, and that it is for the general good such laws should exist.
HUNDRED GEMOTE. The name of a court among the Saxons. It was holden every
month, for the benefit of the inhabitants of the hundred.
HUNDREDORS. In England they are inhabitants of a local division of a county,
who, by several statutes, are held to be liable in the cases therein
specified, to make good the loss sustained by persons within the hundred, by
robbery or other violence, therein also specified. The principal of these
statutes are, 13 Edw. I. st. 2, c. 1, s. 4; 28 Edw. III. c. 11; 27 Eliz. c.
13; 29 Car. II. c. 7; 8 Geo. II. c. 16; 22 Geo. II. c. 24.
HUNGER. The desire for taking food. Hunger is no excuse for larceny. 1 Hale,
P. C. 54; 4 Bl. Com. 31. But it is a matter which applies itself strongly to
the consciences of the judges in mitigation of the punishment.
2. When a person has died, and it is suspected he has been starved to
death, an examination of his body ought to be made, to ascertain whether or
not he died of hunger. The signs which usually attend death from hunger are
the following: The body is much emaciated, and a foetid, acrid odor exhales
from it, although death may have been very recent. The eyes are red and
open, which is not usual in other causes of death. The tongue and throat are
dry, even to aridity, and the stomach and intestines are contracted and
empty. The gall bladder is pressed with bile, and this fluid is found
scattered over the stomach and intestines, so as to tinge them very
extensively. The lungs are withered, but all the other organs are generally
in a healthy state. The blood vessels are usually empty. Foder, tom. ii. p.
276, tom. iii. p. 231; 2 Beck's Med. Jur. 52; see Eunom. Dial. 2, Sec. 47,
p. 142, and the note at p. 384.
HUNTING. The act of pursuing and taking wild animals; the chase.
2. The chase gives a kind of title by occupancy, by which the hunter
acquires a right or property in the game which he captures. In the United
States, the right of hunting is universal, and limited only so far as to
exclude hunters from committing injuries to private property or to the
public; as, by shooting on public roads. Vide Feroe naturae; Occupancy.
HURDLE, Eng. law. A species of sledge, used to draw traitors to execution.
HUSBAND, domestic relations. A man who has a wife.
2. The husband, as such, is liable to certain obligations, and entitled
to certain rights, which will be here briefly considered.
3. First, of his obligations. He is bound to receive his wife at his
home, and should furnish her with all the necessaries and conveniences which
his fortune enables him to do, and which her situation requires; but this
does not include such luxuries as, according to her fancy, she deems
necessaries; vide article Cruelty, where this matter is considered. He is
bound to love his wife, and to bear with her faults, and, if possible, by
mild means to correct them and he is required to fulfill towards her his
marital promise of fidelity, and can, therefore, have no carnal connexion
with any other woman, without a violation of his obligations. As he is bound
to govern his house properly, he is liable for its misgovernment, and he may
be punished for keeping a disorderly house, even where his wife had the
principal agency, and he is liable for her torts, as for her slander or
trespass. He is also liable for the wife's debts, incurred before coverture,
provided they are recovered from him during their joint lives; and generally
for such as are contracted by her after coverture, for necessaries, or by
his authority, express or implied. See 5 Whart. 395; 5 Binn. 235; 1 Mod.
138; 5 Taunt. 356; 7 T. R. 166; 3 Camp. 27; 3 B. & Cr. 631; 5 W. & S. 164.
4. Secondly, of his rights. Being the head of the family, the husband
has a right to establish himself wherever he may please, and in this he
cannot be controlled by his wife; he may manage his affairs his own way; buy
and sell all kinds of personal property, without any control, and he may buy
any real estate he may deem proper, but, as the wife acquires a right in the
latter, he cannot sell it, discharged of her dower, except by her consent,
expressed in the manner prescribed by the laws of the state where such lands
lie. At common law, all her personal property, in possession, is vested in
him, and he may dispose of it as if he had acquired it by his own contract
this arises from the principle that they are considered one person in law; 2
Bl. Com. 433 and he is entitled to all her property in action, provided he
reduces it to possession during her life. Id. 484. He is also entitled to
her chattels real, but these vest in him not absolutely, but sub modo; as,
in the case of a lease for years, the husband is entitled to receive the
rents and profits of it, and may, if he pleases, sell, surrender, or dispose
of it during the coverture, and it is liable to be taken in execution for
his debts and, if he survives her, it is, to all intents and purposes, his
own. In case his wife survives him, it is considered as if it had never been
transferred from her, and it belongs to her alone. In his wife's freehold
estate, he has a life estate, during the joint lives of himself and wife;
and, at common law, when he has a child by her who could inherit, he has an
estate by the curtesy. But the rights of a husband over the wife's property,
are very much abridged in some of the United States, by statutes. See Act of
Pennsylvania, passed April 11, 1848.
5. The laws of Louisiana differ essentially from those of the other
states, as to the rights and duties of husband and wife, particularly as it
regards their property. Those readers, desirous of knowing, the legislative
regulations on this subject, in that state, are referred to the Civil Code
of Louis. B. 1, tit. 4; B. 3, tit. 6.
Vide, generally, articles Divorce; Marriage; Wife; and Bac. Ab. Baron
and Feme; Rop. H. & W.; Prater on H. & W.; Clancy on the Rights, Duties and
Liabilities of Husband and Wife Canning on the Interest of Husband and Wife,
&c.; 1 Phil. Ev. 63; Woodf. L. & T. 75; 2 Kent, Com. 109; 1 Salk. 113 to
119; Yelv. 106a, 156a, 166a; Vern. by Raithby, 7, 17, 48, 261; Chit. Pr.
Index, h.t. Poth. du Contr. de Mar. n. 379; Bouv. Inst. Index, h.t.
HUSBAND, mar. law. The name of an agent who is authorized to make the
necessary repairs to a ship, and to act in relation to the ship, generally,
for the owner. He is usually called ship's husband. Vide Ship's Husband.
HUSBRECE, old Eng. law. The, ancient name of the offence now called
burglary.
HUSTINGS, Engl. law. The name of a court held before the lord mayor and
aldermen of London; it is the principal and supreme court of the city., See
2 Inst. 327; St. Armand, Hist. Essay on the Legisl. Power of England, 75.
HYDROMETER. An instrument for measuring the density of fluids; being
immersed in fluids, as in water, brine, beer, brandy, &c., it determines the
proportion of their densities, or their specific gravities, and thence their
qualities.
2. By, the Act of Congress of January 12, 1825, 3 Story's' Laws U. S.
1976, the secretary of the treasury is authorized, under the direction of
the president of the United States, to adopt and substitute such hydrometer
as he may deem best calculated to promote the public interest, in lieu of
that now prescribed by law, for the purpose of ascertaining the proof of
liquors; and that after such adoption and substitution, the duties imposed
by law upon distilled spirits shall be levied, collected and paid, according
to the proof ascertained by any hydrometer so substituted and adopted.
HYPOBOLUM, civ. law. The name of the bequest or legacy given by the husband
to his wife, at his death, above her dowry. Techn. Dict. h.t.
HYPOTHECATION, civil law. This term is used principally in the civil law; it
is defined to be a right which a creditor has over a thing belonging to
another, and which consists in the power to cause it to be sold, in order to
be paid his claim out of the proceeds.
2. There are two species of hypothecation, one called pledge, pignus,
and, the other properly denominated hypothecation. Pledge is that species,
of hypothecation which is contracted by the delivery of the debtor to the
creditor, of the thing hypothecated. Hypothecation, properly so called, is
that which is contracted without delivery of the thing hypothecated. 2
Bell's Com. 25, 5th ed.
3. Hypothecation is further divided into general and special when the
debtor hypothecates to his creditor all his estate and property, which he
has, or may have, the hypothecation is general; when the hypothecation is
confined to a particular estate, it is special.
4. Hypothecations are also distinguished into conventional, legal, and
tacit. 1. Conventional hypothecations are those which arise by the agreement
of the parties. Dig. 20, 1, 5.
5.-2. Legal hypothecation is that which has not been agreed upon by
any contract, express or implied; such as arises from the effect of
judgments and executions.
6.-3. A tacit, which is also a legal hypothecation, is that which the
law gives in certain cases, without the consent of the parties, to secure
the creditor; such as, 1st. The lien which the public treasury has over the
property of public debtors. Code, 8, 15, 1. 2d. The landlord has a lien on
the goods in the house leased, for the payment of his rent. Dig. 20, 2, 2;
Code, 8, 15, 7, 3d. The builder has a lien, for his bill, on the house he
has built. Dig. 20, 1. 4th, The pupil has a lien on the property of the
guardian for the balance of his account. Dig. 46, 6, 22; Code, 6, 37, 20.
5th. There is hypothecation of the goods of a testator for the security of a
legacy he has given. Code, 6, 43, 1.
7. In the common law, cases of hypothecation, in the strict sense of
the civil law, that is, of a pledge of a chattel, without possession by the
pledgee, are scarcely to be found; cases of bottomry bonds and claims for
seamen's wages, against ships are the nearest approach to it; but these are
liens and privileges rather than hypothecations. Story, Bailm. Sec. 288. It
seems that chattels not in existence, though they cannot be pledged, can be
hypothecated, so that the lien will attach, as soon as the chattel has been
produced. 14 Pick. R. 497.
Vide, generally, Poth. de l'Hypothque; Poth. Mar. Contr. translated by
Cushing, note. 26, p. 145; Commercial Code of France, translated by Rodman,
note 52, p. 351; Merl. Rpertoire, mot Hypothque, where the subject is
fully considered; 2 Bro. Civ. Law, 195; Ayl. Pand. 524; 1 Law Tracts, 224;
Dane's Ab. h.t.; Abbott on Ship. Index, h.t.; 13 Ves. 599; Bac. Ab.
Merchant, &c. G; Civil Code of Louis. tit. 22, where this sort of security
bears the name of mortgage. (q.v.)
HYPOTHEQUE, French law. Properly, the right acquired by the creditor over
the immovable property which has been assigned to him by his debtor, as
security for his debt, although he be not placed in possession of it. The
hypotheque might arise in two was. 1. By the express agreement of the
debtor, which was the conventional hypotheque. 2. By disposition of law,
which was the implied or legal hypotheque. This was nothing but a lien or
privilege which the creditor enjoyed of being first paid out of the land
subjected to this incumbrance. For example, the landlord had hypotheque on
the goods of his tenant or others, while on the premises let. A mason had
the same on the house he built. A pupil or a minor on the land of his tutor
or curator, who had received his money. Domat, Loix Civiles, 1. 3, & 1; 2
Bouv. Inst. 1817.
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