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<h2 class="title"><a name="apihelper.builtin"></a>4.3. Using <tt class="function">type</tt>, <tt class="function">str</tt>, <tt class="function">dir</tt>, and Other Built-In Functions
</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div></div>
</div>
<div class="toc">
<ul>
<li><span class="section"><a href="built_in_functions.html#d0e8510">4.3.1. The type Function</a></span></li>
<li><span class="section"><a href="built_in_functions.html#d0e8609">4.3.2. The str Function</a></span></li>
<li><span class="section"><a href="built_in_functions.html#d0e8958">4.3.3. Built-In Functions</a></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="abstract">
<p><span class="application">Python</span> has a small set of extremely useful built-in functions. All other functions are partitioned off into modules. This was
actually a conscious design decision, to keep the core language from getting bloated like other scripting languages (cough
cough, <span class="application">Visual Basic</span>).
</p>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a name="d0e8510"></a>4.3.1. The <tt class="function">type</tt> Function
</h3>
</div>
</div>
<div></div>
</div>
<p>The <tt class="function">type</tt> function returns the datatype of any arbitrary object. The possible types are listed in the <tt class="filename">types</tt> module. This is useful for helper functions that can handle several types of data.
</p>
<div class="example"><a name="apihelper.type.intro"></a><h3 class="title">Example 4.5. Introducing <tt class="function">type</tt></h3><pre class="screen"><tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">type(1)</span> <a name="apihelper.builtin.1.1"></a><img src="../images/callouts/1.png" alt="1" border="0" width="12" height="12">
<span class="computeroutput"><type 'int'></span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">li = []</span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">type(li)</span> <a name="apihelper.builtin.1.2"></a><img src="../images/callouts/2.png" alt="2" border="0" width="12" height="12">
<span class="computeroutput"><type 'list'></span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput"><span class='pykeyword'>import</span> odbchelper</span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">type(odbchelper)</span> <a name="apihelper.builtin.1.3"></a><img src="../images/callouts/3.png" alt="3" border="0" width="12" height="12">
<span class="computeroutput"><type 'module'></span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput"><span class='pykeyword'>import</span> types</span> <a name="apihelper.builtin.1.4"></a><img src="../images/callouts/4.png" alt="4" border="0" width="12" height="12">
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">type(odbchelper) == types.ModuleType</span>
<span class="computeroutput">True</span></pre><div class="calloutlist">
<table border="0" summary="Callout list">
<tr>
<td width="12" valign="top" align="left"><a href="#apihelper.builtin.1.1"><img src="../images/callouts/1.png" alt="1" border="0" width="12" height="12"></a>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt class="function">type</tt> takes anything -- and I mean anything -- and returns its datatype. Integers, strings, lists, dictionaries, tuples, functions,
classes, modules, even types are acceptable.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="12" valign="top" align="left"><a href="#apihelper.builtin.1.2"><img src="../images/callouts/2.png" alt="2" border="0" width="12" height="12"></a>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt class="function">type</tt> can take a variable and return its datatype.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="12" valign="top" align="left"><a href="#apihelper.builtin.1.3"><img src="../images/callouts/3.png" alt="3" border="0" width="12" height="12"></a>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt class="function">type</tt> also works on modules.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="12" valign="top" align="left"><a href="#apihelper.builtin.1.4"><img src="../images/callouts/4.png" alt="4" border="0" width="12" height="12"></a>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">You can use the constants in the <tt class="filename">types</tt> module to compare types of objects. This is what the <tt class="function">info</tt> function does, as you'll see shortly.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a name="d0e8609"></a>4.3.2. The <tt class="function">str</tt> Function
</h3>
</div>
</div>
<div></div>
</div>
<p>The <tt class="function">str</tt> coerces data into a string. Every datatype can be coerced into a string.
</p>
<div class="example"><a name="apihelper.str.intro"></a><h3 class="title">Example 4.6. Introducing <tt class="function">str</tt></h3><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">str(1)</span> <a name="apihelper.builtin.2.1"></a><img src="../images/callouts/1.png" alt="1" border="0" width="12" height="12">
<span class="computeroutput">'1'</span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">horsemen = [<span class='pystring'>'war'</span>, <span class='pystring'>'pestilence'</span>, <span class='pystring'>'famine'</span>]</span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">horsemen</span>
<span class="computeroutput">['war', 'pestilence', 'famine']</span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">horsemen.append('<span class="application">Powerbuilder</span>')</span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">str(horsemen)</span> <a name="apihelper.builtin.2.2"></a><img src="../images/callouts/2.png" alt="2" border="0" width="12" height="12">
<span class="computeroutput">"['war', 'pestilence', 'famine', '<span class="application">Powerbuilder</span>']"</span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">str(odbchelper)</span> <a name="apihelper.builtin.2.3"></a><img src="../images/callouts/3.png" alt="3" border="0" width="12" height="12">
<span class="computeroutput">"<module 'odbchelper' from 'c:\\docbook\\dip\\py\\odbchelper.py'>"</span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">str(None)</span> <a name="apihelper.builtin.2.4"></a><img src="../images/callouts/4.png" alt="4" border="0" width="12" height="12">
<span class="computeroutput">'None'</span></pre><div class="calloutlist">
<table border="0" summary="Callout list">
<tr>
<td width="12" valign="top" align="left"><a href="#apihelper.builtin.2.1"><img src="../images/callouts/1.png" alt="1" border="0" width="12" height="12"></a>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">For simple datatypes like integers, you would expect <tt class="function">str</tt> to work, because almost every language has a function to convert an integer to a string.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="12" valign="top" align="left"><a href="#apihelper.builtin.2.2"><img src="../images/callouts/2.png" alt="2" border="0" width="12" height="12"></a>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">However, <tt class="function">str</tt> works on any object of any type. Here it works on a list which you've constructed in bits and pieces.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="12" valign="top" align="left"><a href="#apihelper.builtin.2.3"><img src="../images/callouts/3.png" alt="3" border="0" width="12" height="12"></a>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt class="function">str</tt> also works on modules. Note that the string representation of the module includes the pathname of the module on disk, so
yours will be different.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="12" valign="top" align="left"><a href="#apihelper.builtin.2.4"><img src="../images/callouts/4.png" alt="4" border="0" width="12" height="12"></a>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">A subtle but important behavior of <tt class="function">str</tt> is that it works on <tt class="literal">None</tt>, the <span class="application">Python</span> null value. It returns the string <tt class="literal">'None'</tt>. You'll use this to your advantage in the <tt class="function">info</tt> function, as you'll see shortly.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<p>At the heart of the <tt class="function">info</tt> function is the powerful <tt class="function">dir</tt> function. <tt class="function">dir</tt> returns a list of the attributes and methods of any object: modules, functions, strings, lists, dictionaries... pretty much
anything.
</p>
<div class="example"><a name="apihelper.dir.intro"></a><h3 class="title">Example 4.7. Introducing <tt class="function">dir</tt></h3><pre class="screen"><tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">li = []</span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">dir(li)</span> <a name="apihelper.builtin.3.1"></a><img src="../images/callouts/1.png" alt="1" border="0" width="12" height="12">
<span class="computeroutput">['append', 'count', 'extend', 'index', 'insert',
'pop', 'remove', 'reverse', 'sort']</span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">d = {}</span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">dir(d)</span> <a name="apihelper.builtin.3.2"></a><img src="../images/callouts/2.png" alt="2" border="0" width="12" height="12">
<span class="computeroutput">['clear', 'copy', 'get', 'has_key', 'items', 'keys', 'setdefault', 'update', 'values']</span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput"><span class='pykeyword'>import</span> odbchelper</span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">dir(odbchelper)</span> <a name="apihelper.builtin.3.3"></a><img src="../images/callouts/3.png" alt="3" border="0" width="12" height="12">
<span class="computeroutput">['__builtins__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__name__', 'buildConnectionString']</span></pre><div class="calloutlist">
<table border="0" summary="Callout list">
<tr>
<td width="12" valign="top" align="left"><a href="#apihelper.builtin.3.1"><img src="../images/callouts/1.png" alt="1" border="0" width="12" height="12"></a>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt class="varname">li</tt> is a list, so <tt class="literal"><tt class="function">dir</tt>(<tt class="varname">li</tt>)</tt> returns a list of all the methods of a list. Note that the returned list contains the names of the methods as strings, not
the methods themselves.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="12" valign="top" align="left"><a href="#apihelper.builtin.3.2"><img src="../images/callouts/2.png" alt="2" border="0" width="12" height="12"></a>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt class="varname">d</tt> is a dictionary, so <tt class="literal"><tt class="function">dir</tt>(<tt class="varname">d</tt>)</tt> returns a list of the names of dictionary methods. At least one of these, <a href="../native_data_types/mapping_lists.html#odbchelper.items" title="Example 3.25. The keys, values, and items Functions"><tt class="function">keys</tt></a>, should look familiar.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="12" valign="top" align="left"><a href="#apihelper.builtin.3.3"><img src="../images/callouts/3.png" alt="3" border="0" width="12" height="12"></a>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">This is where it really gets interesting. <tt class="filename">odbchelper</tt> is a module, so <tt class="literal"><tt class="function">dir</tt>(<tt class="filename">odbchelper</tt>)</tt> returns a list of all kinds of stuff defined in the module, including built-in attributes, like <a href="../getting_to_know_python/testing_modules.html#odbchelper.ifnametrick"><tt class="literal">__name__</tt></a>, <a href="../getting_to_know_python/everything_is_an_object.html#odbchelper.import" title="Example 2.3. Accessing the buildConnectionString Function's doc string"><tt class="literal">__doc__</tt></a>, and whatever other attributes and methods you define. In this case, <tt class="filename">odbchelper</tt> has only one user-defined method, the <tt class="function">buildConnectionString</tt> function described in <a href="../getting_to_know_python/index.html">Chapter 2</a>.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<p>Finally, the <tt class="function">callable</tt> function takes any object and returns <tt class="constant">True</tt> if the object can be called, or <tt class="constant">False</tt> otherwise. Callable objects include functions, class methods, even classes themselves. (More on classes in the next chapter.)
</p>
<div class="example"><a name="apihelper.builtin.callable"></a><h3 class="title">Example 4.8. Introducing <tt class="function">callable</tt></h3><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput"><span class='pykeyword'>import</span> string</span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">string.punctuation</span> <a name="apihelper.builtin.4.1"></a><img src="../images/callouts/1.png" alt="1" border="0" width="12" height="12">
<span class="computeroutput">'!"#$%&\'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\\]^_`{|}~'</span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">string.join</span> <a name="apihelper.builtin.4.2"></a><img src="../images/callouts/2.png" alt="2" border="0" width="12" height="12">
<span class="computeroutput"><function join at 00C55A7C></span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">callable(string.punctuation)</span> <a name="apihelper.builtin.4.3"></a><img src="../images/callouts/3.png" alt="3" border="0" width="12" height="12">
<span class="computeroutput">False</span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">callable(string.join)</span> <a name="apihelper.builtin.4.4"></a><img src="../images/callouts/4.png" alt="4" border="0" width="12" height="12">
<span class="computeroutput">True</span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput"><span class='pykeyword'>print</span> string.join.__doc__</span> <a name="apihelper.builtin.4.5"></a><img src="../images/callouts/5.png" alt="5" border="0" width="12" height="12">
<span class="computeroutput">join(list [,sep]) -> string
Return a string composed of the words in list, with
intervening occurrences of sep. The default separator is a
single space.
(joinfields and join are synonymous)</span></pre><div class="calloutlist">
<table border="0" summary="Callout list">
<tr>
<td width="12" valign="top" align="left"><a href="#apihelper.builtin.4.1"><img src="../images/callouts/1.png" alt="1" border="0" width="12" height="12"></a>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">The functions in the <tt class="filename">string</tt> module are deprecated (although many people still use the <tt class="function">join</tt> function), but the module contains a lot of useful constants like this <tt class="varname">string.punctuation</tt>, which contains all the standard punctuation characters.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="12" valign="top" align="left"><a href="#apihelper.builtin.4.2"><img src="../images/callouts/2.png" alt="2" border="0" width="12" height="12"></a>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><a href="../native_data_types/joining_lists.html" title="3.7. Joining Lists and Splitting Strings"><tt class="function">string.join</tt></a> is a function that joins a list of strings.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="12" valign="top" align="left"><a href="#apihelper.builtin.4.3"><img src="../images/callouts/3.png" alt="3" border="0" width="12" height="12"></a>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt class="varname">string.punctuation</tt> is not callable; it is a string. (A string does have callable methods, but the string itself is not callable.)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="12" valign="top" align="left"><a href="#apihelper.builtin.4.4"><img src="../images/callouts/4.png" alt="4" border="0" width="12" height="12"></a>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt class="function">string.join</tt> is callable; it's a function that takes two arguments.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="12" valign="top" align="left"><a href="#apihelper.builtin.4.5"><img src="../images/callouts/5.png" alt="5" border="0" width="12" height="12"></a>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Any callable object may have a <tt class="literal">doc string</tt>. By using the <tt class="function">callable</tt> function on each of an object's attributes, you can determine which attributes you care about (methods, functions, classes)
and which you want to ignore (constants and so on) without knowing anything about the object ahead of time.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a name="d0e8958"></a>4.3.3. Built-In Functions
</h3>
</div>
</div>
<div></div>
</div>
<p><tt class="function">type</tt>, <tt class="function">str</tt>, <tt class="function">dir</tt>, and all the rest of <span class="application">Python</span>'s built-in functions are grouped into a special module called <tt class="filename">__builtin__</tt>. (That's two underscores before and after.) If it helps, you can think of <span class="application">Python</span> automatically executing <tt class="literal">from __builtin__ import *</tt> on startup, which imports all the “<span class="quote">built-in</span>” functions into the namespace so you can use them directly.
</p>
<p>The advantage of thinking like this is that you can access all the built-in functions and attributes as a group by getting
information about the <tt class="filename">__builtin__</tt> module. And guess what, <span class="application">Python</span> has a function called <tt class="function">info</tt>. Try it yourself and skim through the list now. We'll dive into some of the more important functions later. (Some of the
built-in error classes, like <a href="../native_data_types/tuples.html#odbchelper.tuplemethods" title="Example 3.16. Tuples Have No Methods"><tt class="errorcode">AttributeError</tt></a>, should already look familiar.)
</p>
<div class="example"><a name="apihelper.builtin.list"></a><h3 class="title">Example 4.9. Built-in Attributes and Functions</h3><pre class="screen"><tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput"><span class='pykeyword'>from</span> apihelper <span class='pykeyword'>import</span> info</span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput"><span class='pykeyword'>import</span> __builtin__</span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">info(__builtin__, 20)</span>
<span class="computeroutput">ArithmeticError Base class for arithmetic errors.
AssertionError Assertion failed.
AttributeError Attribute not found.
EOFError Read beyond end of file.
EnvironmentError Base class for I/O related errors.
Exception Common base class for all exceptions.
FloatingPointError Floating point operation failed.
IOError I/O operation failed.
[...snip...]</span></pre></div><a name="tip.manuals"></a><table class="note" border="0" summary="">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="1%"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="Note" title="" width="24" height="24"></td>
</tr>
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<td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" width="99%"><span class="application">Python</span> comes with excellent reference manuals, which you should peruse thoroughly to learn all the modules <span class="application">Python</span> has to offer. But unlike most languages, where you would find yourself referring back to the manuals or man pages to remind
yourself how to use these modules, <span class="application">Python</span> is largely self-documenting.
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<h3>Further Reading on Built-In Functions</h3>
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<li><a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/"><i class="citetitle"><span class="application">Python</span> Library Reference</i></a> documents <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/built-in-funcs.html">all the built-in functions</a> and <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-exceptions.html">all the built-in exceptions</a>.
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<p class="copyright">Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 <a href="mailto:mark@diveintopython.org">Mark Pilgrim</a></p>
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