<pre>Network Working Group                                            J. Linn
Request for Comments: 1421                    IAB IRTF PSRG, IETF PEM WG
Obsoletes: <a href="./rfc1113">1113</a>                                            February 1993


           <span class="h1">Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail:</span>
        <span class="h1">Part I: Message Encryption and Authentication Procedures</span>

Status of this Memo

   This RFC specifies an IAB standards track protocol for the Internet
   community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements.
   Please refer to the current edition of the "IAB Official Protocol
   Standards" for the standardization state and status of this protocol.
   Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

Acknowledgements

   This document is the outgrowth of a series of meetings of the Privacy
   and Security Research Group (PSRG) of the IRTF and the PEM Working
   Group of the IETF.  I would like to thank the members of the PSRG and
   the IETF PEM WG, as well as all participants in discussions on the
   "pem-dev@tis.com" mailing list, for their contributions to this
   document.

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-1" href="#section-1">1</a>.  Executive Summary</span>

   This document defines message encryption and authentication
   procedures, in order to provide privacy-enhanced mail (PEM) services
   for electronic mail transfer in the Internet.  It is intended to
   become one member of a related set of four RFCs.  The procedures
   defined in the current document are intended to be compatible with a
   wide range of key management approaches, including both symmetric
   (secret-key) and asymmetric (public-key) approaches for encryption of
   data encrypting keys.  Use of symmetric cryptography for message text
   encryption and/or integrity check computation is anticipated. <a href="./rfc1422">RFC</a>
   <a href="./rfc1422">1422</a> specifies supporting key management mechanisms based on the use
   of public-key certificates.  <a href="./rfc1423">RFC 1423</a> specifies algorithms, modes,
   and associated identifiers relevant to the current RFC and to <a href="./rfc1422">RFC</a>
   <a href="./rfc1422">1422</a>.  <a href="./rfc1424">RFC 1424</a> provides details of paper and electronic formats and
   procedures for the key management infrastructure being established in
   support of these services.

   Privacy enhancement services (confidentiality, authentication,
   message integrity assurance, and non-repudiation of origin) are
   offered through the use of end-to-end cryptography between originator
   and recipient processes at or above the User Agent level.  No special
   processing requirements are imposed on the Message Transfer System at



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   endpoints or at intermediate relay sites.  This approach allows
   privacy enhancement facilities to be incorporated selectively on a
   site-by-site or user-by-user basis without impact on other Internet
   entities.  Interoperability among heterogeneous components and mail
   transport facilities is supported.

   The current specification's scope is confined to PEM processing
   procedures for the <a href="./rfc822">RFC-822</a> textual mail environment, and defines the
   Content-Domain indicator value "<a href="./rfc822">RFC822</a>" to signify this usage.
   Follow-on work in integration of PEM capabilities with other
   messaging environments (e.g., MIME) is anticipated and will be
   addressed in separate and/or successor documents, at which point
   additional Content-Domain indicator values will be defined.

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-2" href="#section-2">2</a>.  Terminology</span>

   For descriptive purposes, this RFC uses some terms defined in the OSI
   X.400 Message Handling System Model per the CCITT Recommendations.
   This section replicates a portion of (1984) X.400's <a href="#section-2.2.1">Section 2.2.1</a>,
   "Description of the MHS Model: Overview" in order to make the
   terminology clear to readers who may not be familiar with the OSI MHS
   Model.

   In the [MHS] model, a user is a person or a computer application.  A
   user is referred to as either an originator (when sending a message)
   or a recipient (when receiving one).  MH Service elements define the
   set of message types and the capabilities that enable an originator
   to transfer messages of those types to one or more recipients.

   An originator prepares messages with the assistance of his or her
   User Agent (UA).  A UA is an application process that interacts with
   the Message Transfer System (MTS) to submit messages.  The MTS
   delivers to one or more recipient UAs the messages submitted to it.
   Functions performed solely by the UA and not standardized as part of
   the MH Service elements are called local UA functions.

   The MTS is composed of a number of Message Transfer Agents (MTAs).
   Operating together, the MTAs relay messages and deliver them to the
   intended recipient UAs, which then make the messages available to the
   intended recipients.

   The collection of UAs and MTAs is called the Message Handling System
   (MHS).  The MHS and all of its users are collectively referred to as
   the Message Handling Environment.







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<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-3" href="#section-3">3</a>.  Services, Constraints, and Implications</span>

   This RFC defines mechanisms to enhance privacy for electronic mail
   transferred in the Internet. The facilities discussed in this RFC
   provide privacy enhancement services on an end-to-end basis between
   originator and recipient processes residing at the UA level or above.
   No privacy enhancements are offered for message fields which are
   added or transformed by intermediate relay points between PEM
   processing components.

   If an originator elects to perform PEM processing on an outbound
   message, all PEM-provided security services are applied to the PEM
   message's body in its entirety; selective application to portions of
   a PEM message is not supported. Authentication, integrity, and (when
   asymmetric key management is employed) non-repudiation of origin
   services are applied to all PEM messages; confidentiality services
   are optionally selectable.

   In keeping with the Internet's heterogeneous constituencies and usage
   modes, the measures defined here are applicable to a broad range of
   Internet hosts and usage paradigms.  In particular, it is worth
   noting the following attributes:

        1.  The mechanisms defined in this RFC are not restricted to a
            particular host or operating system, but rather allow
            interoperability among a broad range of systems.  All
            privacy enhancements are implemented at the application
            layer, and are not dependent on any privacy features at
            lower protocol layers.

        2.  The defined mechanisms are compatible with non-enhanced
            Internet components.  Privacy enhancements are implemented
            in an end-to-end fashion which does not impact mail
            processing by intermediate relay hosts which do not
            incorporate privacy enhancement facilities.  It is
            necessary, however, for a message's originator to be
            cognizant of whether a message's intended recipient
            implements privacy enhancements, in order that encoding and
            possible encryption will not be performed on a message whose
            destination is not equipped to perform corresponding inverse
            transformations.  (<a href="#section-4.6.1.1.3">Section 4.6.1.1.3</a> of this RFC describes a
            PEM message type ("MIC-CLEAR") which represents a signed,
            unencrypted PEM message in a form readable without PEM
            processing capabilities yet validatable by PEM-equipped
            recipients.)

        3.  The defined mechanisms are compatible with a range of mail
            transport facilities (MTAs).  Within the Internet,



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            electronic mail transport is effected by a variety of SMTP
            [<a href="#ref-2" title="&quot;Simple Mail Transfer Protocol&quot;">2</a>] implementations.  Certain sites, accessible via SMTP,
            forward mail into other mail processing environments (e.g.,
            USENET, CSNET, BITNET).  The privacy enhancements must be
            able to operate across the SMTP realm; it is desirable that
            they also be compatible with protection of electronic mail
            sent between the SMTP environment and other connected
            environments.

        4.  The defined mechanisms are compatible with a broad range of
            electronic mail user agents (UAs).  A large variety of
            electronic mail user agent programs, with a corresponding
            broad range of user interface paradigms, is used in the
            Internet.  In order that electronic mail privacy
            enhancements be available to the broadest possible user
            community, selected mechanisms should be usable with the
            widest possible variety of existing UA programs.  For
            purposes of pilot implementation, it is desirable that
            privacy enhancement processing be incorporable into a
            separate program, applicable to a range of UAs, rather than
            requiring internal modifications to each UA with which PEM
            services are to be provided.

        5.  The defined mechanisms allow electronic mail privacy
            enhancement processing to be performed on personal computers
            (PCs) separate from the systems on which UA functions are
            implemented.  Given the expanding use of PCs and the limited
            degree of trust which can be placed in UA implementations on
            many multi-user systems, this attribute can allow many users
            to process PEM with a higher assurance level than a strictly
            UA-integrated approach would allow.

        6.  The defined mechanisms support privacy protection of
            electronic mail addressed to mailing lists (distribution
            lists, in ISO parlance).

        7.  The mechanisms defined within this RFC are compatible with a
            variety of supporting key management approaches, including
            (but not limited to) manual pre-distribution, centralized
            key distribution based on symmetric cryptography, and the
            use of public-key certificates per <a href="./rfc1422">RFC 1422</a>.  Different
            key management mechanisms may be used for different
            recipients of a multicast message.  For two PEM
            implementations to interoperate, they must share a common
            key management mechanism; support for the mechanism defined
            in <a href="./rfc1422">RFC 1422</a> is strongly encouraged.





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   In order to achieve applicability to the broadest possible range of
   Internet hosts and mail systems, and to facilitate pilot
   implementation and testing without the need for prior and pervasive
   modifications throughout the Internet, the following design
   principles were applied in selecting the set of features specified in
   this RFC:

        1.  This RFC's measures are restricted to implementation at
            endpoints and are amenable to integration with existing
            Internet mail protocols at the user agent (UA) level or
            above, rather than necessitating modifications to existing
            mail protocols or integration into the message transport
            system (e.g., SMTP servers).

        2.  The set of supported measures enhances rather than restricts
            user capabilities.  Trusted implementations, incorporating
            integrity features protecting software from subversion by
            local users, cannot be assumed in general.  No mechanisms
            are assumed to prevent users from sending, at their
            discretion, messages to which no PEM processing has been
            applied. In the absence of such features, it appears more
            feasible to provide facilities which enhance user services
            (e.g., by protecting and authenticating inter-user traffic)
            than to enforce restrictions (e.g., inter-user access
            control) on user actions.

        3.  The set of supported measures focuses on a set of functional
            capabilities selected to provide significant and tangible
            benefits to a broad user community.  By concentrating on the
            most critical set of services, we aim to maximize the added
            privacy value that can be provided with a modest level of
            implementation effort.

   Based on these principles, the following facilities are provided:

        1.  disclosure protection,

        2.  originator authenticity,

        3.  message integrity measures, and

        4.  (if asymmetric key management is used) non-repudiation of
            origin,

   but the following privacy-relevant concerns are not addressed:

        1.  access control,




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        2.  traffic flow confidentiality,

        3.  address list accuracy,

        4.  routing control,

        5.  issues relating to the casual serial reuse of PCs by
            multiple users,

        6.  assurance of message receipt and non-deniability of receipt,

        7.  automatic association of acknowledgments with the messages
            to which they refer, and

        8.  message duplicate detection, replay prevention, or other
            stream-oriented services

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-4" href="#section-4">4</a>.  Processing of Messages</span>

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.1" href="#section-4.1">4.1</a>  Message Processing Overview</span>

   This subsection provides a high-level overview of the components and
   processing steps involved in electronic mail privacy enhancement
   processing.  Subsequent subsections will define the procedures in
   more detail.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.1.1" href="#section-4.1.1">4.1.1</a>  Types of Keys</span>

   A two-level keying hierarchy is used to support PEM transmission:

        1.  Data Encrypting Keys (DEKs) are used for encryption of
            message text and (with certain choices among a set of
            alternative algorithms) for computation of message integrity
            check (MIC) quantities.  In the asymmetric key management
            environment, DEKs are also used to encrypt the signed
            representations of MICs in PEM messages to which
            confidentiality has been applied. DEKs are generated
            individually for each transmitted message; no
            predistribution of DEKs is needed to support PEM
            transmission.

        2.  Interchange Keys (IKs) are used to encrypt DEKs for
            transmission within messages.  Ordinarily, the same IK will
            be used for all messages sent from a given originator to a
            given recipient over a period of time.  Each transmitted
            message includes a representation of the DEK(s) used for
            message encryption and/or MIC computation, encrypted under
            an individual IK per named recipient.  The representation is



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            associated with Originator-ID and Recipient-ID fields
            (defined in different forms so as to distinguish symmetric
            from asymmetric cases), which allow each individual
            recipient to identify the IK used to encrypt DEKs and/or
            MICs for that recipient's use.  Given an appropriate IK, a
            recipient can decrypt the corresponding transmitted DEK
            representation, yielding the DEK required for message text
            decryption and/or MIC validation.  The definition of an IK
            differs depending on whether symmetric or asymmetric
            cryptography is used for DEK encryption:

                 2a. When symmetric cryptography is used for DEK
                     encryption, an IK is a single symmetric key shared
                     between an originator and a recipient.  In this
                     case, the same IK is used to encrypt MICs as well
                     as DEKs for transmission.  Version/expiration
                     information and IA identification associated with
                     the originator and with the recipient must be
                     concatenated in order to fully qualify a symmetric
                     IK.

                 2b. When asymmetric cryptography is used, the IK
                     component used for DEK encryption is the public
                     component [<a href="#ref-8" title="&quot;private component&quot;">8</a>] of the recipient.  The IK component
                     used for MIC encryption is the private component of
                     the originator, and therefore only one encrypted
                     MIC representation need be included per message,
                     rather than one per recipient.  Each of these IK
                     components can be fully qualified in a Recipient-ID
                     or Originator-ID field, respectively.
                     Alternatively, an originator's IK component may be
                     determined from a certificate carried in an
                     "Originator-Certificate:" field.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.1.2" href="#section-4.1.2">4.1.2</a>  Processing Procedures</span>

   When PEM processing is to be performed on an outgoing message, a DEK
   is generated [<a href="#ref-1">1</a>] for use in message encryption and (if a chosen MIC
   algorithm requires a key) a variant of the DEK is formed for use in
   MIC computation.  DEK generation can be omitted for the case of a
   message where confidentiality is not to be applied, unless a chosen
   MIC computation algorithm requires a DEK.  Other parameters (e.g.,
   Initialization Vectors (IVs)) as required by selected encryption
   algorithms are also generated.

   One or more Originator-ID and/or "Originator-Certificate:" fields are
   included in a PEM message's encapsulated header to provide recipients
   with an identification component for the IK(s) used for message



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   processing.  All of a message's Originator-ID and/or "Originator-
   Certificate:" fields are assumed to correspond to the same principal;
   the facility for inclusion of multiple such fields accomodates the
   prospect that different keys, algorithms, and/or certification paths
   may be required for processing by different recipients.  When a
   message includes recipients for which asymmetric key management is
   employed as well as recipients for which symmetric key management is
   employed, a separate Originator-ID or "Originator-Certificate:" field
   precedes each set of recipients.

   In the symmetric case, per-recipient IK components are applied for
   each individually named recipient in preparation of ENCRYPTED, MIC-
   ONLY, and MIC-CLEAR messages. A corresponding "Recipient-ID-
   Symmetric:" field, interpreted in the context of the most recent
   preceding "Originator-ID-Symmetric:" field, serves to identify each
   IK.  In the asymmetric case, per-recipient IK components are applied
   only for ENCRYPTED messages, are independent of originator-oriented
   header elements, and are identified by "Recipient-ID-Asymmetric:"
   fields.  Each Recipient-ID field is followed by a "Key-Info:" field,
   which transfers the message's DEK encrypted under the IK appropriate
   for the specified recipient.

   When symmetric key management is used for a given recipient, the
   "Key-Info:" field following the corresponding "Recipient-ID-
   Symmetric:" field also transfers the message's computed MIC,
   encrypted under the recipient's IK. When asymmetric key management is
   used, a "MIC-Info:" field associated with an "Originator-ID-
   Asymmetric:" or "Originator-Certificate:" field carries the message's
   MIC, asymmetrically signed using the private component of the
   originator.  If the PEM message is of type ENCRYPTED (as defined in
   <a href="#section-4.6.1.1.1">Section 4.6.1.1.1</a> of this RFC), the asymmetrically signed MIC is
   symmetrically encrypted using the same DEK, algorithm, encryption
   mode and other cryptographic parameters as used to encrypt the
   message text, prior to inclusion in the "MIC-Info:" field.

<span class="h5"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.1.2.1" href="#section-4.1.2.1">4.1.2.1</a>  Processing Steps</span>

   A four-phase transformation procedure is employed in order to
   represent encrypted message text in a universally transmissible form
   and to enable messages encrypted on one type of host computer to be
   decrypted on a different type of host computer.  A plaintext message
   is accepted in local form, using the host's native character set and
   line representation.  The local form is converted to a canonical
   message text representation, defined as equivalent to the inter-SMTP
   representation of message text.  This canonical representation forms
   the input to the MIC computation step (applicable to ENCRYPTED, MIC-
   ONLY, and MIC-CLEAR messages) and the encryption process (applicable
   to ENCRYPTED messages only).



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   For ENCRYPTED PEM messages, the canonical representation is padded as
   required by the encryption algorithm, and this padded canonical
   representation is encrypted. The encrypted text (for an ENCRYPTED
   message) or the unpadded canonical form (for a MIC-ONLY message) is
   then encoded into a printable form.  The printable form is composed
   of a restricted character set which is chosen to be universally
   representable across sites, and which will not be disrupted by
   processing within and between MTS entities. MIC-CLEAR PEM messages
   omit the printable encoding step.

   The output of the previous processing steps is combined with a set of
   header fields carrying cryptographic control information.  The
   resulting PEM message is passed to the electronic mail system to be
   included within the text portion of a transmitted message. There is
   no requirement that a PEM message comprise the entirety of an MTS
   message's text portion; this allows PEM-protected information to be
   accompanied by (unprotected) annotations.  It is also permissible for
   multiple PEM messages (and associated unprotected text, outside the
   PEM message boundaries) to be represented within the encapsulated
   text of a higher-level PEM message. PEM message signatures are
   forwardable when asymmetric key management is employed; an authorized
   recipient of a PEM message with confidentiality applied can reduce
   that message to a signed but unencrypted form for forwarding purposes
   or can re-encrypt that message for subsequent transmission.

   When a PEM message is received, the cryptographic control fields
   within its encapsulated header provide the information required for
   each authorized recipient to perform MIC validation and decryption of
   the received message text.  For ENCRYPTED and MIC-ONLY messages, the
   printable encoding is converted to a bitstring.  Encrypted portions
   of the transmitted message are decrypted.  The MIC is validated.
   Then, the recipient PEM process converts the canonical representation
   to its appropriate local form.

<span class="h5"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.1.2.2" href="#section-4.1.2.2">4.1.2.2</a>  Error Cases</span>

   A variety of error cases may occur and be detected in the course of
   processing a received PEM message. The specific actions to be taken
   in response to such conditions are local matters, varying as
   functions of user preferences and the type of user interface provided
   by a particular PEM implementation, but certain general
   recommendations are appropriate. Syntactically invalid PEM messages
   should be flagged as such, preferably with collection of diagnostic
   information to support debugging of incompatibilities or other
   failures.  <a href="./rfc1422">RFC 1422</a> defines specific error processing requirements
   relevant to the certificate-based key management mechanisms defined
   therein.




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   Syntactically valid PEM messages which yield MIC failures raise
   special concern, as they may result from attempted attacks or forged
   messages.  As such, it is unsuitable to display their contents to
   recipient users without first indicating the fact that the contents'
   authenticity and integrity cannot be guaranteed and then receiving
   positive user confirmation of such a warning.  MIC-CLEAR messages
   (discussed in <a href="#section-4.6.1.1.3">Section 4.6.1.1.3</a> of this RFC) raise special concerns,
   as MIC failures on such messages may occur for a broader range of
   benign causes than are applicable to other PEM message types.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.2" href="#section-4.2">4.2</a>  Encryption Algorithms, Modes, and Parameters</span>

   For use in conjunction with this RFC, <a href="./rfc1423">RFC 1423</a> defines the
   appropriate algorithms, modes, and associated identifiers to be used
   for encryption of message text with DEKs.

   The mechanisms defined in this RFC incorporate facilities for
   transmission of cryptographic parameters (e.g., pseudorandom
   Initializing Vectors (IVs)) with PEM messages to which the
   confidentiality service is applied, when required by symmetric
   message encryption algorithms and modes specified in <a href="./rfc1423">RFC 1423</a>.

   Certain operations require encryption of DEKs, MICs, and digital
   signatures under an IK for purposes of transmission.  A header
   facility indicates the mode in which the IK is used for encryption.
   <a href="./rfc1423">RFC 1423</a> specifies encryption algorithm and mode identifiers and
   minimum essential support requirements for key encryption processing.

   <a href="./rfc1422">RFC 1422</a> specifies asymmetric, certificate-based key management
   procedures based on CCITT Recommendation X.509 to support the message
   processing procedures defined in this document. Support for the key
   management approach defined in <a href="./rfc1422">RFC 1422</a> is strongly recommended.  The
   message processing procedures can also be used with symmetric key
   management, given prior distribution of suitable symmetric IKs, but
   no current RFCs specify key distribution procedures for such IKs.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.3" href="#section-4.3">4.3</a>  Privacy Enhancement Message Transformations</span>

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.3.1" href="#section-4.3.1">4.3.1</a>  Constraints</span>

   An electronic mail encryption mechanism must be compatible with the
   transparency constraints of its underlying electronic mail
   facilities.  These constraints are generally established based on
   expected user requirements and on the characteristics of anticipated
   endpoint and transport facilities.  An encryption mechanism must also
   be compatible with the local conventions of the computer systems
   which it interconnects.  Our approach uses a canonicalization step to
   abstract out local conventions and a subsequent encoding step to



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   conform to the characteristics of the underlying mail transport
   medium (SMTP).  The encoding conforms to SMTP constraints.  <a href="./rfc821#section-4.5">Section</a>
   <a href="./rfc821#section-4.5">4.5 of RFC 821</a> [<a href="#ref-2" title="&quot;Simple Mail Transfer Protocol&quot;">2</a>] details SMTP's transparency constraints.

   To prepare a message for SMTP transmission, the following
   requirements must be met:

        1.  All characters must be members of the 7-bit ASCII character
            set.

        2.  Text lines, delimited by the character pair &lt;CR&gt;&lt;LF&gt;, must
            be no more than 1000 characters long.

        3.  Since the string &lt;CR&gt;&lt;LF&gt;.&lt;CR&gt;&lt;LF&gt; indicates the end of a
            message, it must not occur in text prior to the end of a
            message.

   Although SMTP specifies a standard representation for line delimiters
   (ASCII &lt;CR&gt;&lt;LF&gt;), numerous systems in the Internet use a different
   native representation to delimit lines.  For example, the &lt;CR&gt;&lt;LF&gt;
   sequences delimiting lines in mail inbound to UNIX systems are
   transformed to single &lt;LF&gt;s as mail is written into local mailbox
   files.  Lines in mail incoming to record-oriented systems (such as
   VAX VMS) may be converted to appropriate records by the destination
   SMTP server [<a href="#ref-3" title="not at an intervening relay">3</a>].  As a result, if the encryption process generated
   &lt;CR&gt;s or &lt;LF&gt;s, those characters might not be accessible to a
   recipient UA program at a destination which uses different line
   delimiting conventions.  It is also possible that conversion between
   tabs and spaces may be performed in the course of mapping between
   inter-SMTP and local format; this is a matter of local option.  If
   such transformations changed the form of transmitted ciphertext,
   decryption would fail to regenerate the transmitted plaintext, and a
   transmitted MIC would fail to compare with that computed at the
   destination.

   The conversion performed by an SMTP server at a system with EBCDIC as
   a native character set has even more severe impact, since the
   conversion from EBCDIC into ASCII is an information-losing
   transformation.  In principle, the transformation function mapping
   between inter-SMTP canonical ASCII message representation and local
   format could be moved from the SMTP server up to the UA, given a
   means to direct that the SMTP server should no longer perform that
   transformation.  This approach has a major disadvantage: internal
   file (e.g., mailbox) formats would be incompatible with the native
   forms used on the systems where they reside.  Further, it would
   require modification to SMTP servers, as mail would be passed to SMTP
   in a different representation than it is passed at present.




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<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.3.2" href="#section-4.3.2">4.3.2</a>  Approach</span>

   Our approach to supporting PEM across an environment in which
   intermediate conversions may occur defines an encoding for mail which
   is uniformly representable across the set of PEM UAs regardless of
   their systems' native character sets.  This encoded form is used (for
   specified PEM message types) to represent mail text in transit from
   originator to recipient, but the encoding is not applied to enclosing
   MTS headers or to encapsulated headers inserted to carry control
   information between PEM UAs.  The encoding's characteristics are such
   that the transformations anticipated between originator and recipient
   UAs will not prevent an encoded message from being decoded properly
   at its destination.

   Four transformation steps, described in the following four
   subsections, apply to outbound PEM message processing:

<span class="h5"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.3.2.1" href="#section-4.3.2.1">4.3.2.1</a>  Step 1: Local Form</span>

   This step is applicable to PEM message types ENCRYPTED, MIC-ONLY, and
   MIC-CLEAR.  The message text is created in the system's native
   character set, with lines delimited in accordance with local
   convention.

<span class="h5"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.3.2.2" href="#section-4.3.2.2">4.3.2.2</a>  Step 2: Canonical Form</span>

   This step is applicable to PEM message types ENCRYPTED, MIC-ONLY, and
   MIC-CLEAR.  The message text is converted to a universal canonical
   form, similar to the inter-SMTP representation [<a href="#ref-4">4</a>] as defined in <a href="./rfc821">RFC</a>
   <a href="./rfc821">821</a> [<a href="#ref-2" title="&quot;Simple Mail Transfer Protocol&quot;">2</a>] and <a href="./rfc822">RFC 822</a> [<a href="#ref-5" title="&quot;Standard for the Format of ARPA Internet Text Messages&quot;">5</a>]. The procedures performed in order to
   accomplish this conversion are dependent on the characteristics of
   the local form and so are not specified in this RFC.

   PEM canonicalization assures that the message text is represented
   with the ASCII character set and "&lt;CR&gt;&lt;LF&gt;" line delimiters, but does
   not perform the dot-stuffing transformation discussed in <a href="./rfc821#section-4.5.2">RFC 821,
   Section&nbsp;4.5.2</a>.  Since a message is converted to a standard character
   set and representation before encryption, a transferred PEM message
   can be decrypted and its MIC can be validated at any type of
   destination host computer.  Decryption and MIC validation is
   performed before any conversions which may be necessary to transform
   the message into a destination-specific local form.

<span class="h5"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.3.2.3" href="#section-4.3.2.3">4.3.2.3</a>  Step 3: Authentication and Encryption</span>

   Authentication processing is applicable to PEM message types
   ENCRYPTED, MIC-ONLY, and MIC-CLEAR.  The canonical form is input to
   the selected MIC computation algorithm in order to compute an



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   integrity check quantity for the message.  No padding is added to the
   canonical form before submission to the MIC computation algorithm,
   although certain MIC algorithms will apply their own padding in the
   course of computing a MIC.

   Encryption processing is applicable only to PEM message type
   ENCRYPTED.  <a href="./rfc1423">RFC 1423</a> defines the padding technique used to support
   encryption of the canonically-encoded message text.

<span class="h5"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.3.2.4" href="#section-4.3.2.4">4.3.2.4</a>  Step 4: Printable Encoding</span>

   This printable encoding step is applicable to PEM message types
   ENCRYPTED and MIC-ONLY.  The same processing is also employed in
   representation of certain specifically identified PEM encapsulated
   header field quantities as cited in <a href="#section-4.6">Section 4.6</a>.  Proceeding from
   left to right, the bit string resulting from step 3 is encoded into
   characters which are universally representable at all sites, though
   not necessarily with the same bit patterns (e.g., although the
   character "E" is represented in an ASCII-based system as hexadecimal
   45 and as hexadecimal C5 in an EBCDIC-based system, the local
   significance of the two representations is equivalent).

   A 64-character subset of International Alphabet IA5 is used, enabling
   6 bits to be represented per printable character.  (The proposed
   subset of characters is represented identically in IA5 and ASCII.)
   The character "=" signifies a special processing function used for
   padding within the printable encoding procedure.

   To represent the encapsulated text of a PEM message, the encoding
   function's output is delimited into text lines (using local
   conventions), with each line except the last containing exactly 64
   printable characters and the final line containing 64 or fewer
   printable characters.  (This line length is easily printable and is
   guaranteed to satisfy SMTP's 1000-character transmitted line length
   limit.) This folding requirement does not apply when the encoding
   procedure is used to represent PEM header field quantities; <a href="#section-4.6">Section</a>
   <a href="#section-4.6">4.6</a> discusses folding of PEM encapsulated header fields.

   The encoding process represents 24-bit groups of input bits as output
   strings of 4 encoded characters. Proceeding from left to right across
   a 24-bit input group extracted from the output of step 3, each 6-bit
   group is used as an index into an array of 64 printable characters.
   The character referenced by the index is placed in the output string.
   These characters, identified in Table 1, are selected so as to be
   universally representable, and the set excludes characters with
   particular significance to SMTP (e.g., ".", "&lt;CR&gt;", "&lt;LF&gt;").





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   Special processing is performed if fewer than 24 bits are available
   in an input group at the end of a message.  A full encoding quantum
   is always completed at the end of a message.  When fewer than 24
   input bits are available in an input group, zero bits are added (on
   the right) to form an integral number of 6-bit groups.  Output
   character positions which are not required to represent actual input
   data are set to the character "=".  Since all canonically encoded
   output is an integral number of octets, only the following cases can
   arise: (1) the final quantum of encoding input is an integral
   multiple of 24 bits; here, the final unit of encoded output will be
   an integral multiple of 4 characters with no "=" padding, (2) the
   final quantum of encoding input is exactly 8 bits; here, the final
   unit of encoded output will be two characters followed by two "="
   padding characters, or (3) the final quantum of encoding input is
   exactly 16 bits; here, the final unit of encoded output will be three
   characters followed by one "=" padding character.


   Value Encoding  Value Encoding  Value Encoding  Value Encoding
       0 A            17 R            34 i            51 z
       1 B            18 S            35 j            52 0
       2 C            19 T            36 k            53 1
       3 D            20 U            37 l            54 2
       4 E            21 V            38 m            55 3
       5 F            22 W            39 n            56 4
       6 G            23 X            40 o            57 5
       7 H            24 Y            41 p            58 6
       8 I            25 Z            42 q            59 7
       9 J            26 a            43 r            60 8
      10 K            27 b            44 s            61 9
      11 L            28 c            45 t            62 +
      12 M            29 d            46 u            63 /
      13 N            30 e            47 v
      14 O            31 f            48 w         (pad) =
      15 P            32 g            49 x
      16 Q            33 h            50 y

                  Printable Encoding Characters
                             Table 1


<span class="h5"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.3.2.5" href="#section-4.3.2.5">4.3.2.5</a>  Summary of Transformations</span>

   In summary, the outbound message is subjected to the following
   composition of transformations (or, for some PEM message types, a
   subset thereof):

         Transmit_Form = Encode(Encrypt(Canonicalize(Local_Form)))



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   The inverse transformations are performed, in reverse order, to
   process inbound PEM messages:

       Local_Form = DeCanonicalize(Decipher(Decode(Transmit_Form)))

   Note that the local form and the functions to transform messages to
   and from canonical form may vary between the originator and recipient
   systems without loss of information.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.4" href="#section-4.4">4.4</a>  Encapsulation Mechanism</span>

   The encapsulation techniques defined in <a href="./rfc934">RFC-934</a> [<a href="#ref-6" title="&quot;Proposed Standard for Message Encapsulation&quot;">6</a>] are adopted for
   encapsulation of PEM messages within separate enclosing MTS messages
   carrying associated MTS headers. This approach offers a number of
   advantages relative to a flat approach in which certain fields within
   a single header are encrypted and/or carry cryptographic control
   information.  As far as the MTS is concerned, the entirety of a PEM
   message will reside in an MTS message's text portion, not the MTS
   message's header portion. Encapsulation provides generality and
   segregates fields with user-to-user significance from those
   transformed in transit.  All fields inserted in the course of
   encryption/authentication processing are placed in the encapsulated
   header.  This facilitates compatibility with mail handling programs
   which accept only text, not header fields, from input files or from
   other programs.

   The encapsulation techniques defined in <a href="./rfc934">RFC-934</a> are consistent with
   existing Internet mail forwarding and bursting mechanisms.  These
   techniques are designed so that they may be used in a nested manner.
   The encapsulation techniques may be used to encapsulate one or more
   PEM messages for forwarding to a third party, possibly in conjunction
   with interspersed (non-PEM) text which serves to annotate the PEM
   messages.

   Two encapsulation boundaries (EB's) are defined for delimiting
   encapsulated PEM messages and for distinguishing encapsulated PEM
   messages from interspersed (non-PEM) text.  The pre-EB is the string
   "-----BEGIN PRIVACY-ENHANCED MESSAGE-----", indicating that an
   encapsulated PEM message follows.  The post-EB is either (1) another
   pre-EB indicating that another encapsulated PEM message follows, or
   (2) the string "-----END PRIVACY-ENHANCED MESSAGE-----" indicating
   that any text that immediately follows is non-PEM text.  A special
   point must be noted for the case of MIC-CLEAR messages, the text
   portions of which may contain lines which begin with the "-"
   character and which are therefore subject to special processing per
   <a href="./rfc934">RFC-934</a> forwarding procedures.  When the string "- " must be
   prepended to such a line in the course of a forwarding operation in
   order to distinguish that line from an encapsulation boundary, MIC



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   computation is to be performed prior to prepending the "- " string.
   Figure 1 depicts the encapsulation of a single PEM message.

   This RFC places no a priori limits on the depth to which such
   encapsulation may be nested nor on the number of PEM messages which
   may be grouped in this fashion at a single nesting level for
   forwarding.  A implementation compliant with this RFC must not
   preclude a user from submitting or receiving PEM messages which
   exploit this encapsulation capability.  However, no specific
   requirements are levied upon implementations with regard to how this
   capability is made available to the user.  Thus, for example, a
   compliant PEM implementation is not required to automatically detect
   and process encapsulated PEM messages.

   In using this encapsulation facility, it is important to note that it
   is inappropriate to forward directly to a third party a message that
   is ENCRYPTED because recipients of such a message would not have
   access to the DEK required to decrypt the message.  Instead, the user
   forwarding the message must transform the ENCRYPTED message into a
   MIC-ONLY or MIC-CLEAR form prior to forwarding.  Thus, in order to
   comply with this RFC, a PEM implementation must provide a facility to
   enable a user to perform this transformation, while preserving the
   MIC associated with the original message.

   If a user wishes PEM-provided confidentiality protection for
   transmitted information, such information must occur in the
   encapsulated text of an ENCRYPTED PEM message, not in the enclosing
   MTS header or PEM encapsulated header. If a user wishes to avoid























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   Encapsulated Message

       Pre-Encapsulation Boundary (Pre-EB)
           -----BEGIN PRIVACY-ENHANCED MESSAGE-----

       Encapsulated Header Portion
           (Contains encryption control fields inserted in plaintext.
           Examples include "DEK-Info:" and "Key-Info:".
           Note that, although these control fields have line-oriented
           representations similar to <a href="./rfc822">RFC 822</a> header fields, the set
           of fields valid in this context is disjoint from those used
           in <a href="./rfc822">RFC 822</a> processing.)

       Blank Line
           (Separates Encapsulated Header from subsequent
           Encapsulated Text Portion)

       Encapsulated Text Portion
           (Contains message data encoded as specified in <a href="#section-4.3">Section 4.3</a>.)

       Post-Encapsulation Boundary (Post-EB)
           -----END PRIVACY-ENHANCED MESSAGE-----


                   Encapsulated Message Format
                            Figure 1


   disclosing the actual subject of a message to unintended parties, it
   is suggested that the enclosing MTS header contain a "Subject:" field
   indicating that "Encrypted Mail Follows".

   If an integrity-protected representation of information which occurs
   within an enclosing header (not necessarily in the same format as
   that in which it occurs within that header) is desired, that data can
   be included within the encapsulated text portion in addition to its
   inclusion in the enclosing MTS header.  For example, an originator
   wishing to provide recipients with a protected indication of a
   message's position in a series of messages could include within the
   encapsulated text a copy of a timestamp or message counter value
   possessing end-to-end significance and extracted from an enclosing
   MTS header field.  (Note: mailbox specifiers as entered by end users
   incorporate local conventions and are subject to modification at
   intermediaries, so inclusion of such specifiers within encapsulated
   text should not be regarded as a suitable alternative to the
   authentication semantics defined in <a href="./rfc1422">RFC 1422</a> and based on X.500
   Distinguished Names.) The set of header information (if any) included
   within the encapsulated text of messages is a local matter, and this



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   RFC does not specify formatting conventions to distinguish replicated
   header fields from other encapsulated text.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.5" href="#section-4.5">4.5</a>  Mail for Mailing Lists</span>

   When mail is addressed to mailing lists, two different methods of
   processing can be applicable: the IK-per-list method and the IK-per-
   recipient method.  Hybrid approaches are also possible, as in the
   case of IK-per-list protection of a message on its path from an
   originator to a PEM-equipped mailing list exploder, followed by IK-
   per-recipient protection from the exploder to individual list
   recipients.

   If a message's originator is equipped to expand a destination mailing
   list into its individual constituents and elects to do so (IK-per-
   recipient), the message's DEK (and, in the symmetric key management
   case, MIC) will be encrypted under each per-recipient IK and all such
   encrypted representations will be incorporated into the transmitted
   message.  Note that per-recipient encryption is required only for the
   relatively small DEK and MIC quantities carried in the "Key-Info:"
   field, not for the message text which is, in general, much larger.
   Although more IKs are involved in processing under the IK-per-
   recipient method, the pairwise IKs can be individually revoked and
   possession of one IK does not enable a successful masquerade of
   another user on the list.

   If a message's originator addresses a message to a list name or
   alias, use of an IK associated with that name or alias as a entity
   (IK-per-list), rather than resolution of the name or alias to its
   constituent destinations, is implied. Such an IK must, therefore, be
   available to all list members. Unfortunately, it implies an
   undesirable level of exposure for the shared IK, and makes its
   revocation difficult.  Moreover, use of the IK-per-list method allows
   any holder of the list's IK to masquerade as another originator to
   the list for authentication purposes.

   Pure IK-per-list key management in the asymmetric case (with a common
   private key shared among multiple list members) is particularly
   disadvantageous in the asymmetric environment, as it fails to
   preserve the forwardable authentication and non-repudiation
   characteristics which are provided for other messages in this
   environment.  Use of a hybrid approach with a PEM-capable exploder is
   therefore particularly recommended for protection of mailing list
   traffic when asymmetric key management is used; such an exploder
   would reduce (per discussion in <a href="#section-4.4">Section 4.4</a> of this RFC) incoming
   ENCRYPTED messages to MIC-ONLY or MIC-CLEAR form before forwarding
   them (perhaps re-encrypted under individual, per-recipient keys) to
   list members.



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<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.6" href="#section-4.6">4.6</a>  Summary of Encapsulated Header Fields</span>

   This section defines the syntax and semantics of the encapsulated
   header fields to be added to messages in the course of privacy
   enhancement processing.

   The fields are presented in three groups.  Normally, the groups will
   appear in encapsulated headers in the order in which they are shown,
   though not all fields in each group will appear in all messages.  The
   following figures show the appearance of small example encapsulated
   messages.  Figure 2 assumes the use of symmetric cryptography for key
   management.  Figure 3 illustrates an example encapsulated ENCRYPTED
   message in which asymmetric key management is used.


   -----BEGIN PRIVACY-ENHANCED MESSAGE-----
   Proc-Type: 4,ENCRYPTED
   Content-Domain: <a href="./rfc822">RFC822</a>
   DEK-Info: DES-CBC,F8143EDE5960C597
   Originator-ID-Symmetric: linn@zendia.enet.dec.com,,
   Recipient-ID-Symmetric: linn@zendia.enet.dec.com,ptf-kmc,3
   Key-Info: DES-ECB,RSA-MD2,9FD3AAD2F2691B9A,
             B70665BB9BF7CBCDA60195DB94F727D3
   Recipient-ID-Symmetric: pem-dev@tis.com,ptf-kmc,4
   Key-Info: DES-ECB,RSA-MD2,161A3F75DC82EF26,
             E2EF532C65CBCFF79F83A2658132DB47

   LLrHB0eJzyhP+/fSStdW8okeEnv47jxe7SJ/iN72ohNcUk2jHEUSoH1nvNSIWL9M
   8tEjmF/zxB+bATMtPjCUWbz8Lr9wloXIkjHUlBLpvXR0UrUzYbkNpk0agV2IzUpk
   J6UiRRGcDSvzrsoK+oNvqu6z7Xs5Xfz5rDqUcMlK1Z6720dcBWGGsDLpTpSCnpot
   dXd/H5LMDWnonNvPCwQUHt==
   -----END PRIVACY-ENHANCED MESSAGE-----

          Example Encapsulated Message (Symmetric Case)
                            Figure 2


   Figure 4 illustrates an example encapsulated MIC-ONLY message in
   which asymmetric key management is used; since no per-recipient keys
   are involved in preparation of asymmetric-case MIC-ONLY messages,
   this example should be processable for test purposes by arbitrary PEM
   implementations.

   Fully-qualified domain names (FQDNs) for hosts, appearing in the
   mailbox names found in entity identifier subfields of "Originator-
   ID-Symmetric:" and "Recipient-ID-Symmetric:" fields, are processed in
   a case-insensitive fashion.  Unless specified to the contrary, other
   field arguments (including the user name components of mailbox names)



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   are to be processed in a case-sensitive fashion.

   In most cases, numeric quantities are represented in header fields as
   contiguous strings of hexadecimal digits, where each digit is
   represented by a character from the ranges "0"-"9" or upper case
   "A"-"F".  Since public-key certificates and quantities encrypted













































<span class="grey">Linn                                                           [Page 20]</span></pre>
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   -----BEGIN PRIVACY-ENHANCED MESSAGE-----
   Proc-Type: 4,ENCRYPTED
   Content-Domain: <a href="./rfc822">RFC822</a>
   DEK-Info: DES-CBC,BFF968AA74691AC1
   Originator-Certificate:
    MIIBlTCCAScCAWUwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQECBQAwUTELMAkGA1UEBhMCVVMxIDAeBgNV
    BAoTF1JTQSBEYXRhIFNlY3VyaXR5LCBJbmMuMQ8wDQYDVQQLEwZCZXRhIDExDzAN
    BgNVBAsTBk5PVEFSWTAeFw05MTA5MDQxODM4MTdaFw05MzA5MDMxODM4MTZaMEUx
    CzAJBgNVBAYTAlVTMSAwHgYDVQQKExdSU0EgRGF0YSBTZWN1cml0eSwgSW5jLjEU
    MBIGA1UEAxMLVGVzdCBVc2VyIDEwWTAKBgRVCAEBAgICAANLADBIAkEAwHZHl7i+
    yJcqDtjJCowzTdBJrdAiLAnSC+CnnjOJELyuQiBgkGrgIh3j8/x0fM+YrsyF1u3F
    LZPVtzlndhYFJQIDAQABMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAgUAA1kACKr0PqphJYw1j+YPtcIq
    iWlFPuN5jJ79Khfg7ASFxskYkEMjRNZV/HZDZQEhtVaU7Jxfzs2wfX5byMp2X3U/
    5XUXGx7qusDgHQGs7Jk9W8CW1fuSWUgN4w==
   Key-Info: RSA,
    I3rRIGXUGWAF8js5wCzRTkdhO34PTHdRZY9Tuvm03M+NM7fx6qc5udixps2Lng0+
    wGrtiUm/ovtKdinz6ZQ/aQ==
   Issuer-Certificate:
    MIIB3DCCAUgCAQowDQYJKoZIhvcNAQECBQAwTzELMAkGA1UEBhMCVVMxIDAeBgNV
    BAoTF1JTQSBEYXRhIFNlY3VyaXR5LCBJbmMuMQ8wDQYDVQQLEwZCZXRhIDExDTAL
    BgNVBAsTBFRMQ0EwHhcNOTEwOTAxMDgwMDAwWhcNOTIwOTAxMDc1OTU5WjBRMQsw
    CQYDVQQGEwJVUzEgMB4GA1UEChMXUlNBIERhdGEgU2VjdXJpdHksIEluYy4xDzAN
    BgNVBAsTBkJldGEgMTEPMA0GA1UECxMGTk9UQVJZMHAwCgYEVQgBAQICArwDYgAw
    XwJYCsnp6lQCxYykNlODwutF/jMJ3kL+3PjYyHOwk+/9rLg6X65B/LD4bJHtO5XW
    cqAz/7R7XhjYCm0PcqbdzoACZtIlETrKrcJiDYoP+DkZ8k1gCk7hQHpbIwIDAQAB
    MA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAgUAA38AAICPv4f9Gx/tY4+p+4DB7MV+tKZnvBoy8zgoMGOx
    dD2jMZ/3HsyWKWgSF0eH/AJB3qr9zosG47pyMnTf3aSy2nBO7CMxpUWRBcXUpE+x
    EREZd9++32ofGBIXaialnOgVUn0OzSYgugiQ077nJLDUj0hQehCizEs5wUJ35a5h
   MIC-Info: RSA-MD5,RSA,
    UdFJR8u/TIGhfH65ieewe2lOW4tooa3vZCvVNGBZirf/7nrgzWDABz8w9NsXSexv
    AjRFbHoNPzBuxwmOAFeA0HJszL4yBvhG
   Recipient-ID-Asymmetric:
    MFExCzAJBgNVBAYTAlVTMSAwHgYDVQQKExdSU0EgRGF0YSBTZWN1cml0eSwgSW5j
    LjEPMA0GA1UECxMGQmV0YSAxMQ8wDQYDVQQLEwZOT1RBUlk=,
    66
   Key-Info: RSA,
    O6BS1ww9CTyHPtS3bMLD+L0hejdvX6Qv1HK2ds2sQPEaXhX8EhvVphHYTjwekdWv
    7x0Z3Jx2vTAhOYHMcqqCjA==

   qeWlj/YJ2Uf5ng9yznPbtD0mYloSwIuV9FRYx+gzY+8iXd/NQrXHfi6/MhPfPF3d
   jIqCJAxvld2xgqQimUzoS1a4r7kQQ5c/Iua4LqKeq3ciFzEv/MbZhA==
   -----END PRIVACY-ENHANCED MESSAGE-----

    Example Encapsulated ENCRYPTED Message (Asymmetric Case)
                            Figure 3






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   using asymmetric algorithms are large in size, use of a more space-
   efficient encoding technique is appropriate for such quantities, and
   the encoding mechanism defined in <a href="#section-4.3.2.4">Section 4.3.2.4</a> of this RFC,
   representing 6 bits per printed character, is adopted for this
   purpose.

   Encapsulated headers of PEM messages are folded using whitespace per
   <a href="./rfc822">RFC 822</a> header folding conventions; no PEM-specific conventions are
   defined for encapsulated header folding.  The example shown in Figure
   4 shows (in its "MIC-Info:" field) an asymmetrically encrypted
   quantity in its printably encoded representation, illustrating the
   use of <a href="./rfc822">RFC 822</a> folding.

   In contrast to the encapsulated header representations defined in <a href="./rfc1113">RFC</a>
   <a href="./rfc1113">1113</a> and its precursors, the field identifiers adopted in this RFC do
   not begin with the prefix "X-" (for example, the field previously
   denoted "X-Key-Info:" is now denoted "Key-Info:") and such prefixes
   are not to be emitted by implementations conformant to this RFC.  To
   simplify transition and interoperability with earlier
   implementations, it is suggested that implementations based on this
   RFC accept incoming encapsulated header fields carrying the "X-"
   prefix and act on such fields as if the "X-" were not present.





























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   -----BEGIN PRIVACY-ENHANCED MESSAGE-----
   Proc-Type: 4,MIC-ONLY
   Content-Domain: <a href="./rfc822">RFC822</a>
   Originator-Certificate:
    MIIBlTCCAScCAWUwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQECBQAwUTELMAkGA1UEBhMCVVMxIDAeBgNV
    BAoTF1JTQSBEYXRhIFNlY3VyaXR5LCBJbmMuMQ8wDQYDVQQLEwZCZXRhIDExDzAN
    BgNVBAsTBk5PVEFSWTAeFw05MTA5MDQxODM4MTdaFw05MzA5MDMxODM4MTZaMEUx
    CzAJBgNVBAYTAlVTMSAwHgYDVQQKExdSU0EgRGF0YSBTZWN1cml0eSwgSW5jLjEU
    MBIGA1UEAxMLVGVzdCBVc2VyIDEwWTAKBgRVCAEBAgICAANLADBIAkEAwHZHl7i+
    yJcqDtjJCowzTdBJrdAiLAnSC+CnnjOJELyuQiBgkGrgIh3j8/x0fM+YrsyF1u3F
    LZPVtzlndhYFJQIDAQABMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAgUAA1kACKr0PqphJYw1j+YPtcIq
    iWlFPuN5jJ79Khfg7ASFxskYkEMjRNZV/HZDZQEhtVaU7Jxfzs2wfX5byMp2X3U/
    5XUXGx7qusDgHQGs7Jk9W8CW1fuSWUgN4w==
   Issuer-Certificate:
    MIIB3DCCAUgCAQowDQYJKoZIhvcNAQECBQAwTzELMAkGA1UEBhMCVVMxIDAeBgNV
    BAoTF1JTQSBEYXRhIFNlY3VyaXR5LCBJbmMuMQ8wDQYDVQQLEwZCZXRhIDExDTAL
    BgNVBAsTBFRMQ0EwHhcNOTEwOTAxMDgwMDAwWhcNOTIwOTAxMDc1OTU5WjBRMQsw
    CQYDVQQGEwJVUzEgMB4GA1UEChMXUlNBIERhdGEgU2VjdXJpdHksIEluYy4xDzAN
    BgNVBAsTBkJldGEgMTEPMA0GA1UECxMGTk9UQVJZMHAwCgYEVQgBAQICArwDYgAw
    XwJYCsnp6lQCxYykNlODwutF/jMJ3kL+3PjYyHOwk+/9rLg6X65B/LD4bJHtO5XW
    cqAz/7R7XhjYCm0PcqbdzoACZtIlETrKrcJiDYoP+DkZ8k1gCk7hQHpbIwIDAQAB
    MA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAgUAA38AAICPv4f9Gx/tY4+p+4DB7MV+tKZnvBoy8zgoMGOx
    dD2jMZ/3HsyWKWgSF0eH/AJB3qr9zosG47pyMnTf3aSy2nBO7CMxpUWRBcXUpE+x
    EREZd9++32ofGBIXaialnOgVUn0OzSYgugiQ077nJLDUj0hQehCizEs5wUJ35a5h
   MIC-Info: RSA-MD5,RSA,
    jV2OfH+nnXHU8bnL8kPAad/mSQlTDZlbVuxvZAOVRZ5q5+Ejl5bQvqNeqOUNQjr6
    EtE7K2QDeVMCyXsdJlA8fA==

   LSBBIG1lc3NhZ2UgZm9yIHVzZSBpbiB0ZXN0aW5nLg0KLSBGb2xsb3dpbmcgaXMg
   YSBibGFuayBsaW5lOg0KDQpUaGlzIGlzIHRoZSBlbmQuDQo=
   -----END PRIVACY-ENHANCED MESSAGE-----

     Example Encapsulated MIC-ONLY Message (Asymmetric Case)
                            Figure 4


<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.6.1" href="#section-4.6.1">4.6.1</a>  Per-Message Encapsulated Header Fields</span>

   This group of encapsulated header fields contains fields which occur
   no more than once in a PEM message, generally preceding all other
   encapsulated header fields.

<span class="h5"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.6.1.1" href="#section-4.6.1.1">4.6.1.1</a>  Proc-Type Field</span>

   The "Proc-Type:" encapsulated header field, required for all PEM
   messages, identifies the type of processing performed on the
   transmitted message.  Only one "Proc-Type:" field occurs in a
   message; the "Proc-Type:" field must be the first encapsulated header



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   field in the message.

   The "Proc-Type:" field has two subfields, separated by a comma.  The
   first subfield is a decimal number which is used to distinguish among
   incompatible encapsulated header field interpretations which may
   arise as changes are made to this standard.  Messages processed
   according to this RFC will carry the subfield value "4" to
   distinguish them from messages processed in accordance with prior PEM
   RFCs.  The second subfield assumes one of a set of string values,
   defined in the following subsections.

<span class="h6"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.6.1.1.1" href="#section-4.6.1.1.1">4.6.1.1.1</a>  ENCRYPTED</span>

   The "ENCRYPTED" specifier signifies that confidentiality,
   authentication, integrity, and (given use of asymmetric key
   management) non-repudiation of origin security services have been
   applied to a PEM message's encapsulated text.  ENCRYPTED messages
   require a "DEK-Info:" field and individual Recipient-ID and "Key-
   Info:" fields for all message recipients.

<span class="h6"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.6.1.1.2" href="#section-4.6.1.1.2">4.6.1.1.2</a>  MIC-ONLY</span>

   The "MIC-ONLY" specifier signifies that all of the security services
   specified for ENCRYPTED messages, with the exception of
   confidentiality, have been applied to a PEM message's encapsulated
   text. MIC-ONLY messages are encoded (per <a href="#section-4.3.2.4">Section 4.3.2.4</a> of this RFC)
   to protect their encapsulated text against modifications at message
   transfer or relay points.

   Specification of MIC-ONLY, when applied in conjunction with certain
   combinations of key management and MIC algorithm options, permits
   certain fields which are superfluous in the absence of encryption to
   be omitted from the encapsulated header.  In particular, when a
   keyless MIC computation is employed for recipients for whom
   asymmetric cryptography is used, "Recipient-ID-Asymmetric:" and
   "Key-Info:" fields can be omitted.  The "DEK-Info:" field can be
   omitted for all "MIC-ONLY" messages.

<span class="h6"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.6.1.1.3" href="#section-4.6.1.1.3">4.6.1.1.3</a>  MIC-CLEAR</span>

   The "MIC-CLEAR" specifier represents a PEM message with the same
   security service selection as for a MIC-ONLY message.  The set of
   encapsulated header fields required in a MIC-CLEAR message is the
   same as that required for a MIC-ONLY message.

   MIC-CLEAR message processing omits the encoding step defined in
   <a href="#section-4.3.2.4">Section 4.3.2.4</a> of this RFC to protect a message's encapsulated text
   against modifications within the MTS.  As a result, a MIC-CLEAR



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   message's text can be read by recipients lacking access to PEM
   software, even though such recipients cannot validate the message's
   signature. The canonical encoding discussed in <a href="#section-4.3.2.2">Section 4.3.2.2</a> is
   performed, so interoperation among sites with different native
   character sets and line representations is not precluded so long as
   those native formats are unambiguously translatable to and from the
   canonical form.  (Such interoperability is feasible only for those
   characters which are included in the canonical representation set.)

   Omission of the printable encoding step implies that MIC-CLEAR
   message MICs will be validatable only in environments where the MTS
   does not modify messages in transit, or where the modifications
   performed can be determined and inverted before MIC validation
   processing.  Failed MIC validation on a MIC-CLEAR message does not,
   therefore, necessarily signify a security-relevant event; as a
   result, it is recommended that PEM implementations reflect to their
   users (in a suitable local fashion) the type of PEM message being
   processed when reporting a MIC validation failure.

   A case of particular relevance arises for inbound SMTP processing on
   systems which delimit text lines with local native representations
   other than the SMTP-conventional &lt;CR&gt;&lt;LF&gt;.  When mail is delivered to
   a UA on such a system and presented for PEM processing, the &lt;CR&gt;&lt;LF&gt;
   has already been translated to local form.  In order to validate a
   MIC-CLEAR message's MIC in this situation, the PEM module must
   recanonicalize the incoming message in order to determine the inter-
   SMTP representation of the canonically encoded message (as defined in
   <a href="#section-4.3.2.2">Section 4.3.2.2</a> of this RFC), and must compute the reference MIC
   based on that representation.

<span class="h6"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.6.1.1.4" href="#section-4.6.1.1.4">4.6.1.1.4</a>  CRL</span>

   The "CRL" specifier indicates a special PEM message type, used to
   transfer one or more Certificate Revocation Lists.  The format of PEM
   CRLs is defined in <a href="./rfc1422">RFC 1422</a>.  No user data or encapsulated text
   accompanies an encapsulated header specifying the CRL message type; a
   correctly-formed CRL message's PEM header is immediately followed by
   its terminating message boundary line, with no blank line
   intervening.

   Only three types of fields are valid in the encapsulated header
   comprising a CRL message.  The "CRL:" field carries a printable
   representation of a CRL, encoded using the procedures defined in
   <a href="#section-4.3.2.4">Section 4.3.2.4</a> of this RFC. "CRL:" fields may (as an option) be
   followed by no more than one "Originator-Certificate:" field and any
   number of "Issuer-Certificate:" fields. The "Originator-Certificate:"
   and "Issuer-Certificate:" fields refer to the most recently previous
   "CRL:" field, and provide certificates useful in validating the



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   signature included in the CRL.  "Originator-Certificate:" and
   "Issuer-Certificate:" fields' contents are the same for CRL messages
   as they are for other PEM message types.

<span class="h5"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.6.1.2" href="#section-4.6.1.2">4.6.1.2</a>  Content-Domain Field</span>

   The "Content-Domain:" encapsulated header field describes the type of
   content which is represented within a PEM message's encapsulated
   text.  It carries one string argument, whose value is defined as
   "<a href="./rfc822">RFC822</a>" to indicate processing of <a href="./rfc822">RFC-822</a> mail as defined in this
   specification.  It is anticipated that additional "Content-Domain:"
   values will be defined subsequently, in additional or successor
   documents to this specification. Only one "Content-Domain:" field
   occurs in a PEM message; this field is the PEM message's second
   encapsulated header field, immediately following the "Proc-Type:"
   field.

<span class="h5"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.6.1.3" href="#section-4.6.1.3">4.6.1.3</a>  DEK-Info Field</span>

   The "DEK-Info:" encapsulated header field identifies the message text
   encryption algorithm and mode, and also carries any cryptographic
   parameters (e.g., IVs) used for message encryption.  No more than one
   "DEK-Info:" field occurs in a message; the field is required for all
   messages specified as "ENCRYPTED" in the "Proc-Type:" field.

   The "DEK-Info:" field carries either one argument or two arguments
   separated by a comma.  The first argument identifies the algorithm
   and mode used for message text encryption.  The second argument, if
   present, carries any cryptographic parameters required by the
   algorithm and mode identified in the first argument.  Appropriate
   message encryption algorithms, modes and identifiers and
   corresponding cryptographic parameters and formats are defined in <a href="./rfc1423">RFC</a>
   <a href="./rfc1423">1423</a>.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.6.2" href="#section-4.6.2">4.6.2</a>  Encapsulated Header Fields Normally Per-Message</span>

   This group of encapsulated header fields contains fields which
   ordinarily occur no more than once per message.  Depending on the key
   management option(s) employed, some of these fields may be absent
   from some messages.

<span class="h5"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.6.2.1" href="#section-4.6.2.1">4.6.2.1</a>  Originator-ID Fields</span>

   Originator-ID encapsulated header fields identify a message's
   originator and provide the originator's IK identification component.
   Two varieties of Originator-ID fields are defined, the "Originator-
   ID-Asymmetric:" and "Originator-ID-Symmetric:" field.  An
   "Originator-ID-Symmetric:" header field is required for all PEM



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   messages employing symmetric key management.  The analogous
   "Originator-ID-Asymmetric:" field, for the asymmetric key management
   case, is used only when no corresponding "Originator-Certificate:"
   field is included.

   Most commonly, only one Originator-ID or "Originator-Certificate:"
   field will occur within a message. For the symmetric case, the IK
   identification component carried in an "Originator-ID-Symmetric:"
   field applies to processing of all subsequent "Recipient-ID-
   Symmetric:" fields until another "Originator-ID-Symmetric:" field
   occurs.  It is illegal for a "Recipient-ID-Symmetric:" field to occur
   before a corresponding "Originator-ID-Symmetric:" field has been
   provided.  For the asymmetric case, processing of "Recipient-ID-
   Asymmetric:" fields is logically independent of preceding
   "Originator-ID-Asymmetric:" and "Originator-Certificate:" fields.

   Multiple Originator-ID and/or "Originator-Certificate:" fields may
   occur in a message when different originator-oriented IK components
   must be used by a message's originator in order to prepare a message
   so as to be suitable for processing by different recipients. In
   particular, multiple such fields will occur when both symmetric and
   asymmetric cryptography are applied to a single message in order to
   process the message for different recipients.

   Originator-ID subfields are delimited by the comma character (","),
   optionally followed by whitespace.  <a href="#section-5.2">Section 5.2</a>, Interchange Keys,
   discusses the semantics of these subfields and specifies the alphabet
   from which they are chosen.

<span class="h6"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.6.2.1.1" href="#section-4.6.2.1.1">4.6.2.1.1</a>  Originator-ID-Asymmetric Field</span>

   The "Originator-ID-Asymmetric:" field contains an Issuing Authority
   subfield, and then a Version/Expiration subfield.  This field is used
   only when the information it carries is not available from an
   included "Originator-Certificate:" field.

<span class="h6"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.6.2.1.2" href="#section-4.6.2.1.2">4.6.2.1.2</a>  Originator-ID-Symmetric Field</span>

   The "Originator-ID-Symmetric:" field contains an Entity Identifier
   subfield, followed by an (optional) Issuing Authority subfield, and
   then an (optional) Version/Expiration subfield.  Optional
   "Originator-ID-Symmetric:" subfields may be omitted only if rendered
   redundant by information carried in subsequent "Recipient-ID-
   Symmetric:" fields, and will normally be omitted in such cases.







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<span class="h5"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.6.2.2" href="#section-4.6.2.2">4.6.2.2</a>  Originator-Certificate Field</span>

   The "Originator-Certificate:" encapsulated header field is used only
   when asymmetric key management is employed for one or more of a
   message's recipients.  To facilitate processing by recipients (at
   least in advance of general directory server availability), inclusion
   of this field in all messages is strongly recommended.  The field
   transfers an originator's certificate as a numeric quantity,
   comprised of the certificate's DER encoding, represented in the
   header field with the encoding mechanism defined in <a href="#section-4.3.2.4">Section 4.3.2.4</a>
   of this RFC.  The semantics of a certificate are discussed in <a href="./rfc1422">RFC</a>
   <a href="./rfc1422">1422</a>.

<span class="h5"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.6.2.3" href="#section-4.6.2.3">4.6.2.3</a>  MIC-Info Field</span>

   The "MIC-Info:" encapsulated header field, used only when asymmetric
   key management is employed for at least one recipient of a message,
   carries three arguments, separated by commas.  The first argument
   identifies the algorithm under which the accompanying MIC is
   computed.  The second argument identifies the algorithm under which
   the accompanying MIC is signed.  The third argument represents a MIC
   signed with an originator's private key.

   For the case of ENCRYPTED PEM messages, the signed MIC is, in turn,
   symmetrically encrypted using the same DEK, algorithm, mode and
   cryptographic parameters as are used to encrypt the message's
   encapsulated text.  This measure prevents unauthorized recipients
   from determining whether an intercepted message corresponds to a
   predetermined plaintext value.

   Appropriate MIC algorithms and identifiers, signature algorithms and
   identifiers, and signed MIC formats are defined in <a href="./rfc1423">RFC 1423</a>.

   A "MIC-Info:" field will occur after a sequence of fields beginning
   with a "Originator-ID-Asymmetric:" or "Originator-Certificate:" field
   and followed by any associated "Issuer-Certificate:" fields.  A
   "MIC-Info:" field applies to all subsequent recipients for whom
   asymmetric key management is used, until and unless overridden by a
   subsequent "Originator-ID-Asymmetric:" or "Originator-Certificate:"
   and corresponding "MIC-Info:".

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.6.3" href="#section-4.6.3">4.6.3</a>  Encapsulated Header Fields with Variable Occurrences</span>

   This group of encapsulated header fields contains fields which will
   normally occur variable numbers of times within a message, with
   numbers of occurrences ranging from zero to non-zero values which are
   independent of the number of recipients.




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<span class="h5"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.6.3.1" href="#section-4.6.3.1">4.6.3.1</a>  Issuer-Certificate Field</span>

   The "Issuer-Certificate:" encapsulated header field is meaningful
   only when asymmetric key management is used for at least one of a
   message's recipients.  A typical "Issuer-Certificate:" field would
   contain the certificate containing the public component used to sign
   the certificate carried in the message's "Originator-Certificate:"
   field, for recipients' use in chaining through that certificate's
   certification path.  Other "Issuer-Certificate:" fields, typically
   representing higher points in a certification path, also may be
   included by an originator.  It is recommended that the "Issuer-
   Certificate:" fields be included in an order corresponding to
   successive points in a certification path leading from the originator
   to a common point shared with the message's recipients (i.e., the
   Internet Certification Authority (ICA), unless a lower Policy
   Certification Authority (PCA) or CA is common to all recipients.)
   More information on certification paths can be found in <a href="./rfc1422">RFC 1422</a>.

   The certificate is represented in the same manner as defined for the
   "Originator-Certificate:" field (transporting an encoded
   representation of the certificate in X.509 [<a href="#ref-7" title="&quot;The Directory - Authentication Framework&quot;">7</a>] DER form), and any
   "Issuer-Certificate:" fields will ordinarily follow the "Originator-
   Certificate:" field directly.  Use of the "Issuer-Certificate:" field
   is optional even when asymmetric key management is employed, although
   its incorporation is strongly recommended in the absence of alternate
   directory server facilities from which recipients can access issuers'
   certificates.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.6.4" href="#section-4.6.4">4.6.4</a>  Per-Recipient Encapsulated Header Fields</span>

   The encapsulated header fields in this group appear for each of an
   "ENCRYPTED" message's named recipients.  For "MIC-ONLY" and "MIC-
   CLEAR" messages, these fields are omitted for recipients for whom
   asymmetric key management is employed in conjunction with a keyless
   MIC algorithm but the fields appear for recipients for whom symmetric
   key management or a keyed MIC algorithm is employed.

<span class="h5"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.6.4.1" href="#section-4.6.4.1">4.6.4.1</a>  Recipient-ID Fields</span>

   A Recipient-ID encapsulated header field identifies a recipient and
   provides the recipient's IK identification component.  One
   Recipient-ID field is included for each of a message's named
   recipients. <a href="#section-5.2">Section 5.2</a>, Interchange Keys, discusses the semantics of
   the subfields and specifies the alphabet from which they are chosen.
   Recipient-ID subfields are delimited by the comma character (","),
   optionally followed by whitespace.





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   For the symmetric case, all "Recipient-ID-Symmetric:" fields are
   interpreted in the context of the most recent preceding "Originator-
   ID-Symmetric:" field.  It is illegal for a "Recipient-ID-Symmetric:"
   field to occur in a header before the occurrence of a corresponding
   "Originator-ID-Symmetric:" field.  For the asymmetric case,
   "Recipient-ID-Asymmetric:" fields are logically independent of a
   message's "Originator-ID-Asymmetric:" and "Originator-Certificate:"
   fields.  "Recipient-ID-Asymmetric:" fields, and their associated
   "Key-Info:" fields, are included following a header's originator-
   oriented fields.

<span class="h6"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.6.4.1.1" href="#section-4.6.4.1.1">4.6.4.1.1</a>  Recipient-ID-Asymmetric Field</span>

   The "Recipient-ID-Asymmetric:" field contains, in order, an Issuing
   Authority subfield and a Version/Expiration subfield.

<span class="h6"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.6.4.1.2" href="#section-4.6.4.1.2">4.6.4.1.2</a>  Recipient-ID-Symmetric Field</span>

   The "Recipient-ID-Symmetric:" field contains, in order, an Entity
   Identifier subfield, an (optional) Issuing Authority subfield, and an
   (optional) Version/Expiration subfield.

<span class="h5"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.6.4.2" href="#section-4.6.4.2">4.6.4.2</a>  Key-Info Field</span>

   One "Key-Info:" field is included for each of a message's named
   recipients.  In addition, it is recommended that PEM implementations
   support (as a locally-selectable option) the ability to include a
   "Key-Info:" field corresponding to a PEM message's originator,
   following an Originator-ID or "Originator-Certificate:" field and
   before any associated Recipient-ID fields, but inclusion of such a
   field is not a requirement for conformance with this RFC.

   Each "Key-Info:" field is interpreted in the context of the most
   recent preceding Originator-ID, "Originator-Certificate:", or
   Recipient-ID field; normally, a "Key-Info:" field will immediately
   follow its associated predecessor field. The "Key-Info:" field's
   argument(s) differ depending on whether symmetric or asymmetric key
   management is used for a particular recipient.

<span class="h6"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.6.4.2.1" href="#section-4.6.4.2.1">4.6.4.2.1</a>  Symmetric Key Management</span>

   When symmetric key management is employed for a given recipient, the
   "Key-Info:" encapsulated header field transfers four items, separated
   by commas: an IK Use Indicator, a MIC Algorithm Indicator, a DEK and
   a MIC.  The IK Use Indicator identifies the algorithm and mode in
   which the identified IK was used for DEK and MIC encryption for a
   particular recipient.  The MIC Algorithm Indicator identifies the MIC
   computation algorithm used for a particular recipient.  The DEK and



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   MIC are symmetrically encrypted under the IK identified by a
   preceding "Recipient-ID-Symmetric:" field and/or prior "Originator-
   ID-Symmetric:" field.

   Appropriate symmetric encryption algorithms, modes and identifiers,
   MIC computation algorithms and identifiers, and encrypted DEK and MIC
   formats are defined in <a href="./rfc1423">RFC 1423</a>.

<span class="h6"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.6.4.2.2" href="#section-4.6.4.2.2">4.6.4.2.2</a>  Asymmetric Key Management</span>

   When asymmetric key management is employed for a given recipient, the
   "Key-Info:" field transfers two quantities, separated by a comma.
   The first argument is an IK Use Indicator identifying the algorithm
   and mode in which the DEK is asymmetrically encrypted.  The second
   argument is a DEK, asymmetrically encrypted under the recipient's
   public component.

   Appropriate asymmetric encryption algorithms and identifiers, and
   encrypted DEK formats are defined in <a href="./rfc1423">RFC 1423</a>.

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-5" href="#section-5">5</a>.  Key Management</span>

   Several cryptographic constructs are involved in supporting the PEM
   message processing procedure.  A set of fundamental elements is
   assumed.  Data Encrypting Keys (DEKs) are used to encrypt message
   text and (for some MIC computation algorithms) in the message
   integrity check (MIC) computation process.  Interchange Keys (IKs)
   are used to encrypt DEKs and MICs for transmission with messages.  In
   a certificate-based asymmetric key management architecture,
   certificates are used as a means to provide entities' public
   components and other information in a fashion which is securely bound
   by a central authority.  The remainder of this section provides more
   information about these constructs.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.1" href="#section-5.1">5.1</a>  Data Encrypting Keys (DEKs)</span>

   Data Encrypting Keys (DEKs) are used for encryption of message text
   and (with some MIC computation algorithms) for computation of message
   integrity check quantities (MICs).  In the asymmetric key management
   case, they are also used for encrypting signed MICs in ENCRYPTED PEM
   messages.  It is strongly recommended that DEKs be generated and used
   on a one-time, per-message, basis.  A transmitted message will
   incorporate a representation of the DEK encrypted under an
   appropriate interchange key (IK) for each of the named recipients.

   DEK generation can be performed either centrally by key distribution
   centers (KDCs) or  by endpoint systems.  Dedicated KDC systems may be
   able to  implement stronger algorithms for random DEK generation than



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   can be supported in endpoint systems.  On the other hand,
   decentralization allows endpoints to be relatively self-sufficient,
   reducing the level of trust which must be placed in components other
   than those of a message's originator and recipient.  Moreover,
   decentralized DEK generation at endpoints reduces the frequency with
   which originators must make real-time queries of (potentially unique)
   servers in order to send mail, enhancing communications availability.

   When symmetric key management is used, one advantage of centralized
   KDC-based generation is that DEKs can be returned to endpoints
   already encrypted under the IKs of message recipients rather than
   providing the IKs to the originators.  This reduces IK exposure and
   simplifies endpoint key management requirements.  This approach has
   less value if asymmetric cryptography is used for key management,
   since per-recipient public IK components are assumed to be generally
   available and per-originator private IK components need not
   necessarily be shared with a KDC.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.2" href="#section-5.2">5.2</a>  Interchange Keys (IKs)</span>

   Interchange Key (IK) components are used to encrypt DEKs and MICs.
   In general, IK granularity is at the pairwise per-user level except
   for mail sent to address lists comprising multiple users.  In order
   for two principals to engage in a useful exchange of PEM using
   conventional cryptography, they must first possess common IK
   components (when symmetric key management is used) or complementary
   IK components (when asymmetric key management is used).  When
   symmetric cryptography is used, the IK consists of a single
   component, used to encrypt both DEKs and MICs.  When asymmetric
   cryptography is used, a recipient's public component is used as an IK
   to encrypt DEKs (a transformation invertible only by a recipient
   possessing the corresponding private component), and the originator's
   private component is used to encrypt MICs (a transformation
   invertible by all recipients, since the originator's certificate
   provides all recipients with the public component required to perform
   MIC validation.

   This RFC does not prescribe the means by which interchange keys are
   made available to appropriate parties; such means may be centralized
   (e.g., via key management servers) or decentralized (e.g., via
   pairwise agreement and direct distribution among users).  In any
   case, any given IK component is associated with a responsible Issuing
   Authority (IA).  When certificate-based asymmetric key management, as
   discussed in RFC [1422, is employed, the IA function is performed by
   a Certification Authority (CA).

   When an IA generates and distributes an IK component, associated
   control information is provided to direct how it is to be used.  In



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   order to select the appropriate IK(s) to use in message encryption,
   an originator must retain a correspondence between IK components and
   the recipients with which they are associated.  Expiration date
   information must also be retained, in order that cached entries may
   be invalidated and replaced as appropriate.

   Since a message may be sent with multiple IK components identified,
   corresponding to multiple intended recipients, each recipient's UA
   must be able to determine that recipient's intended IK component.
   Moreover, if no corresponding IK component is available in the
   recipient's database when a message arrives, the recipient must be
   able to identify the required IK component and identify that IK
   component's associated IA.  Note that different IKs may be used for
   different messages between a pair of communicants.  Consider, for
   example, one message sent from A to B and another message sent (using
   the IK-per-list method) from A to a mailing list of which B is a
   member.  The first message would use IK components associated
   individually with A and B, but the second would use an IK component
   shared among list members.

   When a PEM message is transmitted, an indication of the IK components
   used for DEK and MIC encryption must be included.  To this end,
   Originator-ID and Recipient-ID encapsulated header fields provide
   (some or all of) the following data:

        1.  Identification of the relevant Issuing Authority (IA
            subfield)

        2.  Identification of an entity with which a particular IK
            component is associated (Entity Identifier or EI subfield)

        3.  Version/Expiration subfield

   In the asymmetric case, all necessary information associated with an
   originator can be acquired by processing the certificate carried in
   an "Originator-Certificate:" field; to avoid redundancy in this case,
   no "Originator-ID-Asymmetric:" field is included if a corresponding
   "Originator-Certificate:" appears.

   The comma character (",") is used to delimit the subfields within an
   Originator-ID or Recipient-ID.  The IA, EI, and version/expiration
   subfields are generated from a restricted character set, as
   prescribed by the following BNF (using notation as defined in <a href="./rfc822">RFC</a>
   <a href="./rfc822">822</a>, Sections <a href="#section-2">2</a> and <a href="#section-3.3">3.3</a>):







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   IKsubfld       :=       1*ia-char

   ia-char        :=       DIGIT / ALPHA / "'" / "+" / "(" / ")" /
                           "." / "/" / "=" / "?" / "-" / "@" /
                           "%" / "!" / '"' / "_" / "&lt;" / "&gt;"



   An example Recipient-ID field for the symmetric case is as follows:

   Recipient-ID-Symmetric: linn@zendia.enet.dec.com,ptf-kmc,2

   This example field indicates that IA "ptf-kmc" has issued an IK
   component for use on messages sent  to "linn@zendia.enet.dec.com",
   and that the IA has provided the number 2 as a version indicator for
   that IK component.

   An example Recipient-ID field for the asymmetric case is as follows:

   Recipient-ID-Asymmetric:
    MFExCzAJBgNVBAYTAlVTMSAwHgYDVQQKExdSU0EgRGF0YSBTZWN1cml0eSwgSW5j
    LjEPMA0GA1UECxMGQmV0YSAxMQ8wDQYDVQQLEwZOT1RBUlk=,66

   This example field includes the printably encoded BER representation
   of a certificate's issuer distinguished name, along with the
   certificate serial number 66 as assigned by that issuer.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.2.1" href="#section-5.2.1">5.2.1</a>  Subfield Definitions</span>

   The following subsections define the subfields of Originator-ID and
   Recipient-ID fields.

<span class="h5"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.2.1.1" href="#section-5.2.1.1">5.2.1.1</a>  Entity Identifier Subfield</span>

   An entity identifier (used only for "Originator-ID-Symmetric:" and
   "Recipient-ID-Symmetric:" fields) is constructed as an IKsubfld.
   More restrictively, an entity identifier subfield assumes the
   following form:

                      &lt;user&gt;@&lt;domain-qualified-host&gt;

   In order to support universal interoperability, it is necessary to
   assume a universal form for the naming information.  For the case of
   installations which transform local host names before transmission
   into the broader Internet, it is strongly recommended that the host
   name as presented to the Internet be employed.





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<span class="h5"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.2.1.2" href="#section-5.2.1.2">5.2.1.2</a>  Issuing Authority Subfield</span>

   An IA identifier subfield is constructed as an IKsubfld.  This RFC
   does not define this subfield's contents for the symmetric key
   management case. Any prospective IAs which are to issue symmetric
   keys for use in conjunction with this RFC must coordinate assignment
   of IA identifiers in a manner (centralized or hierarchic) which
   assures uniqueness.

   For the asymmetric key management case, the IA identifier subfield
   will be formed from the ASN.1 BER representation of the distinguished
   name of the issuing organization or organizational unit.  The
   distinguished encoding rules specified in Clause 8.7 of
   Recommendation X.509 ("X.509 DER") are to be employed in generating
   this representation.  The encoded binary result will be represented
   for inclusion in a transmitted header using the procedure defined in
   <a href="#section-4.3.2.4">Section 4.3.2.4</a> of this RFC.

<span class="h5"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.2.1.3" href="#section-5.2.1.3">5.2.1.3</a>  Version/Expiration Subfield</span>

   A version/expiration subfield is constructed as an IKsubfld.  For the
   symmetric key management case, the version/expiration subfield format
   is permitted to vary among different IAs, but must satisfy certain
   functional constraints.  An IA's version/expiration subfields must be
   sufficient to distinguish among the set of IK components issued by
   that IA for a given identified entity.  Use of a monotonically
   increasing number is sufficient to distinguish among the IK
   components provided for an entity by an IA; use of a timestamp
   additionally allows an expiration time or date to be prescribed for
   an IK component.

   For the asymmetric key management case, the version/expiration
   subfield's value is the hexadecimal serial number of the certificate
   being used in conjunction with the originator or recipient specified
   in the "Originator-ID-Asymmetric:" or "Recipient-ID-Asymmetric:"
   field in which the subfield occurs.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.2.2" href="#section-5.2.2">5.2.2</a>  IK Cryptoperiod Issues</span>

   An IK component's cryptoperiod is dictated in part by a tradeoff
   between key management overhead and revocation responsiveness.  It
   would be undesirable to delete an IK component permanently before
   receipt of a message encrypted using that IK component, as this would
   render the message permanently undecipherable.  Access to an expired
   IK component would be needed, for example, to process mail received
   by a user (or system) which had been inactive for an extended period
   of time.  In order to enable very old IK components to be deleted, a
   message's recipient desiring encrypted local long term storage should



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   transform the DEK used for message text encryption via re-encryption
   under a locally maintained IK, rather than relying on IA maintenance
   of old IK components for indefinite periods.

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-6" href="#section-6">6</a>.  User Naming</span>

   Unique naming of electronic mail users, as is needed in order to
   select corresponding keys correctly, is an important topic and one
   which has received (and continues to receive) significant study.  For
   the symmetric case, IK components are identified in PEM headers
   through use of mailbox specifiers in traditional Internet-wide form
   ("user@domain-qualified-host"). Successful operation in this mode
   relies on users (or their PEM implementations) being able to
   determine the universal-form names corresponding to PEM originators
   and recipients.  If a PEM implementation operates in an environment
   where addresses in a local form differing from the universal form are
   used, translations must be performed in order to map between the
   universal form and that local representation.

   The use of user identifiers unrelated to the hosts on which the
   users' mailboxes reside offers generality and value.  X.500
   distinguished names, as employed in the certificates of the
   recommended key management infrastructure defined in <a href="./rfc1422">RFC 1422</a>,
   provide a basis for such user identification. As directory services
   become more pervasive, they will offer originators a means to search
   for desired recipients which is based on a broader set of attributes
   than mailbox specifiers alone. Future work is anticipated in
   integration with directory services, particularly the mechanisms and
   naming schema of the Internet OSI directory pilot activity.

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-7" href="#section-7">7</a>.  Example User Interface and Implementation</span>

   In order to place the mechanisms and approaches discussed in this RFC
   into context, this section presents an overview of a hypothetical
   prototype implementation.   This implementation is a standalone
   program   which is invoked by a user, and   lies above the existing
   UA sublayer.  In the UNIX system, and possibly in other environments
   as well,  such a program can be invoked as a "filter" within an
   electronic mail UA or a  text editor, simplifying the sequence of
   operations which must be performed by  the user. This form of
   integration offers the  advantage that the program can be used in
   conjunction with a range of UA  programs, rather than being
   compatible only with a particular UA.

   When a user wishes to apply privacy enhancements to an outgoing
   message, the user prepares the message's text and invokes the
   standalone program, which in turn generates output suitable for
   transmission via the UA.  When a user receives a PEM message, the UA



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   delivers the message in encrypted form, suitable for decryption and
   associated processing by the standalone program.

   In this prototype implementation, a cache of IK components is
   maintained in a local file, with entries managed manually based on
   information provided by originators and recipients.  For the
   asymmetric key management case, certificates are acquired for a
   user's PEM correspondents; in advance and/or in addition to retrieval
   of certificates from directories, they can be extracted from the
   "Originator-Certificate:" fields of received PEM messages.

   The IK/certificate cache is, effectively, a simple database indexed
   by mailbox names.  IK components are selected for transmitted
   messages based on the originator's identity and on recipient names,
   and corresponding Originator-ID, "Originator-Certificate:", and
   Recipient-ID fields are placed into the message's encapsulated
   header.  When a message is received, these fields are used as a basis
   for a lookup in the database, yielding the appropriate IK component
   entries.  DEKs and cryptographic parameters (e.g., IVs) are generated
   dynamically within the program.

   Options and destination addresses are selected by command line
   arguments to the standalone program.  The function of specifying
   destination addresses to the privacy enhancement program is logically
   distinct from the function of specifying the corresponding addresses
   to the UA for use by the MTS.  This separation results from the fact
   that, in many cases, the local form of an address as specified to a
   UA differs from the Internet global form as used in "Originator-ID-
   Symmetric:" and "Recipient-ID-Symmetric:" fields.

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-8" href="#section-8">8</a>.  Minimum Essential Requirements</span>

   This section summarizes particular capabilities which an
   implementation must provide for full conformance with this RFC.

   <a href="./rfc1422">RFC 1422</a> specifies asymmetric, certificate-based key management
   procedures to support the message processing procedures defined in
   this document; PEM implementation support for these key management
   procedures is strongly encouraged.  Implementations supporting these
   procedures must also be equipped to display the names of originator
   and recipient PEM users in the X.500 DN form as authenticated by the
   procedures of <a href="./rfc1422">RFC 1422</a>.

   The message processing procedures defined here can also be used with
   symmetric key management techniques, though no RFCs analogous to <a href="./rfc1422">RFC</a>
   <a href="./rfc1422">1422</a> are currently available to provide correspondingly detailed
   description of suitable symmetric key management procedures.   A
   complete PEM implementation must support at least one of these



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   asymmetric and/or symmetric key management modes.

   A full implementation of PEM is expected to be able to send and
   receive ENCRYPTED, MIC-ONLY, and MIC-CLEAR messages, and to receive
   CRL messages.  Some level of support for generating and processing
   nested and annotated PEM messages (for forwarding purposes) is to be
   provided, and an implementation should be able to reduce ENCRYPTED
   messages to MIC-ONLY or MIC-CLEAR for forwarding. Fully-conformant
   implementations must be able to emit Certificate and Issuer-
   Certificate fields, and to include a Key-Info field corresponding to
   the originator, but users or configurers of PEM implementations may
   be allowed the option of deactivating those features.

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-9" href="#section-9">9</a>.  Descriptive Grammar</span>

   This section provides a grammar describing the construction of a PEM
   message.

   ; PEM BNF representation, using <a href="./rfc822">RFC 822</a> notation.

   ; imports field meta-syntax (field, field-name, field-body,
   ; field-body-contents) from <a href="./rfc822">RFC-822</a>, sec. 3.2
   ; imports DIGIT, ALPHA, CRLF, text from <a href="./rfc822">RFC-822</a>
   ; Note: algorithm and mode specifiers are officially defined
   ; in <a href="./rfc1423">RFC 1423</a>

   &lt;pemmsg&gt; ::= &lt;preeb&gt;
                &lt;pemhdr&gt;
                [CRLF &lt;pemtext&gt;]   ; absent for CRL message
                &lt;posteb&gt;

   &lt;preeb&gt; ::= "-----BEGIN PRIVACY-ENHANCED MESSAGE-----" CRLF
   &lt;posteb&gt; ::= "-----END PRIVACY-ENHANCED MESSAGE-----" CRLF / &lt;preeb&gt;

   &lt;pemtext&gt; ::= &lt;encbinbody&gt;      ; for ENCRYPTED or MIC-ONLY messages
               / *(&lt;text&gt; CRLF)    ; for MIC-CLEAR

   &lt;pemhdr&gt; ::= &lt;normalhdr&gt; / &lt;crlhdr&gt;

   &lt;normalhdr&gt; ::=  &lt;proctype&gt;

               &lt;contentdomain&gt;
               [&lt;dekinfo&gt;]         ; needed if ENCRYPTED
               (1*(&lt;origflds&gt; *&lt;recipflds&gt;)) ; symmetric case --
                            ; recipflds included for all proc types
               / ((1*&lt;origflds&gt;) *(&lt;recipflds&gt;)) ; asymmetric case --
                            ; recipflds included for ENCRYPTED proc type




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   &lt;crlhdr&gt; ::= &lt;proctype&gt;
               1*(&lt;crl&gt; [&lt;cert&gt;] *(&lt;issuercert&gt;))

   &lt;asymmorig&gt; ::= &lt;origid-asymm&gt; / &lt;cert&gt;

   &lt;origflds&gt; ::= &lt;asymmorig&gt; [&lt;keyinfo&gt;] *(&lt;issuercert&gt;)
                  &lt;micinfo&gt;                        ; asymmetric
                  / &lt;origid-symm&gt; [&lt;keyinfo&gt;]      ; symmetric

   &lt;recipflds&gt; ::= &lt;recipid&gt; &lt;keyinfo&gt;

   ; definitions for PEM header fields

   &lt;proctype&gt; ::= "Proc-Type" ":" "4" "," &lt;pemtypes&gt; CRLF
   &lt;contentdomain&gt; ::= "Content-Domain" ":" &lt;contentdescrip&gt; CRLF
   &lt;dekinfo&gt; ::= "DEK-Info" ":" &lt;dekalgid&gt; [ "," &lt;dekparameters&gt; ] CRLF
   &lt;symmid&gt; ::= &lt;IKsubfld&gt; "," [&lt;IKsubfld&gt;] "," [&lt;IKsubfld&gt;]
   &lt;asymmid&gt; ::= &lt;IKsubfld&gt; "," &lt;IKsubfld&gt;
   &lt;origid-asymm&gt; ::= "Originator-ID-Asymmetric" ":" &lt;asymmid&gt; CRLF
   &lt;origid-symm&gt; ::= "Originator-ID-Symmetric" ":" &lt;symmid&gt; CRLF
   &lt;recipid&gt; ::= &lt;recipid-asymm&gt; / &lt;recipid-symm&gt;
   &lt;recipid-asymm&gt; ::= "Recipient-ID-Asymmetric" ":" &lt;asymmid&gt; CRLF
   &lt;recipid-symm&gt; ::= "Recipient-ID-Symmetric" ":" &lt;symmid&gt; CRLF
   &lt;cert&gt; ::= "Originator-Certificate" ":" &lt;encbin&gt; CRLF
   &lt;issuercert&gt; ::= "Issuer-Certificate" ":" &lt;encbin&gt; CRLF
   &lt;micinfo&gt; ::= "MIC-Info" ":" &lt;micalgid&gt; "," &lt;ikalgid&gt; ","
                  &lt;asymsignmic&gt; CRLF
   &lt;keyinfo&gt; ::= "Key-Info" ":" &lt;ikalgid&gt; "," &lt;micalgid&gt; ","
                 &lt;symencdek&gt; "," &lt;symencmic&gt; CRLF     ; symmetric case
                 / "Key-Info" ":" &lt;ikalgid&gt; "," &lt;asymencdek&gt;
                 CRLF                                ; asymmetric case
   &lt;crl&gt; ::= "CRL" ":" &lt;encbin&gt; CRLF

   &lt;pemtypes&gt; ::= "ENCRYPTED" / "MIC-ONLY" / "MIC-CLEAR" / "CRL"

   &lt;encbinchar&gt; ::= ALPHA / DIGIT / "+" / "/" / "="
   &lt;encbingrp&gt; ::= 4*4&lt;encbinchar&gt;
   &lt;encbin&gt; ::= 1*&lt;encbingrp&gt;
   &lt;encbinbody&gt; ::= *(16*16&lt;encbingrp&gt; CRLF) [1*16&lt;encbingrp&gt; CRLF]
   &lt;IKsubfld&gt; ::= 1*&lt;ia-char&gt;
   ; Note: "," removed from &lt;ia-char&gt; set so that Orig-ID and Recip-ID
   ; fields can be delimited with commas (not colons) like all other
   ; fields
   &lt;ia-char&gt; ::=  DIGIT / ALPHA / "'" / "+" / "(" / ")" /
                  "." / "/" / "=" / "?" / "-" / "@" /
                  "%" / "!" / '"' / "_" / "&lt;" / "&gt;"
   &lt;hexchar&gt; ::= DIGIT / "A" / "B" / "C" / "D" / "E" / "F"
                                                      ; no lower case



<span class="grey">Linn                                                           [Page 39]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-40" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc1421">RFC 1421</a>        Privacy Enhancement for Electronic Mail    February 1993</span>


   ; This specification defines one value ("<a href="./rfc822">RFC822</a>") for
   ; &lt;contentdescrip&gt;: other values may be defined in future in
   ; separate or successor documents
   ;
   &lt;contentdescrip&gt; ::= "<a href="./rfc822">RFC822</a>"

   ; The following items are defined in <a href="./rfc1423">RFC 1423</a>
   ;  &lt;dekalgid&gt;
   ;  &lt;dekparameters&gt;
   ;  &lt;micalgid&gt;
   ;  &lt;ikalgid&gt;
   ;  &lt;asymsignmic&gt;
   ;  &lt;symencdek&gt;
   ;  &lt;symencmic&gt;
   ;  &lt;asymencdek&gt;


NOTES:

     [<a id="ref-1">1</a>]  Key generation for MIC computation and message text encryption
          may either be performed by the sending host or by a
          centralized server.  This RFC does not constrain this design
          alternative.  <a href="#section-5.1">Section 5.1</a> identifies possible advantages of a
          centralized server approach if symmetric key management is
          employed.

     [<a id="ref-2">2</a>]  Postel, J., "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol", STD 10,
          <a href="./rfc821">RFC 821</a>, August 1982.

     [<a id="ref-3">3</a>]  This transformation should occur only at an SMTP endpoint, not
          at an intervening relay, but may take place at a gateway
          system linking the SMTP realm with other environments.

     [<a id="ref-4">4</a>]  Use of a canonicalization procedure similar to that of SMTP
          was selected because its functions are widely used and
          implemented within the Internet mail community, not for
          purposes of SMTP interoperability with this intermediate
          result.

     [<a id="ref-5">5</a>]  Crocker, D., "Standard for the Format of ARPA Internet Text
          Messages", STD 11, <a href="./rfc822">RFC 822</a>, August 1982.

     [<a id="ref-6">6</a>]  Rose, M. T. and Stefferud, E. A., "Proposed Standard for
          Message Encapsulation", <a href="./rfc934">RFC 934</a>, January 1985.

     [<a id="ref-7">7</a>]  CCITT Recommendation X.509 (1988), "The Directory -
          Authentication Framework".




<span class="grey">Linn                                                           [Page 40]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-41" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc1421">RFC 1421</a>        Privacy Enhancement for Electronic Mail    February 1993</span>


     [<a id="ref-8">8</a>]  Throughout this RFC we have adopted the terms "private
          component" and "public component" to refer to the quantities
          which are, respectively, kept secret and made publicly
          available in asymmetric cryptosystems.  This convention is
          adopted to avoid possible confusion arising from use of the
          term "secret key" to refer to either the former quantity or to
          a key in a symmetric cryptosystem.

Patent Statement

   This version of Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM) relies on the use of
   patented public key encryption technology for authentication and
   encryption.  The Internet Standards Process as defined in <a href="./rfc1310">RFC 1310</a>
   requires a written statement from the Patent holder that a license
   will be made available to applicants under reasonable terms and
   conditions prior to approving a specification as a Proposed, Draft or
   Internet Standard.

   The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Board of Trustees
   of the Leland Stanford Junior University have granted Public Key
   Partners (PKP) exclusive sub-licensing rights to the following
   patents issued in the United States, and all of their corresponding
   foreign patents:

      Cryptographic Apparatus and Method
      ("Diffie-Hellman")............................... No. 4,200,770

      Public Key Cryptographic Apparatus
      and Method ("Hellman-Merkle").................... No. 4,218,582

      Cryptographic Communications System and
      Method ("RSA")................................... No. 4,405,829

      Exponential Cryptographic Apparatus
      and Method ("Hellman-Pohlig").................... No. 4,424,414

   These patents are stated by PKP to cover all known methods of
   practicing the art of Public Key encryption, including the variations
   collectively known as El Gamal.

   Public Key Partners has provided written assurance to the Internet
   Society that parties will be able to obtain, under reasonable,
   nondiscriminatory terms, the right to use the technology covered by
   these patents.  This assurance is documented in <a href="./rfc1170">RFC 1170</a> titled
   "Public Key Standards and Licenses".  A copy of the written assurance
   dated April 20, 1990, may be obtained from the Internet Assigned
   Number Authority (IANA).




<span class="grey">Linn                                                           [Page 41]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-42" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc1421">RFC 1421</a>        Privacy Enhancement for Electronic Mail    February 1993</span>


   The Internet Society, Internet Architecture Board, Internet
   Engineering Steering Group and the Corporation for National Research
   Initiatives take no position on the validity or scope of the patents
   and patent applications, nor on the appropriateness of the terms of
   the assurance.  The Internet Society and other groups mentioned above
   have not made any determination as to any other intellectual property
   rights which may apply to the practice of this standard. Any further
   consideration of these matters is the user's own responsibility.

Security Considerations

   This entire document is about security.

Author's Address

   John Linn

   EMail: 104-8456@mcimail.com

































Linn                                                           [Page 42]
</pre>