1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
|
<pre>Network Working Group T. Bates
Request for Comments: 1966 cisco Systems
Category: Experimental R. Chandra
cisco Systems
June 1996
<span class="h1">BGP Route Reflection</span>
<span class="h1">An alternative to full mesh IBGP</span>
Status of this Memo
This memo defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet
community. This memo does not specify an Internet standard of any
kind. Discussion and suggestions for improvement are requested.
Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Abstract
The Border Gateway Protocol [<a href="#ref-1" title=""A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4)"">1</a>] is an inter-autonomous system routing
protocol designed for TCP/IP internets. BGP deployments are
configured such that that all BGP speakers within a single AS must be
fully meshed so that any external routing information must be re-
distributed to all other routers within that AS. This represents a
serious scaling problem that has been well documented with several
alternatives proposed [<a href="#ref-2" title=""A BGP/IDRP Route Server alternative to a full mesh routing"">2</a>,<a href="#ref-3" title=""Limited Autonomous System Confederations for BGP"">3</a>].
This document describes the use and design of a method known as
"Route Reflection" to alleviate the the need for "full mesh" IBGP.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-1" href="#section-1">1</a>. Introduction</span>
Currently in the Internet, BGP deployments are configured such that
that all BGP speakers within a single AS must be fully meshed and any
external routing information must be re-distributed to all other
routers within that AS. This "full mesh" requirement clearly does not
scale when there are a large number of IBGP speakers as is common in
many of todays internet networks.
For n BGP speakers within an AS you must maintain n*(n-1)/2 unique
IBGP sessions. With finite resources in both bandwidth and router CPU
this clearly does not scale.
This scaling problem has been well documented and a number of
proposals have been made to alleviate this [<a href="#ref-2" title=""A BGP/IDRP Route Server alternative to a full mesh routing"">2</a>,<a href="#ref-3" title=""Limited Autonomous System Confederations for BGP"">3</a>]. This document
represents another alternative in alleviating the need for a "full
mesh" and is known as "Route Reflection". It represents a change in
the commonly understood concept of IBGP and the addition of two new
<span class="grey">Bates & Chandra Experimental [Page 1]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-2" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc1966">RFC 1966</a> BGP Route Reflection June 1996</span>
optional transitive BGP attributes.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-2" href="#section-2">2</a>. Design Criteria</span>
Route Reflection was designed to satisfy the following criteria.
o Simplicity
Any alternative must be both simple to configure as well
as understand.
o Easy Migration
It must be possible to migrate from a full mesh
configuration without the need to change either topology
or AS. This is an unfortunate management overhead of the
technique proposed in [<a href="#ref-3" title=""Limited Autonomous System Confederations for BGP"">3</a>].
o Compatibility
It must be possible for non compliant IBGP peers
to continue be part of the original AS or domain
without any loss of BGP routing information.
These criteria were motivated by operational experiences of a very
large and topology rich network with many external connections.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-3" href="#section-3">3</a>. Route Reflection</span>
The basic idea of Route Reflection is very simple. Let us consider
the simple example depicted in Figure 1 below.
+------ + +-------+
| | IBGP | |
| RTR-A |--------| RTR-B |
| | | |
+-------+ +-------+
\ /
IBGP \ ASX / IBGP
\ /
+-------+
| |
| RTR-C |
| |
+-------+
Figure 1: Full Mesh IBGP
<span class="grey">Bates & Chandra Experimental [Page 2]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-3" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc1966">RFC 1966</a> BGP Route Reflection June 1996</span>
In ASX there are three IBGP speakers (routers RTR-A, RTR-B and RTR-
C). With the existing BGP model, if RTR-A receives an external route
and it is selected as the best path it must advertise the external
route to both RTR-B and RTR-C. RTR-B and RTR-C (as IBGP speakers)
will not re-advertise these IBGP learned routes to other IBGP
speakers.
If this rule is relaxed and RTR-C is allowed to reflect IBGP learned
routes, then it could re-advertise (or reflect) the IBGP routes
learned from RTR-A to RTR-B and vice versa. This would eliminate the
need for the IBGP session between RTR-A and RTR-B as shown in Figure
2 below.
+------ + +-------+
| | | |
| RTR-A | | RTR-B |
| | | |
+-------+ +-------+
\ /
IBGP \ ASX / IBGP
\ /
+-------+
| |
| RTR-C |
| |
+-------+
Figure 2: Route Reflection IBGP
The Route Reflection scheme is based upon this basic principle.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-4" href="#section-4">4</a>. Terminology and Concepts</span>
We use the term "Route Reflector" (RR) to represent an IBGP speaker
that participates in the reflection. The internal peers of a RR are
divided into two groups:
1) Client Peers
2) Non-Client Peers
A RR reflects routes between these groups. A RR along with its
client peers form a Cluster. The Non-Client peer must be fully meshed
but the Client peers need not be fully meshed. The Client peers
should not peer with internal speakers outside of their cluster.
Figure 3 depicts a simple example outlining the basic RR components
using the terminology noted above.
<span class="grey">Bates & Chandra Experimental [Page 3]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-4" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc1966">RFC 1966</a> BGP Route Reflection June 1996</span>
/ - - - - - - - - - - - - - -\
| Cluster |
+-------+ +-------+
| | | | | |
| RTR-A | | RTR-B |
| |Client | |Client | |
+-------+ +-------+
| \ / |
IBGP \ / IBGP
| \ / |
+-------+
| | | |
| RTR-C |
| | RR | |
+-------+
| / \ |
\ - - - - -/- - -\- - - - - - /
IBGP / \ IBGP
+-------+ +-------+
| RTR-D | IBGP | RTR-E |
| Non- |---------| Non- |
|Client | |Client |
+-------+ +-------+
Figure 3: RR Components
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-5" href="#section-5">5</a>. Operation</span>
When a route is received by a RR, it selects the best path based on
its path selection rule. After the best path is selected, it must do
the following depending on the type of the peer it is receiving the
best path from:
1) A Route from a Non-Client peer
Reflect to all other Clients.
2) A Route from a Client peer
Reflect to all the Non-Client peers and also to the
Client peers other than the originator. (Hence the
Client peers are not required to be fully meshed).
3) Route from an EBGP peer
Send to all the Client and Non-Client Peers.
<span class="grey">Bates & Chandra Experimental [Page 4]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-5" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc1966">RFC 1966</a> BGP Route Reflection June 1996</span>
An Autonomous System could have many RRs. A RR treats other RRs just
like any other internal BGP speakers. A RR could be configured to
have other RRs in a Client group or Non-client group.
In a simple configuration the backbone could be divided into many
clusters. Each RR would be configured with other RRs as Non-Client
peers (thus all the RRs will be fully meshed.). The Clients will be
configured to maintain IBGP session only with the RR in their
cluster. Due to route reflection, all the IBGP speakers will receive
reflected routing information.
It is normal in a Autonomous System to have BGP speakers that do not
understand the concept of Route-Reflectors (let us call them
conventional BGP speakers). The Route-Reflector Scheme allows such
conventional BGP speakers to co-exist. Conventional BGP speakers ould
be either members of a Non-Client group or a Client group. This
allows for an easy and gradual migration from the current IBGP model
to the Route Reflection model. One could start creating clusters by
configuring a single router as the designated RR and configuring
other RRs and their clients as normal IBGP peers. Additional clusters
can be created gradually.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-6" href="#section-6">6</a>. Redundant RRs</span>
Usually a cluster of clients will have a single RR. In that case, the
cluster will be identified by the ROUTER_ID of the RR. However, this
represents a single point of failure so to make it possible to have
multiple RRs in the same cluster, all RRs in the same cluster must be
configured with a 4-byte CLUSTER_ID so that an RR can discern routes
from other RRs in the same cluster.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-7" href="#section-7">7</a>. Avoiding Routing Information Loops</span>
As IBGP learned routes are reflected, it is possible through mis-
configuration to form route re-distribution loops. The Route
Reflection method defines the following attributes to detect and
avoid routing information loops.
ORIGINATOR_ID
ORIGINATOR_ID is a new optional, non-transitive BGP attribute of Type
code 9. This attribute is 4 bytes long and it will be created by a
RR. This attribute will carry the ROUTER_ID of the originator of the
route in the local AS. A BGP speaker should not create an
ORIGINATOR_ID attribute if one already exists. A route reflector
must never send routing information back to the router specified in
ORIGINATOR_ID.
<span class="grey">Bates & Chandra Experimental [Page 5]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-6" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc1966">RFC 1966</a> BGP Route Reflection June 1996</span>
CLUSTER_LIST
Cluster-list is a new optional, non-transitive BGP attribute of Type
code 10. It is a sequence of CLUSTER_ID values representing the
reflection path that the route has passed. It is encoded as follows:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Attr. Flags |Attr. Type Code| Length | value ...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Where Length is the number of octets.
When a RR reflects a route from its Clients to a Non-Client peer, it
must append the local CLUSTER_ID to the CLUSTER_LIST. If the
CLUSTER_LIST is empty, it must create a new one. Using this attribute
an RR can identify if the routing information is looped back to the
same cluster due to mis-configuration. If the local CLUSTER_ID is
found in the cluster-list, the advertisement will be ignored.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-8" href="#section-8">8</a>. Implementation and Configuration Considerations</span>
Care should be taken to make sure that none of the BGP path
attributes defined above can be modified through configuration when
exchanging internal routing information between RRs and Clients and
Non-Clients. This could result is looping of routes.
In some implementations, modification of the BGP path attribute,
NEXT_HOP is possible. For example, there could be a need for a RR to
modify NEXT_HOP for EBGP learned routes sent to its internal peers.
However, it must not be possible for an RR to set on reflected IBGP
routes as this breaks the basic principle of Route Reflection and
will result in potential black holeing of traffic.
An RR should not modify any AS-PATH attributes (i.e. LOCAL_PREF, MED,
DPA)that could change consistent route selection. This could result
in potential loops.
The BGP protocol provides no way for a Client to identify itself
dynamically as a Client to an RR configured BGP speaker and the
simplest way to achieve this is by manual configuration.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-9" href="#section-9">9</a>. Security Considerations</span>
Security issues are not discussed in this memo.
<span class="grey">Bates & Chandra Experimental [Page 6]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-7" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc1966">RFC 1966</a> BGP Route Reflection June 1996</span>
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-10" href="#section-10">10</a>. Acknowledgments</span>
The authors would like to thank Dennis Ferguson, Enke Chen, John
Scudder, Paul Traina and Tony Li for the many discussions resulting
in this work. This idea was developed from an earlier discussion
between Tony Li and Dimitri Haskin.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-11" href="#section-11">11</a>. References</span>
[<a id="ref-1">1</a>] Rekhter, Y., and T. Li, "A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4)",
<a href="./rfc1771">RFC 1771</a>, March 1995.
[<a id="ref-2">2</a>] Haskin, D., "A BGP/IDRP Route Server alternative to a full mesh
routing", <a href="./rfc1863">RFC 1863</a>, October 1995.
[<a id="ref-3">3</a>] Traina, P., "Limited Autonomous System Confederations for BGP",
<a href="./rfc1965">RFC 1965</a>, June 1996.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-12" href="#section-12">12</a>. Authors' Addresses</span>
Tony Bates
cisco Systems
170 West Tasman Drive
San Jose, CA 95134
Phone: +1 408 527 2470
EMail: tbates@cisco.com
Ravishanker Chandrasekeran
(Ravi Chandra)
cisco Systems
170 West Tasman Drive
San Jose, CA 95134
EMail: rchandra@cisco.com
Bates & Chandra Experimental [Page 7]
</pre>
|
