<pre>Network Working Group                                 R. Gellens, Editor
Request for Comments: 2646                                      Qualcomm
Updates: <a href="./rfc2046">2046</a>                                                August 1999
Category: Standards Track


                    <span class="h1">The Text/Plain Format Parameter</span>

Status of this Memo

   This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
   Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
   improvements.  Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
   Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
   and status of this protocol.  Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1999).  All Rights Reserved.

Table of Contents

    <a href="#section-1">1</a>.  Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-2">2</a>
    <a href="#section-2">2</a>.  Conventions Used in this Document . . . . . . . . . . . . .   <a href="#page-2">2</a>
    <a href="#section-3">3</a>.  The Problem  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-2">2</a>
      <a href="#section-3.1">3.1</a>.  Paragraph Text  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   <a href="#page-3">3</a>
      <a href="#section-3.2">3.2</a>.  Embarrassing Line Wrap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-3">3</a>
      <a href="#section-3.3">3.3</a>.  New Media Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   <a href="#page-4">4</a>
    <a href="#section-4">4</a>.  The Format Parameter to the Text/Plain Media Type  . . . . .  <a href="#page-4">4</a>
      <a href="#section-4.1">4.1</a>.  Generating Format=Flowed  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   <a href="#page-5">5</a>
      <a href="#section-4.2">4.2</a>.  Interpreting Format=Flowed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-6">6</a>
      <a href="#section-4.3">4.3</a>.  Usenet Signature Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   <a href="#page-7">7</a>
      <a href="#section-4.4">4.4</a>.  Space-Stuffing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-7">7</a>
      <a href="#section-4.5">4.5</a>.  Quoting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   <a href="#page-8">8</a>
      <a href="#section-4.6">4.6</a>.  Digital Signatures and Encryption  . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-9">9</a>
      <a href="#section-4.7">4.7</a>.  Line Analysis Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-10">10</a>
      <a href="#section-4.8">4.8</a>.  Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-10">10</a>
    <a href="#section-5">5</a>.  ABNF  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-11">11</a>
    <a href="#section-6">6</a>.  Failure Modes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-11">11</a>
      <a href="#section-6.1">6.1</a>.  Trailing White Space Corruption . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-11">11</a>
    <a href="#section-7">7</a>.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-12">12</a>
    <a href="#section-8">8</a>.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-12">12</a>
    <a href="#section-9">9</a>.  Internationalization Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-12">12</a>
   <a href="#section-10">10</a>.  Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-12">12</a>
   <a href="#section-11">11</a>.  References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-13">13</a>
   <a href="#section-12">12</a>.  Editor's Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-13">13</a>
   <a href="#section-13">13</a>.  Full Copyright Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-14">14</a>




<span class="grey">Gellens                     Standards Track                     [Page 1]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-2" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc2646">RFC 2646</a>            The Text/Plain Format Parameter          August 1999</span>


<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-1" href="#section-1">1</a>.  Abstract</span>

   Interoperability problems have been observed with erroneous labelling
   of paragraph text as Text/Plain, and with various forms of
   "embarrassing line wrap." (See <a href="#section-3">section 3</a>.)

   Attempts to deploy new media types, such as Text/Enriched [<a href="#ref-RICH" title="&quot;The text/enriched MIME Content-type&quot;">RICH</a>] and
   Text/HTML [<a href="#ref-HTML" title="&quot;Hypertext Markup Language -- 2.0&quot;">HTML</a>] have suffered from a lack of backwards compatibility
   and an often hostile user reaction at the receiving end.

   What is required is a format which is in all significant ways
   Text/Plain, and therefore is quite suitable for display as
   Text/Plain, and yet allows the sender to express to the receiver
   which lines can be considered a logical paragraph, and thus flowed
   (wrapped and joined) as appropriate.

   This memo proposes a new parameter to be used with Text/Plain, and,
   in the presence of this parameter, the use of trailing whitespace to
   indicate flowed lines.  This results in an encoding which appears as
   normal Text/Plain in older implementations, since it is in fact
   normal Text/Plain.

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-2" href="#section-2">2</a>.  Conventions Used in this Document</span>

   The key words "REQUIRED", "MUST", "MUST NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT",
   and "MAY" in this document are to be interpreted as described in "Key
   words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels" [<a href="#ref-KEYWORDS" title="&quot;Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels&quot;">KEYWORDS</a>].

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-3" href="#section-3">3</a>.  The Problem</span>

   The Text/Plain media type is the lowest common denominator of
   Internet email, with lines of no more than 997 characters (by
   convention usually no more than 80), and where the CRLF sequence
   represents a line break [<a href="#ref-MIME-IMT" title="&quot;Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part Two: Media Types&quot;">MIME-IMT</a>].

   Text/Plain is usually displayed as preformatted text, often in a
   fixed font.  That is, the characters start at the left margin of the
   display window, and advance to the right until a CRLF sequence is
   seen, at which point a new line is started, again at the left margin.
   When a line length exceeds the display window, some clients will wrap
   the line, while others invoke a horizontal scroll bar.

   Text which meets this description is defined by this memo as "fixed".

   Some interoperability problems have been observed with this media
   type:





<span class="grey">Gellens                     Standards Track                     [Page 2]</span></pre>
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<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc2646">RFC 2646</a>            The Text/Plain Format Parameter          August 1999</span>


<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.1" href="#section-3.1">3.1</a>.  Paragraph Text</span>

   Many modern programs use a proportional-spaced font and CRLF to
   represent paragraph breaks.  Line breaks are "soft", occurring as
   needed on display.  That is, characters are grouped into a paragraph
   until a CRLF sequence is seen, at which point a new paragraph is
   started.  Each paragraph is displayed, starting at the left margin
   (or paragraph indent), and continuing to the right until a word is
   encountered which does not fit in the remaining display width.  This
   word is displayed at the left margin of the next line.  This
   continues until the paragraph ends (a CRLF is seen).  Extra vertical
   space is left between paragraphs.

   Text which meets this description is defined by this memo as
   "flowed".

   Numerous software products erroneously label this media type as
   Text/Plain, resulting in much user discomfort.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.2" href="#section-3.2">3.2</a>.  Embarrassing Line Wrap</span>

   As Text/Plain messages get quoted in replies or forwarded messages,
   the length of each line gradually increases, resulting in
   "embarrassing line wrap." This results in text which is at best hard
   to read, and often confuses attributions.

      Example:

            &gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;This is a comment from the first message to show a
            &gt;quoting example.
            &gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;This is a comment from the second message to show a
            &gt;quoting example.
            &gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;This is a comment from the third message.
            &gt;&gt;&gt;This is a comment from the fourth message.

   It can be confusing to assign attribution to lines 2 and 4 above.

   In addition, as devices with display widths smaller than 80
   characters become more popular, embarrassing line wrap has become
   even more prevalent, even with unquoted text.











<span class="grey">Gellens                     Standards Track                     [Page 3]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-4" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc2646">RFC 2646</a>            The Text/Plain Format Parameter          August 1999</span>


   Example:

            This is paragraph text that is
            meant to be flowed across
            several lines.
            However, the sending mailer is
            converting it to fixed text at
            a width of 72
            characters, which causes it to
            look like this when shown on a
            PDA with only
            30 character lines.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.3" href="#section-3.3">3.3</a>.  New Media Types</span>

   Attempts to deploy new media types, such as Text/Enriched [<a href="#ref-RICH" title="&quot;The text/enriched MIME Content-type&quot;">RICH</a>] and
   Text/HTML [<a href="#ref-HTML" title="&quot;Hypertext Markup Language -- 2.0&quot;">HTML</a>] have suffered from a lack of backwards compatibility
   and an often hostile user reaction at the receiving end.

   In particular, Text/Enriched requires that open angle brackets ("&lt;")
   and hard line breaks be doubled, with resulting user unhappiness when
   viewed as Text/Plain.  Text/HTML requires even more alteration of
   text, with a corresponding increase in user complaints.

   A proposal to define a new media type to explicitly represent the
   paragraph form suffered from a lack of interoperability with
   currently deployed software.  Some programs treat unknown subtypes of
   Text as an attachment.

   What is desired is a format which is in all significant ways
   Text/Plain, and therefore is quite suitable for display as
   Text/Plain, and yet allows the sender to express to the receiver
   which lines can be considered a logical paragraph, and thus flowed
   (wrapped and joined) as appropriate.

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-4" href="#section-4">4</a>.  The Format Parameter to the Text/Plain Media Type</span>

   This document defines a new MIME parameter for use with Text/Plain:

      Name:  Format
      Value:  Fixed, Flowed

   (Neither the parameter name nor its value are case sensitive.)

   If not specified, a value of Fixed is assumed.  The semantics of the
   Fixed value are the usual associated with Text/Plain [<a href="#ref-MIME-IMT" title="&quot;Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part Two: Media Types&quot;">MIME-IMT</a>].





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<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc2646">RFC 2646</a>            The Text/Plain Format Parameter          August 1999</span>


   A value of Flowed indicates that the definition of flowed text (as
   specified in this memo) was used on generation, and MAY be used on
   reception.

   This section discusses flowed text; <a href="#section-5">section 5</a> provides a formal
   definition.

   Because flowed lines are all-but-indistinguishable from fixed lines,
   currently deployed software treats flowed lines as normal Text/Plain
   (which is what they are).  Thus, no interoperability problems are
   expected.

   Note that this memo describes an on-the-wire format.  It does not
   address formats for local file storage.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.1" href="#section-4.1">4.1</a>.  Generating Format=Flowed</span>

   When generating Format=Flowed text, lines SHOULD be shorter than 80
   characters.  As suggested values, any paragraph longer than 79
   characters in total length could be wrapped using lines of 72 or
   fewer characters.  While the specific line length used is a matter of
   aesthetics and preference, longer lines are more likely to require
   rewrapping and to encounter difficulties with older mailers.  It has
   been suggested that 66 character lines are the most readable.

   (The reason for the restriction to 79 or fewer characters between
   CRLFs on the wire is to ensure that all lines, even when displayed by
   a non-flowed-aware program, will fit in a standard 80-column screen
   without having to be wrapped.  The limit is 79, not 80, because while
   80 fit on a line, the last column is often reserved for a line-wrap
   indicator.)

   When creating flowed text, the generating agent wraps, that is,
   inserts 'soft' line breaks as needed.  Soft line breaks are added
   between words.  Because a soft line break is a SP CRLF sequence, the
   generating agent creates one by inserting a CRLF after the occurance
   of a space.

   A generating agent SHOULD NOT insert white space into a word (a
   sequence of printable characters not containing spaces).  If faced
   with a word which exceeds 79 characters (but less than 998
   characters, the [<a href="#ref-SMTP" title="&quot;Simple Mail Transfer Protocol&quot;">SMTP</a>] limit on line length), the agent SHOULD send
   the word as is and exceed the 79-character limit on line length.








<span class="grey">Gellens                     Standards Track                     [Page 5]</span></pre>
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<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc2646">RFC 2646</a>            The Text/Plain Format Parameter          August 1999</span>


   A generating agent SHOULD:

      1.  Ensure all lines (fixed and flowed) are 79 characters or
          fewer in length, counting the trailing space but not
          counting the CRLF, unless a word by itself exceeds 79
          characters.
      2.  Trim spaces before user-inserted hard line breaks.
      3.  Space-stuff lines which start with a space, "From ", or
          "&gt;".

   In order to create messages which do not require space-stuffing, and
   are thus more aesthetically pleasing when viewed as Format=Fixed, a
   generating agent MAY avoid wrapping immediately before "&gt;", "From ",
   or space.

   (See sections <a href="#section-4.4">4.4</a> and <a href="#section-4.5">4.5</a> for more information on space-stuffing and
   quoting, respectively.)

   A Format=Flowed message consists of zero or more paragraphs, each
   containing one or more flowed lines followed by one fixed line.  The
   usual case is a series of flowed text lines with blank (empty) fixed
   lines between them.

   Any number of fixed lines can appear between paragraphs.

   [<a id="ref-Quoted-Printable">Quoted-Printable</a>] encoding SHOULD NOT be used with Format=Flowed
   unless absolutely necessary (for example, non-US-ASCII (8-bit)
   characters over a strictly 7-bit transport such as unextended SMTP).
   In particular, a message SHOULD NOT be encoded in Quoted-Printable
   for the sole purpose of protecting the trailing space on flowed lines
   unless the body part is cryptographically signed or encrypted (see
   <a href="#section-4.6">Section 4.6</a>).

   The intent of Format=Flowed is to allow user agents to generate
   flowed text which is non-obnoxious when viewed as pure, raw
   Text/Plain (without any decoding); use of Quoted-Printable hinders
   this and may cause Format=Flowed to be rejected by end users.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.2" href="#section-4.2">4.2</a>.  Interpreting Format=Flowed</span>

   If the first character of a line is a quote mark ("&gt;"), the line is
   considered to be quoted (see <a href="#section-4.5">section 4.5</a>).  Logically, all quote
   marks are counted and deleted, resulting in a line with a non-zero
   quote depth, and content. (The agent is of course free to display the
   content with quote marks or excerpt bars or anything else.)
   Logically, this test for quoted lines is done before any other tests
   (that is, before checking for space-stuffed and flowed).




<span class="grey">Gellens                     Standards Track                     [Page 6]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-7" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc2646">RFC 2646</a>            The Text/Plain Format Parameter          August 1999</span>


   If the first character of a line is a space, the line has been
   space-stuffed (see <a href="#section-4.4">section 4.4</a>).  Logically, this leading space is
   deleted before examining the line further (that is, before checking
   for flowed).

   If the line ends in one or more spaces, the line is flowed.
   Otherwise it is fixed.  Trailing spaces are part of the line's
   content, but the CRLF of a soft line break is not.

   A series of one or more flowed lines followed by one fixed line is
   considered a paragraph, and MAY be flowed (wrapped and unwrapped) as
   appropriate on display and in the construction of new messages (see
   <a href="#section-4.5">section 4.5</a>).

   A line consisting of one or more spaces (after deleting a stuffed
   space) is considered a flowed line.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.3" href="#section-4.3">4.3</a>.  Usenet Signature Convention</span>

   There is a convention in Usenet news of using "-- " as the separator
   line between the body and the signature of a message.  When
   generating a Format=Flowed message containing a Usenet-style
   separator before the signature, the separator line is sent as-is.
   This is a special case; an (optionally quoted) line consisting of
   DASH DASH SP is not considered flowed.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.4" href="#section-4.4">4.4</a>.  Space-Stuffing</span>

   In order to allow for unquoted lines which start with "&gt;", and to
   protect against systems which "From-munge" in-transit messages
   (modifying any line which starts with "From " to "&gt;From "),
   Format=Flowed provides for space-stuffing.

   Space-stuffing adds a single space to the start of any line which
   needs protection when the message is generated.  On reception, if the
   first character of a line is a space, it is logically deleted.  This
   occurs after the test for a quoted line, and before the test for a
   flowed line.

   On generation, any unquoted lines which start with "&gt;", and any lines
   which start with a space or "From " SHOULD be space-stuffed.  Other
   lines MAY be space-stuffed as desired.

   (Note that space-stuffing is similar to dot-stuffing as specified in
   [<a href="#ref-SMTP" title="&quot;Simple Mail Transfer Protocol&quot;">SMTP</a>].)






<span class="grey">Gellens                     Standards Track                     [Page 7]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-8" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc2646">RFC 2646</a>            The Text/Plain Format Parameter          August 1999</span>


   If a space-stuffed message is received by an agent which handles
   Format=Flowed, the space-stuffing is reversed and thus the message
   appears unchanged.  An agent which is not aware of Format=Flowed will
   of course not undo any space-stuffing, thus Format=Flowed messages
   may appear with a leading space on some lines (those which start with
   a space, "&gt;" which is not a quote indicator, or "From ").  Since
   lines which require space-stuffing rarely occur, and the aesthetic
   consequences of unreversed space-stuffing are minimal, this is not
   expected to be a significant problem.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.5" href="#section-4.5">4.5</a>.  Quoting</span>

   In Format=Flowed, the canonical quote indicator (or quote mark) is
   one or more close angle bracket ("&gt;") characters.  Lines which start
   with the quote indicator are considered quoted.  The number of "&gt;"
   characters at the start of the line specifies the quote depth.
   Flowed lines which are also quoted may require special handling on
   display and when copied to new messages.

   When creating quoted flowed lines, each such line starts with the
   quote indicator.

   Note that because of space-stuffing, the lines
       &gt;&gt; Exit, Stage Left
   and
       &gt;&gt;Exit, Stage Left
   are semantically identical; both have a quote-depth of two, and a
   content of "Exit, Stage Left".

   However, the line
       &gt; &gt; Exit, Stage Left
   is different.  It has a quote-depth of one, and a content of
   "&gt; Exit, Stage Left".

   When generating quoted flowed lines, an agent needs to pay attention
   to changes in quote depth.  A sequence of quoted lines of the same
   quote depth SHOULD be encoded as a paragraph, with the last line
   generated as fixed and prior lines generated as flowed.

   If a receiving agent wishes to reformat flowed quoted lines (joining
   and/or wrapping them) on display or when generating new messages, the
   lines SHOULD be de-quoted, reformatted, and then re-quoted.  To
   de-quote, the number of close angle brackets in the quote indicator
   at the start of each line is counted.  Consecutive lines with the
   same quoting depth are considered one paragraph and are reformatted
   together.  To re-quote after reformatting, a quote indicator
   containing the same number of close angle brackets originally present
   is prefixed to each line.



<span class="grey">Gellens                     Standards Track                     [Page 8]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-9" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc2646">RFC 2646</a>            The Text/Plain Format Parameter          August 1999</span>


   On reception, if a change in quoting depth occurs on a flowed line,
   this is an improperly formatted message.  The receiver SHOULD handle
   this error by using the 'quote-depth-wins' rule, which is to ignore
   the flowed indicator and treat the line as fixed.  That is, the
   change in quote depth ends the paragraph.

   For example, consider the following sequence of lines (using '*' to
   indicate a soft line break, i.e., SP CRLF, and '#' to indicate a hard
   line break, i.e., CRLF):

      &gt; Thou villainous ill-breeding spongy dizzy-eyed*
      &gt; reeky elf-skinned pigeon-egg!*     &lt;--- problem ---&lt;
      &gt;&gt; Thou artless swag-bellied milk-livered*
      &gt;&gt; dismal-dreaming idle-headed scut!#
      &gt;&gt;&gt; Thou errant folly-fallen spleeny reeling-ripe*
      &gt;&gt;&gt; unmuzzled ratsbane!#
      &gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Henceforth, the coding style is to be strictly*
      &gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; enforced, including the use of only upper case.#
      &gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; I've noticed a lack of adherence to the coding*
      &gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; styles, of late.#
      &gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Any complaints?#

   The second line ends in a soft line break, even though it is the last
   line of the one-deep quote block.  The question then arises as to how
   this line should be interpreted, considering that the next line is
   the first line of the two-deep quote block.

   The example text above, when processed according to quote-depth wins,
   results in the first two lines being considered as one quoted, flowed
   section, with a quote depth of 1; the third and fourth lines become a
   quoted, flowed section, with a quote depth of 2.

   A generating agent SHOULD NOT create this situation; a receiving
   agent SHOULD handle it using quote-depth wins.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.6" href="#section-4.6">4.6</a>.  Digital Signatures and Encryption</span>

   If a message is digitally signed or encrypted it is important that
   cryptographic processing use the on-the-wire Format=Flowed format.
   That is, during generation the message SHOULD be prepared for
   transmission, including addition of soft line breaks, space-stuffing,
   and [<a href="#ref-Quoted-Printable" title="&quot;Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies&quot;">Quoted-Printable</a>] encoding (to protect soft line breaks) before
   being digitally signed or encrypted; similarly, on receipt the
   message SHOULD have the signature verified or be decrypted before
   [<a href="#ref-Quoted-Printable" title="&quot;Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies&quot;">Quoted-Printable</a>] decoding and removal of stuffed spaces, soft line
   breaks and quote marks, and reflowing.





<span class="grey">Gellens                     Standards Track                     [Page 9]</span></pre>
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<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc2646">RFC 2646</a>            The Text/Plain Format Parameter          August 1999</span>


<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.7" href="#section-4.7">4.7</a>.  Line Analysis Table</span>

   Lines contained in a Text/Plain body part with Format=Flowed can be
   analyzed by examining the start and end of the line.  If the line
   starts with the quote indicator, it is quoted.  If the line ends with
   one or more space characters, it is flowed.  This is summarized by
   the following table:

      Starts          Ends in
      with            One or             Line
      Quote           More Spaces        Type
      ------          -----------        ---------------
      no              no                 unquoted, fixed
      yes             no                 quoted,   fixed
      no              yes                unquoted, flowed
      yes             yes                quoted,   flowed

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.8" href="#section-4.8">4.8</a>.  Examples</span>

   The following example contains three paragraphs:

      `Take some more tea,' the March Hare said to Alice, very
      earnestly.

      `I've had nothing yet,' Alice replied in an offended tone, `so I
      can't take more.'

      `You mean you can't take LESS,' said the Hatter: `it's very easy
      to take MORE than nothing.'

   This could be encoded as follows (using '*' to indicate a soft line
   break, that is, SP CRLF sequence, and '#' to indicate a hard line
   break, that is, CRLF):

      `Take some more tea,' the March Hare said to Alice, very*
      earnestly.*
      #
      `I've had nothing yet,' Alice replied in an offended tone, `so*
      I can't take more.'*
      #
      `You mean you can't take LESS,' said the Hatter: `it's very*
      easy to take MORE than nothing.'#









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<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc2646">RFC 2646</a>            The Text/Plain Format Parameter          August 1999</span>


   To show an example of quoting, here we have the same exchange,
   presented as a series of direct quotes:

                &gt;&gt;&gt;Take some more tea.#
                &gt;&gt;I've had nothing yet, so I can't take more.#
                &gt;You mean you can't take LESS, it's very easy to take*
                &gt;MORE than nothing.#

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-5" href="#section-5">5</a>.  ABNF</span>

   The constructs used in Text/Plain; Format=Flowed body parts are
   described using [<a href="#ref-ABNF" title="&quot;Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF&quot;">ABNF</a>], including the Core Rules:

      paragraph     = 1*flowed-line fixed-line
      fixed-line    = fixed / sig-sep
      fixed         = [quote] [stuffing] *text-char non-sp CRLF
      flowed-line   = flow-qt / flow-unqt
      flow-qt       = quote [stuffing] *text-char 1*SP CRLF
      flow-unqt     = [stuffing] *text-char 1*SP CRLF
      non-sp        = %x01-09 / %x0B / %x0C / %x0E-1F / %x21-7F
                         ; any 7-bit US-ASCII character, excluding
                         ; NUL, CR, LF, and SP
      quote         = 1*"&gt;"
      sig-sep       = [quote] "--" SP CRLF
      stuffing      = [SP] ; space-stuffed, added on generation if
                           ; needed, deleted on reception
      text-char     = non-sp / SP

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-6" href="#section-6">6</a>.  Failure Modes</span>

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-6.1" href="#section-6.1">6.1</a>.  Trailing White Space Corruption</span>

   There are systems in existence which alter trailing whitespace on
   messages which pass through them.  Such systems may strip, or in
   rarer cases, add trailing whitespace, in violation of <a href="./rfc821">RFC 821</a> [<a href="#ref-SMTP" title="&quot;Simple Mail Transfer Protocol&quot;">SMTP</a>]
   <a href="#section-4.5.2">section 4.5.2</a>.

   Stripping trailing whitespace has the effect of converting flowed
   lines to fixed lines, which results in a message no worse than if
   Format=Flowed had not been used.

   Adding trailing whitespace to a Format=Flowed message may result in a
   malformed display or reply.

   Since most systems which add trailing white space do so to create a
   line which fills an internal record format, the result is almost
   always a line which contains an even number of characters (counting
   the added trailing white space).



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<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc2646">RFC 2646</a>            The Text/Plain Format Parameter          August 1999</span>


   One possible avoidance, therefore, would be to define Format=Flowed
   lines to use either one or two trailing space characters to indicate
   a flowed line, such that the total line length is odd.  However,
   considering the scarcity of such systems today, it is not worth the
   added complexity.

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-7" href="#section-7">7</a>.  Security Considerations</span>

   This parameter introduces no security considerations beyond those
   which apply to Text/Plain.

   <a href="#section-4.6">Section 4.6</a> discusses the interaction between Format=Flowed and
   digital signatures or encryption.

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-8" href="#section-8">8</a>.  IANA Considerations</span>

   IANA is requested to add a reference to this specification in the
   Text/Plain Media Type registration.

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-9" href="#section-9">9</a>.  Internationalization Considerations</span>

   The line wrap and quoting specifications of Format=Flowed may not be
   suitable for certain charsets, such as for Arabic and Hebrew
   characters that read from right to left.  Care should be taken in
   applying format=flowed in these cases, as format=fixed combined with
   quoted-printable encoding may be more suitable.

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-10" href="#section-10">10</a>.  Acknowledgments</span>

   This proposal evolved from a discussion of Chris Newman's
   Text/Paragraph draft which took place on the IETF 822 mailing list.
   Special thanks to Ian Bell, Steve Dorner, Brian Kelley, Dan Kohn,
   Laurence Lundblade, and Dan Wing for their reviews, comments,
   suggestions, and discussions.

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-11" href="#section-11">11</a>.  References</span>

   [<a id="ref-ABNF">ABNF</a>]             Crocker, D. and  P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for
                      Syntax Specifications: ABNF", <a href="./rfc2234">RFC 2234</a>, November
                      1997.

   [<a id="ref-KEYWORDS">KEYWORDS</a>]         S. Bradner, "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
                      Requirement Levels", <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/bcp/bcp14">BCP 14</a>, <a href="./rfc2119">RFC 2119</a>, March 1997.

   [<a id="ref-RICH">RICH</a>]             Resnick, P. and A. Walker, "The text/enriched MIME
                      Content-type", <a href="./rfc1896">RFC 1896</a>, February 1996.





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<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc2646">RFC 2646</a>            The Text/Plain Format Parameter          August 1999</span>


   [<a id="ref-MIME-IMT">MIME-IMT</a>]         Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose
                      Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part Two: Media
                      Types", <a href="./rfc2046">RFC 2046</a>, November 1996.

   [<a id="ref-Quoted-Printable">Quoted-Printable</a>] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose
                      Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format
                      of Internet Message Bodies", <a href="./rfc2045">RFC 2045</a>, November
                      1996.

   [<a id="ref-SMTP">SMTP</a>]             Postel, J., "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol", STD
                      10, <a href="./rfc821">RFC 821</a>,  August 1982.

   [<a id="ref-HTML">HTML</a>]             Berners-Lee, T. and D. Connolly, "Hypertext Markup
                      Language -- 2.0", <a href="./rfc1866">RFC 1866</a>, November 1995.


<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-12" href="#section-12">12</a>.  Editor's Address</span>

   Randall Gellens
   QUALCOMM Incorporated
   5775 Morehouse Dr.
   San Diego, CA  92121-2779
   USA

   Phone: +1 619 651 5115
   EMail: randy@qualcomm.com

























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<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc2646">RFC 2646</a>            The Text/Plain Format Parameter          August 1999</span>


<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-13" href="#section-13">13</a>.  Full Copyright Statement</span>

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1999).  All Rights Reserved.

   This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
   others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
   or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
   and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
   kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
   included on all such copies and derivative works.  However, this
   document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
   the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
   Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
   developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
   copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
   followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
   English.

   The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
   revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.

   This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
   "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
   TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
   BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
   HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
   MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

Acknowledgement

   Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
   Internet Society.



















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</pre>