<pre>Network Working Group                                        D. Eastlake
Request for Comments: 3075                                      Motorola
Category: Standards Track                                      J. Reagle
                                                                 W3C/MIT
                                                                 D. Solo
                                                               Citigroup
                                                              March 2001

                  <span class="h1">XML-Signature Syntax and Processing</span>

Status of this Memo

   This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
   Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
   improvements.  Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
   Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
   and status of this protocol.  Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2001 The Internet Society &amp; W3C (MIT, INRIA, Keio), All
   Rights Reserved.

Abstract

   This document specifies XML (Extensible Markup Language) digital
   signature processing rules and syntax.  XML Signatures provide
   integrity, message authentication, and/or signer authentication
   services for data of any type, whether located within the XML that
   includes the signature or elsewhere.

Table of Contents

   <a href="#section-1">1</a>.  Introduction ................................................  <a href="#page-3">3</a>
         <a href="#section-1">1</a>. Editorial Conventions ..................................  <a href="#page-3">3</a>
         <a href="#section-2">2</a>. Design Philosophy ......................................  <a href="#page-4">4</a>
         <a href="#section-3">3</a>. Versions, Namespaces and Identifiers ...................  <a href="#page-4">4</a>
         <a href="#section-4">4</a>. Acknowledgements .......................................  <a href="#page-5">5</a>
   <a href="#section-2">2</a>.  Signature Overview and Examples .............................  <a href="#page-6">6</a>
         1. Simple Example (Signature, SignedInfo, Methods, and
            References) ............................................  <a href="#page-7">7</a>
              <a href="#section-1">1</a>. More on Reference .................................  <a href="#page-9">9</a>
         <a href="#section-2">2</a>. Extended Example (Object and SignatureProperty) ........ <a href="#page-10">10</a>
         <a href="#section-3">3</a>. Extended Example (Object and Manifest) ................. <a href="#page-11">11</a>
   <a href="#section-3">3</a>.  Processing Rules ............................................ <a href="#page-13">13</a>
         <a href="#section-1">1</a>. Core Generation .... ................................... <a href="#page-13">13</a>
              <a href="#section-1">1</a>. Reference Generation .............................. <a href="#page-13">13</a>
              <a href="#section-2">2</a>. Signature Generation .............................. <a href="#page-13">13</a>



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         <a href="#section-2">2</a>. Core Validation ........................................ <a href="#page-13">13</a>
              <a href="#section-1">1</a>. Reference Validation .............................. <a href="#page-14">14</a>
              <a href="#section-2">2</a>. Signature Validation .............................. <a href="#page-14">14</a>
   <a href="#section-4">4</a>.  Core Signature Syntax ....................................... <a href="#page-14">14</a>
         <a href="#section-1">1</a>. The Signature element .................................. <a href="#page-15">15</a>
         <a href="#section-2">2</a>. The SignatureValue Element ............................. <a href="#page-16">16</a>
         <a href="#section-3">3</a>. The SignedInfo Element ................................. <a href="#page-16">16</a>
              <a href="#section-1">1</a>. The CanonicalizationMethod Element ................ <a href="#page-17">17</a>
              <a href="#section-2">2</a>. The SignatureMethod Element ....................... <a href="#page-18">18</a>
              <a href="#section-3">3</a>. The Reference Element ............................. <a href="#page-19">19</a>
                   <a href="#section-1">1</a>. The URI Attribute ............................ <a href="#page-19">19</a>
                   <a href="#section-2">2</a>. The Reference Processing Model ............... <a href="#page-21">21</a>
                   <a href="#section-3">3</a>. Same-Document URI-References ................. <a href="#page-23">23</a>
                   <a href="#section-4">4</a>. The Transforms Element ....................... <a href="#page-24">24</a>
                   <a href="#section-5">5</a>. The DigestMethod Element ..................... <a href="#page-25">25</a>
                   <a href="#section-6">6</a>. The DigestValue Element ...................... <a href="#page-26">26</a>
         <a href="#section-4">4</a>. The KeyInfo Element .................................... <a href="#page-26">26</a>
              <a href="#section-1">1</a>. The KeyName Element ............................... <a href="#page-27">27</a>
              <a href="#section-2">2</a>. The KeyValue Element .............................. <a href="#page-28">28</a>
              <a href="#section-3">3</a>. The RetrievalMethod Element ....................... <a href="#page-28">28</a>
              <a href="#section-4">4</a>. The X509Data Element .............................. <a href="#page-29">29</a>
              <a href="#section-5">5</a>. The PGPData Element ............................... <a href="#page-31">31</a>
              <a href="#section-6">6</a>. The SPKIData Element .............................. <a href="#page-32">32</a>
              <a href="#section-7">7</a>. The MgmtData Element .............................. <a href="#page-32">32</a>
         <a href="#section-5">5</a>. The Object Element ..................................... <a href="#page-33">33</a>
   <a href="#section-5">5</a>.  Additional Signature Syntax ................................. <a href="#page-34">34</a>
         <a href="#section-1">1</a>. The Manifest Element ................................... <a href="#page-34">34</a>
         <a href="#section-2">2</a>. The SignatureProperties Element ........................ <a href="#page-35">35</a>
         <a href="#section-3">3</a>. Processing Instructions ................................ <a href="#page-36">36</a>
         <a href="#section-4">4</a>. Comments in dsig Elements .............................. <a href="#page-36">36</a>
   <a href="#section-6">6</a>.  Algorithms .................................................. <a href="#page-36">36</a>
         <a href="#section-1">1</a>. Algorithm Identifiers and Implementation Requirements .. <a href="#page-36">36</a>
         <a href="#section-2">2</a>. Message Digests ........................................ <a href="#page-38">38</a>
              <a href="#section-1">1</a>. SHA-1 ............................................. <a href="#page-38">38</a>
         <a href="#section-3">3</a>. Message Authentication Codes ........................... <a href="#page-38">38</a>
              <a href="#section-1">1</a>. HMAC .............................................. <a href="#page-38">38</a>
         <a href="#section-4">4</a>. Signature Algorithms ................................... <a href="#page-39">39</a>
              <a href="#section-1">1</a>. DSA ............................................... <a href="#page-39">39</a>
              <a href="#section-2">2</a>. PKCS1 ............................................. <a href="#page-40">40</a>
         <a href="#section-5">5</a>. Canonicalization Algorithms ............................ <a href="#page-42">42</a>
              <a href="#section-1">1</a>. Minimal Canonicalization .......................... <a href="#page-43">43</a>
              <a href="#section-2">2</a>. Canonical XML ..................................... <a href="#page-43">43</a>
         <a href="#section-6">6</a>. Transform Algorithms ................................... <a href="#page-44">44</a>
              <a href="#section-1">1</a>. Canonicalization .................................. <a href="#page-44">44</a>
              <a href="#section-2">2</a>. Base64 ............................................ <a href="#page-44">44</a>
              <a href="#section-3">3</a>. XPath Filtering ................................... <a href="#page-45">45</a>
              <a href="#section-4">4</a>. Enveloped Signature Transform ..................... <a href="#page-48">48</a>
              <a href="#section-5">5</a>. XSLT Transform .................................... <a href="#page-48">48</a>



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   <a href="#section-7">7</a>.  XML Canonicalization and Syntax Constraint Considerations ... <a href="#page-49">49</a>
         <a href="#section-1">1</a>. XML 1.0, Syntax Constraints, and Canonicalization  ..... <a href="#page-50">50</a>
         <a href="#section-2">2</a>. DOM/SAX Processing and Canonicalization ................ <a href="#page-51">51</a>
   <a href="#section-8">8</a>.  Security Considerations ..................................... <a href="#page-52">52</a>
         <a href="#section-1">1</a>. Transforms ............................................. <a href="#page-52">52</a>
              <a href="#section-1">1</a>. Only What is Signed is Secure ..................... <a href="#page-52">52</a>
              <a href="#section-2">2</a>. Only What is "Seen" Should be Signed .............. <a href="#page-53">53</a>
              <a href="#section-3">3</a>. "See" What is Signed .............................. <a href="#page-53">53</a>
         <a href="#section-2">2</a>. Check the Security Model ............................... <a href="#page-54">54</a>
         <a href="#section-3">3</a>. Algorithms, Key Lengths, Etc. .......................... <a href="#page-54">54</a>
   <a href="#section-9">9</a>.  Schema, DTD, Data Model,and Valid Examples .................. <a href="#page-55">55</a>
   <a href="#section-10">10</a>. Definitions ................................................. <a href="#page-56">56</a>
   <a href="#section-11">11</a>. References .................................................. <a href="#page-58">58</a>
   <a href="#section-12">12</a>. Authors' Addresses .......................................... <a href="#page-63">63</a>
   <a href="#section-13">13</a>. Full Copyright Statement .................................... <a href="#page-64">64</a>

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-1.0" href="#section-1.0">1.0</a> Introduction</span>

   This document specifies XML syntax and processing rules for creating
   and representing digital signatures. XML Signatures can be applied to
   any digital content (data object), including XML.  An XML Signature
   may be applied to the content of one or more resources.  Enveloped or
   enveloping signatures are over data within the same XML document as
   the signature; detached signatures are over data external to the
   signature element.  More specifically, this specification defines an
   XML signature element type and an XML signature application;
   conformance requirements for each are specified by way of schema
   definitions and prose respectively.  This specification also includes
   other useful types that identify methods for referencing collections
   of resources, algorithms, and keying and management information.

   The XML Signature is a method of associating a key with referenced
   data (octets); it does not normatively specify how keys are
   associated with persons or institutions, nor the meaning of the data
   being referenced and signed.  Consequently, while this specification
   is an important component of secure XML applications, it itself is
   not sufficient to address all application security/trust concerns,
   particularly with respect to using signed XML (or other data formats)
   as a basis of human-to-human communication and agreement.  Such an
   application must specify additional key, algorithm, processing and
   rendering requirements.  For further information, please see Security
   Considerations (<a href="#section-8">section 8</a>).

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-1.1" href="#section-1.1">1.1</a> Editorial and Conformance Conventions</span>

   For readability, brevity, and historic reasons this document uses the
   term "signature" to generally refer to digital authentication values
   of all types.Obviously, the term is also strictly used to refer to



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   authentication values that are based on public keys and that provide
   signer authentication.  When specifically discussing authentication
   values based on symmetric secret key codes we use the terms
   authenticators or authentication codes.  (See Check the Security
   Model, <a href="#section-8.3">section 8.3</a>.)

   This specification uses both XML Schemas [XML-schema] and DTDs [XML].
   (Readers unfamiliar with DTD syntax may wish to refer to Ron
   Bourret's "Declaring Elements and Attributes in an XML DTD"
   [Bourret].)  The schema definition is presently normative.

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   specification are to be interpreted as described in <a href="./rfc2119">RFC2119</a>
   [KEYWORDS]:

      "they MUST only be used where it is actually required for
      interoperation or to limit behavior which has potential for
      causing harm (e.g., limiting retransmissions)"

   Consequently, we use these capitalized keywords to unambiguously
   specify requirements over protocol and application features and
   behavior that affect the interoperability and security of
   implementations.  These key words are not used (capitalized) to
   describe XML grammar; schema definitions unambiguously describe such
   requirements and we wish to reserve the prominence of these terms for
   the natural language descriptions of protocols and features.  For
   instance, an XML attribute might be described as being "optional."
   Compliance with the XML-namespace specification [XML-ns] is described
   as "REQUIRED."

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-1.2" href="#section-1.2">1.2</a> Design Philosophy</span>

   The design philosophy and requirements of this specification are
   addressed in the XML-Signature Requirements document [XML-Signature-
   RD].

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-1.3" href="#section-1.3">1.3</a> Versions, Namespaces and Identifiers</span>

   No provision is made for an explicit version number in this syntax.
   If a future version is needed, it will use a different namespace  The
   XML namespace [XML-ns] URI that MUST be used by implementations of
   this (dated) specification is:
   xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#"







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   This namespace is also used as the prefix for algorithm identifiers
   used by this specification.  While applications MUST support XML and
   XML-namespaces, the use of internal entities [XML] or our "dsig" XML
   namespace prefix and defaulting/scoping conventions are OPTIONAL; we
   use these facilities to provide compact and readable examples.

   This specification uses Uniform Resource Identifiers [URI] to
   identify resources, algorithms, and semantics.  The URI in the
   namespace declaration above is also used as a prefix for URIs under
   the control of this specification.  For resources not under the
   control of this specification, we use the designated Uniform Resource
   Names [URN] or Uniform Resource Locators [URL] defined by its
   normative external specification.  If an external specification has
   not allocated itself a Uniform Resource Identifier we allocate an
   identifier under our own namespace.  For instance:

   SignatureProperties is identified and defined by this specification's
         namespace
         <a href="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#SignatureProperties">http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#SignatureProperties</a>

   XSLT is identified and defined by an external URI
         <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/PR-xslt-19991008">http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/PR-xslt-19991008</a>

   SHA1 is identified via this specification's namespace and defined via
         a normative reference
         <a href="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#sha1">http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#sha1</a>
         FIPS PUB 180-1.  Secure Hash Standard.  U.S. Department of
         Commerce/National Institute of Standards and Technology.

   Finally, in order to provide for terse namespace declarations we
   sometimes use XML internal entities [XML] within URIs.  For instance:

      &lt;?xml version='1.0'?&gt;
      &lt;!DOCTYPE Signature SYSTEM
        "xmldsig-core-schema.dtd" [ &lt;!ENTITY dsig
        "<a href="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#">http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#</a>"&gt; ]&gt;
      &lt;Signature xmlns="&amp;dsig;" Id="MyFirstSignature"&gt;
        &lt;SignedInfo&gt;
        ...

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-1.4" href="#section-1.4">1.4</a>  Acknowledgements</span>

   The contributions of the following working group members to this
   specification are gratefully acknowledged:

      *  Mark Bartel, JetForm Corporation (Author)
      *  John Boyer, PureEdge (Author)
      *  Mariano P. Consens, University of Waterloo



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      *  John Cowan, Reuters Health
      *  Donald Eastlake 3rd, Motorola  (Chair, Author/Editor)
      *  Barb Fox, Microsoft (Author)
      *  Christian Geuer-Pollmann, University Siegen
      *  Tom Gindin, IBM
      *  Phillip Hallam-Baker, VeriSign Inc
      *  Richard Himes, US Courts
      *  Merlin Hughes, Baltimore
      *  Gregor Karlinger, IAIK TU Graz
      *  Brian LaMacchia, Microsoft
      *  Peter Lipp, IAIK TU Graz
      *  Joseph Reagle, W3C (Chair, Author/Editor)
      *  Ed Simon, Entrust Technologies Inc. (Author)
      *  David Solo, Citigroup (Author/Editor)
      *  Petteri Stenius, DONE Information, Ltd
      *  Raghavan Srinivas, Sun
      *  Kent Tamura, IBM
      *  Winchel Todd Vincent III, GSU
      *  Carl Wallace, Corsec Security, Inc.
      *  Greg Whitehead, Signio Inc.

   As are the last call comments from the following:

      *  Dan Connolly, W3C
      *  Paul Biron, Kaiser Permanente, on behalf of the XML Schema WG.
      *  Martin J. Duerst, W3C; and Masahiro Sekiguchi, Fujitsu; on
         behalf of the Internationalization WG/IG.
      *  Jonathan Marsh, Microsoft, on behalf of the Extensible
         Stylesheet Language WG.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.0" href="#section-2.0">2.0</a> Signature Overview and Examples</span>

   This section provides an overview and examples of XML digital
   signature syntax.  The specific processing is given in Processing
   Rules (<a href="#section-3">section 3</a>).  The formal syntax is found in Core Signature
   Syntax (<a href="#section-4">section 4</a>) and Additional Signature Syntax (<a href="#section-5">section 5</a>).

   In this section, an informal representation and examples are used to
   describe the structure of the XML signature syntax.  This
   representation and examples may omit attributes, details and
   potential features that are fully explained later.

   XML Signatures are applied to arbitrary digital content (data
   objects) via an indirection.  Data objects are digested, the
   resulting value is placed in an element (with other information) and
   that element is then digested and cryptographically signed.  XML
   digital signatures are represented by the Signature element which has




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   the following structure (where "?" denotes zero or one occurrence;
   "+" denotes one or more occurrences; and "*" denotes zero or more
   occurrences):

      &lt;Signature&gt;
        &lt;SignedInfo&gt;
          (CanonicalizationMethod)
          (SignatureMethod)
          (&lt;Reference (URI=)? &gt;
            (Transforms)?
            (DigestMethod)
            (DigestValue)
          &lt;/Reference&gt;)+
        &lt;/SignedInfo&gt;
        (SignatureValue)
       (KeyInfo)?
       (Object)*
      &lt;/Signature&gt;

   Signatures are related to data objects via URIs [URI].  Within an XML
   document, signatures are related to local data objects via fragment
   identifiers.  Such local data can be included within an enveloping
   signature or can enclose an enveloped signature.  Detached signatures
   are over external network resources or local data objects that
   resides within the same XML document as sibling elements; in this
   case, the signature is neither enveloping (signature is parent) nor
   enveloped (signature is child).  Since a Signature element (and its
   Id attribute value/name) may co-exist or be combined with other
   elements (and their IDs) within a single XML document, care should be
   taken in choosing names such that there are no subsequent collisions
   that violate the ID uniqueness validity constraint [XML].

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.1" href="#section-2.1">2.1</a> Simple Example (Signature, SignedInfo, Methods, and References)</span>

   The following example is a detached signature of the content of the
   HTML4 in XML specification.

[<a id="ref-s01">s01</a>] &lt;Signature Id="MyFirstSignature"
       xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#"&gt;
[s02]   &lt;SignedInfo&gt;
[<a href="#ref-s03">s03</a>]   &lt;CanonicalizationMethod
         Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-xml-c14n-20001026"/&gt;
[<a href="#ref-s04">s04</a>]   &lt;SignatureMethod
         Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#dsa-sha1"/&gt;
[<a href="#ref-s05">s05</a>]   &lt;Reference URI="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/REC-xhtml1-20000126/"&gt;
[s06]     &lt;Transforms&gt;
[s07]       &lt;Transform Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/
             CR-xml-c14n-20001026"/&gt;



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[<a id="ref-s08">s08</a>]     &lt;/Transforms&gt;
[s09]     &lt;DigestMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/
           xmldsig#sha1"/&gt;
[s10]     &lt;DigestValue&gt;j6lwx3rvEPO0vKtMup4NbeVu8nk=&lt;/DigestValue&gt;
[s11]   &lt;/Reference&gt;
[s12] &lt;/SignedInfo&gt;
[s13]   &lt;SignatureValue&gt;MC0CFFrVLtRlk=...&lt;/SignatureValue&gt;
[s14]   &lt;KeyInfo&gt;
[s15a]    &lt;KeyValue&gt;
[s15b]      &lt;DSAKeyValue&gt;
[s15c]        &lt;P&gt;...&lt;/P&gt;&lt;Q&gt;...&lt;/Q&gt;&lt;G&gt;...&lt;/G&gt;&lt;Y&gt;...&lt;/Y&gt;
[s15d]      &lt;/DSAKeyValue&gt;
[s15e]    &lt;/KeyValue&gt;
[s16]   &lt;/KeyInfo&gt;
[s17] &lt;/Signature&gt;

   [<a id="ref-s02-12">s02-12</a>] The required SignedInfo element is the information that is
   actually signed.  Core validation of SignedInfo consists of two
   mandatory processes: validation of the signature over SignedInfo and
   validation of each Reference digest within SignedInfo.  Note that the
   algorithms used in calculating the SignatureValue are also included
   in the signed information while the SignatureValue element is outside
   SignedInfo.

   [<a id="ref-s03">s03</a>] The CanonicalizationMethod is the algorithm that is used to
   canonicalize the SignedInfo element before it is digested as part of
   the signature operation.

   [<a id="ref-s04">s04</a>] The SignatureMethod is the algorithm that is used to convert
   the canonicalized SignedInfo into the SignatureValue.  It is a
   combination of a digest algorithm and a key dependent algorithm and
   possibly other algorithms such as padding, for example RSA-SHA1.  The
   algorithm names are signed to resist attacks based on substituting a
   weaker algorithm.  To promote application interoperability we specify
   a set of signature algorithms that MUST be implemented, though their
   use is at the discretion of the signature creator.  We specify
   additional algorithms as RECOMMENDED or OPTIONAL for implementation
   and the signature design permits arbitrary user algorithm
   specification.

   [<a id="ref-s05-11">s05-11</a>] Each Reference element includes the digest method and
   resulting digest value calculated over the identified data object.
   It also may include transformations that produced the input to the
   digest operation.  A data object is signed by computing its digest
   value and a signature over that value.  The signature is later
   checked via reference and signature validation.





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   [<a id="ref-s14-16">s14-16</a>] KeyInfo indicates the key to be used to validate the
   signature.  Possible forms for identification include certificates,
   key names, and key agreement algorithms and information -- we define
   only a few.  KeyInfo is optional for two reasons.  First, the signer
   may not wish to reveal key information to all document processing
   parties.  Second, the information may be known within the
   application's context and need not be represented explicitly.  Since
   KeyInfo is outside of SignedInfo, if the signer wishes to bind the
   keying information to the signature, a Reference can easily identify
   and include the KeyInfo as part of the signature.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.1.1" href="#section-2.1.1">2.1.1</a> More on Reference</span>

[<a id="ref-s05">s05</a>]   &lt;Reference URI="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/REC-xhtml1-20000126/"&gt;
[s06]     &lt;Transforms&gt;
[s07]       &lt;Transform
             Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/
             CR-xml-c14n-20001026"/&gt;
[<a href="#ref-s08">s08</a>]     &lt;/Transforms&gt;
[s09]     &lt;DigestMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/
           xmldsig#sha1"/&gt;
[s10]     &lt;DigestValue&gt;j6lwx3rvEPO0vKtMup4NbeVu8nk=&lt;/DigestValue&gt;
[s11]   &lt;/Reference&gt;

   [<a id="ref-s05">s05</a>] The optional URI attribute of Reference identifies the data
   object to be signed.  This attribute may be omitted on at most one
   Reference in a Signature.  (This limitation is imposed in order to
   ensure that references and objects may be matched unambiguously.)

   [<a id="ref-s05-08">s05-08</a>] This identification, along with the transforms, is a
   description provided by the signer on how they obtained the signed
   data object in the form it was digested (i.e., the digested content).
   The verifier may obtain the digested content in another method so
   long as the digest verifies.  In particular, the verifier may obtain
   the content from a different location such as a local store than that
   specified in the URI.

   [<a id="ref-s06-08">s06-08</a>] Transforms is an optional ordered list of processing steps
   that were applied to the resource's content before it was digested.
   Transforms can include operations such as canonicalization,
   encoding/decoding (including compression/inflation), XSLT and XPath.
   XPath transforms permit the signer to derive an XML document that
   omits portions of the source document.  Consequently those excluded
   portions can change without affecting signature validity.  For
   example, if the resource being signed encloses the signature itself,
   such a transform must be used to exclude the signature value from its
   own computation.  If no Transforms element is present, the resource's
   content is digested directly.  While we specify mandatory (and



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   optional) canonicalization and decoding algorithms, user specified
   transforms are permitted.

   [<a id="ref-s09-10">s09-10</a>] DigestMethod is the algorithm applied to the data after
   Transforms is applied (if specified) to yield the DigestValue.  The
   signing of the DigestValue is what binds a resources content to the
   signer's key.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.2" href="#section-2.2">2.2</a> Extended Example (Object and SignatureProperty)</span>

   This specification does not address mechanisms for making statements
   or assertions.  Instead, this document defines what it means for
   something to be signed by an XML Signature (message authentication,
   integrity, and/or signer authentication).  Applications that wish to
   represent other semantics must rely upon other technologies, such as
   [XML, RDF].  For instance, an application might use a foo:assuredby
   attribute within its own markup to reference a Signature element.
   Consequently, it's the application that must understand and know how
   to make trust decisions given the validity of the signature and the
   meaning of assuredby syntax.  We also define a SignatureProperties
   element type for the inclusion of assertions about the signature
   itself (e.g., signature semantics, the time of signing or the serial
   number of hardware used in cryptographic processes).  Such assertions
   may be signed by including a Reference for the SignatureProperties in
   SignedInfo.  While the signing application should be very careful
   about what it signs (it should understand what is in the
   SignatureProperty) a receiving application has no obligation to
   understand that semantic (though its parent trust engine may wish
   to).  Any content about the signature generation may be located
   within the SignatureProperty element.  The mandatory Target attribute
   references the Signature element to which the property applies.

   Consider the preceding example with an additional reference to a
   local Object that includes a SignatureProperty element.  (Such a
   signature would not only be detached [p02] but enveloping [p03].)

[   ]  &lt;Signature Id="MySecondSignature" ...&gt;
[p01]  &lt;SignedInfo&gt;
[   ]   ...
[p02]   &lt;Reference URI="http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-stylesheet/"&gt;
[   ]   ...
[p03]   &lt;Reference URI="#AMadeUpTimeStamp"
[<a href="#ref-p04">p04</a>]         Type="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/
                    xmldsig#SignatureProperties"&gt;
[p05]    &lt;DigestMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/
          xmldsig#sha1"/&gt;
[p06]    &lt;DigestValue&gt;k3453rvEPO0vKtMup4NbeVu8nk=&lt;/DigestValue&gt;
[p07]   &lt;/Reference&gt;



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[<a id="ref-p08">p08</a>]  &lt;/SignedInfo&gt;
[p09]  ...
[<a href="#ref-p10">p10</a>]  &lt;Object&gt;
[p11]   &lt;SignatureProperties&gt;
[p12]     &lt;SignatureProperty Id="AMadeUpTimeStamp"
           Target="#MySecondSignature"&gt;
[p13]        &lt;timestamp xmlns="http://www.ietf.org/rfc3075.txt"&gt;
[p14]          &lt;date&gt;19990908&lt;/date&gt;
[p15]          &lt;time&gt;14:34:34:34&lt;/time&gt;
[p16]        &lt;/timestamp&gt;
[p17]     &lt;/SignatureProperty&gt;
[p18]   &lt;/SignatureProperties&gt;
[p19]  &lt;/Object&gt;
[p20]&lt;/Signature&gt;

   [<a id="ref-p04">p04</a>] The optional Type attribute of Reference provides information
   about the resource identified by the URI.  In particular, it can
   indicate that it is an Object, SignatureProperty, or Manifest
   element.  This can be used by applications to initiate special
   processing of some Reference elements.  References to an XML data
   element within an Object element SHOULD identify the actual element
   pointed to.  Where the element content is not XML (perhaps it is
   binary or encoded data) the reference should identify the Object and
   the Reference Type, if given, SHOULD indicate Object.  Note that Type
   is advisory and no action based on it or checking of its correctness
   is required by core behavior.

   [<a id="ref-p10">p10</a>] Object is an optional element for including data objects within
   the signature element or elsewhere.  The Object can be optionally
   typed and/or encoded.

   [<a id="ref-p11-18">p11-18</a>] Signature properties, such as time of signing, can be
   optionally signed by identifying them from within a Reference.
   (These properties are traditionally called signature "attributes"
   although that term has no relationship to the XML term "attribute".)

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.3" href="#section-2.3">2.3</a> Extended Example (Object and Manifest)</span>

   The Manifest element is provided to meet additional requirements not
   directly addressed by the mandatory parts of this specification.  Two
   requirements and the way the Manifest satisfies them follows.

   First, applications frequently need to efficiently sign multiple data
   objects even where the signature operation itself is an expensive
   public key signature.  This requirement can be met by including
   multiple Reference elements within SignedInfo since the inclusion of
   each digest secures the data digested.  However, some applications
   may not want the core validation behavior associated with this



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   approach because it requires every Reference within SignedInfo to
   undergo reference validation -- the DigestValue elements are checked.
   These applications may wish to reserve reference validation decision
   logic to themselves.  For example, an application might receive a
   signature valid SignedInfo element that includes three Reference
   elements.  If a single Reference fails (the identified data object
   when digested does not yield the specified DigestValue) the signature
   would fail core validation.  However, the application may wish to
   treat the signature over the two valid Reference elements as valid or
   take different actions depending on which fails.  To accomplish this,
   SignedInfo would reference a Manifest element that contains one or
   more Reference elements (with the same structure as those in
   SignedInfo).  Then, reference validation of the Manifest is under
   application control.

   Second, consider an application where many signatures (using
   different keys) are applied to a large number of documents.  An
   inefficient solution is to have a separate signature (per key)
   repeatedly applied to a large SignedInfo element (with many
   References); this is wasteful and redundant.  A more efficient
   solution is to include many references in a single Manifest that is
   then referenced from multiple Signature elements.

   The example below includes a Reference that signs a Manifest found
   within the Object element.

[   ] ...
[m01]   &lt;Reference URI="#MyFirstManifest"
[m02]     Type="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#Manifest"&gt;
[m03]     &lt;DigestMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/
           xmldsig#sha1"/&gt;
[m04]     &lt;DigestValue&gt;345x3rvEPO0vKtMup4NbeVu8nk=&lt;/DigestValue&gt;
[m05]   &lt;/Reference&gt;
[   ] ...
[m06] &lt;Object&gt;
[m07]   &lt;Manifest Id="MyFirstManifest"&gt;
[m08]     &lt;Reference&gt;
[m09]     ...
[m10]     &lt;/Reference&gt;
[m11]     &lt;Reference&gt;
[m12]     ...
[m13]     &lt;/Reference&gt;
[m14]   &lt;/Manifest&gt;
[m15] &lt;/Object&gt;







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<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.0" href="#section-3.0">3.0</a> Processing Rules</span>

   The sections below describe the operations to be performed as part of
   signature generation and validation.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.1" href="#section-3.1">3.1</a> Core Generation</span>

   The REQUIRED steps include the generation of Reference elements and
   the SignatureValue over SignedInfo.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.1.1" href="#section-3.1.1">3.1.1</a> Reference Generation</span>

   For each data object being signed:

   1. Apply the Transforms, as determined by the application, to the
      data object.
   2. Calculate the digest value over the resulting data object.

   3. Create a Reference element, including the (optional)
      identification of the data object, any (optional) transform
      elements, the digest algorithm and the DigestValue.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.1.2" href="#section-3.1.2">3.1.2</a> Signature Generation</span>

   1. Create SignedInfo element with SignatureMethod,
      CanonicalizationMethod and Reference(s).
   2. Canonicalize and then calculate the SignatureValue over SignedInfo
      based on algorithms specified in SignedInfo.
   3. Construct the Signature element that includes SignedInfo,
      Object(s) (if desired, encoding may be different than that used
      for signing), KeyInfo (if required), and SignatureValue.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.2" href="#section-3.2">3.2</a> Core Validation</span>

   The REQUIRED steps of core validation include (1) reference
   validation, the verification of the digest contained in each
   Reference in SignedInfo, and (2) the cryptographic signature
   validation of the signature calculated over SignedInfo.

   Note, there may be valid signatures that some signature applications
   are unable to validate.  Reasons for this include failure to
   implement optional parts of this specification, inability or
   unwillingness to execute specified algorithms, or inability or
   unwillingness to dereference specified URIs (some URI schemes may
   cause undesirable side effects), etc.






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<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.2.1" href="#section-3.2.1">3.2.1</a> Reference Validation</span>

   For each Reference in SignedInfo:

   1. Canonicalize the SignedInfo element based on the
      CanonicalizationMethod in SignedInfo.
   2. Obtain the data object to be digested.  (The signature application
      may rely upon the identification (URI) and Transforms provided by
      the signer in the Reference element, or it may obtain the content
      through other means such as a local cache.)
   3. Digest the resulting data object using the DigestMethod specified
      in its Reference specification.
   4. Compare the generated digest value against DigestValue in the
      SignedInfo Reference; if there is any mismatch, validation fails.

   Note, SignedInfo is canonicalized in step 1 to ensure the application
   Sees What is Signed, which is the canonical form.  For instance, if
   the CanonicalizationMethod rewrote the URIs (e.g., absolutizing
   relative URIs) the signature processing must be cognizant of this.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.2.2" href="#section-3.2.2">3.2.2</a> Signature Validation</span>

   1. Obtain the keying information from KeyInfo or from an external
      source.
   2. Obtain the canonical form of the SignatureMethod using  the
      CanonicalizationMethod and use the result (and previously obtained
      KeyInfo) to validate the SignatureValue over the SignedInfo
      element.

   Note, KeyInfo (or some transformed version thereof) may be signed via
   a Reference element.  Transformation and validation of this reference
   (3.2.1) is orthogonal to Signature Validation which uses the KeyInfo
   as parsed.

   Additionally, the SignatureMethod URI may have been altered by the
   canonicalization of SignedInfo (e.g., absolutization of relative
   URIs) and it is the canonical form that MUST be used.  However, the
   required canonicalization [XML-C14N] of this specification does not
   change URIs.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.0" href="#section-4.0">4.0</a> Core Signature Syntax</span>

   The general structure of an XML signature is described in Signature
   Overview (<a href="#section-2">section 2</a>).  This section provides detailed syntax of the
   core signature features.  Features described in this section are
   mandatory to implement unless otherwise indicated.  The syntax is
   defined via DTDs and [XML-Schema] with the following XML preamble,
   declaration, internal entity, and simpleType:



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   Schema Definition:

&lt;!DOCTYPE schema
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XMLSCHEMA 200010//EN"
          "<a href="http://www.w3.org/2000/10/XMLSchema.dtd">http://www.w3.org/2000/10/XMLSchema.dtd</a>"
  [
   &lt;!ATTLIST schema
     xmlns:ds CDATA #FIXED "<a href="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#">http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#</a>"&gt;
   &lt;!ENTITY dsig 'http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#'&gt;
  ]&gt;

&lt;schema xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/10/XMLSchema"
      xmlns:ds="&amp;dsig;"
      targetNamespace="&amp;dsig;"
      version="0.1"
      elementFormDefault="qualified"&gt;

&lt;!-- Basic Types Defined for Signatures --&gt;

&lt;simpleType name="CryptoBinary"&gt;
  &lt;restriction base="binary"&gt;
   &lt;encoding value="base64"/&gt;
  &lt;/restriction&gt;
&lt;/simpleType&gt;
DTD:

&lt;!-- These entity declarations permit the flexible parts of Signature
     content model to be easily expanded --&gt;

&lt;!ENTITY % Object.ANY '(#PCDATA|Signature|SignatureProperties|
                        Manifest)*'&gt;
&lt;!ENTITY % Method.ANY '(#PCDATA|HMACOutputLength)*'&gt;
&lt;!ENTITY % Transform.ANY '(#PCDATA|XPath|XSLT)'&gt;
&lt;!ENTITY % SignatureProperty.ANY '(#PCDATA)*'&gt;
&lt;!ENTITY % Key.ANY '(#PCDATA|KeyName|KeyValue|RetrievalMethod|
           X509Data|PGPData|MgmtData|DSAKeyValue|RSAKeyValue)*'&gt;

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.1" href="#section-4.1">4.1</a> The Signature element</span>

   The Signature element is the root element of an XML Signature.
   Signature elements MUST be laxly schema valid [XML-schema] with
   respect to the following schema definition:
   Schema Definition:

&lt;element name="Signature"&gt;
  &lt;complexType&gt;
    &lt;sequence&gt;
      &lt;element ref="ds:SignedInfo"/&gt;



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      &lt;element ref="ds:SignatureValue"/&gt;
      &lt;element ref="ds:KeyInfo" minOccurs="0"/&gt;
      &lt;element ref="ds:Object" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/&gt;
    &lt;/sequence&gt;
    &lt;attribute name="Id" type="ID" use="optional"/&gt;
  &lt;/complexType&gt;
&lt;/element&gt;
DTD:

&lt;!ELEMENT Signature (SignedInfo, SignatureValue, KeyInfo?, Object*)  &gt;
&lt;!ATTLIST Signature
          xmlns  CDATA   #FIXED 'http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#'
          Id     ID  #IMPLIED &gt;

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.2" href="#section-4.2">4.2</a> The SignatureValue Element</span>

   The SignatureValue element contains the actual value of the digital
   signature; it is always encoded using base64 [MIME].  While we
   specify a mandatory and optional to implement SignatureMethod
   algorithms, user specified algorithms are permitted.  Schema
   Definition:

   &lt;element name="SignatureValue" type="ds:CryptoBinary"/&gt;
   DTD:

   &lt;!ELEMENT SignatureValue (#PCDATA) &gt;

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.3" href="#section-4.3">4.3</a> The SignedInfo Element</span>

   The structure of SignedInfo includes the canonicalization algorithm,
   a signature algorithm, and one or more references.  The SignedInfo
   element may contain an optional ID attribute that will allow it to be
   referenced by other signatures and objects.

   SignedInfo does not include explicit signature or digest properties
   (such as calculation time, cryptographic device serial number, etc.).
   If an application needs to associate properties with the signature or
   digest, it may include such information in a SignatureProperties
   element within an Object element.
   Schema Definition:

      &lt;element name="SignedInfo"&gt;
        &lt;complexType&gt;
          &lt;sequence&gt;
            &lt;element ref="ds:CanonicalizationMethod"/&gt;
            &lt;element ref="ds:SignatureMethod"/&gt;
            &lt;element ref="ds:Reference" maxOccurs="unbounded"/&gt;
          &lt;/sequence&gt;



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        &lt;attribute name="Id" type="ID" use="optional"/&gt;
        &lt;/complexType&gt;
      &lt;/element&gt;
      DTD:

      &lt;!ELEMENT SignedInfo (CanonicalizationMethod,
             SignatureMethod,  Reference+)  &gt;
   &lt;!ATTLIST SignedInfo
             Id  ID      #IMPLIED&gt;

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.3.1" href="#section-4.3.1">4.3.1</a> The CanonicalizationMethod Element</span>

   CanonicalizationMethod is a required element that specifies the
   canonicalization algorithm applied to the SignedInfo element prior to
   performing signature calculations.  This element uses the general
   structure for algorithms described in Algorithm Identifiers and
   Implementation Requirements (<a href="#section-6.1">section 6.1</a>).  Implementations MUST
   support the REQUIRED Canonical XML [XML-C14N] method.

   Alternatives to the REQUIRED Canonical XML algorithm (<a href="#section-6.5.2">section 6.5.2</a>),
   such as Canonical XML with Comments (<a href="#section-6.5.2">section 6.5.2</a>) and Minimal
   Canonicalization (the CRLF and charset normalization specified in
   <a href="#section-6.5.1">section 6.5.1</a>), may be explicitly specified but are NOT REQUIRED.
   Consequently, their use may not interoperate with other applications
   that do no support the specified algorithm (see XML Canonicalization
   and Syntax Constraint Considerations, <a href="#section-7">section 7</a>).  Security issues
   may also arise in the treatment of entity processing and comments if
   minimal or other non-XML aware canonicalization algorithms are not
   properly constrained (see <a href="#section-8.2">section 8.2</a>: Only What is "Seen" Should be
   Signed).

   The way in which the SignedInfo element is presented to the
   canonicalization method is dependent on that method.  The following
   applies to the two types of algorithms specified by this document:

      *  Canonical XML [XML-C14N] (with or without comments)
         implementation MUST be provided with an XPath node-set
         originally formed from the document containing the SignedInfo
         and currently indicating the SignedInfo, its descendants, and
         the attribute and namespace nodes of SignedInfo and its
         descendant elements (such that the namespace context and
         similar ancestor information of the SignedInfo is preserved).

      *  Minimal canonicalization implementations MUST be provided with
         the octets that represent the well-formed SignedInfo element,
         from the first character to the last character of the XML
         representation, inclusive.  This includes the entire text of




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         the start and end tags of the SignedInfo element as well as all
         descendant markup and character data (i.e., the text) between
         those tags.

   We RECOMMEND that resource constrained applications that do not
   implement the Canonical XML [XML-C14N] algorithm and instead choose
   minimal canonicalization (or some other form) be implemented to
   generate Canonical XML as their output serialization so as to easily
   mitigate some of these interoperability and security concerns.
   (While a result might not be the canonical form of the original, it
   can still be in canonical form.)  For instance, such an
   implementation SHOULD (at least) generate standalone XML instances
   [XML].
   Schema Definition:

   &lt;element name="CanonicalizationMethod"&gt;
     &lt;complexType&gt;
       &lt;sequence&gt;
         &lt;any namespace="##any" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/&gt;
       &lt;/sequence&gt;
       &lt;attribute name="Algorithm" type="uriReference" use="required"/&gt;
     &lt;/complexType&gt;
   &lt;/element&gt;
   DTD:

   &lt;!ELEMENT CanonicalizationMethod %Method.ANY; &gt;
   &lt;!ATTLIST CanonicalizationMethod
             Algorithm CDATA #REQUIRED &gt;

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.3.2" href="#section-4.3.2">4.3.2</a> The SignatureMethod Element</span>

   SignatureMethod is a required element that specifies the algorithm
   used for signature generation and validation.  This algorithm
   identifies all cryptographic functions involved in the signature
   operation (e.g., hashing, public key algorithms, MACs, padding,
   etc.).  This element uses the general structure here for algorithms
   described in <a href="#section-6.1">section 6.1</a>: Algorithm Identifiers and Implementation
   Requirements.  While there is a single identifier, that identifier
   may specify a format containing multiple distinct signature values.
   Schema Definition:

   &lt;element name="SignatureMethod"&gt;
     &lt;complexType&gt;
       &lt;sequence&gt;
         &lt;any namespace="##any" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/&gt;
       &lt;/sequence&gt;
       &lt;attribute name="Algorithm" type="uriReference" use="required"/&gt;
      &lt;/complexType&gt;



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   &lt;/element&gt;
   DTD:

   &lt;!ELEMENT SignatureMethod %Method.ANY; &gt;
   &lt;!ATTLIST SignatureMethod
             Algorithm CDATA #REQUIRED &gt;

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.3.3" href="#section-4.3.3">4.3.3</a> The Reference Element</span>

   Reference is an element that may occur one or more times.  It
   specifies a digest algorithm and digest value, and optionally an
   identifier of the object being signed, the type of the object, and/or
   a list of transforms to be applied prior to digesting.  The
   identification (URI) and transforms describe how the digested content
   (i.e., the input to the digest method) was created.  The Type
   attribute facilitates the processing of referenced data.  For
   example, while this specification makes no requirements over external
   data, an application may wish to signal that the referent is a
   Manifest.  An optional ID attribute permits a Reference to be
   referenced from elsewhere.
   Schema Definition:

   &lt;element name="Reference"&gt;
     &lt;complexType&gt;
       &lt;sequence&gt;
         &lt;element ref="ds:Transforms" minOccurs="0"/&gt;
         &lt;element ref="ds:DigestMethod"/&gt;
         &lt;element ref="ds:DigestValue"/&gt;
       &lt;/sequence&gt;
       &lt;attribute name="Id" type="ID" use="optional"/&gt;
       &lt;attribute name="URI" type="uriReference" use="optional"/&gt;
       &lt;attribute name="Type" type="uriReference" use="optional"/&gt;
     &lt;/complexType&gt;
   &lt;/element&gt;
   DTD:

   &lt;!ELEMENT Reference (Transforms?, DigestMethod, DigestValue)  &gt;
   &lt;!ATTLIST Reference
             Id     ID  #IMPLIED
             URI    CDATA   #IMPLIED
             Type   CDATA   #IMPLIED &gt;

<span class="h5"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.3.3.1" href="#section-4.3.3.1">4.3.3.1</a> The URI Attribute</span>

   The URI attribute identifies a data object using a URI-Reference, as
   specified by <a href="./rfc2396">RFC2396</a> [URI].  The set of allowed characters for URI
   attributes is the same as for XML, namely [Unicode].  However, some
   Unicode characters are disallowed from URI references including all



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   non-ASCII characters and the excluded characters listed in <a href="./rfc2396">RFC2396</a>
   [URI, <a href="#section-2.4">section 2.4</a>].  However, the number sign (#), percent sign (%),
   and square bracket characters re-allowed in <a href="./rfc2732">RFC 2732</a> [URI-Literal]
   are permitted.  Disallowed characters must be escaped as follows:

   1. Each disallowed character is converted to [UTF-8] as one or more
      bytes.
   2. Any octets corresponding to a disallowed character are escaped
      with the URI escaping mechanism (that is, converted to %HH, where
      HH is the hexadecimal notation of the byte value).
   3. The original character is replaced by the resulting character
      sequence.

   XML signature applications MUST be able to parse URI syntax.  We
   RECOMMEND they be able to dereference URIs in the HTTP scheme.
   Dereferencing a URI in the HTTP scheme MUST comply with the Status
   Code Definitions of [HTTP] (e.g., 302, 305 and 307 redirects are
   followed to obtain the entity-body of a 200 status code response).
   Applications should also be cognizant of the fact that protocol
   parameter and state information, (such as a HTTP cookies, HTML device
   profiles or content negotiation), may affect the content yielded by
   dereferencing a URI.

   If a resource is identified by more than one URI, the most specific
   should be used (e.g.  <a href="http://www.w3.org/2000/06/interop-pressrelease.html.en">http://www.w3.org/2000/06/interop-</a>
   <a href="http://www.w3.org/2000/06/interop-pressrelease.html.en">pressrelease.html.en</a> instead of <a href="http://www.w3.org/2000/06/interop-pressrelease">http://www.w3.org/2000/06/interop-</a>
   <a href="http://www.w3.org/2000/06/interop-pressrelease">pressrelease</a>).  (See the Reference Validation (<a href="#section-3.2.1">section 3.2.1</a>) for a
   further information on reference processing.)

   If the URI attribute is omitted altogether, the receiving application
   is expected to know the identity of the object.  For example, a
   lightweight data protocol might omit this attribute given the
   identity of the object is part of the application context.  This
   attribute may be omitted from at most one Reference in any particular
   SignedInfo, or Manifest.

   The optional Type attribute contains information about the type of
   object being signed.  This is represented as a URI.  For example:

   Type="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#Object"
   Type="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#Manifest"

   The Type attribute applies to the item being pointed at, not its
   contents.  For example, a reference that identifies an Object element
   containing a SignatureProperties element is still of type #Object.
   The type attribute is advisory.  No validation of the type
   information is required by this specification.




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<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc3075">RFC 3075</a>          XML-Signature Syntax and Processing         March 2001</span>


<span class="h5"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.3.3.2" href="#section-4.3.3.2">4.3.3.2</a> The Reference Processing Model</span>

   Note: XPath is RECOMMENDED.  Signature applications need not conform
   to [XPath] specification in order to conform to this specification.
   However, the XPath data model, definitions (e.g., node-sets) and
   syntax is used within this document in order to describe
   functionality for those that want to process XML-as-XML (instead of
   octets) as part of signature generation.  For those that want to use
   these features, a conformant [XPath] implementation is one way to
   implement these features, but it is not required.  Such applications
   could use a sufficiently functional replacement to a node-set and
   implement only those XPath expression behaviors REQUIRED by this
   specification.  However, for simplicity we generally will use XPath
   terminology without including this qualification on every point.
   Requirements over "XPath nodesets" can include a node-set functional
   equivalent.  Requirements over XPath processing can include
   application behaviors that are equivalent to the corresponding XPath
   behavior.

   The data-type of the result of URI dereferencing or subsequent
   Transforms is either an octet stream or an XPath node-set.

   The Transforms specified in this document are defined with respect to
   the input they require.  The following is the default signature
   application behavior:

      *  If the data object is a an octet stream and the next
         transformrequires a node-set, the signature application MUST
         attempt to parse the octets.

      *  If the data object is a node-set and the next transformrequires
         octets, the signature application MUST attempt to convert the
         node-set to an octet stream using the REQUIRED canonicalization
         algorithm [XML-C14N].

   Users may specify alternative transforms that over-ride these
   defaults in transitions between Transforms that expect different
   inputs.  The final octet stream contains the data octets being
   secured.  The digest algorithm specified by DigestMethod is then
   applied to these data octets, resulting in the DigestValue.

   Unless the URI-Reference is a 'same-document' reference as defined in
   [URI, <a href="#section-4.2">Section 4.2</a>], the result of dereferencing the URI-Reference
   MUST be an octet stream.  In particular, an XML document identified
   by URI is not parsed by the signature application unless the URI is a
   same-document reference or unless a transformthat requires XML
   parsing is applied (See Transforms (<a href="#section-4.3.3.1">section 4.3.3.1</a>).)




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<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc3075">RFC 3075</a>          XML-Signature Syntax and Processing         March 2001</span>


   When a fragment is preceded by an absolute or relative URI in the
   URI-Reference, the meaning of the fragment is defined by the
   resource's MIME type.  Even for XML documents, URI dereferencing
   (including the fragment processing) might be done for the signature
   application by a proxy.  Therefore, reference validation might fail
   if fragment processing is not performed in a standard way (as defined
   in the following section for same-document references).
   Consequently, we RECOMMEND that the URI attribute not include
   fragment identifiers and that such processing be specified as an
   additional XPath Transform.

   When a fragment is not preceded by a URI in the URI-Reference, XML
   signature applications MUST support the null URI and barename
   XPointer.  We RECOMMEND support for the same-document XPointers
   '#xpointer(/)' and '#xpointer(id("ID"))' if the application also
   intends to support Minimal Canonicalization or Canonical XML with
   Comments.  (Otherwise URI="#foo" will automatically remove comments
   before the Canonical XML with Comments can even be invoked.)  All
   other support for XPointers is OPTIONAL, especially all support for
   barename and other XPointers in external resources since the
   application may not have control over how the fragment is generated
   (leading to interoperability problems and validation failures).

   The following examples demonstrate what the URI attribute identifies
   and how it is dereferenced:

   URI="http://example.com/bar.xml"
          Identifies the octets that represent the external resource
          'http//example.com/bar.xml', that is probably XML document
          given its file extension.

   URI="http://example.com/bar.xml#chapter1"
          Identifies the element with ID attribute value 'chapter1' of
          the external XML resource 'http://example.com/bar.xml',
          provided as an octet stream.  Again, for the sake of
          interoperability, the element identified as 'chapter1' should
          be obtained using an XPath transformrather than a URI fragment
          (barename XPointer resolution in external resources is not
          REQUIRED in this specification).

   URI=""
          Identifies the nodeset (minus any comment nodes) of the XML
          resource containing the signature








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<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc3075">RFC 3075</a>          XML-Signature Syntax and Processing         March 2001</span>


   URI="#chapter1"
          Identifies a nodeset containing the element with ID attribute
          value 'chapter1' of the XML resource containing the signature.
          XML Signature (and its applications) modify this nodeset to
          include the element plus all descendents including namespaces
          and attributes -- but not comments.

<span class="h5"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.3.3.3" href="#section-4.3.3.3">4.3.3.3</a> Same-Document URI-References</span>

   Dereferencing a same-document reference MUST result in an XPath
   node-set suitable for use by Canonical XML.  Specifically,
   dereferencing a null URI (URI="") MUST result in an XPath node-set
   that includes every non-comment node of the XML document containing
   the URI attribute.  In a fragment URI, the characters after the
   number sign ('#') character conform to the XPointer syntax [Xptr].
   When processing an XPointer, the application MUST behave as if the
   root node of the XML document containing the URI attribute were used
   to initialize the XPointer evaluation context.  The application MUST
   behave as if the result of XPointer processing were a node-set
   derived from the resultant location-set as follows:

   1. discard point nodes
   2. replace each range node with all XPath nodes having full or
      partial content within the range
   3. replace the root node with its children (if it is in the node-set)
   4. replace any element node E with E plus all descendants of E (text,
      comment, PI, element) and all namespace and attribute nodes of E
      and its descendant elements.
   5. if the URI is not a full XPointer, then delete all comment nodes

   The second to last replacement is necessary because XPointer
   typically indicates a subtree of an XML document's parse tree using
   just the element node at the root of the subtree, whereas Canonical
   XML treats a node-set as a set of nodes in which absence of
   descendant nodes results in absence of their representative text from
   the canonical form.

   The last step is performed for null URIs, barename XPointers and
   child sequence XPointers.  To retain comments while selecting an
   element by an identifier ID, use the following full XPointer:
   URI='#xpointer(id("ID"))'.  To retain comments while selecting the
   entire document, use the following full XPointer: URI='#xpointer(/)'.
   This XPointer contains a simple XPath expression that includes the
   root node, which the second to last step above replaces with all
   nodes of the parse tree (all descendants, plus all attributes, plus
   all namespaces nodes).





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<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc3075">RFC 3075</a>          XML-Signature Syntax and Processing         March 2001</span>


<span class="h5"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.3.3.4" href="#section-4.3.3.4">4.3.3.4</a> The Transforms Element</span>

   The optional Transforms element contains an ordered list of Transform
   elements; these describe how the signer obtained the data object that
   was digested.  The output of each Transform serves as input to the
   next Transform.  The input to the first Transform is the result of
   dereferencing the URI attribute of the Reference element.  The output
   from the last Transform is the input for the DigestMethod algorithm.
   When transforms are applied the signer is not signing the native
   (original) document but the resulting (transformed) document.  (See
   Only What is Signed is Secure (<a href="#section-8.1">section 8.1</a>).)

   Each Transform consists of an Algorithm attribute and content
   parameters, if any, appropriate for the given algorithm.  The
   Algorithm attribute value specifies the name of the algorithm to be
   performed, and the Transform content provides additional data to
   govern the algorithm's processing of the transform input.  (See
   Algorithm Identifiers and Implementation Requirements (<a href="#section-6">section 6</a>).)

   As described in The Reference Processing Model (section  4.3.3.2),
   some transforms take an XPath node-set as input, while others require
   an octet stream.  If the actual input matches the input needs of the
   transform, then the transform operates on the unaltered input.  If
   the transform input requirement differs from the format of the actual
   input, then the input must be converted.

   Some Transform may require explicit MIME type, charset (IANA
   registered "character set"), or other such information concerning the
   data they are receiving from an earlier Transform or the source data,
   although no Transform algorithm specified in this document needs such
   explicit information.  Such data characteristics are provided as
   parameters to the Transform algorithm and should be described in the
   specification for the algorithm.

   Examples of transforms include but are not limited to base64 decoding
   [MIME], canonicalization [XML-C14N], XPath filtering [XPath], and
   XSLT [XSLT].  The generic definition of the Transform element also
   allows application-specific transform algorithms.  For example, the
   transform could be a decompression routine given by a Java class
   appearing as a base64 encoded parameter to a Java Transform
   algorithm.  However, applications should refrain from using
   application-specific transforms if they wish their signatures to be
   verifiable outside of their application domain.  Transform Algorithms
   (<a href="#section-6.6">section 6.6</a>) defines the list of standard transformations.
   Schema Definition:






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<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc3075">RFC 3075</a>          XML-Signature Syntax and Processing         March 2001</span>


&lt;element name="Transforms"&gt;
  &lt;complexType&gt;
    &lt;sequence&gt;
      &lt;element ref="ds:Transform" maxOccurs="unbounded"/&gt;
    &lt;/sequence&gt;
  &lt;/complexType&gt;
&lt;/element&gt;

  &lt;element name="Transform"&gt;
    &lt;complexType&gt;
      &lt;choice maxOccurs="unbounded"&gt;
        &lt;any namespace="##other" processContents="lax" minOccurs="0"
         maxOccurs="unbounded"/&gt;
        &lt;element name="XSLT" type="string"/&gt;
        &lt;!-- should be an xsl:stylesheet element --&gt;
        &lt;element name="XPath" type="string"/&gt;
      &lt;/choice&gt;
      &lt;attribute name="Algorithm" type="uriReference" use="required"/&gt;
    &lt;/complexType&gt;
  &lt;/element&gt;
DTD:

&lt;!ELEMENT Transforms (Transform+)&gt;

&lt;!ELEMENT Transform %Transform.ANY; &gt;
&lt;!ATTLIST Transform
          Algorithm    CDATA    #REQUIRED &gt;

&lt;!ELEMENT XPath (#PCDATA) &gt;
&lt;!ELEMENT XSLT (#PCDATA) &gt;

<span class="h5"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.3.3.5" href="#section-4.3.3.5">4.3.3.5</a> The DigestMethod Element</span>

   DigestMethod is a required element that identifies the digest
   algorithm to be applied to the signed object.  This element uses the
   general structure here for algorithms specified in Algorithm
   Identifiers and Implementation Requirements (<a href="#section-6.1">section 6.1</a>).

   If the result of the URI dereference and application of Transforms is
   an XPath node-set (or sufficiently functional replacement implemented
   by the application) then it must be converted as described in the
   Reference Processing Model (section  4.3.3.2).  If the result of URI
   dereference and application of Transforms is an octet stream, then no
   conversion occurs (comments might be present if the Minimal
   Canonicalization or Canonical XML with Comments was specified in the
   Transforms).  The digest algorithm is applied to the data octets of
   the resulting octet stream.
   Schema Definition:



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   &lt;element name="DigestMethod"&gt;
     &lt;complexType&gt;
       &lt;sequence&gt;
         &lt;any namespace="##any" processContents="lax" minOccurs="0"
         maxOccurs="unbounded"/&gt;
       &lt;/sequence&gt;
       &lt;attribute name="Algorithm" type="uriReference" use="required"/&gt;
     &lt;/complexType&gt;
   &lt;/element&gt;
   DTD:

   &lt;!ELEMENT DigestMethod %Method.ANY; &gt;
   &lt;!ATTLIST DigestMethod
             Algorithm  CDATA   #REQUIRED &gt;

<span class="h5"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.3.3.6" href="#section-4.3.3.6">4.3.3.6</a> The DigestValue Element</span>

   DigestValue is an element that contains the encoded value of the
   digest.  The digest is always encoded using base64 [MIME].
   Schema Definition:

   &lt;element name="DigestValue" type="ds:CryptoBinary"/&gt;
   DTD:

   &lt;!ELEMENT DigestValue  (#PCDATA)  &gt;
   &lt;!-- base64 encoded digest value --&gt;

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.4" href="#section-4.4">4.4</a> The KeyInfo Element</span>

   KeyInfo is an optional element that enables the recipient(s) to
   obtain the key needed to validate the signature.  KeyInfo may contain
   keys, names, certificates and other public key management
   information, such as in-band key distribution or key agreement data.
   This specification defines a few simple types but applications may
   place their own key identification and exchange semantics within this
   element type through the XML-namespace facility [XML-ns].

   If KeyInfo is omitted, the recipient is expected to be able to
   identify the key based on application context information.  Multiple
   declarations within KeyInfo refer to the same key.  While
   applications may define and use any mechanism they choose through
   inclusion of elements from a different namespace, compliant versions
   MUST implement KeyValue (<a href="#section-4.4.2">section 4.4.2</a>) and SHOULD implement
   RetrievalMethod (<a href="#section-4.4.3">section 4.4.3</a>).







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   The following list summarizes the KeyInfo types defined by this
   specification; these can be used within the RetrievalMethod Type
   attribute to describe the remote KeyInfo structure as represented as
   an octect stream.

      * <a href="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#X509Data">http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#X509Data</a>
      * <a href="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#PGPData">http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#PGPData</a>
      * <a href="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#SPKIData">http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#SPKIData</a>
      * <a href="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#MgmtData">http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#MgmtData</a>

   In addition to the types above for which we define structures, we
   specify one additional type to indicate a binary X.509 Certificate

      * <a href="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#rawX509Certificate">http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#rawX509Certificate</a>

   Schema Definition:

&lt;element name="KeyInfo"&gt;
  &lt;complexType&gt;
    &lt;choice maxOccurs="unbounded"&gt;
      &lt;any processContents="lax" namespace="##other" minOccurs="0"
       maxOccurs="unbounded"/&gt;
      &lt;element name="KeyName" type="string"/&gt;
      &lt;element ref="ds:KeyValue"/&gt;
      &lt;element ref="ds:RetrievalMethod"/&gt;
      &lt;element ref="ds:X509Data"/&gt;
      &lt;element ref="ds:PGPData"/&gt;
      &lt;element ref="ds:SPKIData"/&gt;
      &lt;element name="MgmtData" type="string"/&gt;
    &lt;/choice&gt;
    &lt;attribute name="Id" type="ID" use="optional"/&gt;
  &lt;/complexType&gt;
&lt;/element&gt;
DTD:

&lt;!ELEMENT KeyInfo %Key.ANY; &gt;
&lt;!ATTLIST KeyInfo
          Id ID  #IMPLIED &gt;

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.4.1" href="#section-4.4.1">4.4.1</a> The KeyName Element</span>

   The KeyName element contains a string value which may be used by the
   signer to communicate a key identifier to the recipient.  Typically,
   KeyName contains an identifier related to the key pair used to sign
   the message, but it may contain other protocol-related information
   that indirectly identifies a key pair.  (Common uses of KeyName
   include simple string names for keys, a key index, a distinguished
   name (DN), an email address, etc.)



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   Schema Definition:

   &lt;!-- type declared in KeyInfo --&gt;
   DTD:

   &lt;!ELEMENT KeyName (#PCDATA) &gt;

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.4.2" href="#section-4.4.2">4.4.2</a> The KeyValue Element</span>

   The KeyValue element contains a single public key that may be useful
   in validating the signature.  Structured formats for defining DSA
   (REQUIRED) and RSA (RECOMMENDED) public keys are defined in Signature
   Algorithms (<a href="#section-6.4">section 6.4</a>).
   Schema Definition:

   &lt;element name="KeyValue"&gt;
     &lt;complexType mixed="true"&gt;
       &lt;choice&gt;
         &lt;any namespace="##other" processContents="lax" minOccurs="0"
          maxOccurs="unbounded"/&gt;
         &lt;element ref="ds:DSAKeyValue"/&gt;
         &lt;element ref="ds:RSAKeyValue"/&gt;
       &lt;/choice&gt;
     &lt;/complexType&gt;
   &lt;/element&gt;

   DTD:
   &lt;!ELEMENT KeyValue    %Key.ANY; &gt;

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.4.3" href="#section-4.4.3">4.4.3</a> The RetrievalMethod Element</span>

   A RetrievalMethod element within KeyInfo is used to convey a
   reference to KeyInfo information that is stored at another location.
   For example, several signatures in a document might use a key
   verified by an X.509v3 certificate chain appearing once in the
   document or remotely outside the document; each signature's KeyInfo
   can reference this chain using a single RetrievalMethod element
   instead of including the entire chain with a sequence of
   X509Certificate elements.

   RetrievalMethod uses the same syntax and dereferencing behavior as
   Reference's URI (<a href="#section-4.3.3.1">section 4.3.3.1</a>) and The Reference Processing Model
   (<a href="#section-4.3.3.2">section 4.3.3.2</a>) except that there is no DigestMethod or DigestValue
   child elements and presence of the URI is mandatory.  Note, if the
   result of dereferencing and transforming the specified URI  is a node
   set, then it may need to be to be canonicalized.  All of the KeyInfo
   types defined by this specification (<a href="#section-4.4">section 4.4</a>) represent octets,




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   consequently the Signature application is expected to attempt to
   canonicalize the nodeset via the The Reference Processing Model
   (<a href="#section-4.3.3.2">section 4.3.3.2</a>)

   Type is an optional identifier for the type of data to be retrieved.
   Schema Definition

   &lt;element name="RetrievalMethod"&gt;
     &lt;complexType&gt;
       &lt;sequence&gt;
         &lt;element ref="ds:Transforms" minOccurs="0"/&gt;
       &lt;/sequence&gt;
       &lt;attribute name="URI" type="uriReference"/&gt;
       &lt;attribute name="Type" type="uriReference" use="optional"/&gt;
     &lt;/complexType&gt;
   &lt;/element&gt;
   DTD

   &lt;!ELEMENT RetrievalMethod (Transforms?) &gt;
   &lt;!ATTLIST RetrievalMethod
             URI       CDATA   #REQUIRED
             Type      CDATA   #IMPLIED &gt;

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.4.4" href="#section-4.4.4">4.4.4</a> The X509Data Element</span>

   Identifier
         Type="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#X509Data"
         (this can be used within a RetrievalMethod or Reference element
         to identify the referent's type)

   An X509Data element within KeyInfo contains one or more identifiers
   of keys or X509 certificates (or certificates' identifiers or
   revocation lists).  Five types of X509Data are defined

   1. The X509IssuerSerial element, which contains an X.509 issuer
      distinguished name/serial number pair that SHOULD be compliant
      with <a href="./rfc2253">RFC2253</a> [LDAP-DN],
   2. The X509SubjectName element, which contains an X.509 subject
      distinguished name that SHOULD be compliant with <a href="./rfc2253">RFC2253</a> [LDAP-
      DN],
   3. The X509SKI element, which contains an X.509 subject key
      identifier value.
   4. The X509Certificate element, which contains a base64-encoded
      [X509v3] certificate, and
   5. The X509CRL element, which contains a base64-encoded certificate
      revocation list (CRL) [X509v3].





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   Multiple declarations about a single certificate (e.g., a
   X509SubjectName and X509IssuerSerial element) MUST be grouped inside
   a single X509Data element; multiple declarations about the same key
   but different certificates (related to that single key) MUST be
   grouped within a single KeyInfo element but MAY occur in multiple
   X509Data elements.  For example, the following block contains two
   pointers to certificate-A (issuer/serial number and SKI) and a single
   reference to certificate-B (SubjectName) and also shows use of
   certificate elements

   &lt;KeyInfo&gt;
     &lt;X509Data&gt; &lt;!-- two pointers to certificate-A --&gt;
       &lt;X509IssuerSerial&gt;
         &lt;X509IssuerName&gt;CN=TAMURA Kent, OU=TRL, O=IBM,
           L=Yamato-shi, ST=Kanagawa, C=JP&lt;/X509IssuerName&gt;
         &lt;X509SerialNumber&gt;12345678&lt;/X509SerialNumber&gt;
       &lt;/X509IssuerSerial&gt;
       &lt;X509SKI&gt;31d97bd7&lt;/X509SKI&gt;
     &lt;/X509Data&gt;
     &lt;X509Data&gt; &lt;!-- single pointer to certificate-B --&gt;
       &lt;X509SubjectName&gt;Subject of Certificate B&lt;/X509SubjectName&gt;
     &lt;/X509Data&gt; &lt;!-- certificate chain --&gt;
       &lt;!--Signer cert, issuer CN=arbolCA,OU=FVT,O=IBM,C=US, serial 4--&gt;
       &lt;X509Certificate&gt;MIICXTCCA..&lt;/X509Certificate&gt;
       &lt;!-- Intermediate cert subject CN=arbolCA,OU=FVTO=IBM,C=US
            issuer,CN=tootiseCA,OU=FVT,O=Bridgepoint,C=US --&gt;
       &lt;X509Certificate&gt;MIICPzCCA...&lt;/X509Certificate&gt;
       &lt;!-- Root cert subject CN=tootiseCA,OU=FVT,O=Bridgepoint,C=US --&gt;
       &lt;X509Certificate&gt;MIICSTCCA...&lt;/X509Certificate&gt;
     &lt;/X509Data&gt;
   &lt;/KeyInfo&gt;

   Note, there is no direct provision for a PKCS#7 encoded "bag" of
   certificates or CRLs.  However, a set of certificates or a CRL can
   occur within an X509Data element and multiple X509Data elements can
   occur in a KeyInfo.  Whenever multiple certificates occur in an
   X509Data element, at least one such certificate must contain the
   public key which verifies the signature.
   Schema Definition

    &lt;element name="X509Data"&gt;
       &lt;complexType&gt;
        &lt;choice&gt;
          &lt;sequence maxOccurs="unbounded"&gt;
            &lt;choice&gt;
              &lt;element ref="ds:X509IssuerSerial"/&gt;
              &lt;element name="X509SKI" type="ds:CryptoBinary"/&gt;
              &lt;element name="X509SubjectName" type="string"/&gt;



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              &lt;element name="X509Certificate" type="ds:CryptoBinary"/&gt;
            &lt;/choice&gt;
          &lt;/sequence&gt;
          &lt;element name="X509CRL" type="ds:CryptoBinary"/&gt;
        &lt;/choice&gt;
      &lt;/complexType&gt;
    &lt;/element&gt;

    &lt;element name="X509IssuerSerial"&gt;
       &lt;complexType&gt;
        &lt;sequence&gt;
          &lt;element name="X509IssuerName" type="string"/&gt;
          &lt;element name="X509SerialNumber" type="integer"/&gt;
        &lt;/sequence&gt;
       &lt;/complexType&gt;
    &lt;/element&gt;

    DTD

   &lt;!ELEMENT X509Data ((X509IssuerSerial | X509SKI | X509SubjectName |
                       X509Certificate)+ | X509CRL)&gt;
    &lt;!ELEMENT X509IssuerSerial (X509IssuerName, X509SerialNumber) &gt;
    &lt;!ELEMENT X509IssuerName (#PCDATA) &gt;
    &lt;!ELEMENT X509SubjectName (#PCDATA) &gt;
    &lt;!ELEMENT X509SerialNumber (#PCDATA) &gt;
    &lt;!ELEMENT X509SKI (#PCDATA) &gt;
    &lt;!ELEMENT X509Certificate (#PCDATA) &gt;
    &lt;!ELEMENT X509CRL (#PCDATA) &gt;

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.4.5" href="#section-4.4.5">4.4.5</a> The PGPData element</span>

   Identifier
         Type="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#PGPData"
         (this can be used within a RetrievalMethod or Reference element
         to identify the referent's type)

   The PGPData element within KeyInfo is used to convey information
   related to PGP public key pairs and signatures on such keys.  The
   PGPKeyID's value is a string containing a standard PGP public key
   identifier as defined in [PGP, <a href="#section-11.2">section 11.2</a>].  The PGPKeyPacket
   contains a base64-encoded Key Material Packet as defined in [PGP,
   <a href="#section-5.5">section 5.5</a>].  Other sub-types of the PGPData element may be defined
   by the OpenPGP working group.
   Schema Definition:

   &lt;element name="PGPData"&gt;
     &lt;complexType&gt;
       &lt;choice&gt;



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         &lt;any namespace="##other" processContents="lax" minOccurs="0"
         maxOccurs="unbounded"/&gt;
         &lt;sequence&gt;
           &lt;element name="PGPKeyID" type="string"/&gt;
           &lt;element name="PGPKeyPacket" type="ds:CryptoBinary"/&gt;
         &lt;/sequence&gt;
       &lt;/choice&gt;
     &lt;/complexType&gt;
   &lt;/element&gt;

   DTD:

   &lt;!ELEMENT PGPData (PGPKeyID, PGPKeyPacket)  &gt;
   &lt;!ELEMENT PGPKeyPacket  (#PCDATA)  &gt;
   &lt;!ELEMENT PGPKeyID  (#PCDATA)  &gt;

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.4.6" href="#section-4.4.6">4.4.6</a> The SPKIData element</span>

   Identifier
         Type="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#SPKIData"
         (this can be used within a RetrievalMethod or Reference element
         to identify the referent's type)

   The SPKIData element within KeyInfo is used to convey information
   related to SPKI public key pairs, certificates and other SPKI data.
   The content of this element type is expected to be a Canonical S-
   expression.
   Schema Definition:

   &lt;element name="SPKIData" type="string"/&gt;
   DTD:

   &lt;!ELEMENT SPKIData (#PCDATA) &gt;

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.4.7" href="#section-4.4.7">4.4.7</a> The MgmtData element</span>

   Identifier
         Type="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#MgmtData"
         (this can be used within a RetrievalMethod or Reference element
         to identify the referent's type)

   The MgmtData element within KeyInfo is a string value used to convey
   in-band key distribution or agreement data.  For example, DH key
   exchange, RSA key encryption, etc.
   Schema Definition:






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   &lt;!-- type declared in KeyInfo --&gt;
   DTD:

   &lt;!ELEMENT MgmtData (#PCDATA)&gt;

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.5" href="#section-4.5">4.5</a> The Object Element</span>

   Identifier
         Type="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#Object"
         (this can be used within a Reference element to identify the
         referent's type)

   Object is an optional element that may occur one or more times.  When
   present, this element may contain any data.  The Object element may
   include optional MIME type, ID, and encoding attributes.

   The MimeType attribute is an optional attribute which describes the
   data within the Object.  This is a string with values defined by
   [MIME].  For example, if the Object contains XML, the MimeType could
   be text/xml.  This attribute is purely advisory; no validation of the
   MimeType information is required by this specification.

   The Object's Id is commonly referenced from a Reference in
   SignedInfo, or Manifest.  This element is typically used for
   enveloping signatures where the object being signed is to be included
   in the signature element.  The digest is calculated over the entire
   Object element including start and end tags.

   The Object's Encoding attributed may be used to provide a URI that
   identifies the method by which the object is encoded (e.g., a binary
   file).

   Note, if the application wishes to exclude the &lt;Object&gt; tags from the
   digest calculation the Reference must identify the actual data object
   (easy for XML documents) or a transform must be used to remove the
   Object tags (likely where the data object is non-XML).  Exclusion of
   the object tags may be desired for cases where one wants the
   signature to remain valid if the data object is moved from inside a
   signature to outside the signature (or vice-versa), or where the
   content of the Object is an encoding of an original binary document
   and it is desired to extract and decode so as to sign the original
   bitwise representation.
   Schema Definition:

   &lt;element name="Object"&gt;
     &lt;complexType mixed="true"&gt;
       &lt;sequence maxOccurs="unbounded"&gt;
         &lt;any namespace="##any" processContents="lax"/&gt;



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       &lt;/sequence&gt;
       &lt;attribute name="Id" type="ID" use="optional"/&gt;
       &lt;attribute name="MimeType" type="string" use="optional"/&gt;
          &lt;!-- add a grep facet --&gt;
       &lt;attribute name="Encoding" type="uriReference" use="optional"/&gt;
     &lt;/complexType&gt;
   &lt;/element&gt;
   DTD:

   &lt;!ELEMENT Object %Object.ANY; &gt;
   &lt;!ATTLIST Object
             Id ID  #IMPLIED
             MimeType   CDATA   #IMPLIED
             Encoding   CDATA   #IMPLIED &gt;

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.0" href="#section-5.0">5.0</a> Additional Signature Syntax</span>

   This section describes the optional to implement Manifest and
   SignatureProperties elements and describes the handling of XML
   processing instructions and comments.  With respect to the elements
   Manifest and SignatureProperties this section specifies syntax and
   little behavior -- it is left to the application.  These elements can
   appear anywhere the parent's content model permits; the Signature
   content model only permits them within Object.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.1" href="#section-5.1">5.1</a> The Manifest Element</span>

   Identifier
         Type="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#Manifest"
         (this can be used within a Reference element to identify the
         referent's type)

   The Manifest element provides a list of References.  The difference
   from the list in SignedInfo is that it is application defined which,
   if any, of the digests are actually checked against the objects
   referenced and what to do if the object is inaccessible or the digest
   compare fails.  If a Manifest is pointed to from SignedInfo, the
   digest over the Manifest itself will be checked by the core signature
   validation behavior.  The digests within such a Manifest are checked
   at the application's discretion.  If a Manifest is referenced from
   another Manifest, even the overall digest of this two level deep
   Manifest might not be checked.
   Schema Definition:

   &lt;element name="Manifest"&gt;
     &lt;complexType&gt;
       &lt;sequence&gt;
         &lt;element ref="ds:Reference" maxOccurs="unbounded"/&gt;



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       &lt;/sequence&gt;
       &lt;attribute name="Id" type="ID" use="optional"/&gt;
     &lt;/complexType&gt;
   &lt;/element&gt;
   DTD:

   &lt;!ELEMENT Manifest (Reference+)  &gt;
   &lt;!ATTLIST Manifest
             Id ID  #IMPLIED &gt;

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.2" href="#section-5.2">5.2</a> The SignatureProperties Element</span>

   Identifier
         Type="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#SignatureProperties"
         (this can be used within a Reference element to identify the
         referent's type)

   Additional information items concerning the generation of the
   signature(s) can be placed in a SignatureProperty element (i.e.,
   date/time stamp or the serial number of cryptographic hardware used
   in signature generation).
   Schema Definition:

   &lt;element name="SignatureProperties"&gt;
     &lt;complexType&gt;
       &lt;sequence&gt;
      &lt;element ref="ds:SignatureProperty" maxOccurs="unbounded"/&gt;
     &lt;/sequence&gt;
       &lt;attribute name="Id" type="ID" use="optional"/&gt;
     &lt;/complexType&gt;
   &lt;/element&gt;

      &lt;element name="SignatureProperty"&gt;
        &lt;complexType mixed="true"&gt;
          &lt;choice minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"&gt;
            &lt;any namespace="##other" processContents="lax" minOccurs="0"
            maxOccurs="unbounded"/&gt;
          &lt;/choice&gt;
          &lt;attribute name="Target" type="uriReference" use="required"/&gt;
          &lt;attribute name="Id" type="ID" use="optional"/&gt;
          &lt;/complexType&gt;
      &lt;/element&gt;
   DTD:

   &lt;!ELEMENT SignatureProperties (SignatureProperty+)  &gt;
   &lt;!ATTLIST SignatureProperties
             Id ID   #IMPLIED  &gt;




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   &lt;!ELEMENT SignatureProperty %SignatureProperty.ANY &gt;
   &lt;!ATTLIST SignatureProperty
             Target CDATA    #REQUIRED
             Id ID  #IMPLIED  &gt;

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.3" href="#section-5.3">5.3</a> Processing Instructions in Signature Elements</span>

   No XML processing instructions (PIs) are used by this specification.

   Note that PIs placed inside SignedInfo by an application will be
   signed unless the CanonicalizationMethod algorithm discards them.
   (This is true for any signed XML content.)  All of the
   CanonicalizationMethods specified within this specification retain
   PIs.  When a PI is part of content that is signed (e.g., within
   SignedInfo or referenced XML documents) any change to the PI will
   obviously result in a signature failure.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.4" href="#section-5.4">5.4</a> Comments in Signature Elements</span>

   XML comments are not used by this specification.

   Note that unless CanonicalizationMethod removes comments within
   SignedInfo or any other referenced XML (which [XML-C14N] does), they
   will be signed.  Consequently, if they are retained, a change to the
   comment will cause a signature failure.  Similarly, the XML signature
   over any XML data will be sensitive to comment changes unless a
   comment-ignoring canonicalization/transform method, such as the
   Canonical XML [XML-C14N], is specified.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-6.0" href="#section-6.0">6.0</a> Algorithms</span>

   This section identifies algorithms used with the XML digital
   signature specification.  Entries contain the identifier to be used
   in Signature elements, a reference to the formal specification, and
   definitions, where applicable, for the representation of keys and the
   results of cryptographic operations.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-6.1" href="#section-6.1">6.1</a> Algorithm Identifiers and Implementation Requirements</span>

   Algorithms are identified by URIs that appear as an attribute to the
   element that identifies the algorithms' role (DigestMethod,
   Transform, SignatureMethod, or CanonicalizationMethod).  All
   algorithms used herein take parameters but in many cases the
   parameters are implicit.  For example, a SignatureMethod is
   implicitly given two parameters: the keying info and the output of
   CanonicalizationMethod.  Explicit additional parameters to an
   algorithm appear as content elements within the algorithm role




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   element.  Such parameter elements have a descriptive element name,
   which is frequently algorithm specific, and MUST be in the XML
   Signature namespace or an algorithm specific namespace.

   This specification defines a set of algorithms, their URIs, and
   requirements for implementation.  Requirements are specified over
   implementation, not over requirements for signature use.
   Furthermore, the mechanism is extensible, alternative algorithms may
   be used by signature applications.

   (Note that the normative identifier is the complete URI in the table
   though they are sometimes abbreviated in XML syntax (e.g.,
   "&amp;dsig;base64").)

   Algorithm Type
      Algorithm - Requirements - Algorithm URI
   Digest
      SHA1  - REQUIRED - &amp;dsig;sha1
   Encoding
      base64  - REQUIRED - &amp;dsig;base64
   MAC
      HMAC-SHA1 - REQUIRED - &amp;dsig;hmac-sha1
   Signature
      DSAwithSHA1(DSS) - REQUIRED - &amp;dsig;dsa-sha1
      RSAwithSHA1 - RECOMMENDED - &amp;dsig;rsa-sha1
   Canonicalization
      minimal - RECOMMENDED - &amp;dsig;minimal
      Canonical XML with Comments - RECOMMENDED -
         <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-xml-c14n-20001026#WithComments">http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-xml-c14n-20001026#WithComments</a>
      Canonical XML (omits comments) - REQUIRED -
         <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-xml-c14n-20001026">http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-xml-c14n-20001026</a>
   Transform
      XSLT - OPTIONAL - <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xslt-19991116">http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xslt-19991116</a>
      XPath - RECOMMENDED -
         <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xpath-19991116">http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xpath-19991116</a>
      Enveloped Signature* - REQUIRED - &amp;dsig;enveloped-signature

   *  The Enveloped Signature transform removes the Signature element
   from the calculation of the signature when the signature is within
   the content that it is being signed.  This MAY be implemented via the
   RECOMMENDED XPath specification specified in 6.6.4: Enveloped
   Signature Transform; it MUST have the same effect as that specified
   by the XPath Transform.








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<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-6.2" href="#section-6.2">6.2</a> Message Digests</span>

   Only one digest algorithm is defined herein.  However, it is expected
   that one or more additional strong digest algorithms will be
   developed in connection with the US Advanced Encryption Standard
   effort.  Use of MD5 [MD5] is NOT RECOMMENDED because recent advances
   in cryptography have cast doubt on its strength.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-6.2.1" href="#section-6.2.1">6.2.1</a> SHA-1</span>

   Identifier:
         <a href="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#sha1">http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#sha1</a>

   The SHA-1 algorithm [SHA-1] takes no explicit parameters.  An example
   of an SHA-1 DigestAlg element is:
   &lt;DigestMethod Algorithm="&amp;dsig;sha1"/&gt;

   A SHA-1 digest is a 160-bit string.  The content of the DigestValue
   element shall be the base64 encoding of this bit string viewed as a
   20-octet octet stream.  For example, the DigestValue element for the
   message digest:
   A9993E36 4706816A BA3E2571 7850C26C 9CD0D89D

   from <a href="#appendix-A">Appendix A</a> of the SHA-1 standard would be:
   &lt;DigestValue&gt;qZk+NkcGgWq6PiVxeFDCbJzQ2J0=&lt;/DigestValue&gt;

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-6.3" href="#section-6.3">6.3</a> Message Authentication Codes</span>

   MAC algorithms take two implicit parameters, their keying material
   determined from KeyInfo and the octet stream output by
   CanonicalizationMethod.  MACs and signature algorithms are
   syntactically identical but a MAC implies a shared secret key.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-6.3.1" href="#section-6.3.1">6.3.1</a> HMAC</span>

   Identifier:
         <a href="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#hmac-sha1">http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#hmac-sha1</a>

   The HMAC algorithm (<a href="./rfc2104">RFC2104</a> [HMAC]) takes the truncation length in
   bits as a parameter; if the parameter is not specified then all the
   bits of the hash are output.  An example of an HMAC SignatureMethod
   element:

   &lt;SignatureMethod Algorithm="&amp;dsig;hmac-sha1"&gt;
      &lt;HMACOutputLength&gt;128&lt;/HMACOutputLength&gt;
   &lt;/SignatureMethod&gt;





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   The output of the HMAC algorithm is ultimately the output (possibly
   truncated) of the chosen digest algorithm.  This value shall be
   base64 encoded in the same straightforward fashion as the output of
   the digest algorithms.  Example: the SignatureValue element for the
   HMAC-SHA1 digest

   9294727A 3638BB1C 13F48EF8 158BFC9D

   from the test vectors in [HMAC] would be

   &lt;SignatureValue&gt;kpRyejY4uxwT9I74FYv8nQ==&lt;/SignatureValue&gt;
   Schema Definition:

   &lt;element name="HMACOutputLength" type="integer"/&gt;
   DTD:

   &lt;!ELEMENT HMACOutputLength (#PCDATA)&gt;

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-6.4" href="#section-6.4">6.4</a> Signature Algorithms</span>

   Signature algorithms take two implicit parameters, their keying
   material determined from KeyInfo and the octet stream output by
   CanonicalizationMethod.  Signature and MAC algorithms are
   syntactically identical but a signature implies public key
   cryptography.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-6.4.1" href="#section-6.4.1">6.4.1</a> DSA</span>

   Identifier:
         <a href="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#dsa-sha1">http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#dsa-sha1</a>

   The DSA algorithm [DSS] takes no explicit parameters.  An example of
   a DSA SignatureMethod element is:

   &lt;SignatureMethod Algorithm="&amp;dsig;dsa"/&gt;

   The output of the DSA algorithm consists of a pair of integers
   usually referred by the pair (r, s).  The signature value consists of
   the base64 encoding of the concatenation of two octet-streams that
   respectively result from the octet-encoding of the values r and s.
   Integer to octet-stream conversion must be done according to the
   I2OSP operation defined in the <a href="./rfc2437">RFC 2437</a> [PKCS1] specification with a
   k parameter equal to 20.  For example, the SignatureValue element for
   a DSA signature (r, s) with values specified in hexadecimal:

   r = 8BAC1AB6 6410435C B7181F95 B16AB97C 92B341C0
   s = 41E2345F 1F56DF24 58F426D1 55B4BA2D B6DCD8C8




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   from the example in Appendix 5 of the DSS standard would be

&lt;SignatureValue&gt;
i6watmQQQ1y3GB+VsWq5fJKzQcBB4jRfH1bfJFj0JtFVtLotttzYyA==&lt;/SignatureValue&gt;

   DSA key values have the following set of fields: P, Q, G and Y are
   mandatory when appearing as a key value, J, seed and pgenCounter are
   optional but should be present.  (The seed and pgenCounter fields
   must appear together or be absent).  All parameters are encoded as
   base64 [MIME] values.
   Schema:

   &lt;element name="DSAKeyValue"&gt;
     &lt;complexType&gt;
       &lt;sequence&gt;
         &lt;sequence&gt;
           &lt;element name="P" type="ds:CryptoBinary"/&gt;
           &lt;element name="Q" type="ds:CryptoBinary"/&gt;
           &lt;element name="G" type="ds:CryptoBinary"/&gt;
           &lt;element name="Y" type="ds:CryptoBinary"/&gt;
           &lt;element name="J" type="ds:CryptoBinary" minOccurs="0"/&gt;
         &lt;/sequence&gt;
         &lt;sequence minOccurs="0"&gt;
           &lt;element name="Seed" type="ds:CryptoBinary"/&gt;
           &lt;element name="PgenCounter" type="ds:CryptoBinary"/&gt;
         &lt;/sequence&gt;
       &lt;/sequence&gt;
     &lt;/complexType&gt;
   &lt;/element&gt;
   DTD:

   &lt;!ELEMENT DSAKeyValue (P, Q, G, Y, J?, (Seed, PgenCounter)?) &gt;
   &lt;!ELEMENT P (#PCDATA) &gt;
   &lt;!ELEMENT Q (#PCDATA) &gt;
   &lt;!ELEMENT G (#PCDATA) &gt;
   &lt;!ELEMENT Y (#PCDATA) &gt;
   &lt;!ELEMENT J (#PCDATA) &gt;
   &lt;!ELEMENT Seed (#PCDATA) &gt;
   &lt;!ELEMENT PgenCounter (#PCDATA) &gt;

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-6.4.2" href="#section-6.4.2">6.4.2</a> PKCS1</span>

   Identifier:
         <a href="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#rsa-sha1">http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#rsa-sha1</a>

   Arbitrary-length integers (e.g., "bignums" such as RSA modulii) are
   represented in XML as octet strings.  The integer value is first
   converted to a "big endian" bitstring.  The bitstring is then padded



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   with leading zero bits so that the total number of bits == 0 mod 8
   (so that there are an even number of bytes).  If the bitstring
   contains entire leading bytes that are zero, these are removed (so
   the high-order byte is always non-zero).  This octet string is then
   base64 [MIME] encoded.  (The conversion from integer to octet string
   is equivalent to IEEE 1363's I2OSP [1363] with minimal length).

   The expression "RSA algorithm" as used in this document refers to the
   RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5 algorithm described in <a href="./rfc2437">RFC 2437</a> [PKCS1].  The RSA
   algorithm takes no explicit parameters.  An example of an RSA
   SignatureMethod element is:  &lt;SignatureMethod Algorithm="&amp;dsig;rsa-
   sha1"/&gt;

   The SignatureValue content for an RSA signature is the base64 [MIME]
   encoding of the octet string computed as per <a href="./rfc2437">RFC 2437</a> [PKCS1, <a href="#section-8.1.1">section</a>
   <a href="#section-8.1.1">8.1.1</a>: Signature generation for the RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5 signature
   scheme].  As specified in the EMSA-PKCS1-V1_5-ENCODE function <a href="./rfc2437">RFC</a>
   <a href="./rfc2437">2437</a> [PKCS1, <a href="#section-9.2.1">section 9.2.1</a>], the value input to the signature
   function MUST contain a pre-pended algorithm object identifier for
   the hash function, but the availability of an ASN.1 parser and
   recognition of OIDs is not required of a signature verifier.  The
   PKCS#1 v1.5 representation appears as:

      CRYPT (PAD (ASN.1 (OID, DIGEST (data))))

   Note that the padded ASN.1 will be of the following form:

      01 | FF* | 00 | prefix | hash

   where "|" is concatentation, "01", "FF", and "00" are fixed octets of
   the corresponding hexadecimal value, "hash" is the SHA1 digest of the
   data, and "prefix" is the ASN.1 BER SHA1 algorithm designator prefix
   required in PKCS1 [<a href="./rfc2437">RFC 2437</a>], that is,

      hex 30 21 30 09 06 05 2B 0E 03 02 1A 05 00 04 14

   This prefix is included to make it easier to use standard
   cryptographic libraries.  The FF octet MUST be repeated the maximum
   number of times such that the value of the quantity being CRYPTed is
   one octet shorter than the RSA modulus.

   The resulting base64 [MIME] string is the value of the child text
   node of the SignatureValue element, e.g.

      &lt;SignatureValue&gt;IWijxQjUrcXBYoCei4QxjWo9Kg8D3p9tlWoT4
      t0/gyTE96639In0FZFY2/rvP+/bMJ01EArmKZsR5VW3rwoPxw=
      &lt;/SignatureValue&gt;




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   RSA key values have two fields Modulus and Exponent

      &lt;RSAKeyValue&gt;

   &lt;Modulus&gt;xA7SEU+e0yQH5rm9kbCDN9o3aPIo7HbP7tX6WOocLZAtNfyxSZDU16ksL6W

   jubafOqNEpcwR3RdFsT7bCqnXPBe5ELh5u4VEy19MzxkXRgrMvavzyBpVRgBUwUlV
         5foK5hhmbktQhyNdy/6LpQRhDUDsTvK+g9Ucj47es9AQJ3U=
         &lt;/Modulus&gt;
         &lt;Exponent&gt;AQAB&lt;/Exponent&gt;
      &lt;/RSAKeyValue&gt;

   Schema:

   &lt;element name="RSAKeyValue"&gt;
     &lt;complexType&gt;
       &lt;sequence&gt;
         &lt;element name="Modulus" type="ds:CryptoBinary"/&gt;
         &lt;element name="Exponent" type="ds:CryptoBinary"/&gt;
       &lt;/sequence&gt;
     &lt;/complexType&gt;
   &lt;/element&gt;
   DTD:

   &lt;!ELEMENT RSAKeyValue (Modulus, Exponent) &gt;
   &lt;!ELEMENT Modulus (#PCDATA) &gt;
   &lt;!ELEMENT Exponent (#PCDATA) &gt;

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-6.5" href="#section-6.5">6.5</a> Canonicalization Algorithms</span>

   If canonicalization is performed over octets, the canonicalization
   algorithms take two implicit parameter: the content and its charset.
   The charset is derived according to the rules of the transport
   protocols and media types (e.g., <a href="./rfc2376">RFC2376</a> [XML-MT] defines the media
   types for XML).  This information is necessary to correctly sign and
   verify documents and often requires careful server side
   configuration.

   Various canonicalization algorithms require conversion to [UTF-8].The
   two algorithms below understand at least [UTF-8] and [UTF-16] as
   input encodings.  We RECOMMEND that externally specified algorithms
   do the same.  Knowledge of other encodings is OPTIONAL.

   Various canonicalization algorithms transcode from a non-Unicode
   encoding to Unicode.  The two algorithms below perform text
   normalization during transcoding [NFC].  We RECOMMEND that externally





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   specified canonicalization algorithms do the same.  (Note, there can
   be ambiguities in converting existing charsets to Unicode, for an
   example see the XML Japanese Profile [XML-Japanese] NOTE.)

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-6.5.1" href="#section-6.5.1">6.5.1</a> Minimal Canonicalization</span>

   Identifier:
         <a href="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#minimal">http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#minimal</a>

   An example of a minimal canonicalization element is:
   &lt;CanonicalizationMethod Algorithm="&amp;dsig;minimal"/&gt;

   The minimal canonicalization algorithm:

      *  converts the character encoding to UTF-8 (without any byte
         order mark (BOM)).  If an encoding is given in the XML
         declaration, it must be removed.  Implementations MUST
         understand at least [UTF-8] and [UTF-16] as input encodings.
         Non-Unicode to Unicode transcoding MUST perform text
         normalization [NFC].
      *  normalizes line endings as provided by [XML].  (See XML and
         Canonicalization and Syntactical Considerations (<a href="#section-7">section 7</a>).)

   This algorithm requires as input the octet stream of the resource to
   be processed; the algorithm outputs an octet stream.  When used to
   canonicalize SignedInfo the algorithm MUST be provided with the
   octets that represent the well-formed SignedInfo element (and its
   children and content) as described in The CanonicalizationMethod
   Element (<a href="#section-4.3.1">section 4.3.1</a>).

   If the signature application has a node set, then the signature
   application must convert it into octets as described in The Reference
   Processing Model (<a href="#section-4.3.3.2">section 4.3.3.2</a>).  However, Minimal
   Canonicalization is NOT RECOMMENDED for processing XPath node-sets,
   the results of same-document URI references, and the output of other
   types of XML based transforms.  It is only RECOMMENDED for simple
   character normalization of well formed XML that has no namespace or
   external entity complications.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-6.5.2" href="#section-6.5.2">6.5.2</a> Canonical XML</span>

   Identifier for REQUIRED Canonical XML (omits comments):
         <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-xml-c14n-20001026">http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-xml-c14n-20001026</a>

   Identifier for Canonical XML with Comments:
         <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-xml-c14n-20001026#WithComments">http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-xml-c14n-20001026#WithComments</a>

   An example of an XML canonicalization element is:



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   &lt;CanonicalizationMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-xml-
   c14n-20001026"/&gt;

   The normative specification of Canonical XML is [XML-C14N].  The
   algorithm is capable of taking as input either an octet stream or an
   XPath node-set (or sufficiently functional alternative).  The
   algorithm produces an octet stream as output.  Canonical XML is
   easily parameterized (via an additional URI) to omit or retain
   comments.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-6.6" href="#section-6.6">6.6</a> Transform Algorithms</span>

   A Transform algorithm has a single implicit parameters: an octet
   stream from the Reference or the output of an earlier Transform.

   Application developers are strongly encouraged to support all
   transforms listed in this section as RECOMMENDED unless the
   application environment has resource constraints that would make such
   support impractical.  Compliance with this recommendation will
   maximize application interoperability and libraries should be
   available to enable support of these transforms in applications
   without extensive development.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-6.6.1" href="#section-6.6.1">6.6.1</a> Canonicalization</span>

   Any canonicalization algorithm that can be used for
   CanonicalizationMethod (such as those in  Canonicalization Algorithms
   (<a href="#section-6.5">section 6.5</a>)) can be used as a Transform.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-6.6.2" href="#section-6.6.2">6.6.2</a> Base64</span>

   Identifiers:
         <a href="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#base64">http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#base64</a>

   The normative specification for base 64 decoding transforms is
   [MIME].  The base64 Transform element has no content.  The input is
   decoded by the algorithms.  This transform is useful if an
   application needs to sign the raw data associated with the encoded
   content of an element.

   This transform requires an octet stream for input.  If an XPath
   node-set (or sufficiently functional alternative) is given as input,
   then it is converted to an octet stream by performing operations
   logically equivalent to 1) applying an XPath transform with
   expression self::text(), then 2) taking the string-value of the
   node-set.  Thus, if an XML element is identified by a barename
   XPointer in the Reference URI, and its content consists solely of
   base64 encoded character data, then this transform automatically



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   strips away the start and end tags of the identified element and any
   of its descendant elements as well as any descendant comments and
   processing instructions.  The output of this transform is an octet
   stream.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-6.6.3" href="#section-6.6.3">6.6.3</a> XPath Filtering</span>

   Identifier:
         <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xpath-19991116">http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xpath-19991116</a>

   The normative specification for XPath expression evaluation is
   [XPath].  The XPath expression to be evaluated appears as the
   character content of a transform parameter child element named XPath.

   The input required by this transform is an XPath node-set.  Note that
   if the actual input is an XPath node-set resulting from a null URI or
   barename XPointer dereference, then comment nodes will have been
   omitted.  If the actual input is an octet stream, then the
   application MUST convert the octet stream to an XPath node-set
   suitable for use by Canonical XML with Comments (a subsequent
   application of the REQUIRED Canonical XML algorithm would strip away
   these comments).  In other words, the input node-set should be
   equivalent to the one that would be created by the following process:

   1. Initialize an XPath evaluation context by setting the initial node
      equal to the input XML document's root node, and set the context
      position and size to 1.
   2. Evaluate the XPath expression (//. | //@* | //namespace::*)

   The evaluation of this expression includes all of the document's
   nodes (including comments) in the node-set representing the octet
   stream.

   The transform output is also an XPath node-set.  The XPath expression
   appearing in the XPath parameter is evaluated once for each node in
   the input node-set.  The result is converted to a boolean.  If the
   boolean is true, then the node is included in the output node-set.
   If the boolean is false, then the node is omitted from the output
   node-set.

   Note: Even if the input node-set has had comments removed, the
   comment nodes still exist in the underlying parse tree and can
   separate text nodes.  For example, the markup &lt;e&gt;Hello, &lt;!-- comment
   --&gt; world!&lt;/e&gt; contains two text nodes.  Therefore, the expression
   self::text()[string()="Hello, world!"] would fail.  Should this
   problem arise in the application, it can be solved by either
   canonicalizing the document before the XPath transform to physically




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   remove the comments or by matching the node based on the parent
   element's string value (e.g., by using the expression
   self::text()[string(parent::e)="Hello, world!"]).

   The primary purpose of this transform is to ensure that only
   specifically defined changes to the input XML document are permitted
   after the signature is affixed.  This is done by omitting precisely
   those nodes that are allowed to change once the signature is affixed,
   and including all other input nodes in the output.  It is the
   responsibility of the XPath expression author to include all nodes
   whose change could affect the interpretation of the transform output
   in the application context.

   An important scenario would be a document requiring two enveloped
   signatures.  Each signature must omit itself from its own digest
   calculations, but it is also necessary to exclude the second
   signature element from the digest calculations of the first signature
   so that adding the second signature does not break the first
   signature.

   The XPath transform establishes the following evaluation context for
   each node of the input node-set:

      *  A context node equal to a node of the input node-set.
      *  A context position, initialized to 1.
      *  A context size, initialized to 1.
      *  A library of functions equal to the function set defined in
         XPath plus a function named here.
      *  A set of variable bindings.  No means for initializing these is
         defined.  Thus, the set of variable bindings used when
         evaluating the XPath expression is empty, and use of a variable
         reference in the XPath expression results in an error.
      *  The set of namespace declarations in scope for the XPath
         expression.

   As a result of the context node setting, the XPath expressions
   appearing in this transform will be quite similar to those used in
   used in [XSLT], except that the size and position are always 1 to
   reflect the fact that the transform is automatically visiting every
   node (in XSLT, one recursively calls the command apply-templates to
   visit the nodes of the input tree).

   The function here() is defined as follows:

   Function: node-set here()

   The here function returns a node-set containing the attribute or
   processing instruction node or the parent element of the text node



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   that directly bears the XPath expression.  This expression results in
   an error if the containing XPath expression does not appear in the
   same XML document against which the XPath expression is being
   evaluated.

   Note: The function definition for here() is intended to be consistent
   with its definition in XPointer.  However, some minor differences are
   presently being discussed between the Working Groups.

   As an example, consider creating an enveloped signature (a Signature
   element that is a descendant of an element being signed).  Although
   the signed content should not be changed after signing, the elements
   within the Signature element are changing (e.g., the digest value
   must be put inside the DigestValue and the SignatureValue must be
   subsequently calculated).  One way to prevent these changes from
   invalidating the digest value in DigestValue is to add an XPath
   Transform that omits all Signature elements and their descendants.
   For example,

   &lt;Document&gt;
   &lt;Signature xmlns="&amp;dsig;"&gt;
     &lt;SignedInfo&gt;
      ...
       &lt;Reference URI=""&gt;
         &lt;Transforms&gt;
           &lt;Transform
             Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xpath-19991116"&gt;
             &lt;XPath xmlns:dsig="&amp;dsig;"&gt;
             not(ancestor-or-self::dsig:Signature)
             &lt;/XPath&gt;
           &lt;/Transform&gt;
         &lt;/Transforms&gt;
         &lt;DigestMethod
          Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#sha1"/&gt;
         &lt;DigestValue&gt;&lt;/DigestValue&gt;
       &lt;/Reference&gt;
     &lt;/SignedInfo&gt;
     &lt;SignatureValue&gt;&lt;/SignatureValue&gt;
    &lt;/Signature&gt;
    ...
   &lt;/Document&gt;

   Due to the null Reference URI in this example, the XPath transform
   input node-set contains all nodes in the entire parse tree starting
   at the root node (except the comment nodes).  For each node in this
   node-set, the node is included in the output node-set except if the
   node or one of its ancestors has a tag of Signature that is in the
   namespace given by the replacement text for the entity &amp;dsig;.



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   A more elegant solution uses the here function to omit only the
   Signature containing the XPath Transform, thus allowing enveloped
   signatures to sign other signatures.  In the example above, use the
   XPath element:

      &lt;XPath xmlns:dsig="&amp;dsig;"&gt;
      count(ancestor-or-self::dsig:Signature |
      here()/ancestor::dsig:Signature[1]) &gt;
      count(ancestor-or-self::dsig:Signature)&lt;/XPath&gt;

   Since the XPath equality operator converts node sets to string values
   before comparison, we must instead use the XPath union operator (|).
   For each node of the document, the predicate expression is true if
   and only if the node-set containing the node and its Signature
   element ancestors does not include the enveloped Signature element
   containing the XPath expression (the union does not produce a larger
   set if the enveloped Signature element is in the node-set given by
   ancestor-or-self::Signature).

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-6.6.4" href="#section-6.6.4">6.6.4</a> Enveloped Signature Transform</span>

   Identifier:
         <a href="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#enveloped-signature">http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#enveloped-signature</a>

   An enveloped signature transform T removes the whole Signature
   element containing T from the digest calculation of the Reference
   element containing T.  The entire string of characters used by an XML
   processor to match the Signature with the XML production element is
   removed.  The output of the transform is equivalent to the output
   that would result from replacing T with an XPath transform containing
   the following XPath parameter element:

      &lt;XPath xmlns:dsig="&amp;dsig;"&gt;
      count(ancestor-or-self::dsig:Signature |
      here()/ancestor::dsig:Signature[1]) &gt;
      count(ancestor-or-self::dsig:Signature)&lt;/XPath&gt;

   The input and output requirements of this transform are identical to
   those of the XPath transform.  Note that it is not necessary to use
   an XPath expression evaluator to create this transform.  However,
   this transform MUST produce output in exactly the same manner as the
   XPath transform parameterized by the XPath expression above.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-6.6.5" href="#section-6.6.5">6.6.5</a> XSLT Transform</span>

   Identifier:
         <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xslt-19991116">http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xslt-19991116</a>




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   The normative specification for XSL Transformations is [XSLT].  The
   XSL style sheet or transform to be evaluated appears as the character
   content of a transform parameter child element named XSLT.  The root
   element of a XSLT style sheet SHOULD be &lt;xsl:stylesheet&gt;.

   This transform requires an octet stream as input.  If the actual
   input is an XPath node-set, then the signature application should
   attempt to covert it to octets (apply Canonical XML]) as described in
   the Reference Processing Model (<a href="#section-4.3.3.2">section 4.3.3.2</a>).

   The output of this transform is an octet stream.  The processing
   rules for the XSL style sheet or transform element are stated in the
   XSLT specification [XSLT].  We RECOMMEND that XSLT transformauthors
   use an output method of xml for XML and HTML.  As XSLT
   implementations do not produce consistent serializations of their
   output, we further RECOMMEND inserting a transformafter the XSLT
   transformto perform canonicalize the output.  These steps will help
   to ensure interoperability of the resulting signatures among
   applications that support the XSLT transform.  Note that if the
   output is actually HTML, then the result of these steps is logically
   equivalent [XHTML].

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-7.0" href="#section-7.0">7.0</a> XML Canonicalization and Syntax Constraint Considerations</span>

   Digital signatures only work if the verification calculations are
   performed on exactly the same bits as the signing calculations.  If
   the surface representation of the signed data can change between
   signing and verification, then some way to standardize the changeable
   aspect must be used before signing and verification.  For example,
   even for simple ASCII text there are at least three widely used line
   ending sequences.  If it is possible for signed text to be modified
   from one line ending convention to another between the time of
   signing and signature verification, then the line endings need to be
   canonicalized to a standard form before signing and verification or
   the signatures will break.

   XML is subject to surface representation changes and to processing
   which discards some surface information.  For this reason, XML
   digital signatures have a provision for indicating canonicalization
   methods in the signature so that a verifier can use the same
   canonicalization as the signer.

   Throughout this specification we distinguish between the
   canonicalization of a Signature element and other signed XML data
   objects.  It is possible for an isolated XML document to be treated
   as if it were binary data so that no changes can occur.  In that
   case, the digest of the document will not change and it need not be
   canonicalized if it is signed and verified as such.  However, XML



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   that is read and processed using standard XML parsing and processing
   techniques is frequently changed such that some of its surface
   representation information is lost or modified.  In particular, this
   will occur in many cases for the Signature and enclosed SignedInfo
   elements since they, and possibly an encompassing XML document, will
   be processed as XML.

   Similarly, these considerations apply to Manifest, Object, and
   SignatureProperties elements if those elements have been digested,
   their DigestValue is to be checked, and they are being processed as
   XML.

   The kinds of changes in XML that may need to be canonicalized can be
   divided into three categories.  There are those related to the basic
   [XML], as described in 7.1 below.  There are those related to [DOM],
   [SAX], or similar processing as described in 7.2 below.  And, third,
   there is the possibility of coded character set conversion, such as
   between UTF-8 and UTF-16, both of which all [XML] compliant
   processors are required to support.

   Any canonicalization algorithm should yield output in a specific
   fixed coded character set.  For both the minimal canonicalization
   defined in this specification and Canonical XML [XML-C14N] that coded
   character set is UTF-8 (without a byte order mark (BOM)).Neither the
   minimal canonicalization nor the Canonical XML [XML-C14N] algorithms
   provide character normalization.  We RECOMMEND that signature
   applications create XML content (Signature elements and their
   descendents/content) in Normalization Form C [NFC] and check that any
   XML being consumed is in that form as well (if not, signatures may
   consequently fail to validate).  Additionally, none of these
   algorithms provide data type normalization.  Applications that
   normalize data types in varying formats (e.g., (true, false) or
   (1,0)) may not be able to validate each other's signatures.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-7.1" href="#section-7.1">7.1</a> XML 1.0, Syntax Constraints, and Canonicalization</span>

   XML 1.0 [XML] defines an interface where a conformant application
   reading XML is given certain information from that XML and not other
   information.  In particular,

   1. line endings are normalized to the single character #xA by
      dropping #xD characters if they are immediately followed by a #xA
      and replacing them with #xA in all other cases,
   2. missing attributes declared to have default values are provided to
      the application as if present with the default value,
   3. character references are replaced with the corresponding
      character,




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   4. entity references are replaced with the corresponding declared
      entity,
   5. attribute values are normalized by
      A. replacing character and entity references as above,
      B. replacing occurrences of #x9, #xA, and #xD with #x20 (space)
         except that the sequence #xD#xA is replaced by a single space,
         and

      C. if the attribute is not declared to be CDATA, stripping all
         leading and trailing spaces and replacing all interior runs of
         spaces with a single space.

   Note that items (2), (4), and (5C) depend on the presence of a
   schema, DTD or similar declarations.  The Signature element type is
   laxly schema valid [XML-schema], consequently external XML or even
   XML within the same document as the signature may be (only) well
   formed or from another namespace (where permitted by the signature
   schema); the noted items may not be present.  Thus, a signature with
   such content will only be verifiable by other signature applications
   if the following syntax constraints are observed when generating any
   signed material including the SignedInfo element:

   1. attributes having default values be explicitly present,
   2. all entity references (except "amp", "lt", "gt", "apos", "quot",
      and other character entities not representable in the encoding
      chosen) be expanded,
   3. attribute value white space be normalized

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-7.2" href="#section-7.2">7.2</a> DOM/SAX Processing and Canonicalization</span>

   In addition to the canonicalization and syntax constraints discussed
   above, many XML applications use the Document Object Model [DOM] or
   The Simple API for XML [SAX].  DOM maps XML into a tree structure of
   nodes and typically assumes it will be used on an entire document
   with subsequent processing being done on this tree.  SAX converts XML
   into a series of events such as a start tag, content, etc.  In either
   case, many surface characteristics such as the ordering of attributes
   and insignificant white space within start/end tags is lost.  In
   addition, namespace declarations are mapped over the nodes to which
   they apply, losing the namespace prefixes in the source text and, in
   most cases, losing where namespace declarations appeared in the
   original instance.

   If an XML Signature is to be produced or verified on a system using
   the DOM or SAX processing, a canonical method is needed to serialize
   the relevant part of a DOM tree or sequence of SAX events.  XML
   canonicalization specifications, such as [XML-C14N], are based only
   on information which is preserved by DOM and SAX.  For an XML



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   Signature to be verifiable by an implementation using DOM or SAX, not
   only must the XML1.0 syntax constraints given in the previous section
   be followed but an appropriate XML canonicalization MUST be specified
   so that the verifier can re-serialize DOM/SAX mediated input into the
   same octect stream that was signed.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-8.0" href="#section-8.0">8.0</a> Security Considerations</span>

   The XML Signature specification provides a very flexible digital
   signature mechanism.  Implementors must give consideration to their
   application threat models and to the following factors.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-8.1" href="#section-8.1">8.1</a> Transforms</span>

   A requirement of this specification is to permit signatures to "apply
   to a part or totality of a XML document." (See [XML-Signature-RD,
   <a href="#section-3.1.3">section 3.1.3</a>].)  The Transforms mechanism meets this requirement by
   permitting one to sign data derived from processing the content of
   the identified resource.  For instance, applications that wish to
   sign a form, but permit users to enter limited field data without
   invalidating a previous signature on the form might use [XPath] to
   exclude those portions the user needs to change.  Transforms may be
   arbitrarily specified and may include encoding transforms,
   canonicalization instructions or even XSLT transformations.  Three
   cautions are raised with respect to this feature in the following
   sections.

   Note, core validation behavior does not confirm that the signed data
   was obtained by applying each step of the indicated transforms.
   (Though it does check that the digest of the resulting content
   matches that specified in the signature.)  For example, some
   application may be satisfied with verifying an XML signature over a
   cached copy of already transformed data.  Other applications might
   require that content be freshly dereferenced and transformed.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-8.1.1" href="#section-8.1.1">8.1.1</a> Only What is Signed is Secure</span>

   First, obviously, signatures over a transformed document do not
   secure any information discarded by transforms: only what is signed
   is secure.

   Note that the use of Canonical  XML [XML-C14N] ensures that all
   internal entities and XML namespaces are expanded within the content
   being signed.  All entities are replaced with their definitions and
   the canonical form explicitly represents the namespace that an
   element would otherwise inherit.  Applications that do not
   canonicalize XML content (especially the SignedInfo element) SHOULD




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   NOT use internal entities and SHOULD represent the namespace
   explicitly within the content being signed since they can not rely
   upon canonicalization to do this for them.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-8.1.2" href="#section-8.1.2">8.1.2</a> Only What is "Seen" Should be Signed</span>

   Additionally, the signature secures any information introduced by the
   transform: only what is "seen" (that which is represented to the user
   via visual, auditory or other media) should be signed.  If signing is
   intended to convey the judgment or consent of a user (an automated
   mechanism or person), then it is normally necessary to secure as
   exactly as practical the information that was presented to that user.
   Note that this can be accomplished by literally signing what was
   presented, such as the screen images shown a user.  However, this may
   result in data which is difficult for subsequent software to
   manipulate.  Instead, one can sign the data along with whatever
   filters, style sheets, client profile or other information that
   affects its presentation.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-8.1.3" href="#section-8.1.3">8.1.3</a> "See" What is Signed</span>

   Just as a user should only sign what it "sees," persons and automated
   mechanisms that trust the validity of a transformed document on the
   basis of a valid signature should operate over the data that was
   transformed (including canonicalization) and signed, not the original
   pre-transformed data.  This recommendation applies to transforms
   specified within the signature as well as those included as part of
   the document itself.  For instance, if an XML document includes an
   embedded style sheet [XSLT] it is the transformed document that that
   should be represented to the user and signed.  To meet this
   recommendation where a document references an external style sheet,
   the content of that external resource should also be signed as via a
   signature Reference -- otherwise the content of that external content
   might change which alters the resulting document without invalidating
   the signature.

   Some applications might operate over the original or intermediary
   data but should be extremely careful about potential weaknesses
   introduced between the original and transformed data.  This is a
   trust decision about the character and meaning of the transforms that
   an application needs to make with caution.  Consider a
   canonicalization algorithm that normalizes character case (lower to
   upper) or character composition ('e and accent' to 'accented-e').  An
   adversary could introduce changes that are normalized and
   consequently inconsequential to signature validity but material to a
   DOM processor.  For instance, by changing the case of a character one
   might influence the result of an XPath selection.  A serious risk is
   introduced if that change is normalized for signature validation but



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   the processor operates over the original data and returns a different
   result than intended.  Consequently, while we RECOMMEND all documents
   operated upon and generated by signature applications be in [NFC]
   (otherwise intermediate processors might unintentionally break the
   signature) encoding normalizations SHOULD NOT be done as part of a
   signature transform, or (to state it another way) if normalization
   does occur, the application SHOULD always "see" (operate over) the
   normalized form.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-8.2" href="#section-8.2">8.2</a> Check the Security Model</span>

   This specification uses public key signatures and keyed hash
   authentication codes.  These have substantially different security
   models.  Furthermore, it permits user specified algorithms which may
   have other models.

   With public key signatures, any number of parties can hold the public
   key and verify signatures while only the parties with the private key
   can create signatures.  The number of holders of the private key
   should be minimized and preferably be one.  Confidence by verifiers
   in the public key they are using and its binding to the entity or
   capabilities represented by the corresponding private key is an
   important issue, usually addressed by certificate or online authority
   systems.

   Keyed hash authentication codes, based on secret keys, are typically
   much more efficient in terms of the computational effort required but
   have the characteristic that all verifiers need to have possession of
   the same key as the signer.  Thus any verifier can forge signatures.

   This specification permits user provided signature algorithms and
   keying information designators.  Such user provided algorithms may
   have different security models.  For example, methods involving
   biometrics usually depend on a physical characteristic of the
   authorized user that can not be changed the way public or secret keys
   can be and may have other security model differences.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-8.3" href="#section-8.3">8.3</a> Algorithms, Key Lengths, Certificates, Etc.</span>

   The strength of a particular signature depends on all links in the
   security chain.  This includes the signature and digest algorithms
   used, the strength of the key generation [RANDOM] and the size of the
   key, the security of key and certificate authentication and
   distribution mechanisms, certificate chain validation policy,
   protection of cryptographic processing from hostile observation and
   tampering, etc.





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   Care must be exercised by applications in executing the various
   algorithms that may be specified in an XML signature and in the
   processing of any "executable content" that might be provided to such
   algorithms as parameters, such as XSLT transforms.  The algorithms
   specified in this document will usually be implemented via a trusted
   library but even there perverse parameters might cause unacceptable
   processing or memory demand.  Even more care may be warranted with
   application defined algorithms.

   The security of an overall system will also depend on the security
   and integrity of its operating procedures, its personnel, and on the
   administrative enforcement of those procedures.  All the factors
   listed in this section are important to the overall security of a
   system; however, most are beyond the scope of this specification.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-9.0" href="#section-9.0">9.0</a> Schema, DTD, Data Model, and Valid Examples</span>

   XML Signature Schema Instance
         <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-xmldsig-core-20001031/xmldsig-core-schema.xsd">http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-xmldsig-core-20001031/xmldsig-</a>
           <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-xmldsig-core-20001031/xmldsig-core-schema.xsd">core-schema.xsd</a>   Valid XML schema instance based on the
         20000922 Schema/DTD [XML-Schema].

   XML Signature DTD
         <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-xmldsig-core-20001031/xmldsig-core-schema.dtd">http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-xmldsig-core-20001031/xmldsig-</a>
           <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-xmldsig-core-20001031/xmldsig-core-schema.dtd">core-schema.dtd</a>

   RDF Data Model
         <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-xmldsig-core-20001031/xmldsig-datamodel-20000112.gif">http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-xmldsig-core-20001031/xmldsig-</a>
           <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-xmldsig-core-20001031/xmldsig-datamodel-20000112.gif">datamodel-20000112.gif</a>

   XML Signature Object Example
         <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-xmldsig-core-20001031/signature-example.xml">http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-xmldsig-core-20001031/signature-</a>
           <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-xmldsig-core-20001031/signature-example.xml">example.xml</a>   A cryptographical invalid XML example that
         includes foreign content and validates under the schema.  (It
         validates under the DTD when the foreign content is removed or
         the DTD is modified accordingly).

   RSA XML Signature Example
         <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-xmldsig-core-20001031/signature-example-rsa.xml">http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-xmldsig-core-20001031/signature-</a>
           <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-xmldsig-core-20001031/signature-example-rsa.xml">example-rsa.xml</a>
         An XML Signature example with generated cryptographic values by
            Merlin Hughes and validated by Gregor Karlinger.

   DSA XML Signature Example
         <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-xmldsig-core-20001031/signature-example-dsa.xml">http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-xmldsig-core-20001031/signature-</a>
           <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-xmldsig-core-20001031/signature-example-dsa.xml">example-dsa.xml</a>   Similar to above but uses DSA.





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<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-10.0" href="#section-10.0">10.0</a> Definitions</span>

   Authentication Code
         A value generated from the application of a shared key to a
         message via a cryptographic algorithm such that it has the
         properties of message authentication (integrity) but not signer
         authentication

   Authentication, Message
         "A signature should identify what is signed, making it
         impracticable to falsify or alter either the signed matter or
         the signature without detection." [Digital Signature
         Guidelines, ABA]

   Authentication, Signer
         "A signature should indicate who signed a document, message or
         record, and should be difficult for another person to produce
         without authorization." [Digital Signature Guidelines, ABA]

   Core
         The syntax and processing defined by this specification,
         including core validation.  We use this term to distinguish
         other markup, processing, and applications semantics from our
         own.

   Data Object (Content/Document)
         The actual binary/octet data being operated on (transformed,
         digested, or signed) by an application -- frequently an HTTP
         entity [HTTP].  Note that the proper noun Object designates a
         specific XML element.  Occasionally we refer to a data object
         as a document or as a resource's content.  The term element
         content is used to describe the data between XML start and end
         tags [XML].  The term XML document is used to describe data
         objects which conform to the XML specification [XML].

   Integrity
         The inability to change a message without also changing the
         signature value.  See message authentication.

   Object
         An XML Signature element wherein arbitrary (non-core) data may
         be placed.  An Object element is merely one type of digital
         data (or document) that can be signed via a Reference.

   Resource
         "A resource can be anything that has identity.  Familiar
         examples include an electronic document, an image, a service
         (e.g., 'today's weather report for Los Angeles'), and a



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         collection of other resources....  The resource is the
         conceptual mapping to an entity or set of entities, not
         necessarily the entity which corresponds to that mapping at any
         particular instance in time.  Thus, a resource can remain
         constant even when its content---the entities to which it
         currently corresponds---changes over time, provided that the
         conceptual mapping is not changed in the process." [URI] In
         order to avoid a collision of the term entity within the URI
         and XML specifications, we use the term data object, content or
         document to refer to the actual bits being operated upon.

   Signature
         Formally speaking, a value generated from the application of a
         private key to a message via a cryptographic algorithm such
         that it has the properties of signer authentication and message
         authentication (integrity).  (However, we sometimes use the
         term signature generically such that it encompasses
         Authentication Code values as well, but we are careful to make
         the distinction when the property of signer authentication is
         relevant to the exposition.)  A signature may be (non-
         exclusively) described as detached, enveloping, or enveloped.

   Signature, Application
         An application that implements the MANDATORY (REQUIRED/MUST)
         portions of this specification; these conformance requirements
         are over the structure of the Signature element type and its
         children (including SignatureValue) and mandatory to support
         algorithms.

   Signature, Detached
         The signature is over content external to the Signature
         element, and can be identified via a URI or transform.
         Consequently, the signature is "detached" from the content it
         signs.  This definition typically applies to separate data
         objects, but it also includes the instance where the Signature
         and data object reside within the same XML document but are
         sibling elements.

   Signature, Enveloping
         The signature is over content found within an Object element of
         the signature itself.  The Object(or its content) is identified
         via a Reference (via a URI fragment identifier or transform).

   Signature, Enveloped
         The signature is over the XML content that contains the
         signature as an element.  The content provides the root XML





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         document element.  Obviously, enveloped signatures must take
         care not to include their own value in the calculation of the
         SignatureValue.

   Transform
         The processing of a octet stream from source content to derived
         content.  Typical transforms include XML Canonicalization,
         XPath, and XSLT.

   Validation, Core
         The core processing requirements of this specification
         requiring signature validation and SignedInfo reference
         validation.

   Validation, Reference
         The hash value of the identified and transformed content,
         specified by Reference, matches its specified DigestValue.

   Validation, Signature
         The SignatureValue matches the result of processing SignedInfo
         with  CanonicalizationMethod and SignatureMethod as specified
         in Core Validation (<a href="#section-3.2">section 3.2</a>).

   Validation, Trust/Application
         The application determines that the semantics associated with a
         signature are valid.  For example, an application may validate
         the time stamps or the integrity of the signer key -- though
         this behavior is external to this core specification.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-11.0" href="#section-11.0">11.0</a> References</span>

   ABA               Digital Signature Guidelines.
                     <a href="http://www.abanet.org/scitech/ec/isc/dsgfree.html">http://www.abanet.org/scitech/ec/isc/dsgfree.html</a>

   Bourret           Declaring Elements and Attributes in an XML DTD.
                     Ron Bourret.  <a href="http://www.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de/DVS1/staff/bourret/xml/xmldtd.html">http://www.informatik.tu-</a>
                     <a href="http://www.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de/DVS1/staff/bourret/xml/xmldtd.html">darmstadt.de/DVS1/staff/bourret/xml/xmldtd.html</a>

   DOM               Document Object Model (DOM) Level 1 Specification.
                     W3C Recommendation. V. Apparao, S. Byrne, M.
                     Champion, S. Isaacs, I. Jacobs, A. Le Hors, G.
                     Nicol, J. Robie, R. Sutor, C. Wilson, L. Wood.
                     October 1998.  <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-DOM-Level-1-19981001/">http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-DOM-</a>
                     <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-DOM-Level-1-19981001/">Level-1-19981001/</a>







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   DSS               FIPS PUB 186-1. Digital Signature Standard (DSS).
                     U.S. Department of Commerce/National Institute of
                     Standards and Technology.
                     <a href="http://csrc.nist.gov/fips/fips1861.pdf">http://csrc.nist.gov/fips/fips1861.pdf</a>

   HMAC              Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M. and R. Canetti, "HMAC:
                     Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication", <a href="./rfc2104">RFC</a>
                     <a href="./rfc2104">2104</a>, February 1997.
                     <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2104.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2104.txt</a>

   HTTP              Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H.,
                     Masinter, L., Leach, P. and T. Berners-Lee,
                     "Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1", <a href="./rfc2616">RFC</a>
                     <a href="./rfc2616">2616</a>, June 1999.
                     <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt</a>

   KEYWORDS          Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
                     Requirement Levels", <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/bcp/bcp14">BCP 14</a>, <a href="./rfc2119">RFC 2119</a>, March 1997.
                     <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt</a>

   LDAP-DN           Wahl, M., Kille, S. and T. Howes, "Lightweight
                     Directory Access Protocol (v3): UTF-8 String
                     Representation of Distinguished Names", <a href="./rfc2253">RFC 2253</a>,
                     December 1997.  <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2253.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2253.txt</a>

   MD5               Rivest, R., "The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm", <a href="./rfc1321">RFC</a>
                     <a href="./rfc1321">1321</a>, April 1992.
                     <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1321.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1321.txt</a>

   MIME              Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet
                     Mail Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet
                     Message Bodies", <a href="./rfc2045">RFC 2045</a>, November 1996.
                     <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt</a>

   NFC               TR15. Unicode Normalization Forms. M. Davis, M.
                     Drst. Revision 18: November 1999.

   PGP               Callas, J., Donnerhacke, L., Finney, H. and R.
                     Thayer, "OpenPGP Message Format", November 1998.
                     <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2440.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2440.txt</a>

   RANDOM            Eastlake, D., Crocker, S. and J. Schiller,
                     "Randomness Recommendations for Security", <a href="./rfc1750">RFC</a>
                     <a href="./rfc1750">1750</a>, December 1994.
                     <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1750.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1750.txt</a>






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   RDF               RDF Schema W3C Candidate Recommendation. D.
                     Brickley, R.V. Guha. March 2000.
                     <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-rdf-schema-20000327/RDF">http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-rdf-schema-20000327/</a>
                     <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-rdf-schema-20000327/RDF">RDF</a> Model and Syntax W3C Recommendation. O.
                     Lassila, R. Swick. February 1999.
                     <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-rdf-syntax-19990222/">http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-rdf-syntax-19990222/</a>

   1363              IEEE 1363: Standard Specifications for Public Key
                     Cryptography.  August 2000.

   PKCS1             Kaliski, B. and J. Staddon, "PKCS #1: RSA
                     Cryptography Specifications Version 2.0", <a href="./rfc2437">RFC 2437</a>,
                     October 1998.  <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2437.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2437.txt</a>

   SAX               SAX: The Simple API for XML David Megginson et. al.
                     May 1998.  <a href="http://www.megginson.com/SAX/index.html">http://www.megginson.com/SAX/index.html</a>

   SHA-1             FIPS PUB 180-1. Secure Hash Standard. U.S.
                     Department of Commerce/National Institute of
                     Standards and Technology.
                     <a href="http://csrc.nist.gov/fips/fip180-1.pdf">http://csrc.nist.gov/fips/fip180-1.pdf</a>

   Unicode           The Unicode Consortium. The Unicode Standard.
                     <a href="http://www.unicode.org/unicode/standard/standard.html">http://www.unicode.org/unicode/standard/standard.html</a>

   UTF-16            Hoffman, P. and F. Yergeau, "UTF-16, an encoding of
                     ISO 10646", <a href="./rfc2781">RFC 2781</a>, February 2000.
                     <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2781.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2781.txt</a>

   UTF-8             Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO
                     10646", <a href="./rfc2279">RFC 2279</a>, January 1998.
                     <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2279.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2279.txt</a>

   URI               Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R. and L. Masinter,
                     "Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic
                     Syntax", <a href="./rfc2396">RFC 2396</a>, August 1998.
                     <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt</a>

   URI-Literal       Hinden, R., Carpenter, B. and L. Masinter, "Format
                     for Literal IPv6 Addresses in URL's", <a href="./rfc2732">RFC 2732</a>,
                     December 1999.  <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2732.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2732.txt</a>

   URL               Berners-Lee, T., Masinter, L. and M. McCahill,
                     "Uniform Resource Locators (URL)", <a href="./rfc1738">RFC 1738</a>,
                     December 1994.  <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1738.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1738.txt</a>






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   URN               Moats, R., "URN Syntax" <a href="./rfc2141">RFC 2141</a>, May 1997.
                     <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2141.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2141.txt</a>

                     Daigle, L., van Gulik, D., Iannella, R. and P.
                     Faltstrom, "URN Namespace Definition Mechanisms",
                     <a href="./rfc2611">RFC 2611</a>, June 1999.
                     <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2611.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2611.txt</a>

   X509v3            ITU-T Recommendation X.509 version 3 (1997).
                     "Information Technology - Open Systems
                     Interconnection - The Directory Authentication
                     Framework" ISO/IEC 9594-8:1997.

   XHTML 1.0         XHTML(tm) 1.0: The Extensible Hypertext Markup
                     Language Recommendation. S. Pemberton, D. Raggett,
                     et. al. January 2000.
                     <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/REC-xhtml1-20000126/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/REC-xhtml1-20000126/</a>

   XLink             XML Linking Language. Working Draft. S. DeRose, D.
                     Orchard, B. Trafford. July 1999.
                     <a href="http://www.w3.org/1999/07/WD-xlink-19990726">http://www.w3.org/1999/07/WD-xlink-19990726</a>

   XML               Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0
                     Recommendation. T. Bray, J. Paoli, C. M. Sperberg-
                     McQueen. February 1998.
                     <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210">http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210</a>

   XML-C14N          J. Boyer, "Canonical XML Version 1.0", <a href="./rfc3076">RFC 3076</a>,
                     September 2000.  <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-xml-c14n-20001026">http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-xml-</a>
                     <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-xml-c14n-20001026">c14n-20001026</a>
                     <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3076.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3076.txt</a>

   XML-Japanese      XML Japanese Profile. W3C NOTE. M. MURATA April
                     2000 <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/NOTE-japanese-xml-20000414/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/NOTE-japanese-xml-</a>
                     <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/NOTE-japanese-xml-20000414/">20000414/</a>

   XML-MT            Whitehead, E. and M. Murata, "XML Media Types",
                     July 1998.  <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2376.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2376.txt</a>

   XML-ns            Namespaces in XML Recommendation. T. Bray, D.
                     Hollander, A. Layman. Janury 1999.
                     <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xml-names-19990114">http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xml-names-19990114</a>

   XML-schema        XML Schema Part 1: Structures Working Draft. D.
                     Beech, M. Maloney, N. Mendelshohn. September 2000.
                     <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/WD-xmlschema-1-20000922/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/WD-xmlschema-1-20000922/</a>





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                     XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes Working Draft. P.
                     Biron, A. Malhotra. September 2000.
                     <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/WD-xmlschema-2-20000922/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/WD-xmlschema-2-20000922/</a>

   XML-Signature-RD  Reagle, J., "XML Signature Requirements", <a href="./rfc2907">RFC 2907</a>,
                     April 2000.  <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/WD-xmldsig-requirements-19991014">http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/WD-xmldsig-</a>
                     <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/WD-xmldsig-requirements-19991014">requirements-19991014</a>
                     <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2807.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2807.txt</a>

   XPath             XML Path Language (XPath)Version 1.0.
                     Recommendation. J. Clark, S. DeRose. October 1999.
                     <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xpath-19991116">http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xpath-19991116</a>

   XPointer          XML Pointer Language (XPointer). Candidate
                     Recommendation. S. DeRose, R. Daniel, E. Maler.
                     <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-xptr-20000607">http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-xptr-20000607</a>

   XSL               Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL) Working Draft.
                     S. Adler, A. Berglund, J. Caruso, S. Deach, P.
                     Grosso, E. Gutentag, A. Milowski, S. Parnell, J.
                     Richman, S. Zilles. March 2000.
                     <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/WD-xsl-20000327/xslspec.html">http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/WD-xsl-</a>
                     <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/WD-xsl-20000327/xslspec.html">20000327/xslspec.html</a>

   XSLT              XSL Transforms (XSLT) Version 1.0. Recommendation.
                     J. Clark. November 1999.
                     <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xslt-19991116.html">http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xslt-19991116.html</a>
























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<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-12" href="#section-12">12</a>. Authors' Addresses</span>

   Donald E. Eastlake 3rd
   Motorola, Mail Stop: M2-450
   20 Forbes Boulevard
   Mansfield, MA 02048 USA

   Phone: 1-508-261-5434
   EMail: Donald.Eastlake@motorola.com


   Joseph M. Reagle Jr., W3C
   Massachusetts Institute of Technology
   Laboratory for Computer Science
   NE43-350, 545 Technology Square
   Cambridge, MA 02139

   Phone: 1.617.258.7621
   EMail: reagle@w3.org


   David Solo
   Citigroup
   909 Third Ave, 16th Floor
   NY, NY 10043 USA

   Phone: +1-212-559-2900
   EMail: dsolo@alum.mit.edu























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<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-13" href="#section-13">13</a>. Full Copyright Statement</span>

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2001).  All Rights Reserved.

   This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
   others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
   or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
   and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
   kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
   included on all such copies and derivative works.  However, this
   document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
   the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
   Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
   developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
   copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
   followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
   English.

   The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
   revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.

   This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
   "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
   TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
   BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
   HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
   MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

Acknowledgement

   Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
   Internet Society.



















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</pre>