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<pre>Network Working Group P. Hoffman
Request for Comments: 4266 VPN Consortium
Obsoletes: <a href="./rfc1738">1738</a> November 2005
Category: Standards Track
<span class="h1">The gopher URI Scheme</span>
Status of This Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005).
Abstract
This document specifies the gopher Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
scheme that was originally specified in <a href="./rfc1738">RFC 1738</a>. The purpose of
this document is to allow <a href="./rfc1738">RFC 1738</a> to be made obsolete while keeping
the information about the scheme on standards track.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-1" href="#section-1">1</a>. Introduction</span>
URIs were previously defined in <a href="./rfc2396">RFC 2396</a> [<a href="./rfc2396" title=""Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax"">RFC2396</a>], which was updated
by <a href="./rfc3986">RFC 3986</a> [<a href="./rfc3986" title=""Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax"">RFC3986</a>]. Those documents also specify how to define
schemes for URIs.
The first definition for many URI schemes appeared in <a href="./rfc1738">RFC 1738</a>
[<a href="./rfc1738" title=""Uniform Resource Locators (URL)"">RFC1738</a>]. Because that document has been made obsolete, this
document copies the gopher URI scheme from it to allow that material
to remain on standards track.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-2" href="#section-2">2</a>. Scheme Definition</span>
The gopher URL scheme is used to designate Internet resources
accessible using the Gopher protocol.
The base Gopher protocol is described in <a href="./rfc1436">RFC 1436</a> [<a href="./rfc1436" title=""The Internet Gopher Protocol (a distributed document search and retrieval protocol)"">RFC1436</a>] and
supports items and collections of items (directories). The Gopher+
protocol is a set of upward-compatible extensions to the base Gopher
protocol and is described in [Gopher+]. Gopher+ supports associating
<span class="grey">Hoffman Standards Track [Page 1]</span></pre>
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arbitrary sets of attributes and alternate data representations with
Gopher items. Gopher URLs accommodate both Gopher and Gopher+ items
and item attributes.
Historical note: The Gopher protocol was widely implemented in the
early 1990s, but few Gopher servers are in use today.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.1" href="#section-2.1">2.1</a>. Gopher URL Syntax</span>
A Gopher URL takes the form:
gopher://<host>:<port>/<gopher-path>
where <gopher-path> is one of:
<gophertype><selector>
<gophertype><selector>%09<search>
<gophertype><selector>%09<search>%09<gopher+_string>
If :<port> is omitted, the port defaults to 70. <gophertype> is a
single-character field to denote the Gopher type of the resource to
which the URL refers. The entire <gopher-path> may also be empty, in
which case the delimiting "/" is also optional and the <gophertype>
defaults to "1".
<selector> is the Gopher selector string. In the Gopher protocol,
Gopher selector strings are a sequence of octets that may contain any
octets except 09 hexadecimal (US-ASCII HT or tab), 0A hexadecimal
(US-ASCII character LF), and 0D (US-ASCII character CR).
Gopher clients specify which item to retrieve by sending the Gopher
selector string to a Gopher server.
Within the <gopher-path>, no characters are reserved.
Note that some Gopher <selector> strings begin with a copy of the
<gophertype> character, in which case that character will occur twice
consecutively. The Gopher selector string may be an empty string;
this is how Gopher clients refer to the top-level directory on a
Gopher server.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.2" href="#section-2.2">2.2</a>. Specifying URLs for Gopher Search Engines</span>
If the URL refers to a search to be submitted to a Gopher search
engine, the selector is followed by an encoded tab (%09) and the
search string. To submit a search to a Gopher search engine, the
Gopher client sends the <selector> string (after decoding), a tab,
and the search string to the Gopher server.
<span class="grey">Hoffman Standards Track [Page 2]</span></pre>
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<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.3" href="#section-2.3">2.3</a>. URL Syntax for Gopher+ Items</span>
Historical note: Gopher+ was uncommon even when Gopher was popular.
URLs for Gopher+ items have a second encoded tab (%09) and a Gopher+
string. Note that in this case, the %09<search> string must be
supplied, although the <search> element may be the empty string.
The <gopher+_string> is used to represent information required for
retrieval of the Gopher+ item. Gopher+ items may have alternate
views and arbitrary sets of attributes, and they may have electronic
forms associated with them.
To retrieve the data associated with a Gopher+ URL, a client will
connect to the server and send the Gopher selector, followed by a tab
and the search string (which may be empty), followed by a tab and the
Gopher+ commands.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.4" href="#section-2.4">2.4</a>. Default Gopher+ Data Representation</span>
When a Gopher server returns a directory listing to a client, the
Gopher+ items are tagged with either a "+" (denoting Gopher+ items)
or a "?" (denoting Gopher+ items that have a +ASK form associated
with them). A Gopher URL with a Gopher+ string consisting of only a
"+" refers to the default view (data representation) of the item, and
a Gopher+ string containing only a "?" refers to an item with a
Gopher electronic form associated with it.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.5" href="#section-2.5">2.5</a>. Gopher+ Items with Electronic Forms</span>
Gopher+ items that have a +ASK associated with them (i.e., Gopher+
items tagged with a "?") require the client to fetch the item's +ASK
attribute to get the form definition, and then ask the user to fill
out the form and return the user's responses along with the selector
string to retrieve the item. Gopher+ clients know how to do this but
depend on the "?" tag in the Gopher+ item description to know when to
handle this case. The "?" is used in the Gopher+ string to be
consistent with Gopher+ protocol's use of this symbol.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.6" href="#section-2.6">2.6</a>. Gopher+ Item Attribute Collections</span>
To refer to the Gopher+ attributes of an item, the Gopher URL's
Gopher+ string consists of "!" or "$". "!" refers to all of a Gopher+
item's attributes. "$" refers to all the item attributes for all
items in a Gopher directory.
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<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.7" href="#section-2.7">2.7</a>. Referring to Specific Gopher+ Attributes</span>
To refer to specific attributes, the URL's gopher+_string is
"!<attribute_name>" or "$<attribute_name>". For example, to refer to
the attribute containing the abstract of an item, the gopher+_string
would be "!+ABSTRACT".
To refer to several attributes, the gopher+_string consists of the
attribute names separated by coded spaces. For example,
"!+ABSTRACT% 20+SMELL" refers to the +ABSTRACT and +SMELL attributes
of an item.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.8" href="#section-2.8">2.8</a>. URL Syntax for Gopher+ Alternate Views</span>
Gopher+ allows for optional alternate data representations (alternate
views) of items. To retrieve a Gopher+ alternate view, a Gopher+
client sends the appropriate view and language identifier (found in
the item's +VIEW attribute). To refer to a specific Gopher+
alternate view, the URL's Gopher+ string would be in the form:
+<view_name>%20<language_name>
For example, a Gopher+ string of "+application/postscript%20Es_ES"
refers to the Spanish language postscript alternate view of a Gopher+
item.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.9" href="#section-2.9">2.9</a>. URL Syntax for Gopher+ Electronic Forms</span>
The gopher+_string for a URL that refers to an item referenced by a
Gopher+ electronic form (an ASK block) filled out with specific
values is a coded version of what the client sends to the server.
The gopher+_string is of the form:
+%091%0D%0A+-1%0D%0A<ask_item1_value>%0D%0A
<ask_item2_value>%0D%0A.%0D%0A
To retrieve this item, the Gopher client sends the following text to
the Gopher server.
<a_gopher_selector><tab>+<tab>1<cr><lf>
+-1<cr><lf>
<ask_item1_value><cr><lf>
<ask_item2_value><cr><lf>
.<cr><lf>
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<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-3" href="#section-3">3</a>. Security Considerations</span>
There are many security considerations for URI schemes discussed in
[<a href="./rfc3986" title=""Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax"">RFC3986</a>]. The Gopher protocol uses passwords in the clear for
authentication, and offers no privacy, both of which are considered
extremely unsafe in current practice.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-4" href="#section-4">4</a>. Informative References</span>
[Gopher+] Anklesaria, F., et al., "Gopher+: Upward compatible
enhancements to the Internet Gopher protocol", University
of Minnesota, July 1993, <<a href="ftp://boombox.micro.umn.edu/pub/">ftp://boombox.micro.umn.edu/pub/</a>
gopher/gopher_protocol/Gopher+/Gopher+.txt>
[<a id="ref-RFC1738">RFC1738</a>] Berners-Lee, T., Masinter, L., and M. McCahill, "Uniform
Resource Locators (URL)", <a href="./rfc1738">RFC 1738</a>, December 1994.
[<a id="ref-RFC2396">RFC2396</a>] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax", <a href="./rfc2396">RFC 2396</a>,
August 1998.
[<a id="ref-RFC3986">RFC3986</a>] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66,
<a href="./rfc3986">RFC 3986</a>, January 2005.
[<a id="ref-RFC1436">RFC1436</a>] Anklesaria, F., McCahill, M., Lindner, P., Johnson, D.,
Torrey, D., and B. Albert, "The Internet Gopher Protocol
(a distributed document search and retrieval protocol)",
<a href="./rfc1436">RFC 1436</a>, March 1993.
Author's Address
Paul Hoffman
VPN Consortium
127 Segre Place
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
US
EMail: paul.hoffman@vpnc.org
<span class="grey">Hoffman Standards Track [Page 5]</span></pre>
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Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005).
This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions
contained in <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/bcp/bcp78">BCP 78</a>, and except as set forth therein, the authors
retain all their rights.
This document and the information contained herein are provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS
OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET
ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE
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WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
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The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any
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Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any
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attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of
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specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at
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The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any
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Acknowledgement
Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
Internet Society.
Hoffman Standards Track [Page 6]
</pre>
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