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<pre>Network Working Group M. Kulkarni
Request for Comments: 4433 A. Patel
Category: Standards Track K. Leung
Cisco Systems Inc.
March 2006
<span class="h1">Mobile IPv4 Dynamic Home Agent (HA) Assignment</span>
Status of This Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006).
Abstract
Mobile IPv4 (<a href="./rfc3344">RFC 3344</a>) uses the home agent (HA) to anchor sessions of
a roaming mobile node (MN). This document proposes a messaging
mechanism for dynamic home agent assignment and HA redirection. The
goal is to provide a mechanism to assign an optimal HA for a Mobile
IP session while allowing any suitable method for HA selection.
<span class="grey">Kulkarni, et al. Standards Track [Page 1]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-2" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc4433">RFC 4433</a> Dynamic HA Assignment March 2006</span>
Table of Contents
<a href="#section-1">1</a>. Introduction ....................................................<a href="#page-3">3</a>
<a href="#section-2">2</a>. Requirements Terminology ........................................<a href="#page-3">3</a>
<a href="#section-3">3</a>. Problem Statement ...............................................<a href="#page-5">5</a>
<a href="#section-3.1">3.1</a>. Scope ......................................................<a href="#page-5">5</a>
<a href="#section-3.2">3.2</a>. Dynamic Home Agent Discovery in Mobile IPv4 ................<a href="#page-5">5</a>
<a href="#section-3.3">3.3</a>. NAI Usage and Dynamic HA Assignment ........................<a href="#page-6">6</a>
<a href="#section-3.4">3.4</a>. Dynamic HA Extension .......................................<a href="#page-6">6</a>
<a href="#section-3.4.1">3.4.1</a>. Requested HA Extension ..............................<a href="#page-7">7</a>
<a href="#section-3.4.2">3.4.2</a>. Redirected HA Extension .............................<a href="#page-7">7</a>
<a href="#section-4">4</a>. Messaging Mechanism for Dynamic HA Assignment/Redirection .......<a href="#page-7">7</a>
<a href="#section-4.1">4.1</a>. Messaging for Dynamic HA Assignment ........................<a href="#page-7">7</a>
<a href="#section-4.1.1">4.1.1</a>. Example with Message Flow Diagram ...................<a href="#page-8">8</a>
<a href="#section-4.2">4.2</a>. Messaging for HA Redirection ..............................<a href="#page-10">10</a>
<a href="#section-4.2.1">4.2.1</a>. Example with Message Flow Diagram ..................<a href="#page-12">12</a>
<a href="#section-5">5</a>. Mobility Agent Considerations ..................................<a href="#page-14">14</a>
<a href="#section-5.1">5.1</a>. Mobile Node Considerations ................................<a href="#page-14">14</a>
<a href="#section-5.1.1">5.1.1</a>. MN Using FA CoA ....................................<a href="#page-14">14</a>
<a href="#section-5.1.2">5.1.2</a>. MN Using Co-Located CoA ............................<a href="#page-15">15</a>
<a href="#section-5.1.3">5.1.3</a>. Refreshing Assigned HA Address on Mobile Node ......<a href="#page-16">16</a>
<a href="#section-5.2">5.2</a>. Foreign Agent Considerations ..............................<a href="#page-16">16</a>
<a href="#section-5.3">5.3</a>. Home Agent Considerations .................................<a href="#page-17">17</a>
<a href="#section-5.3.1">5.3.1</a>. Assigned Home Agent Considerations .................<a href="#page-17">17</a>
<a href="#section-6">6</a>. Requested Home Agent Selection .................................<a href="#page-19">19</a>
<a href="#section-7">7</a>. Error Values ...................................................<a href="#page-20">20</a>
<a href="#section-8">8</a>. IANA Considerations ............................................<a href="#page-20">20</a>
<a href="#section-9">9</a>. Security Considerations ........................................<a href="#page-20">20</a>
<a href="#section-10">10</a>. Backward-Compatibility Considerations .........................<a href="#page-21">21</a>
<a href="#section-11">11</a>. Acknowledgements ..............................................<a href="#page-23">23</a>
<a href="#section-12">12</a>. Normative References ..........................................<a href="#page-23">23</a>
<span class="grey">Kulkarni, et al. Standards Track [Page 2]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-3" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc4433">RFC 4433</a> Dynamic HA Assignment March 2006</span>
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-1" href="#section-1">1</a>. Introduction</span>
This document adds to the Mobile IP protocol [<a href="#ref-1" title=""IP Mobility Support for IPv4"">1</a>], by proposing a
messaging mechanism for dynamic home agent assignment and home agent
redirection during initial registration. The goal is to assign an
optimal HA for a Mobile IP session. The mobile node MUST use the
Network Access Identifier (NAI) extension [<a href="#ref-2" title=""Mobile IP Network Access Identifier Extension for IPv4"">2</a>] when requesting a
dynamically assigned HA.
The MN requests a dynamically assigned HA by setting the HA field in
the initial Registration Request to ALL-ZERO-ONE-ADDR (defined in
<a href="#section-2">Section 2</a>). If the request is accepted, the HA sends a successful
Registration Reply containing the HA's own address. The requested HA
can suggest an alternate HA and if so, the Registration Reply is
rejected with a new error code REDIRECT-HA-REQ and the alternate HA
address is specified in a new extension (Redirected HA Extension).
This document also defines a new Requested HA Extension for use in
Registration Requests when the HA field is set to ALL-ZERO-ONE-ADDR.
The Requested HA address is a hint to the network about the MN's
preferred HA.
The messaging mechanism is defined in this document so that the MN
can request and receive a dynamic HA address in Mobile IP messages.
However, the mechanism by which the network selects an HA for
assignment to the MN is outside the scope of this document. For
example, the selection may be made by any network node that receives
the Registration Request (or information about the Registration
Request), such as a Foreign Agent, AAA server, or home agent. The
node that selects the HA may select one based on a number of
criteria, including but not limited to HA load-balancing,
geographical proximity, administrative policy, etc.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-2" href="#section-2">2</a>. Requirements Terminology</span>
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in <a href="./rfc2119">RFC 2119</a> [<a href="#ref-6" title=""Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels"">6</a>].
The Mobile-IP-related terminology described in <a href="./rfc3344">RFC 3344</a> [<a href="#ref-1" title=""IP Mobility Support for IPv4"">1</a>] is used
in this document. In addition, the following terms are used:
ALL-ZERO-ONE-ADDR: IP address 0.0.0.0 or 255.255.255.255. An
address of 255.255.255.255 indicates a preference
for an HA in the home domain. An address of
0.0.0.0 indicates no preference for home vs.
visited domain.
<span class="grey">Kulkarni, et al. Standards Track [Page 3]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-4" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc4433">RFC 4433</a> Dynamic HA Assignment March 2006</span>
Requested HA: Destination IP address of home agent that the
Registration Request is sent to. Must be a
unicast IP address. This address can be
obtained as described in <a href="#section-6">Section 6</a>.
Note that this specification defines a new
"Requested HA Extension" in <a href="#section-3.4">Section 3.4</a>, which
is different from the term "Requested HA".
Assigned HA: The HA that accepts an MN's Registration Request
and returns a successful Registration Reply.
Redirected HA: If the registration is rejected with error code
REDIRECT-HA-REQ, the HA being referred to is
specified in a new extension (Redirected HA
Extension).
AAA server: Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting
Server.
DNS: Domain Name System.
DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.
MN: Mobile node as defined in Mobile IPv4 [<a href="#ref-1" title=""IP Mobility Support for IPv4"">1</a>].
HA: Home agent as defined in Mobile IPv4 [<a href="#ref-1" title=""IP Mobility Support for IPv4"">1</a>].
FA: Foreign Agent as defined in Mobile IPv4 [<a href="#ref-1" title=""IP Mobility Support for IPv4"">1</a>].
CoA: Care-of Address.
CCoA: Co-located Care-of Address.
MN HoA: Mobile node's home address.
NAI: Network Access Identifier [<a href="#ref-2" title=""Mobile IP Network Access Identifier Extension for IPv4"">2</a>].
Src IP: Source IP address of the packet.
Dest IP: Destination IP address of the packet.
RRQ: Registration Request.
<span class="grey">Kulkarni, et al. Standards Track [Page 4]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-5" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc4433">RFC 4433</a> Dynamic HA Assignment March 2006</span>
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-3" href="#section-3">3</a>. Problem Statement</span>
The Mobile IPv4 NAI Extension for IPv4 [<a href="#ref-2" title=""Mobile IP Network Access Identifier Extension for IPv4"">2</a>] introduced the concept of
identifying an MN by the NAI and enabling dynamic home address
assignment. When the home address is dynamically assigned, it is
desirable to discover the home agent dynamically or inform the MN
about an optimal HA to use for a multitude of reasons, such as:
- If the distance between the visited network and the home network of
the mobile node is large, the signaling delay for these
registrations may be long. In such a case, the MN will be anchored
to its distant home agent, resulting in tunneled traffic traveling
a long distance between home agent and the mobile node. When a
Mobile IP session initiates, if the mobile node can be assigned a
home agent that is close to the mobile node it can drastically
reduce the latency between the home agent and mobile node.
- In a large-scale Mobile IP deployment, it is cumbersome to
provision MNs with multiple HA addresses.
- It is desirable to achieve some form of load balancing between
multiple HAs in the network. Dynamic HA assignment and/or HA
redirection lets the network select the optimal HA from among a set
of HAs and thus achieve load balancing among a group of HAs.
- Local administrative policies.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.1" href="#section-3.1">3.1</a>. Scope</span>
This specification does not address the problem of distributing a
security association between the MN and HA, and it can either be
statically preconfigured or dynamically distributed using other
mechanisms [<a href="#ref-7" title=""Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) Registration Keys for Mobile IPv4"">7</a>].
The document introduces the terms Requested/Assigned/Redirected HA
(<a href="#section-6">Section 6</a>). The discovery of candidate HA addresses for insertion
into the Redirected HA Extension can be accomplished through various
means that are network and/or deployment specific and hence are
outside the scope of this specification.
The MN MAY request dynamic HA assignment when it is not aware of any
HA address and even when it is aware of at least one HA address.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.2" href="#section-3.2">3.2</a>. Dynamic Home Agent Discovery in Mobile IPv4</span>
Mobile IPv4 [<a href="#ref-1" title=""IP Mobility Support for IPv4"">1</a>] specifies the mechanism for discovering the mobile
node's home agent using subnet-directed broadcast IP address in the
home agent field of the Registration Request. This mechanism was
<span class="grey">Kulkarni, et al. Standards Track [Page 5]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-6" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc4433">RFC 4433</a> Dynamic HA Assignment March 2006</span>
designed for mobile nodes with a static home address and subnet
prefix, anchored on fixed home network. However, using subnet-
directed broadcast as the destination IP address of the Registration
Request, it is unlikely that the Registration Request will reach the
home subnet because routers will drop these packets by default. See
CERT Advisory CA-1998-01 Smurf IP Denial-of-Service Attacks [<a href="#ref-3" title=""Changing the Default for Directed Broadcasts in Routers"">3</a>].
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.3" href="#section-3.3">3.3</a>. NAI Usage and Dynamic HA Assignment</span>
The Mobile IPv4 NAI Extension for IPv4 [<a href="#ref-2" title=""Mobile IP Network Access Identifier Extension for IPv4"">2</a>] introduced the concept of
identifying an MN by the NAI and enabling dynamic home address
assignment. This document requires that while using dynamic HA
assignment, MN MUST use the NAI and obtain a home address. MN can
still suggest a static home address in the Registration Request, but
must take the address in the Registration Reply as the home address
for the session. This is compatible with the procedures documented
in the NAI specification [<a href="#ref-2" title=""Mobile IP Network Access Identifier Extension for IPv4"">2</a>].
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.4" href="#section-3.4">3.4</a>. Dynamic HA Extension</span>
The Dynamic HA Extension, shown in Figure 1, contains the address of
the HA. This is a generic extension and can be used in Registration
Request and Reply messages. It is a skippable extension.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Subtype | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| HA-Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 1: The Dynamic HA Address Extension
Type DYNAMIC-HA-ADDRESS (skippable) 139 is the type,
which specifies the dynamic HA address.
Subtype Defines the use of this extension as:
subtype 1 = Requested HA Extension
2 = Redirected HA Extension
Length Indicates the length of the extension not
including the type, subtype, and length fields.
Length is always 4 bytes.
HA-Address Address of the home agent.
<span class="grey">Kulkarni, et al. Standards Track [Page 6]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-7" ></span>
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<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.4.1" href="#section-3.4.1">3.4.1</a>. Requested HA Extension</span>
The Requested HA Extension is a Dynamic HA Extension of subtype 1.
The MN may include the Requested HA Extension in the Registration
Request as a hint to the network where it wishes to be anchored.
This extension contains the address of the HA. A valid unicast IP
address MUST be used as HA address in this extension.
In absence of an FA, the Registration Request is forwarded to this
HA. In presence of an FA, the FA MUST forward the Registration
Request to the HA address in this extension.
<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.4.2" href="#section-3.4.2">3.4.2</a>. Redirected HA Extension</span>
The Redirected HA Extension is a Dynamic HA Extension of subtype 2.
The Redirected HA Extension contains the address of the HA where the
MN should attempt the next registration. The HA receiving a
Registration Request can suggest an alternate HA and, if so, the
Registration Reply is sent with a new error code REDIRECT-HA-REQ and
the alternate HA address is specified in this extension.
The Redirected HA Extension MUST be included in Registration Reply
when the reply code is REDIRECT-HA-REQ.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-4" href="#section-4">4</a>. Messaging Mechanism for Dynamic HA Assignment/Redirection</span>
This specification presents two alternatives for home agent
assignment:
(a) Dynamic HA assignment (described in <a href="#section-4.1">Section 4.1</a>) and
(b) HA redirection (described in <a href="#section-4.2">Section 4.2</a>).
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.1" href="#section-4.1">4.1</a>. Messaging for Dynamic HA Assignment</span>
The following sequence of events occurs when the MN requests dynamic
home agent assignment:
1. The MN sets the Home Agent address field in the Registration
Request to ALL-ZERO-ONE-ADDR. If the MN is aware of a desired HA
address, it can add that address in the Requested HA Extension in
the Registration Request. If the HA does not support the
Requested HA Extension, see step 2 below.
<span class="grey">Kulkarni, et al. Standards Track [Page 7]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-8" ></span>
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2. This step is applicable, in lieu of step 1, for an MN that is
aware of the HA address and desires dynamic HA assignment. Also,
the MN follows this (when aware of a HA address) when it
discovers a legacy FA in the path or if the known HA does not
support the Requested HA Extension (see <a href="#section-10">Section 10</a>).
The MN sets the Home Agent address field in the Registration
Request to the HA address (instead of setting it to ALL-ZERO-
ONE-ADDR). The MN also adds the same HA address in the Requested
HA Extension in the Registration Request.
3. The MN (if using co-located CoA and registering directly with the
HA) or the FA (if the MN is registering via the FA) sends the
Registration Request to the "Requested HA". If the Requested HA
Extension is present, Requested HA is specified in the "HA
Address" of this extension.
Per <a href="#section-10">Section 10</a>, in case of a legacy FA, legacy FA forwards the
Registration Request to the address in the HA field of the
request (thus, MN uses step 2 above in case of legacy FA instead
of step 1).
4. The "Requested HA" is the home agent that processes the
Registration Request in accordance with Mobile IPv4 [<a href="#ref-1" title=""IP Mobility Support for IPv4"">1</a>] and as
per the specification in this document. It creates mobility
binding for a successful Registration Request. It also sends a
Registration Reply to the MN.
5. The MN obtains an "Assigned HA" address from the HA field in the
successful Registration Reply and uses it for the remainder of
the session. (Note that the "Assigned HA" will be the same as
the "Requested HA".)
6. Subsequent Registration Request messages for renewal are sent to
the Assigned HA.
<a href="#section-5.3.1">Section 5.3.1</a> describes the Assigned HA in detail. Some ideas on how
to select the Requested HA are briefly covered in <a href="#section-6">Section 6</a>.
<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.1.1" href="#section-4.1.1">4.1.1</a>. Example with Message Flow Diagram</span>
Detailed explanation of this alternative is best described with the
help of a message flow diagram and description.
Figure 2 shows one specific example of a mobile node using an
FA-located Care-of Address (FA CoA) and FA understands the Requested
HA Extension per this specification.
<span class="grey">Kulkarni, et al. Standards Track [Page 8]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-9" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc4433">RFC 4433</a> Dynamic HA Assignment March 2006</span>
Other scenarios such as when the mobile node uses a co-located care
of address and presence of a legacy HA or FA are not described below,
but the behavior is similar.
MN FA Requested/Assigned HA
| 1 | |
|------------>| 2 |
| |--------------->|
| | |
| | |
| | 3 |
| 4 |<---------------|
|<------------| |
| | |
| | 5 |
|----------------------------->|
| | |
Figure 2: Example Message Flow for Dynamic HA Assignment
1. The MN sets the Home Agent address field in the Registration
Request to ALL-ZERO-ONE-ADDR. Since the MN is using FA CoA in
this example, it sends the Registration Request to the FA. The
Registration Request is formatted as follows:
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| Src IP=| Dest IP = | MN HoA | HA Address = | CoA = |
| MN | FA | | ALL-ZERO-ONE-ADDR |FA CoA |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
If the MN is aware of a desired HA address, it can add that
address in the Requested HA Extension in Registration Request as
a hint. That extension is not shown above.
2. The FA sends the Registration Request to the Requested HA. If
the Requested HA Extension is present, Requested HA is the HA
address in this extension. If the Requested HA Extension is not
present, the FA determines the Requested HA through means outside
the scope of this specification. The Registration Request is
formatted as follows:
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| Src IP=| Dest IP = | MN HoA | HA Address = | CoA = |
| FA |Requested HA| | ALL-ZERO-ONE-ADDR |FA CoA |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
<span class="grey">Kulkarni, et al. Standards Track [Page 9]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-10" ></span>
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(If MN includes the Requested HA Extension, the FA copies that
extension. The FA then forwards the Registration Request, along
with the Requested HA Extension, to the HA address specified in
Requested HA Extension.)
3. The HA processes the Registration Request in accordance with
Mobile IPv4 [<a href="#ref-1" title=""IP Mobility Support for IPv4"">1</a>] and the messaging defined in this document. The
HA creates mobility binding for successful request and becomes
the Assigned HA. The HA then sends a Registration Reply to the
FA, which is formatted as follows:
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| Src IP=| Dest IP = | MN HoA | HA Address = | CoA = |
|Assigned| Src IP of | | Assigned HA |FA CoA/|
| HA | the RRQ | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
4. The FA relays the Registration Reply to the MN, as follows:
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| Src IP=| Dest IP = | MN HoA | HA Address = | CoA = |
| FA | MN | | Assigned HA |FA CoA/|
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
5. The MN obtains the Assigned HA address from the HA field in the
successful Registration Reply and uses it for the remainder of
the session. The MN sends subsequent Re-Registration or
De-Registration Requests for the remainder session directly to
the Assigned HA. The Home Agent address field in this
Registration Request is set to ALL-ZERO-ONE-ADDR. Note that the
Assigned HA is the same as the Requested HA.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.2" href="#section-4.2">4.2</a>. Messaging for HA Redirection</span>
This section describes the events that occur when the Requested
HA does not accept the Registration Request and redirects the
mobile node to another HA (aka Redirected HA) instead. This
behavior is not exhibited by a legacy HA and so is not referred
in the description below. In presence of a legacy FA, please
refer to <a href="#section-4.1">Section 4.1</a> for the specific field in the Registration
Request.
1. The MN sets the Home Agent address field in the Registration
Request to ALL-ZERO-ONE-ADDR.
<span class="grey">Kulkarni, et al. Standards Track [Page 10]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-11" ></span>
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2. The MN (if using co-located CoA and registering directly with the
HA) or FA (if the MN is registering via the FA) sends the
Registration Request to the "Requested HA". If the MN is aware
of an HA address, it can add that address in the Requested HA
Extension in the Registration Request.
3. When the HA receives the Registration Request, if the HA field is
set to ALL-ZERO-ONE-ADDR, the HA may reject the request with
Reply code REDIRECT-HA-REQ and suggest an alternate HA.
The HA may reject the request for a number of reasons, which are
outside the scope of this specification. If the HA rejects the
Request, the HA field in the Reply is set to this HA's address.
The IP address of the HA that is the target of the redirection is
specified in Redirected HA Extension. The presence of this
extension is mandatory when the reply code is set to REDIRECT-
HA-REQ. HA sends the Reply to the FA/MN.
4. FA sends the Reply to the MN.
5. If the error code is set to REDIRECT-HA-REQ, the MN obtains the
HA address from Redirected HA Extension. The MN then sends a
Registration Request to Redirected HA. The MN may choose to add
Requested HA Extension in this new Registration Request. If a
registration loop occurs (the case when the Redirected HA is an
HA that had already directed the MN to register elsewhere), then
the MN stops sending any further Registration Request and
provides an indication that the loop event was detected. The
number of consecutive Redirected HAs remembered by the MN for
loop detection is an implementation parameter.
<span class="grey">Kulkarni, et al. Standards Track [Page 11]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-12" ></span>
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<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.2.1" href="#section-4.2.1">4.2.1</a>. Example with Message Flow Diagram</span>
Figure 3 shows one specific example of a mobile node using FA-located
Care-of Address, where the FA is not a legacy FA.
MN FA Requested HA Redirected HA
| 1 | | |
|------------>| 2 | |
| |--------------->| |
| | | |
| | | |
| | 3 | |
| 4 |<---------------| |
|<------------| | |
| | | |
| | 5 | |
|--------------------------------------------->|
| | | |
Figure 3: Example Message Flow for HA Redirection
1. The MN sets the Home Agent address field in the Registration
Request to ALL-ZERO-ONE-ADDR. Since the MN is using FA CoA in
this example, it sends the Registration Request to the FA. The
Registration Request is formatted as follows:
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| Src IP=| Dest IP = | MN HoA | HA Address = | CoA = |
| MN | FA | | ALL-ZERO-ONE-ADDR |FA CoA |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
If the MN is aware of an HA address, it can add that address in
the Requested HA Extension in the Registration Request as a hint.
That extension is not shown above.
2. The FA sends the Registration Request to the Requested HA. If
Requested HA Extension is present, Requested HA is the HA address
in this extension. If the Requested HA Extension is not present,
the FA determines the Requested HA through means outside the
scope of this specification. The Registration Request is
formatted as follows:
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| Src IP=| Dest IP = | MN HoA | HA Address = | CoA = |
| FA |Requested HA| | ALL-ZERO-ONE-ADDR |FA CoA |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
<span class="grey">Kulkarni, et al. Standards Track [Page 12]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-13" ></span>
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3. The HA processes the Registration Request in accordance with
Mobile IPv4 [<a href="#ref-1" title=""IP Mobility Support for IPv4"">1</a>] and the messaging defined in this specification.
If the registration is successful, but local
configuration/administrative policy, etc., directs the HA to
refer the MN to another HA, the HA rejects the request with error
code REDIRECT-HA-REQ. The HA fills in the address of the
Redirected HA in the Redirected HA Extension. The HA then sends
Registration Reply reject to the FA, which is formatted as
follows:
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| Src IP=| Dest IP = | MN HoA | HA Address = | CoA = |
| | Src IP of | | HA |FA CoA |
| HA | the RRQ | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| Redirected HA Extension ... |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
4. The FA relays the Registration Reply to the MN, as follows:
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| Src IP=| Dest IP = | MN HoA | HA Address = | CoA = |
| FA | MN | | HA |FA CoA/|
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| Redirected HA Extension ... |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
5. If the MN can authenticate the Reply, the MN extracts the HA
address from the Redirected HA Extension. The MN then sends a
Registration Request to the Redirected HA, unless it has already
received a redirection response from that HA while processing the
Registration Request. The MN may choose to add Requested HA
Extension in this new Registration Request.
<span class="grey">Kulkarni, et al. Standards Track [Page 13]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-14" ></span>
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<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-5" href="#section-5">5</a>. Mobility Agent Considerations</span>
The following sections describe the behavior of each mobility agent
in detail.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.1" href="#section-5.1">5.1</a>. Mobile Node Considerations</span>
The mobile node MUST use the NAI extension for home address
assignment when using the messaging mechanism in this document.
Since MN uses the NAI extension, the Home Address field is set to
0.0.0.0.
While dynamic HA assignment is in progress and the MN has not
successfully anchored at a home agent, the MN MUST set the Home Agent
field in the Registration Request to an ALL-ZERO-ONE-ADDR, which is
either 255.255.255.255 or 0.0.0.0.
The Registration Request MUST be protected by a valid authenticator
as specified in Mobile IPv4 [<a href="#ref-1" title=""IP Mobility Support for IPv4"">1</a>] or Mobile IPv4 Challenge/Response
Extensions [<a href="#ref-5" title=""Mobile IPv4 Challenge/Response Extensions"">5</a>]. Configuring security associations is deployment
specific and hence outside the scope of this specification. The
security associations between an MN and an individual HA may also be
dynamically derived during the dynamic HA assignment, based on a
shared secret between MN and AAA infrastructure [<a href="#ref-7" title=""Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) Registration Keys for Mobile IPv4"">7</a>].
The mobile node MUST maintain the remaining Mobile IP session with
the Assigned HA.
As mentioned in the Security Considerations (<a href="#section-9">Section 9</a>), there is a
possibility of more than one HA creating a mobility binding entry for
a given MN, if a rogue node in the middle captures the Registration
Request and forwards it to other home agents. The MN can mitigate
such condition by using a short lifetime (e.g., 5 seconds) in the
Registration Request with the Home Agent field set to ALL-ZERO-ONE-
ADDR.
The following sections describe MN behavior in FA CoA mode and co-
located CoA mode.
<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.1.1" href="#section-5.1.1">5.1.1</a>. MN Using FA CoA</span>
When a mobile node initiates a Mobile IP session requesting dynamic
HA assignment, it MUST set the home agent address field in the
Registration Request to ALL-ZERO-ONE-ADDR. The destination IP
address of the Registration Request is the FA. The FA will determine
the Requested HA and forward the Registration Request to the
Requested HA. Registration Request processing takes place on the
Requested HA as per the specification in this document.
<span class="grey">Kulkarni, et al. Standards Track [Page 14]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-15" ></span>
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The Registration Request MUST be appropriately authenticated for the
HA to validate the Request.
If a successful Registration Reply is received, the MN obtains the
Assigned HA from the HA field of Reply. The Assigned HA address will
be the same as the Requested HA Extension, if it was included in the
Registration Request by the MN.
If a Registration Reply is received with code REDIRECT-HA-REQ, the MN
MUST authenticate the Reply based on HA address in HA field of Reply
and attempt Registration with the HA address specified in the
Redirected HA Extension. The MN MUST put the Redirected HA address
as the Requested HA Extension of the new Registration Request.
In some cases, for the first Registration Request the MN may want to
hint to the network to be anchored at a specific HA. The MN SHOULD
put that address in the HA address of the Requested HA Extension.
<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.1.2" href="#section-5.1.2">5.1.2</a>. MN Using Co-Located CoA</span>
An MN in co-located CoA mode requesting dynamic HA assignment MUST
set the home agent address field in the Registration Request to ALL-
ZERO-ONE-ADDR. The destination IP address of the Registration
Request is the Requested HA. Some ideas on how to select a Requested
HA are briefly covered in <a href="#section-6">Section 6</a>.
If a successful Reply is received, the MN obtains the Assigned HA
address from the successful Registration Reply. The Assigned HA will
be the same as Requested HA to which the Registration Request was
sent. The MN MUST cache the Assigned HA address for the length of
the Mobile IP session. The mobile node then MUST use this previously
cached Assigned HA address as the home agent address in subsequent
Re-Registration and De-Registration Request(s). This will make sure
that for the duration of the Mobile IP session, the mobile node will
always be anchored to the assigned home agent with which it was
initially registered.
If a Registration Reply is received with code REDIRECT-HA-REQ, the MN
MUST authenticate the Reply based on HA address in HA field of Reply
and attempt Registration with the HA address specified in the
Redirected HA Extension. The MN MUST put the Redirected HA in the
Requested HA Extension of the new Registration Request.
In some cases, for the first Registration Request MN may want to hint
to the network to be anchored at a specific HA and the MN SHOULD put
that address in the HA address of the Requested HA Extension.
<span class="grey">Kulkarni, et al. Standards Track [Page 15]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-16" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc4433">RFC 4433</a> Dynamic HA Assignment March 2006</span>
While requesting dynamic HA assignment and registering directly with
an HA, the Requested HA Extension MUST be included and MUST contain
the address of the HA to which the Registration Request is sent.
When using co-located CoA but registering via a legacy FA, the HA
field in the Registration Request may be set to Requested HA.
If the Registration Request contains the Requested HA Extension, the
HA address in that extension MUST match the destination IP of the
Request.
<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.1.3" href="#section-5.1.3">5.1.3</a>. Refreshing Assigned HA Address on Mobile Node</span>
When the Mobile IP session terminates, the mobile node MAY clear the
Assigned HA address cached as the home agent address. It MAY request
a new HA address for the new Mobile IP session by not including the
Requested HA Extension. The advantage of this approach is that the
mobile node will be always anchored to an optimal home agent from
where it initiated the Mobile IP session.
Alternately, the MN may save the Assigned HA address and use it in
the Requested HA Extension along with ALL-ZERO-ONE-ADDR HA address in
Registration Request for a new Mobile IP session.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.2" href="#section-5.2">5.2</a>. Foreign Agent Considerations</span>
When the mobile node is using an FA CoA, it always registers via the
FA. When the MN is using a co-located CoA, it may register through
an FA or it may register directly with an HA, unless the R bit is set
in the FA's agent advertisement, in which case it always registers
through the FA.
When the FA receives a Registration Request with HA address field set
to ALL-ZERO-ONE-ADDR that doesn't contain the Requested HA Extension,
the FA obtains the Requested HA address to forward the Registration
Request using means outside the scope of this specification. Some
ideas on how to select a Requested HA are briefly covered in <a href="#section-6">Section</a>
<a href="#section-6">6</a>.
If the FA cannot obtain the Requested HA to which to forward a
Registration Request from the MN, it MUST reject request with error
code NONZERO-HA-REQD.
If the MN has included the Requested HA Extension, the FA MUST
forward the Registration Request to the address in this extension.
If the HA address in this extension is not a routable unicast
address, the FA MUST reject the request with error code NONZERO-HA-
REQD.
<span class="grey">Kulkarni, et al. Standards Track [Page 16]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-17" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc4433">RFC 4433</a> Dynamic HA Assignment March 2006</span>
If the Registration Request contains the Requested HA Extension, the
FA uses that address as the destination for the relayed Registration
Request.
Backward-compatibility issues related to the mobility agents are
addressed in <a href="#section-10">Section 10</a>.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.3" href="#section-5.3">5.3</a>. Home Agent Considerations</span>
A home agent can process an incoming Registration Request in one of
the following two ways:
1. The MN or FA sends the Registration Request to the Requested HA.
The term Requested HA has meaning in the context of a
Registration Request message. When the Requested HA successfully
processes the Registration Request and creates a binding and
sends a Reply with its address, it becomes the Assigned HA. The
term Assigned HA is meaningful in the context of a Registration
Reply message.
2. A home agent receiving a Registration Request with HA field set
to ALL-ZERO-ONE-ADDR MAY reject the request even if successfully
authenticated and suggest an alternate HA address in Reply. In
such a case, the HA puts its own address in HA field of Reply and
sets the Reply code to REDIRECT-HA-REQ and adds the Redirected HA
Extension.
If the Registration Request contains the Requested HA Extension, the
HA address in that extension must match the destination IP of the
Request. If it does not match, the Requested HA MUST reject the
Registration Request with error code 136.
<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.3.1" href="#section-5.3.1">5.3.1</a>. Assigned Home Agent Considerations</span>
The HA that processes the incoming Registration Request fully in
accordance with Mobile IPv4 [<a href="#ref-1" title=""IP Mobility Support for IPv4"">1</a>] and this specification becomes the
Assigned HA. The Registration Request terminates at the Assigned HA.
The Assigned HA creates one mobility binding per MN and sends the
Registration Reply to the MN by copying its address in the Home Agent
field and as the source IP address of the Reply.
The following table summarizes the behavior of the Assigned HA, based
on the value of the destination IP address and Home Agent field of
the Registration Request.
<span class="grey">Kulkarni, et al. Standards Track [Page 17]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-18" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc4433">RFC 4433</a> Dynamic HA Assignment March 2006</span>
Dest IP Addr HA field Processing at Assigned HA
------------ ------------ ----------------------------------
Unicast non-unicast Mobile IPv4 [<a href="#ref-1" title=""IP Mobility Support for IPv4"">1</a>]: There is no change
in handling for this case from
(Must be Mobile IPv4. It is mentioned here
equal to the for reference only.
HA receiving HA denies the registration with
the RRQ) error code 136 and sets HA field to
its own IP address in the reply as
per Section 3.8.3.2 in [<a href="#ref-1" title=""IP Mobility Support for IPv4"">1</a>].
ALL-ZERO- New Behavior: Accept the RRQ as per
ONE-ADDR this specification. Authenticate
the RRQ and create mobility binding
if the HA is acting as Assigned HA.
Set HA field to its own IP address
in the Registration Reply.
OR
New Behavior: If authentication is
successful, reject RRQ with a new
error code REDIRECT-HA-REQ. HA
puts its address in HA address
field of Reject. HA suggests an
alternate HA to use in the new
Redirected HA Extension.
Table 1: Registration Request Handling at Assigned HA
As per the messaging proposed here, the mobile node (or the foreign
agent) sends the Registration Request to the Requested HA address,
which is a unicast address. Therefore, this document does not
specify any new behavior for the case where the HA receives a subnet
directed broadcast Registration Request as specified in <a href="#section-3.8.2.1">Section</a>
<a href="#section-3.8.2.1">3.8.2.1</a> of the Mobile IPv4 specification [<a href="#ref-1" title=""IP Mobility Support for IPv4"">1</a>]. Although the Home
Agent field in the Registration Request is not a unicast address, the
destination IP address is a unicast address. This avoids the problem
associated with subnet-directed broadcast destination IP address that
may result in multiple HAs responding. Thus, there is no need to
deny the registration as stated in Mobile IPv4 [<a href="#ref-1" title=""IP Mobility Support for IPv4"">1</a>] <a href="#section-3.8.3.2">Section 3.8.3.2</a>.
When the destination IP address is a unicast address and the Home
Agent field is ALL-ZERO-ONE-ADDR, the HA accepts/denies registration
and sets the HA field to its own IP address in the reply (i.e., the
registration is not rejected with error code 136).
<span class="grey">Kulkarni, et al. Standards Track [Page 18]</span></pre>
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The HA can reject the request with the error code REDIRECT-HA-REQ and
suggest an alternate HA. This redirection can be used for load
balancing, geographical proximity based on Care-of Address, or other
reasons. The HA puts its own address in the HA field of the
Registration Reply message and puts the address of the redirected HA
in the Redirected HA Extension. If the HA accepts the Request, it
sets the HA field in the Registration Reply to its own address.
The Requested HA always performs standard validity checks on the
Registration Request. If there is any error, the Registration
Request is rejected with error codes specified in Mobile IPv4 [<a href="#ref-1" title=""IP Mobility Support for IPv4"">1</a>].
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-6" href="#section-6">6</a>. Requested Home Agent Selection</span>
When dynamic HA assignment is requested, the MN (or FA in the case of
registration via FA) sends the Registration Request to the Requested
HA. This address MUST be a unicast IP address. If the MN has
included a Requested HA Extension in the Registration Request, the HA
address in this extension is the Requested HA.
Some examples of methods by which the MN or the FA may select the
Requested HA are briefly described below:
DHCP:
The MN performs DHCP to obtain an IP address on the visited
network. The Requested HA is learned from the DHCP Mobile IP Home
Agent Option 68 [<a href="#ref-4" title=""DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions"">4</a>]. The MN sends the Registration Request
directly to this HA and receives the Assigned HA to be used for
the remainder of the Mobile IP session.
AAA:
MN performs challenge/response [<a href="#ref-5" title=""Mobile IPv4 Challenge/Response Extensions"">5</a>] with the FA. The FA retrieves
the Requested HA from the AAA server and forwards the Registration
Request directly to this HA. The Assigned HA sends a Registration
Reply to the FA, which relays it to the MN. MN uses the Assigned
HA for the remainder of the Mobile IP session.
DNS:
In this case, the hostname of the HA is configured on the MN or
obtained by some other means, e.g., using a service location
protocol. The MN performs DNS lookup on the HA hostname. The DNS
infrastructure provides a resource record with information to
identify the optimal HA to the MN. The MN sends a Registration
Request directly to the HA and receives the Assigned HA to be used
for the remainder of the Mobile IP session.
<span class="grey">Kulkarni, et al. Standards Track [Page 19]</span></pre>
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Static configuration:
The HA address is statically configured on the MN. The MN sends
the Registration Request to the configured address. The Requested
HA may then redirect the MN to a Redirected HA.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-7" href="#section-7">7</a>. Error Values</span>
Each entry in the following table contains the name and value for the
error code to be returned in a Registration Reply. It also includes
the section in which the error code is first mentioned in this
document.
Error Name Value Section Description
--------------- ----- ------- -----------------------------
NONZERO-HA-REQD 90 5.2 Non-zero HA address required
in Registration Request.
REDIRECT-HA-REQ 143 5.3 Re-register with redirected HA.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-8" href="#section-8">8</a>. IANA Considerations</span>
The code value NONZERO-HA-REQD is a Mobile IP response code [<a href="#ref-1" title=""IP Mobility Support for IPv4"">1</a>] taken
from the range of values associated with rejection by the foreign
agent (i.e., value in the range 64-127).
The code value REDIRECT-HA-REQ is a Mobile IP response code [<a href="#ref-1" title=""IP Mobility Support for IPv4"">1</a>] taken
from the range of values associated with rejection by the home agent
(i.e., value in the range 128-192).
The Dynamic HA Extension is assigned from the range of values
associated with skippable extensions at the home agent (i.e., value
in the range 128-255).
IANA has recorded the values as defined in Sections <a href="#section-7">7</a> and <a href="#section-3.4">3.4</a>.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-9" href="#section-9">9</a>. Security Considerations</span>
This specification assumes that a security configuration has been
preconfigured between the MN and the HA or is configured along with
the initial Registration Request/Registration Reply as per [<a href="#ref-7" title=""Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) Registration Keys for Mobile IPv4"">7</a>].
There is a possibility of more than one HA creating a mobility
binding entry for a given MN, if a man in the middle captures the
Registration Request with the HA field set to ALL-ZERO-ONE-ADDR and
forwards it to other HAs. This scenario assumes that the rogue node
can find out the addresses of the HAs that are able to authenticate
the Registration Request. It also assumes that the rogue node has
the capability to store, duplicate, and send packets to the other HAs
<span class="grey">Kulkarni, et al. Standards Track [Page 20]</span></pre>
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within the limited time of the replay window. Otherwise, these HAs
will reject the Registration Requests anyway. In addition, this type
of attack is only possible when the Requested HA Extension is not
included in the registration message. The mobile node can minimize
the duration of this condition by using a short lifetime (e.g., 5
seconds) in the Registration Request.
This specification does not change the security model established in
Mobile IPv4 [<a href="#ref-1" title=""IP Mobility Support for IPv4"">1</a>]. Mobile nodes are often connected to the network via
wireless links, which may be more prone to passive eavesdropping or
replay attacks. Such an attack might lead to bogus registrations or
redirection of traffic or denial of service.
As per the messaging in this document, the Assigned Home Agent will
process the incoming Registration Request as per Mobile IPv4 [<a href="#ref-1" title=""IP Mobility Support for IPv4"">1</a>].
Hence the Assigned Home Agent will have the same security concerns as
those of the home agent in Mobile IPv4 [<a href="#ref-1" title=""IP Mobility Support for IPv4"">1</a>]. They are addressed in
<a href="#section-5">Section 5</a>, "Security Considerations", of Mobile IPv4 [<a href="#ref-1" title=""IP Mobility Support for IPv4"">1</a>].
The Registration Request and Registration Reply messages are
protected by a valid authenticator as specified in Mobile IPv4 [<a href="#ref-1" title=""IP Mobility Support for IPv4"">1</a>].
Configuring security associations is a deployment-specific issue and
is covered by other Mobile IP specifications. There can be many ways
of configuring security associations, but this specification does not
require any specific way.
An example is where the security association between an MN and an
individual HA (Requested or Assigned) is dynamically derived during
the registration process based on a shared secret between MN and AAA
infrastructure, as defined in [<a href="#ref-7" title=""Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) Registration Keys for Mobile IPv4"">7</a>]. The Registration Request is
protected with MN-AAA Authentication Extension, and Registration
Reply is protected with MN-HA Authentication Extension. Because the
security association is shared between MN and AAA, any dynamically
assigned HA in the local domain can proxy authenticate the MN using
AAA as per [<a href="#ref-7" title=""Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) Registration Keys for Mobile IPv4"">7</a>].
The Assigned Home Agent authenticates each Registration Request from
the mobile node as specified in Mobile IPv4 [<a href="#ref-1" title=""IP Mobility Support for IPv4"">1</a>] and/or <a href="./rfc3012">RFC 3012</a>. The
MN also authenticates the Registration Reply from the Assigned HA;
thus, the existing trust model in Mobile IPv4 [<a href="#ref-1" title=""IP Mobility Support for IPv4"">1</a>] is maintained.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-10" href="#section-10">10</a>. Backward-Compatibility Considerations</span>
In this section, we examine concerns that may arise when using this
specification in a mixed environment where some nodes implement the
specification and others do not. In each of the examples below, we
consider the case where one node is a "legacy" node, which does not
implement the specification in the context of other nodes that do.
<span class="grey">Kulkarni, et al. Standards Track [Page 21]</span></pre>
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Legacy Home Agent:
Legacy home agents may reject the Registration Request with error
code 136 because the Home Agent field is not a unicast address.
However, some legacy HA implementations may coincidentally process
the Registration Request in accordance with this document, when the
HA field in Registration Request is set to ALL-ZERO-ONE-ADDR.
Legacy Foreign Agent:
Legacy foreign agents may forward a Registration Request with home
agent field set to ALL-ZERO-ONE-ADDR by setting the destination IP
address to ALL-ZERO-ONE-ADDR. This will result in the packet being
dropped or incidentally handled by a next-hop HA, adjacent to the FA.
The MN may not be aware of the dropped Registration Request and may
probably retry registration, thereby increasing the delay in
registration.
To reduce the delay in registration, the MN should take the following
steps:
1. The MN should send the Registration Request as specified in this
specification. In other words, the MN should set the Home Agent
field in the Registration Request to ALL-ZERO-ONE-ADDR and also
add the Requested HA Extension.
2. If the MN does not receive a Registration Reply within some time
and/or after sending a few Registration Requests, it can assume
that the Registration Request(s) has been dropped, either by a
legacy FA or an incorrect HA. In addition, if the registration
is denied with error code 70 (poorly formed Request), the MN can
assume that the legacy FA cannot process this message. In either
case, the MN should fall back to a recovery mechanism. The MN
should quickly send a new Registration Request as mentioned in
<a href="#section-4.1">Section 4.1</a> step 2. This step will ensure that a legacy FA will
forward the Registration Request to the home agent thereby making
dynamic HA assignment possible.
Legacy Mobile Node:
An MN that sends a Registration Request to an FA that can do dynamic
HA assignment, but does not set the HA field to ALL-ZERO-ONE-ADDR
will continue to be registered with its statically configured HA,
exactly according to <a href="./rfc3344">RFC 3344</a>.
<span class="grey">Kulkarni, et al. Standards Track [Page 22]</span></pre>
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<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-11" href="#section-11">11</a>. Acknowledgements</span>
The authors would like to thank Pete McCann for thorough review,
suggestions on security considerations, and definition of ALL-ZERO-
ONE-ADDR. Thanks to Kuntal Chowdhury for extensive review and
comments on this document. Also thanks to Henrik Levkowetz for
detailed reviews and suggestions. Thomas Narten highlighted issues
for legacy FA considerations. Thanks to Ahmad Muhanna for pointing
out scenario of multiple bindings on HAs, documented in the Security
Considerations section.
The authors would like to thank Mike Andrews, Madhavi Chandra, and
Yoshi Tsuda for their review and suggestions.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-12" href="#section-12">12</a>. Normative References</span>
[<a id="ref-1">1</a>] Perkins, C., "IP Mobility Support for IPv4", <a href="./rfc3344">RFC 3344</a>, August
2002.
[<a id="ref-2">2</a>] Calhoun, P. and C. Perkins, "Mobile IP Network Access Identifier
Extension for IPv4", <a href="./rfc2794">RFC 2794</a>, March 2000.
[<a id="ref-3">3</a>] Senie, D., "Changing the Default for Directed Broadcasts in
Routers", <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/bcp/bcp34">BCP 34</a>, <a href="./rfc2644">RFC 2644</a>, August 1999.
[<a id="ref-4">4</a>] Alexander, S. and R. Droms, "DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor
Extensions", <a href="./rfc2132">RFC 2132</a>, March 1997.
[<a id="ref-5">5</a>] Perkins, C. and P. Calhoun, "Mobile IPv4 Challenge/Response
Extensions", <a href="./rfc3012">RFC 3012</a>, November 2000.
[<a id="ref-6">6</a>] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels", <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/bcp/bcp14">BCP 14</a>, <a href="./rfc2119">RFC 2119</a>, March 1997.
[<a id="ref-7">7</a>] Perkins, C. and P. Calhoun, "Authentication, Authorization, and
Accounting (AAA) Registration Keys for Mobile IPv4", <a href="./rfc3957">RFC 3957</a>,
March 2005.
<span class="grey">Kulkarni, et al. Standards Track [Page 23]</span></pre>
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Authors' Addresses
Milind Kulkarni
Cisco Systems Inc.
170 W. Tasman Drive,
San Jose, CA 95134
USA
Phone: +1 408-527-8382
EMail: mkulkarn@cisco.com
Alpesh Patel
Cisco Systems Inc.
170 W. Tasman Drive,
San Jose, CA 95134
USA
Phone: +1 408-853-9580
EMail: alpesh@cisco.com
Kent Leung
Cisco Systems Inc.
170 W. Tasman Drive,
San Jose, CA 95134
USA
Phone: +1 408-526-5030
EMail: kleung@cisco.com
<span class="grey">Kulkarni, et al. Standards Track [Page 24]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-25" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc4433">RFC 4433</a> Dynamic HA Assignment March 2006</span>
Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006).
This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions
contained in <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/bcp/bcp78">BCP 78</a>, and except as set forth therein, the authors
retain all their rights.
This document and the information contained herein are provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS
OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET
ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE
INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED
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Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any
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The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any
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rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement
this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at
ietf-ipr@ietf.org.
Acknowledgement
Funding for the RFC Editor function is provided by the IETF
Administrative Support Activity (IASA).
Kulkarni, et al. Standards Track [Page 25]
</pre>
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