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<pre>Network Working Group J. De Clercq
Request for Comments: 4659 Alcatel
Category: Standards Track D. Ooms
OneSparrow
M. Carugi
Nortel Networks
F. Le Faucheur
Cisco Systems
September 2006
<span class="h1">BGP-MPLS IP Virtual Private Network (VPN) Extension for IPv6 VPN</span>
Status of This Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006).
Abstract
This document describes a method by which a Service Provider may use
its packet-switched backbone to provide Virtual Private Network (VPN)
services for its IPv6 customers. This method reuses, and extends
where necessary, the "BGP/MPLS IP VPN" method for support of IPv6.
In BGP/MPLS IP VPN, "Multiprotocol BGP" is used for distributing IPv4
VPN routes over the service provider backbone, and MPLS is used to
forward IPv4 VPN packets over the backbone. This document defines an
IPv6 VPN address family and describes the corresponding IPv6 VPN
route distribution in "Multiprotocol BGP".
This document defines support of the IPv6 VPN service over both an
IPv4 and an IPv6 backbone, and for using various tunneling techniques
over the core, including MPLS, IP-in-IP, Generic Routing
Encapsulation (GRE) and IPsec protected tunnels. The inter-working
between an IPv4 site and an IPv6 site is outside the scope of this
document.
<span class="grey">De Clercq, et al. Standards Track [Page 1]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-2" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc4659">RFC 4659</a> BGP-MPLS IP VPN Extension for IPv6 VPN September 2006</span>
Table of Contents
<a href="#section-1">1</a>. Introduction ....................................................<a href="#page-2">2</a>
<a href="#section-2">2</a>. The VPN-IPv6 Address Family .....................................<a href="#page-4">4</a>
<a href="#section-3">3</a>. VPN-IPv6 Route Distribution .....................................<a href="#page-5">5</a>
<a href="#section-3.1">3.1</a>. Route Distribution Among PEs by BGP ........................<a href="#page-5">5</a>
<a href="#section-3.2">3.2</a>. VPN IPv6 NLRI Encoding .....................................<a href="#page-6">6</a>
<a href="#section-3.2.1">3.2.1</a>. BGP Next Hop encoding ...............................<a href="#page-6">6</a>
<a href="#section-3.2.1.1">3.2.1.1</a>. BGP Speaker Requesting IPv6 Transport ......<a href="#page-7">7</a>
<a href="#section-3.2.1.2">3.2.1.2</a>. BGP Speaker Requesting IPv4 Transport ......<a href="#page-8">8</a>
<a href="#section-3.3">3.3</a>. Route Target ...............................................<a href="#page-8">8</a>
<a href="#section-3.4">3.4</a>. BGP Capability Negotiation .................................<a href="#page-8">8</a>
<a href="#section-4">4</a>. Encapsulation ...................................................<a href="#page-8">8</a>
<a href="#section-5">5</a>. Address Types ..................................................<a href="#page-10">10</a>
<a href="#section-6">6</a>. Multicast ......................................................<a href="#page-11">11</a>
<a href="#section-7">7</a>. Carriers' Carriers .............................................<a href="#page-11">11</a>
<a href="#section-8">8</a>. Multi-AS Backbones .............................................<a href="#page-11">11</a>
<a href="#section-9">9</a>. Accessing the Internet from a VPN ..............................<a href="#page-13">13</a>
<a href="#section-10">10</a>. Management VPN ................................................<a href="#page-14">14</a>
<a href="#section-11">11</a>. Security Considerations .......................................<a href="#page-14">14</a>
<a href="#section-12">12</a>. Quality of Service ............................................<a href="#page-15">15</a>
<a href="#section-13">13</a>. Scalability ...................................................<a href="#page-15">15</a>
<a href="#section-14">14</a>. IANA Considerations ...........................................<a href="#page-15">15</a>
<a href="#section-15">15</a>. Acknowledgements ..............................................<a href="#page-15">15</a>
<a href="#section-16">16</a>. References ....................................................<a href="#page-16">16</a>
<a href="#section-16.1">16.1</a>. Normative References .....................................<a href="#page-16">16</a>
<a href="#section-16.2">16.2</a>. Informative References ...................................<a href="#page-16">16</a>
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-1" href="#section-1">1</a>. Introduction</span>
This document describes a method by which a Service Provider may use
its packet-switched backbone to provide Virtual Private Network
services for its IPv6 customers.
This method reuses, and extends where necessary, the "BGP/MPLS IP
VPN" method [BGP/MPLS-VPN] for support of IPv6. In particular, this
method uses the same "peer model" as [BGP/MPLS-VPN], in which the
customers' edge routers ("CE routers") send their IPv6 routes to the
Service Provider's edge routers ("PE routers"). BGP ("Border Gateway
Protocol", [<a href="#ref-BGP" title=""A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4)"">BGP</a>, <a href="#ref-BGP-MP" title=""Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP-4"">BGP-MP</a>]) is then used by the Service Provider to
exchange the routes of a particular IPv6 VPN among the PE routers
that are attached to that IPv6 VPN. Eventually, the PE routers
distribute, to the CE routers in a particular VPN, the IPv6 routes
from other CE routers in that VPN. As with IPv4 VPNs, a key
characteristic of this "peer model" is that the (IPv6) CE routers
within an (IPv6) VPN do not peer with each other; there is no
"overlay" visible to the (IPv6) VPN's routing algorithm.
<span class="grey">De Clercq, et al. Standards Track [Page 2]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-3" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc4659">RFC 4659</a> BGP-MPLS IP VPN Extension for IPv6 VPN September 2006</span>
This document adopts the definitions, acronyms, and mechanisms
described in [BGP/MPLS-VPN]. Unless it is stated otherwise, the
mechanisms of [BGP/MPLS-VPN] apply and will not be re-described here.
A VPN is said to be an IPv6 VPN when each site of this VPN is IPv6
capable and is natively connected over an IPv6 interface or sub-
interface to the Service Provider (SP) backbone via a Provider Edge
device (PE).
A site may be both IPv4 capable and IPv6 capable. The logical
interface on which packets arrive at the PE may determine the IP
version. Alternatively, the same logical interface may be used for
both IPv4 and IPv6, in which case a per-packet lookup at the Version
field of the IP packet header determines the IP version.
This document only concerns itself with handling of IPv6
communication between IPv6 hosts located on IPv6-capable sites.
Handling of IPv4 communication between IPv4 hosts located on IPv4-
capable sites is outside the scope of this document and is covered in
[BGP/MPLS-VPN]. Communication between an IPv4 host located in an
IPv4- capable site and an IPv6 host located in an IPv6-capable site
is outside the scope of this document.
In a similar manner to how IPv4 VPN routes are distributed in
[BGP/MPLS-VPN], BGP and its extensions are used to distribute routes
from an IPv6 VPN site to all the other PE routers connected to a site
of the same IPv6 VPN. PEs use "VPN Routing and Forwarding tables"
(VRFs) to maintain the reachability information and forwarding
information of each IPv6 VPN separately.
As is done for IPv4 VPNs [BGP/MPLS-VPN], we allow each IPv6 VPN to
have its own IPv6 address space, which means that a given address may
denote different systems in different VPNs. This is achieved via a
new address family, the VPN-IPv6 Address Family, in a fashion similar
to that of the VPN-IPv4 address family, defined in [BGP/MPLS-VPN],
which prepends a Route Distinguisher to the IP address.
In addition to its operation over MPLS Label Switched Paths (LSPs),
the IPv4 BGP/MPLS VPN solution has been extended to allow operation
over other tunneling techniques, including GRE tunnels, IP-in-IP
tunnels [2547-GRE/IP], L2TPv3 tunnels [<a href="#ref-MPLS-in-L2TPv3" title=""Encapsulation of MPLS over Layer-2 Tunneling Protocol Version 3"">MPLS-in-L2TPv3</a>], and IPsec
protected tunnels [<a href="#ref-2547-IPsec" title=""Use of PE-PE IPsec in RFC2547 VPNs"">2547-IPsec</a>]. In a similar manner, this document
allows support of an IPv6 VPN service over MPLS LSPs, as well as over
other tunneling techniques.
This document allows support for an IPv6 VPN service over an IPv4
backbone, as well as over an IPv6 backbone. The IPv6 VPN service
supported is identical in both cases.
<span class="grey">De Clercq, et al. Standards Track [Page 3]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-4" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc4659">RFC 4659</a> BGP-MPLS IP VPN Extension for IPv6 VPN September 2006</span>
The IPv6 VPN solution defined in this document offers the following
benefits:
o From both the Service Provider perspective and the customer
perspective, the VPN service that can be supported for IPv6
sites is identical to the one that can be supported for IPv4
sites.
o From the Service Provider perspective, operations of the IPv6
VPN service require the exact same skills, procedures, and
mechanisms as those for the IPv4 VPN service.
o Where both IPv4 VPNs and IPv6 VPN services are supported over an
IPv4 core, the same single set of MP-BGP peering relationships
and the same single PE-PE tunnel mesh MAY be used for both.
o The IPv6 VPN service is independent of whether the core runs
IPv4 or IPv6. This is so that the IPv6 VPN service supported
before and after a migration of the core from IPv4 to IPv6 is
undistinguishable to the VPN customer.
Note that supporting IPv4 VPN services over an IPv6 core is not
covered by this document.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-2" href="#section-2">2</a>. The VPN-IPv6 Address Family</span>
The BGP Multiprotocol Extensions [<a href="#ref-BGP-MP" title=""Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP-4"">BGP-MP</a>] allow BGP to carry routes
from multiple "address families". We introduce the notion of the
"VPN-IPv6 address family", which is similar to the VPN-IPv4 address
family introduced in [BGP/MPLS-VPN].
A VPN-IPv6 address is a 24-octet quantity, beginning with an 8-octet
"Route Distinguisher" (RD) and ending with a 16-octet IPv6 address.
The purpose of the RD is solely to allow one to create distinct
routes to a common IPv6 address prefix, which is similar to the
purpose of the RD defined in [BGP/MPLS-VPN]. In the same way as it
is possible per [BGP/MPLS-VPN], the RD can be used to create multiple
different routes to the very same system. This can be achieved by
creating two different VPN-IPv6 routes that have the same IPv6 part
but different RDs. This allows the provider's BGP to install
multiple different routes to the same system and allows policy to be
used to decide which packets use which route.
<span class="grey">De Clercq, et al. Standards Track [Page 4]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-5" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc4659">RFC 4659</a> BGP-MPLS IP VPN Extension for IPv6 VPN September 2006</span>
Also, if two VPNs were to use the same IPv6 address prefix
(effectively denoting different physical systems), the PEs would
translate these into unique VPN-IPv6 address prefixes using different
RDs. This ensures that if the same address is ever used in two
different VPNs, it is possible to install two completely different
routes to that address, one for each VPN.
Since VPN-IPv6 addresses and IPv6 addresses belong to different
address families, BGP never treats them as comparable addresses.
A VRF may have multiple equal-cost VPN-IPv6 routes for a single IPv6
address prefix. When a packet's destination address is matched in a
VRF against a VPN-IPv6 route, only the IPv6 part is actually matched.
The Route Distinguisher format and encoding is as specified in
[BGP/MPLS-VPN].
When a site is IPv4 capable and IPv6 capable, the same RD MAY be used
for the advertisement of IPv6 addresses and IPv4 addresses.
Alternatively, a different RD MAY be used for the advertisement of
the IPv4 addresses and of the IPv6 addresses. Note, however, that in
the scope of this specification, IPv4 addresses and IPv6 addresses
will always be handled in separate contexts, and that no IPv4-IPv6
interworking issues and techniques will be discussed.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-3" href="#section-3">3</a>. VPN-IPv6 Route Distribution</span>
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.1" href="#section-3.1">3.1</a>. Route Distribution Among PEs by BGP</span>
As described in [BGP/MPLS-VPN], if two sites of a VPN attach to PEs
that are in the same Autonomous System, the PEs can distribute VPN
routes to each other by means of an (IPv4) internal Border Gateway
Protocol (iBGP) connection between them. Alternatively, each PE can
have iBGP connections to route reflectors. Similarly, for IPv6 VPN
route distribution, PEs can use iBGP connections between them or use
iBGP connections to route reflectors. For IPv6 VPN, the iBGP
connections MAY be over IPv4 or over IPv6.
The PE routers exchange, via MP-BGP [<a href="#ref-BGP-MP" title=""Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP-4"">BGP-MP</a>], reachability
information for the IPv6 prefixes in the IPv6 VPNs and thereby
announce themselves as the BGP Next Hop.
The rules for encoding the reachability information and the BGP Next
Hop address are specified in the following sections.
<span class="grey">De Clercq, et al. Standards Track [Page 5]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-6" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc4659">RFC 4659</a> BGP-MPLS IP VPN Extension for IPv6 VPN September 2006</span>
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.2" href="#section-3.2">3.2</a>. VPN IPv6 NLRI Encoding</span>
When distributing IPv6 VPN routes, the advertising PE router MUST
assign and distribute MPLS labels with the IPv6 VPN routes.
Essentially, PE routers do not distribute IPv6 VPN routes, but
Labeled IPv6 VPN routes [<a href="#ref-MPLS-BGP" title=""Carrying Label Information in BGP-4"">MPLS-BGP</a>]. When the advertising PE then
receives a packet that has this particular advertised label, the PE
will pop this label from the MPLS stack and process the packet
appropriately (i.e., forward it directly according to the label or
perform a lookup in the corresponding IPv6-VPN context).
The BGP Multiprotocol Extensions [<a href="#ref-BGP-MP" title=""Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP-4"">BGP-MP</a>] are used to advertise the
IPv6 VPN routes in the MP_REACH Network Layer Reachability
Information (NLRI). The Address Family Identifier (AFI) and
Subsequent Address Family Identifier (SAFI) fields MUST be set as
follows:
- AFI: 2; for IPv6
- SAFI: 128; for MPLS labeled VPN-IPv6
The NLRI field itself is encoded as specified in [<a href="#ref-MPLS-BGP" title=""Carrying Label Information in BGP-4"">MPLS-BGP</a>]. In the
context of this extension, the prefix belongs to the VPN-IPv6 Address
Family and thus consists of an 8-octet Route Distinguisher followed
by an IPv6 prefix as specified in <a href="#section-2">Section 2</a>, above.
<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.2.1" href="#section-3.2.1">3.2.1</a>. BGP Next Hop encoding</span>
The encoding of the BGP Next Hop depends on whether the policy of the
BGP speaker is to request that IPv6 VPN traffic be transported to
that BGP Next Hop using IPv6 tunneling ("BGP speaker requesting IPv6
transport") or using IPv4 tunneling ("BGP speaker requesting IPv4
transport").
Definition of this policy (to request transport over IPv4 tunneling
or IPv6 tunneling) is the responsibility of the network operator and
is beyond the scope of this document. Note that it is possible for
that policy to request transport over IPv4 (resp. IPv6) tunneling
while the BGP speakers exchange IPv6 VPN reachability information
over IPv6 (resp. IPv4). However, in that case, a number of
operational implications are worth considering. In particular, an
undetected fault affecting the IPv4 (resp. IPv6) tunneling data path
and not affecting the IPv6 (resp. IPv4) data path could remain
undetected by BGP, which in turn may result in black-holing of
traffic.
Control of this policy is beyond the scope of this document and may
be based on user configuration.
<span class="grey">De Clercq, et al. Standards Track [Page 6]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-7" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc4659">RFC 4659</a> BGP-MPLS IP VPN Extension for IPv6 VPN September 2006</span>
<span class="h5"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.2.1.1" href="#section-3.2.1.1">3.2.1.1</a>. BGP Speaker Requesting IPv6 Transport</span>
When the IPv6 VPN traffic is to be transported to the BGP speaker
using IPv6 tunneling (e.g., IPv6 MPLS LSPs, IPsec-protected IPv6
tunnels), the BGP speaker SHALL advertise a Next Hop Network Address
field containing a VPN-IPv6 address
- whose 8-octet RD is set to zero, and
- whose 16-octet IPv6 address is set to the global IPv6 address of
the advertising BGP speaker.
This is potentially followed by another VPN-IPv6 address
- whose 8-octet RD is set to zero, and
- whose 16-octet IPv6 address is set to the link-local IPv6
address of the advertising BGP speaker.
The value of the Length of the Next Hop Network Address field in the
MP_REACH_NLRI attribute shall be set to 24 when only a global address
is present, and to 48 if a link-local address is also included in the
Next Hop field.
If the BGP speakers peer using only their link-local IPv6 address
(for example, in the case where an IPv6 CE peers with an IPv6 PE,
where the CE does not have any IPv6 global address, and where eBGP
peering is achieved over the link-local addresses), the "unspecified
address" ([<a href="#ref-V6ADDR" title=""IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture"">V6ADDR</a>]) is used by the advertising BGP speaker to
indicate the absence of the global IPv6 address in the Next Hop
Network Address field.
The link-local address shall be included in the Next Hop field if and
only if the advertising BGP speaker shares a common subnet with the
peer the route is being advertised to [<a href="#ref-BGP-IPv6" title=""Use of BGP-4 Multiprotocol Extensions for IPv6 Inter-Domain Routing"">BGP-IPv6</a>].
In all other cases, a BGP speaker shall advertise to its peer in the
Next Hop Network Address field only the global IPv6 address of the
next hop.
As a consequence, a BGP speaker that advertises a route to an
internal peer may modify the Network Address of Next Hop field by
removing the link-local IPv6 address of the next hop.
An example scenario where both the global IPv6 address and the link-
local IPv6 address shall be included in the BGP Next Hop address
field is that where the IPv6 VPN service is supported over a multi-
Autonomous System (AS) backbone with redistribution of labeled VPN-
<span class="grey">De Clercq, et al. Standards Track [Page 7]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-8" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc4659">RFC 4659</a> BGP-MPLS IP VPN Extension for IPv6 VPN September 2006</span>
IPv6 routes between Autonomous System Border Routers (ASBR) of
different ASes sharing a common IPv6 subnet: in that case, both the
global IPv6 address and the link-local IPv6 address shall be
advertised by the ASBRs.
<span class="h5"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.2.1.2" href="#section-3.2.1.2">3.2.1.2</a>. BGP Speaker Requesting IPv4 Transport</span>
When the IPv6 VPN traffic is to be transported to the BGP speaker
using IPv4 tunneling (e.g., IPv4 MPLS LSPs, IPsec-protected IPv4
tunnels), the BGP speaker SHALL advertise to its peer a Next Hop
Network Address field containing a VPN-IPv6 address:
- whose 8-octet RD is set to zero, and
- whose 16-octet IPv6 address is encoded as an IPv4-mapped IPv6
address [<a href="#ref-V6ADDR" title=""IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture"">V6ADDR</a>] containing the IPv4 address of the advertising
BGP speaker. This IPv4 address must be routable by the other
BGP Speaker.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.3" href="#section-3.3">3.3</a>. Route Target</span>
The use of route target is specified in [BGP/MPLS-VPN] and applies to
IPv6 VPNs. Encoding of the extended community attribute is defined
in [<a href="#ref-BGP-EXTCOM" title=""BGP Extended Communities Attribute"">BGP-EXTCOM</a>].
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.4" href="#section-3.4">3.4</a>. BGP Capability Negotiation</span>
In order for two PEs to exchange labeled IPv6 VPN NLRIs, they MUST
use BGP Capabilities Negotiation to ensure that they both are capable
of properly processing such NLRIs. This is done as specified in
[<a href="#ref-BGP-MP" title=""Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP-4"">BGP-MP</a>] and [<a href="#ref-BGP-CAP" title=""Capabilities Advertisement with BGP-4"">BGP-CAP</a>], by using capability code 1 (multiprotocol
BGP), with AFI and SAFI values as specified above, in <a href="#section-3.2">Section 3.2</a>.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-4" href="#section-4">4</a>. Encapsulation</span>
The ingress PE Router MUST tunnel IPv6 VPN data over the backbone
towards the Egress PE router identified as the BGP Next Hop for the
corresponding destination IPv6 VPN prefix.
<span class="grey">De Clercq, et al. Standards Track [Page 8]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-9" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc4659">RFC 4659</a> BGP-MPLS IP VPN Extension for IPv6 VPN September 2006</span>
When the 16-octet IPv6 address contained in the BGP Next Hop field is
encoded as an IPv4-mapped IPv6 address (see <a href="#section-3.2.1.2">Section 3.2.1.2</a>), the
ingress PE MUST use IPv4 tunneling unless explicitly configured to do
otherwise. The ingress PE MAY optionally allow, through explicit
configuration, the use of IPv6 tunneling when the 16-octet IPv6
address contained in the BGP Next Hop field is encoded as an IPv4-
mapped IPv6 address. This would allow support of particular
deployment environments where IPv6 tunneling is desired but where
IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses happen to be used for IPv6 reachability of
the PEs instead of Global IPv6 addresses.
When the 16-octet IPv6 address contained in the BGP Next Hop field is
not encoded as an IPv4-mapped address (see <a href="#section-3.2.1.1">Section 3.2.1.1</a>), the
ingress PE MUST use IPv6 tunneling.
When a PE receives a packet from an attached CE, it looks up the
packet's IPv6 destination address in the VRF corresponding to that
CE. This enables it to find a VPN-IPv6 route. The VPN-IPv6 route
will have an associated MPLS label and an associated BGP Next Hop.
First, this MPLS label is pushed on the packet as the bottom label.
Then, this labeled packet is encapsulated into the tunnel for
transport to the egress PE identified by the BGP Next Hop. Details
of this encapsulation depend on the actual tunneling technique, as
follows:
As with MPLS/BGP for IPv4 VPNs [2547-GRE/IP], when tunneling is done
using IPv4 tunnels or IPv6 tunnels (resp. IPv4 GRE tunnels or IPv6
GRE tunnels), encapsulation of the labeled IPv6 VPN packet results in
an MPLS-in-IP (resp. MPLS-in-GRE) encapsulated packet as specified in
[MPLS-in-IP/GRE]. When tunneling is done using L2TPv3, encapsulation
of the labeled IPv6 VPN packet results in an MPLS-in-L2TPv3-
encapsulated packet, as specified in [<a href="#ref-MPLS-in-L2TPv3" title=""Encapsulation of MPLS over Layer-2 Tunneling Protocol Version 3"">MPLS-in-L2TPv3</a>].
As with MPLS/BGP for IPv4 VPNs, when tunneling is done using an IPsec
secured tunnel [<a href="#ref-2547-IPsec" title=""Use of PE-PE IPsec in RFC2547 VPNs"">2547-IPsec</a>], encapsulation of the labeled IPv6 VPN
packet results in an MPLS-in-IP- or MPLS-in-GRE-encapsulated packet
[MPLS-in-IP/GRE]. The IPsec Transport Mode is used to secure this
IPv4 or GRE tunnel from ingress PE to egress PE.
When tunneling is done using IPv4 tunnels (whether IPsec secured or
not), the Ingress PE Router MUST use the IPv4 address that is encoded
in the IPv4-mapped IPv6 address field of the BGP next hop field as
the destination address of the prepended IPv4 tunneling header. It
uses one of its IPv4 addresses as the source address of the prepended
IPv4 tunneling header.
<span class="grey">De Clercq, et al. Standards Track [Page 9]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-10" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc4659">RFC 4659</a> BGP-MPLS IP VPN Extension for IPv6 VPN September 2006</span>
When tunneling is done using IPv6 tunnels (whether IPsec secured or
not), the Ingress PE Router MUST use the IPv6 address that is
contained in the IPv6 address field of the BGP next hop field as the
destination address of the prepended IPv6 tunneling header. It uses
one of its IPv6 addresses as the source address of the prepended IPv6
tunneling header.
When tunneling is done using MPLS LSPs, the LSPs can be established
using any label distribution technique (LDP [<a href="#ref-LDP" title=""LDP Specification"">LDP</a>], RSVP-TE [<a href="#ref-RSVP-TE" title=""RSVP-TE: Extensions to RSVP for LSP Tunnels"">RSVP-TE</a>],
etc.).
When tunneling is done using MPLS LSPs, the ingress PE Router MUST
directly push the LSP tunnel label on the label stack of the labeled
IPv6 VPN packet (i.e., without prepending any IPv4 or IPv6 header).
This pushed label corresponds to the LSP starting on the ingress PE
Router and ending on the egress PE Router. The BGP Next Hop field is
used to identify the egress PE router and in turn the label to be
pushed on the stack. When the IPv6 address in the BGP Next Hop field
is an IPv4-mapped IPv6 address, the embedded IPv4 address will
determine the tunnel label to push on the label stack. In any other
case, the IPv6 address in the BGP Next Hop field will determine the
tunnel label to push on the label stack.
To ensure interoperability among systems that implement this VPN
architecture, all such systems MUST support tunneling using MPLS LSPs
established by LDP [<a href="#ref-LDP" title=""LDP Specification"">LDP</a>].
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-5" href="#section-5">5</a>. Address Types</span>
Since Link-local unicast addresses are defined for use on a single
link only, those may be used on the PE-CE link, but they are not
supported for reachability across IPv6 VPN Sites and are never
advertised via MultiProtocol-Border Gateway Protocol (MP-BGP) to
remote PEs.
Global unicast addresses are defined as uniquely identifying
interfaces anywhere in the IPv6 Internet. Global addresses are
expected to be commonly used within and across IPv6 VPN Sites. They
are obviously supported by this IPv6 VPN solution for reachability
across IPv6 VPN Sites and advertised via MP-BGP to remote PEs and are
processed without any specific considerations to their global scope.
<span class="grey">De Clercq, et al. Standards Track [Page 10]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-11" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc4659">RFC 4659</a> BGP-MPLS IP VPN Extension for IPv6 VPN September 2006</span>
Quoting from [<a href="#ref-UNIQUE-LOCAL" title=""Unique Local IPv6 Unicast Addresses"">UNIQUE-LOCAL</a>]: "This document defines an IPv6 unicast
address format that is globally unique and is intended for local
communications [<a href="#ref-IPv6" title=""Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification"">IPv6</a>]. These addresses are called Unique Local IPv6
Unicast Addresses and are abbreviated in this document as Local IPv6
addresses. They are not expected to be routable on the global
Internet. They are routable inside of a more limited area such as a
site. They may also be routed between a limited set of sites."
[<a id="ref-UNIQUE-LOCAL">UNIQUE-LOCAL</a>] also says in its <a href="#section-4.7">Section 4.7</a>: "Local IPv6 addresses
can be used for inter-site Virtual Private Networks (VPN) if
appropriate routes are set up. Because the addresses are unique
these VPNs will work reliably and without the need for translation.
They have the additional property that they will continue to work if
the individual sites are renumbered or merged."
In accordance with this, Unique Local IPv6 Unicast Addresses are
supported by the IPv6 VPN solution specified in this document for
reachability across IPv6 VPN Sites. Hence, reachability to such
Unique Local IPv6 Addresses may be advertised via MP-BGP to remote
PEs and processed by PEs in the same way as Global Unicast addresses.
Recommendations and considerations for which of these supported
address types should be used in given IPv6 VPN environments are
beyond the scope of this document.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-6" href="#section-6">6</a>. Multicast</span>
Multicast operations are outside the scope of this document.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-7" href="#section-7">7</a>. Carriers' Carriers</span>
Sometimes, an IPv6 VPN may actually be the network of an IPv6 ISP,
with its own peering and routing policies. Sometimes, an IPv6 VPN
may be the network of an SP that is offering VPN services in turn to
its own customers. IPv6 VPNs like these can also obtain backbone
service from another SP, the "Carrier's Carrier", using the Carriers'
Carrier method described in <a href="#section-9">Section 9</a> of [BGP/MPLS-VPN] but applied
to IPv6 traffic. All the considerations discussed in [BGP/MPLS-VPN]
for IPv4 VPN Carriers' Carrier apply for IPv6 VPN, with the exception
that the use of MPLS (including label distribution) between the PE
and the CE pertains to IPv6 routes instead of IPv4 routes.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-8" href="#section-8">8</a>. Multi-AS Backbones</span>
The same procedures described in <a href="#section-10">Section 10</a> of [BGP/MPLS-VPN] can be
used (and have the same scalability properties) to address the
situation where two sites of an IPv6 VPN are connected to different
Autonomous Systems. However, some additional points should be noted
<span class="grey">De Clercq, et al. Standards Track [Page 11]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-12" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc4659">RFC 4659</a> BGP-MPLS IP VPN Extension for IPv6 VPN September 2006</span>
when applying these procedures for IPv6 VPNs; these are further
described in the remainder of this section.
Approach (a): VRF-to-VRF connections at the AS (Autonomous System)
border routers.
This approach is the equivalent for IPv6 VPNs to procedure (a) in
<a href="#section-10">Section 10</a> of [BGP/MPLS-VPN]. In the case of IPv6 VPNs, IPv6 needs
to be activated on the inter-ASBR VRF-to-VRF (sub)interfaces. In
this approach, the ASBRs exchange IPv6 routes (as opposed to VPN-IPv6
routes) and may peer over IPv6 or over IPv4. The exchange of IPv6
routes MUST be carried out as per [<a href="#ref-BGP-IPv6" title=""Use of BGP-4 Multiprotocol Extensions for IPv6 Inter-Domain Routing"">BGP-IPv6</a>]. This method does not
use inter-AS LSPs.
Finally, note that with this procedure, since every AS independently
implements the intra-AS procedures for IPv6 VPNs described in this
document, the participating ASes may all internally use IPv4
tunneling, or IPv6 tunneling; or alternatively, some participating
ASes may internally use IPv4 tunneling while others use IPv6
tunneling.
Approach (b): EBGP redistribution of labeled VPN-IPv6 routes from AS
to neighboring AS.
This approach is the equivalent for IPv6 VPNs to procedure (b) in
<a href="#section-10">Section 10</a> of [BGP/MPLS-VPN]. With this approach, the ASBRs use EBGP
to redistribute labeled VPN-IPv4 routes to ASBRs in other ASes.
In this approach, IPv6 may or may not be activated on the inter-ASBR
links since the ASBRs exchanging VPN-IPv6 routes may peer over IPv4
or IPv6 (in which case, IPv6 obviously needs to be activated on the
inter-ASBR link). The exchange of labeled VPN-IPv6 routes MUST be
carried out as per [<a href="#ref-BGP-IPv6" title=""Use of BGP-4 Multiprotocol Extensions for IPv6 Inter-Domain Routing"">BGP-IPv6</a>] and [<a href="#ref-MPLS-BGP" title=""Carrying Label Information in BGP-4"">MPLS-BGP</a>]. When the VPN-IPv6
traffic is to be transported using IPv6 tunneling, the BGP Next Hop
Field SHALL contain an IPv6 address. When the VPN-IPv6 traffic is to
be transported using IPv4 tunneling, the BGP Next Hop Field SHALL
contain an IPv4 address encoded as an IPv4-mapped IPv6 address.
This approach requires that there be inter-AS LSPs. As such, the
corresponding (security) considerations described for procedure (b)
in <a href="#section-10">Section 10</a> of [BGP/MPLS-VPN] apply equally to this approach for
IPv6.
<span class="grey">De Clercq, et al. Standards Track [Page 12]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-13" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc4659">RFC 4659</a> BGP-MPLS IP VPN Extension for IPv6 VPN September 2006</span>
Finally, note that with this procedure, as with procedure (a), since
every AS independently implements the intra-AS procedures for IPv6
VPNs described in this document, the participating ASes may all
internally use IPv4 tunneling or IPv6 tunneling; alternatively, some
participating ASes may internally use IPv4 tunneling while others use
IPv6 tunneling.
Approach (c): Multihop EBGP redistribution of labeled VPN-IPv6 routes
between source and destination ASes, with EBGP redistribution of
labeled IPv4 or IPv6 routes from AS to neighboring AS.
This approach is equivalent for exchange of VPN-IPv6 routes to
procedure (c) in <a href="#section-10">Section 10</a> of [BGP/MPLS-VPN] for exchange of VPN-
IPv4 routes.
This approach requires that the participating ASes either all use
IPv4 tunneling or all use IPv6 tunneling.
In this approach, VPN-IPv6 routes are neither maintained nor
distributed by the ASBR routers. The ASBR routers need not be dual
stack. An ASBR needs to maintain labeled IPv4 (or IPv6) routes to
the PE routers within its AS. It uses EBGP to distribute these
routes to other ASes. ASBRs in any transit ASes will also have to
use EBGP to pass along the labeled IPv4 (or IPv6) routes. This
results in the creation of an IPv4 (or IPv6) label switch path from
ingress PE router to egress PE router. Now, PE routers in different
ASes can establish multi-hop EBGP connections to each other over IPv4
or IPv6 and can exchange labeled VPN-IPv6 routes over those EBGP
connections. Note that the BGP Next Hop field of these distributed
VPN-IPv6 routes will contain an IPv6 address when IPv6 tunneling is
used or an IPv4-mapped IPv6 address when IPv4 tunneling is used.
The considerations described for procedure (c) in <a href="#section-10">Section 10</a> of
[BGP/MPLS-VPN] with respect to possible use of route-reflectors, with
respect to possible use of a third label, and with respect to LSPs
spanning multiple ASes apply equally to this IPv6 VPN approach.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-9" href="#section-9">9</a>. Accessing the Internet from a VPN</span>
The methods proposed by [BGP/MPLS-VPN] to access the global IPv4
Internet from an IPv4 VPN can be used in the context of IPv6 VPNs and
the global IPv6 Internet. Note, however, that if the IPv6 packets
from IPv6 VPN sites and destined for the global IPv6 Internet need to
traverse the SP backbone, and that if this is an IPv4 only backbone,
these packets must be tunneled through that IPv4 backbone.
Clearly, as is the case outside the VPN context, access to the IPv6
Internet from an IPv6 VPN requires the use of global IPv6 addresses.
<span class="grey">De Clercq, et al. Standards Track [Page 13]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-14" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc4659">RFC 4659</a> BGP-MPLS IP VPN Extension for IPv6 VPN September 2006</span>
In particular, Unique Local IPv6 addresses cannot be used for IPv6
Internet access.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-10" href="#section-10">10</a>. Management VPN</span>
The management considerations discussed in <a href="#section-12">Section 12</a> of
[BGP/MPLS-VPN] apply to the management of IPv6 VPNs.
Where the Service Provider manages the CE of the IPv6 VPN site, the
Service Provider may elect to use IPv4 for communication between the
management tool and the CE for such management purposes. In that
case, regardless of whether a customer IPv4 site is actually
connected to the CE (in addition to the IPv6 site), the CE is
effectively part of an IPv4 VPN in addition to belonging to an IPv6
VPN (i.e., the CE is attached to a VRF that supports IPv4 in addition
to IPv6). Considerations presented in [BGP/MPLS-VPN], on how to
ensure that the management tool can communicate with such managed CEs
from multiple VPNs without allowing undesired reachability across CEs
of different VPNs, are applicable to the IPv4 reachability of the VRF
to which the CE attaches.
Where the Service Provider manages the CE of the IPv6 VPN site, the
Service Provider may elect to use IPv6 for communication between the
management tool and the CE for such management purposes.
Considerations presented in [BGP/MPLS-VPN], on how to ensure that the
management tool can communicate with such managed CEs from multiple
VPNs without allowing undesired reachability across CEs of different
VPNs, are then applicable to the IPv6 reachability of the VRF to
which the CE attaches.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-11" href="#section-11">11</a>. Security Considerations</span>
The extensions defined in this document allow MP-BGP to propagate
reachability information about IPv6 VPN routes.
Security considerations for the transport of IPv6 reachability
information using BGP are discussed in <a href="./rfc2545#section-5">RFC2545, Section 5</a>, and are
equally applicable for the extensions described in this document.
The extensions described in this document for offering IPv6 VPNs use
the exact same approach as the approach described in [BGP/MPLS-VPN].
As such, the same security considerations apply with regards to Data
Plane security, Control Plane security, and PE and P device security
as described in [BGP/MPLS-VPN], <a href="#section-13">Section 13</a>.
<span class="grey">De Clercq, et al. Standards Track [Page 14]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-15" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc4659">RFC 4659</a> BGP-MPLS IP VPN Extension for IPv6 VPN September 2006</span>
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-12" href="#section-12">12</a>. Quality of Service</span>
Since all the QoS mechanisms discussed for IPv4 VPNs in <a href="#section-14">Section 14</a> of
[BGP/MPLS-VPN] operate in the same way for IPv4 and IPv6 (Diffserv,
Intserv, MPLS Traffic Engineering), the QoS considerations discussed
in [BGP/MPLS-VPN] are equally applicable to IPv6 VPNs (and this holds
whether IPv4 tunneling or IPv6 tunneling is used in the backbone.)
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-13" href="#section-13">13</a>. Scalability</span>
Each of the scalability considerations summarized for IPv4 VPNs in
<a href="#section-15">Section 15</a> of [BGP/MPLS-VPN] is equally applicable to IPv6 VPNs.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-14" href="#section-14">14</a>. IANA Considerations</span>
This document specifies (see <a href="#section-3.2">Section 3.2</a>) the use of the BGP AFI
(Address Family Identifier) value 2, along with the BGP SAFI
(Subsequent Address Family Identifier) value 128, to represent the
address family "VPN-IPv6 Labeled Addresses", which is defined in this
document.
The use of AFI value 2 for IPv6 is as currently specified in the IANA
registry "Address Family Identifier", so IANA need not take any
action with respect to it.
The use of SAFI value 128 for "MPLS-labeled VPN address" is as
currently specified in the IANA registry "Subsequence Address Family
Identifier", so IANA need not take any action with respect to it.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-15" href="#section-15">15</a>. Acknowledgements</span>
We would like to thank Gerard Gastaud and Eric Levy-Abegnoli, who
contributed to this document.
In Memoriam
The authors would like to acknowledge the valuable contribution to
this document from Tri T. Nguyen, who passed away in April 2002 after
a sudden illness.
<span class="grey">De Clercq, et al. Standards Track [Page 15]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-16" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc4659">RFC 4659</a> BGP-MPLS IP VPN Extension for IPv6 VPN September 2006</span>
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-16" href="#section-16">16</a>. References</span>
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-16.1" href="#section-16.1">16.1</a>. Normative References</span>
[BGP/MPLS-VPN] Rosen, E. and Y. Rekhter, "BGP/MPLS IP Virtual
Private Networks (VPNs)", <a href="./rfc4364">RFC 4364</a>, February 2006.
[<a id="ref-BGP-EXTCOM">BGP-EXTCOM</a>] Sangli, S., Tappan, D., and Y. Rekhter, "BGP
Extended Communities Attribute", <a href="./rfc4360">RFC 4360</a>, February
2006.
[<a id="ref-BGP-MP">BGP-MP</a>] Bates, T., Rekhter, Y., Chandra, R., and D. Katz,
"Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP-4", <a href="./rfc2858">RFC 2858</a>, June
2000.
[<a id="ref-IPv6">IPv6</a>] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol,
Version 6 (IPv6) Specification", <a href="./rfc2460">RFC 2460</a>, December
1998.
[<a id="ref-MPLS-BGP">MPLS-BGP</a>] Rekhter, Y. and E. Rosen, "Carrying Label
Information in BGP-4", <a href="./rfc3107">RFC 3107</a>, May 2001.
[<a id="ref-BGP-CAP">BGP-CAP</a>] Chandra, R. and J. Scudder, "Capabilities
Advertisement with BGP-4", <a href="./rfc3392">RFC 3392</a>, November 2002.
[<a id="ref-LDP">LDP</a>] Andersson, L., Doolan, P., Feldman, N., Fredette,
A., and B. Thomas, "LDP Specification", <a href="./rfc3036">RFC 3036</a>,
January 2001.
[<a id="ref-BGP-IPv6">BGP-IPv6</a>] Marques, P. and F. Dupont, "Use of BGP-4
Multiprotocol Extensions for IPv6 Inter-Domain
Routing", <a href="./rfc2545">RFC 2545</a>, March 1999.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-16.2" href="#section-16.2">16.2</a>. Informative References</span>
[<a id="ref-V6ADDR">V6ADDR</a>] Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
Architecture", <a href="./rfc4291">RFC 4291</a>, February 2006.
[<a id="ref-UNIQUE-LOCAL">UNIQUE-LOCAL</a>] Hinden, R. and B. Haberman, "Unique Local IPv6
Unicast Addresses", <a href="./rfc4193">RFC 4193</a>, October 2005.
[2547-GRE/IP] Rekhter and Rosen, "Use of PE-PE GRE or IP in
<a href="./rfc2547">RFC2547</a> VPNs", Work in Progress.
[<a id="ref-2547-IPsec">2547-IPsec</a>] Rosen, De Clercq, Paridaens, T'Joens, Sargor, "Use
of PE-PE IPsec in <a href="./rfc2547">RFC2547</a> VPNs", Work in Progress,
August 2005.
<span class="grey">De Clercq, et al. Standards Track [Page 16]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-17" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc4659">RFC 4659</a> BGP-MPLS IP VPN Extension for IPv6 VPN September 2006</span>
[<a id="ref-RSVP-TE">RSVP-TE</a>] Awduche, D., Berger, L., Gan, D., Li, T.,
Srinivasan, V., and G. Swallow, "RSVP-TE: Extensions
to RSVP for LSP Tunnels", <a href="./rfc3209">RFC 3209</a>, December 2001.
[MPLS-in-IP/GRE] Worster, T., Rekhter, Y., and E. Rosen,
"Encapsulating MPLS in IP or Generic Routing
Encapsulation (GRE)", <a href="./rfc4023">RFC 4023</a>, March 2005.
[<a id="ref-MPLS-in-L2TPv3">MPLS-in-L2TPv3</a>] Townsley, M., et al., "Encapsulation of MPLS over
Layer-2 Tunneling Protocol Version 3", Work in
Progress, February 2006.
[<a id="ref-BGP">BGP</a>] Rekhter, Y., Li, T., and S. Hares, "A Border Gateway
Protocol 4 (BGP-4)", <a href="./rfc4271">RFC 4271</a>, January 2006.
Authors' Addresses
Jeremy De Clercq
Alcatel
Copernicuslaan 50, 2018 Antwerpen, Belgium
EMail: jeremy.de_clercq@alcatel.be
Dirk Ooms
OneSparrow
Belegstraat 13, 2018 Antwerpen, Belgium
EMail: dirk@onesparrow.com
Marco Carugi
Nortel Networks S.A.
Parc d'activites de Magny-Les Jeunes Bois CHATEAUFORT
78928 YVELINES Cedex 9 - France
EMail: marco.carugi@nortel.com
Francois Le Faucheur
Cisco Systems, Inc.
Village d'Entreprise Green Side - Batiment T3
400, Avenue de Roumanille
06410 Biot-Sophia Antipolis
France
EMail: flefauch@cisco.com
<span class="grey">De Clercq, et al. Standards Track [Page 17]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-18" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc4659">RFC 4659</a> BGP-MPLS IP VPN Extension for IPv6 VPN September 2006</span>
Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006).
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De Clercq, et al. Standards Track [Page 18]
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