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<pre>Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) RJ Atkinson
Request for Comments: 6742 Consultant
Category: Experimental SN Bhatti
ISSN: 2070-1721 U. St Andrews
S. Rose
US NIST
November 2012
<span class="h1">DNS Resource Records for the</span>
<span class="h1">Identifier-Locator Network Protocol (ILNP)</span>
Abstract
This note describes additional optional resource records for use with
the Domain Name System (DNS). These optional resource records are
for use with the Identifier-Locator Network Protocol (ILNP). This
document is a product of the IRTF Routing Research Group.
Status of This Memo
This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
published for examination, experimental implementation, and
evaluation.
This document defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet
community. This document is a product of the Internet Research Task
Force (IRTF). The IRTF publishes the results of Internet-related
research and development activities. These results might not be
suitable for deployment. This RFC represents the individual
opinion(s) of one or more members of the Routing Research Group of
the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF). Documents approved for
publication by the IRSG are not a candidate for any level of Internet
Standard; see <a href="./rfc5741#section-2">Section 2 of RFC 5741</a>.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
<a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6742">http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6742</a>.
<span class="grey">Atkinson, et al. Experimental [Page 1]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-2" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc6742">RFC 6742</a> ILNP DNS November 2012</span>
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/bcp/bcp78">BCP 78</a> and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(<a href="http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info">http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info</a>) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document.
This document may not be modified, and derivative works of it may not
be created, except to format it for publication as an RFC or to
translate it into languages other than English.
Table of Contents
<a href="#section-1">1</a>. Introduction ....................................................<a href="#page-2">2</a>
<a href="#section-1.1">1.1</a>. Document Roadmap ...........................................<a href="#page-4">4</a>
<a href="#section-1.2">1.2</a>. Terminology ................................................<a href="#page-5">5</a>
<a href="#section-2">2</a>. New Resource Records ............................................<a href="#page-5">5</a>
<a href="#section-2.1">2.1</a>. The NID Resource Record ....................................<a href="#page-5">5</a>
<a href="#section-2.2">2.2</a>. The L32 Resource Record ....................................<a href="#page-7">7</a>
<a href="#section-2.3">2.3</a>. The L64 Resource Record ...................................<a href="#page-10">10</a>
<a href="#section-2.4">2.4</a>. The LP Resource Record ....................................<a href="#page-12">12</a>
<a href="#section-3">3</a>. Deployment Example .............................................<a href="#page-15">15</a>
<a href="#section-3.1">3.1</a>. Use of ILNP Records .......................................<a href="#page-15">15</a>
<a href="#section-3.2">3.2</a>. Additional Section Processing .............................<a href="#page-16">16</a>
<a href="#section-4">4</a>. Security Considerations ........................................<a href="#page-17">17</a>
<a href="#section-5">5</a>. IANA Considerations ............................................<a href="#page-17">17</a>
<a href="#section-6">6</a>. References .....................................................<a href="#page-17">17</a>
<a href="#section-6.1">6.1</a>. Normative References ......................................<a href="#page-17">17</a>
<a href="#section-6.2">6.2</a>. Informative References ....................................<a href="#page-18">18</a>
<a href="#section-7">7</a>. Acknowledgements ...............................................<a href="#page-20">20</a>
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-1" href="#section-1">1</a>. Introduction</span>
This document is part of the ILNP document set, which has had
extensive review within the IRTF Routing RG. ILNP is one of the
recommendations made by the RG Chairs. Separately, various refereed
research papers on ILNP have also been published during this decade.
So, the ideas contained herein have had much broader review than the
IRTF Routing RG. The views in this document were considered
controversial by the Routing RG, but the RG reached a consensus that
the document still should be published. The Routing RG has had
remarkably little consensus on anything, so virtually all Routing RG
outputs are considered controversial.
<span class="grey">Atkinson, et al. Experimental [Page 2]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-3" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc6742">RFC 6742</a> ILNP DNS November 2012</span>
At present, the Internet research and development community is
exploring various approaches to evolving the Internet Architecture to
solve a variety of issues including, but not limited to, scalability
of inter-domain routing [<a href="./rfc4984" title=""Report from the IAB Workshop on Routing and Addressing"">RFC4984</a>]. A wide range of other issues
(e.g., site multihoming, node multihoming, site/subnet mobility, node
mobility) are also active concerns at present. Several different
classes of evolution are being considered by the Internet research
and development community. One class is often called "Map and
Encapsulate", where traffic would be mapped and then tunnelled
through the inter-domain core of the Internet. Another class being
considered is sometimes known as "Identifier/Locator Split". This
document relates to a proposal that is in the latter class of
evolutionary approaches.
The Identifier-Locator Network Protocol (ILNP) was developed to
explore a possible evolutionary direction for the Internet
Architecture. A description of the ILNP architecture is available in
a separate document [<a href="./rfc6740" title=""Identifier-Locator Network Protocol (ILNP) Architectural Description"">RFC6740</a>]. Implementation and engineering
details are largely isolated into a second document [<a href="./rfc6741" title=""Identifier-Locator Network Protocol (ILNP) Engineering and Implementation Considerations"">RFC6741</a>].
The Domain Name System (DNS) is the standard way that Internet nodes
locate information about addresses, mail exchangers, and other data
relating to remote Internet nodes [<a href="./rfc1034" title=""Domain names - concepts and facilities"">RFC1034</a>] [<a href="./rfc1035" title=""Domain names - implementation and specification"">RFC1035</a>].
More recently, the IETF has defined standards-track security
extensions to the DNS [<a href="./rfc4033" title=""DNS Security Introduction and Requirements"">RFC4033</a>]. These security extensions can be
used to authenticate signed DNS data records and can be used to store
signed public keys in the DNS. Further, the IETF has defined a
standards-track approach to enable secure dynamic update of DNS
records over the network [<a href="./rfc3007" title=""Secure Domain Name System (DNS) Dynamic Update"">RFC3007</a>].
This document defines several new optional data resource records.
This note specifies the syntax and other items required for
independent implementations of these DNS resource records. The
reader is assumed to be familiar with the basics of DNS, including
familiarity with [<a href="./rfc1034" title=""Domain names - concepts and facilities"">RFC1034</a>] [<a href="./rfc1035" title=""Domain names - implementation and specification"">RFC1035</a>].
The concept of using DNS for rendezvous with mobile nodes or mobile
networks has been proposed earlier, more than once, independently, by
several other researchers; for example, please see [<a href="#ref-SB00" title=""An End-To-End Approach To Host Mobility"">SB00</a>], [<a href="#ref-SBK01" title=""Reconsidering Internet Mobility"">SBK01</a>],
and [<a href="#ref-PHG02" title=""Mobile Host Location Tracking through DNS"">PHG02</a>].
<span class="grey">Atkinson, et al. Experimental [Page 3]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-4" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc6742">RFC 6742</a> ILNP DNS November 2012</span>
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-1.1" href="#section-1.1">1.1</a>. Document Roadmap</span>
This document describes defines additional DNS resource records that
support ILNP.
The ILNP architecture can have more than one engineering
instantiation. For example, one can imagine a "clean-slate"
engineering design based on the ILNP architecture. In separate
documents, we describe two specific engineering instances of ILNP.
The term "ILNPv6" refers precisely to an instance of ILNP that is
based upon, and backwards compatible with, IPv6. The term "ILNPv4"
refers precisely to an instance of ILNP that is based upon, and
backwards compatible with, IPv4.
Many engineering aspects common to both ILNPv4 and ILNPv6 are
described in [<a href="./rfc6741" title=""Identifier-Locator Network Protocol (ILNP) Engineering and Implementation Considerations"">RFC6741</a>]. A full engineering specification for either
ILNPv6 or ILNPv4 is beyond the scope of this document.
Readers are referred to other related ILNP documents for details not
described here:
a) [<a href="./rfc6740" title=""Identifier-Locator Network Protocol (ILNP) Architectural Description"">RFC6740</a>] is the main architectural description of ILNP, including
the concept of operations.
b) [<a href="./rfc6741" title=""Identifier-Locator Network Protocol (ILNP) Engineering and Implementation Considerations"">RFC6741</a>] describes engineering and implementation considerations
that are common to both ILNPv4 and ILNPv6.
c) [<a href="./rfc6743" title=""ICMPv6 Locator Update Message"">RFC6743</a>] defines a new ICMPv6 Locator Update message used by an
ILNP node to inform its correspondent nodes of any changes to its
set of valid Locators.
d) [<a href="./rfc6744" title=""IPv6 Nonce Destination Option for the Identifier-Locator Network Protocol for IPv6 (ILNPv6)"">RFC6744</a>] defines a new IPv6 Nonce Destination Option used by
ILNPv6 nodes (1) to indicate to ILNP correspondent nodes (by
inclusion within the initial packets of an ILNP session) that the
node is operating in the ILNP mode and (2) to prevent off-path
attacks against ILNP ICMP messages. This Nonce is used, for
example, with all ILNP ICMPv6 Locator Update messages that are
exchanged among ILNP correspondent nodes.
e) [<a href="./rfc6745" title=""ICMP Locator Update Message for the Identifier-Locator Network Protocol for IPv4 (ILNPv4)"">RFC6745</a>] defines a new ICMPv4 Locator Update message used by an
ILNP node to inform its correspondent nodes of any changes to its
set of valid Locators.
f) [<a href="./rfc6746" title=""IPv4 Options for the Identifier-Locator Network Protocol (ILNP)"">RFC6746</a>] defines a new IPv4 Nonce Option used by ILNPv4 nodes to
carry a security nonce to prevent off-path attacks against ILNP
ICMP messages and also defines a new IPv4 Identifier Option used
by ILNPv4 nodes.
<span class="grey">Atkinson, et al. Experimental [Page 4]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-5" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc6742">RFC 6742</a> ILNP DNS November 2012</span>
g) [<a href="./rfc6747" title=""Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Extension for the Identifier-Locator Network Protocol for IPv4 (ILNPv4)"">RFC6747</a>] describes extensions to Address Resolution Protocol
(ARP) for use with ILNPv4.
h) [<a href="./rfc6748" title=""Optional Advanced Deployment Scenarios for the Identifier-Locator Network Protocol (ILNP)"">RFC6748</a>] describes optional engineering and deployment functions
for ILNP. These are not required for the operation or use of ILNP
and are provided as additional options.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-1.2" href="#section-1.2">1.2</a>. Terminology</span>
In this document, the term "ILNP-aware" applied to a DNS component
(either authoritative server or cache) is used to indicate that the
component attempts to include other ILNP RRTypes to the Additional
section of a DNS response to increase performance and reduce the
number of follow-up queries for other ILNP RRTypes. These other
RRsets MAY be added to the Additional section if space permits and
only when the QTYPE equals NID, L64, L32, or LP. There is no method
for a server to signal that it is ILNP-aware.
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [<a href="./rfc2119" title=""Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels"">RFC2119</a>].
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-2" href="#section-2">2</a>. New Resource Records</span>
This document specifies several new and closely related DNS data
resource records (RRs). These new RR types have the mnemonics "NID",
"L32", "L64", and "LP". These RR types are associated with a Fully
Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) that is hereafter called the "owner
name". These are part of work on the Identifier-Locator Network
Protocol (ILNP) [<a href="./rfc6740" title=""Identifier-Locator Network Protocol (ILNP) Architectural Description"">RFC6740</a>].
For clarity, throughout this section of this document, the "RDATA"
subsections specify the on-the-wire format for these records, while
the "Presentation Format" subsections specify the human-readable
format used in a DNS configuration file (i.e., "master file" as
defined by <a href="./rfc1035#section-5.1">RFC 1035, Section 5.1</a>).
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.1" href="#section-2.1">2.1</a>. The NID Resource Record</span>
The Node Identifier (NID) DNS resource record (RR) is used hold
values for Node Identifiers that will be used for ILNP-capable nodes.
NID records are present only for ILNP-capable nodes. This
restriction is important; ILNP-capable nodes use the presence of NID
records in the DNS to learn that a correspondent node is also ILNP-
capable. While erroneous NID records in the DNS for a node that is
not ILNP-capable would not prevent communication, such erroneous DNS
records could increase the delay at the start of an IP session.
<span class="grey">Atkinson, et al. Experimental [Page 5]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-6" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc6742">RFC 6742</a> ILNP DNS November 2012</span>
A given owner name may have zero or more NID records at a given time.
In normal operation, nodes that support the Identifier-Locator
Network Protocol (ILNP) will have at least one valid NID record.
The type value for the NID RR type is 104.
The NID RR is class independent.
The NID RR has no special Time to Live (TTL) requirements.
<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.1.1" href="#section-2.1.1">2.1.1</a>. NID RDATA Wire Format</span>
The RDATA for an NID RR consists of:
- a 16-bit Preference field
- a 64-bit NodeID field
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Preference | |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +
| NodeID |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
<span class="h5"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.1.1.1" href="#section-2.1.1.1">2.1.1.1</a>. The Preference Field</span>
The <Preference> field contains a 16-bit unsigned integer in network
byte order that indicates the owner name's relative preference for
this NID record among other NID records associated with this owner
name. Lower Preference values are preferred over higher Preference
values.
<span class="h5"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.1.1.2" href="#section-2.1.1.2">2.1.1.2</a>. The NodeID Field</span>
The NodeID field is an unsigned 64-bit value in network byte order.
It complies with the syntactic rules of IPv6 interface identifiers
<a href="./rfc4291#section-2.5.1">[RFC4291], Section 2.5.1</a>, but has slightly different semantics.
Unlike IPv6 interface identifiers, which are bound to a specific
*interface* of a specific node, NodeID values are bound to a specific
*node*, and they MAY be used with *any interface* of that node.
<span class="grey">Atkinson, et al. Experimental [Page 6]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-7" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc6742">RFC 6742</a> ILNP DNS November 2012</span>
<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.1.2" href="#section-2.1.2">2.1.2</a>. NID RR Presentation Format</span>
The presentation of the format of the RDATA portion is as follows:
- The Preference field MUST be represented as a 16-bit unsigned
decimal integer.
- The NodeID field MUST be represented using the same syntax (i.e.,
groups of 4 hexadecimal digits, with each group separated by a
colon) that is already used for DNS AAAA records (and also used for
IPv6 interface IDs).
- The NodeID value MUST NOT be in the 'compressed' format (e.g.,
using "::") that is defined in <a href="./rfc4291#section-2.2">RFC 4291, Section 2.2</a> (2). This
restriction exists to avoid confusion with 128-bit IPv6 addresses,
because the NID is a 64-bit field.
<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.1.3" href="#section-2.1.3">2.1.3</a>. NID RR Examples</span>
An NID record has the following logical components:
<owner-name> IN NID <Preference> <NodeID>
In the above, <owner-name> is the owner name string, <Preference> is
an unsigned 16-bit value, and <NodeID> is an unsigned 64-bit value.
host1.example.com. IN NID 10 0014:4fff:ff20:ee64
host1.example.com. IN NID 20 0015:5fff:ff21:ee65
host2.example.com. IN NID 10 0016:6fff:ff22:ee66
As NodeID values use the same syntax as IPv6 interface identifiers,
when displayed for human readership, the NodeID values are presented
in the same hexadecimal format as IPv6 interface identifiers. This
is shown in the example above.
<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.1.4" href="#section-2.1.4">2.1.4</a>. Additional Section Processing</span>
To improve performance, ILNP-aware DNS servers and DNS resolvers MAY
attempt to return all L32, L64, and LP records for the same owner
name of the NID RRset in the Additional section of the response, if
space permits.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.2" href="#section-2.2">2.2</a>. The L32 Resource Record</span>
An L32 DNS RR is used to hold 32-bit Locator values for
ILNPv4-capable nodes.
<span class="grey">Atkinson, et al. Experimental [Page 7]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-8" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc6742">RFC 6742</a> ILNP DNS November 2012</span>
L32 records are present only for ILNPv4-capable nodes. This
restriction is important; ILNP-capable nodes use the presence of L32
records in the DNS to learn that a correspondent node is also
ILNPv4-capable. While erroneous L32 records in the DNS for a node
that is not ILNP-capable would not prevent communication, such
erroneous DNS records could increase the delay at the start of an IP
session.
A given owner name might have zero or more L32 values at a given
time. An ILNPv4-capable host SHOULD have at least 1 Locator (i.e.,
L32 or LP) DNS resource record while it is connected to the Internet.
An ILNPv4-capable multihomed host normally will have multiple Locator
values while multihomed. An IP host that is NOT ILNPv4-capable MUST
NOT have an L32 or LP record in its DNS entries. A node that is not
currently connected to the Internet might not have any L32 values in
the DNS associated with its owner name.
A DNS owner name that is naming a subnetwork, rather than naming a
host, MAY have an L32 record as a wild-card entry, thereby applying
to entries under that DNS owner name. This deployment scenario
probably is most common if the named subnetwork is, was, or might
become, mobile.
The type value for the L32 RR type is 105.
The L32 RR is class independent.
The L32 RR has no special TTL requirements.
<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.2.1" href="#section-2.2.1">2.2.1</a>. L32 RDATA Wire Format</span>
The RDATA for an L32 RR consists of:
- a 16-bit Preference field
- a 32-bit Locator32 field
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Preference | Locator32 (16 MSBs) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Locator32 (16 LSBs) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
MSB = most significant bit
LSB = least significant bit
<span class="grey">Atkinson, et al. Experimental [Page 8]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-9" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc6742">RFC 6742</a> ILNP DNS November 2012</span>
<span class="h5"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.2.1.1" href="#section-2.2.1.1">2.2.1.1</a>. The Preference Field</span>
The <Preference> field is an unsigned 16-bit field in network byte
order that indicates the owner name's relative preference for this
L32 record among other L32 records associated with this owner name.
Lower Preference values are preferred over higher Preference values.
<span class="h5"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.2.1.2" href="#section-2.2.1.2">2.2.1.2</a>. The Locator32 Field</span>
The <Locator32> field is an unsigned 32-bit integer in network byte
order that is identical on-the-wire to the ADDRESS field of the
existing DNS A record.
<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.2.2" href="#section-2.2.2">2.2.2</a>. L32 RR Presentation Format</span>
The presentation of the format of the RDATA portion is as follows:
- The Preference field MUST be represented as a 16-bit unsigned
decimal integer.
- The Locator32 field MUST be represented using the same syntax used
for existing DNS A records (i.e., 4 decimal numbers separated by
periods without any embedded spaces).
<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.2.3" href="#section-2.2.3">2.2.3</a>. L32 RR Examples</span>
An L32 record has the following logical components:
<owner-name> IN L32 <Preference> <Locator32>
In the above <owner-name> is the owner name string, <Preference> is
an unsigned 16-bit value, and <Locator32> is an unsigned 32-bit
value.
host1.example.com. IN L32 10 10.1.02.0
host1.example.com. IN L32 20 10.1.04.0
host2.example.com. IN L32 10 10.1.08.0
As L32 values have the same syntax and semantics as IPv4 routing
prefixes, when displayed for human readership, the values are
presented in the same dotted-decimal format as IPv4 addresses. An
example of this syntax is shown above.
In the example above, the owner name is from an FQDN for an
individual host. host1.example.com has two L32 values, so
host1.example.com is multihomed.
<span class="grey">Atkinson, et al. Experimental [Page 9]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-10" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc6742">RFC 6742</a> ILNP DNS November 2012</span>
Another example is when the owner name is that learned from an LP
record (see below for details of LP records).
l32-subnet1.example.com. IN L32 10 10.1.02.0
l32-subnet2.example.com. IN L32 20 10.1.04.0
l32-subnet3.example.com. IN L32 30 10.1.08.0
In this example above, the owner name is for a subnetwork rather than
an individual node.
<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.2.4" href="#section-2.2.4">2.2.4</a>. Additional Section Processing</span>
To improve performance, ILNP-aware DNS servers and DNS resolvers MAY
attempt to return all NID, L64, and LP records for the same owner
name of the L32 RRset in the Additional section of the response, if
space permits.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.3" href="#section-2.3">2.3</a>. The L64 Resource Record</span>
The L64 resource record (RR) is used to hold unsigned 64-bit Locator
values for ILNPv6-capable nodes.
L64 records are present only for ILNPv6-capable nodes. This
restriction is important; ILNP-capable nodes use the presence of L64
records in the DNS to learn that a correspondent node is also
ILNPv6-capable. While erroneous L64 records in the DNS for a node
that is not ILNP-capable would not prevent communication, such
erroneous DNS records could increase the delay at the start of an IP
session.
A given owner name might have zero or more L64 values at a given
time. An ILNPv6-capable host SHOULD have at least 1 Locator (i.e.,
L64 or LP) DNS resource record while it is connected to the Internet.
An ILNPv6-capable multihomed host normally will have multiple Locator
values while multihomed. An IP host that is NOT ILNPv6-capable MUST
NOT have an L64 or LP record in its DNS entries. A node that is not
currently connected to the Internet might not have any L64 values in
the DNS associated with its owner name.
A DNS owner name that is naming a subnetwork, rather than naming a
host, MAY have an L64 record as a wild-card entry, thereby applying
to entries under that DNS owner name. This deployment scenario
probably is most common if the named subnetwork is, was, or might
become, mobile.
The type value for the L64 RR type is 106.
<span class="grey">Atkinson, et al. Experimental [Page 10]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-11" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc6742">RFC 6742</a> ILNP DNS November 2012</span>
The L64 RR is class independent.
The L64 RR has no special TTL requirements.
<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.3.1" href="#section-2.3.1">2.3.1</a>. The L64 RDATA Wire Format</span>
The RDATA for an L64 RR consists of:
- a 16-bit Preference field
- a 64-bit Locator64 field
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Preference | |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +
| Locator64 |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
<span class="h5"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.3.1.1" href="#section-2.3.1.1">2.3.1.1</a>. The Preference Field</span>
The <Preference> field is an unsigned 16-bit integer in network byte
order that indicates the owner name's relative preference for this
L64 record among other L64 records associated with this owner name.
Lower Preference values are preferred over higher Preference values.
<span class="h5"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.3.1.2" href="#section-2.3.1.2">2.3.1.2</a>. The Locator64 Field</span>
The <Locator64> field is an unsigned 64-bit integer in network byte
order that has the same syntax and semantics as a 64-bit IPv6 routing
prefix.
<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.3.2" href="#section-2.3.2">2.3.2</a>. L64 RR Presentation Format</span>
The presentation of the format of the RDATA portion is as follows:
- The Preference field MUST be represented as a 16-bit unsigned
decimal integer.
- The Locator64 field MUST be represented using the same syntax used
for AAAA records (i.e., groups of 4 hexadecimal digits separated by
colons). However, the 'compressed' display format (e.g., using
"::") that is specified in <a href="./rfc4291#section-2.2">RFC 4291, Section 2.2</a> (2), MUST NOT be
used. This is done to avoid confusion with a 128-bit IPv6 address,
since the Locator64 is a 64-bit value, while the IPv6 address is a
128-bit value.
<span class="grey">Atkinson, et al. Experimental [Page 11]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-12" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc6742">RFC 6742</a> ILNP DNS November 2012</span>
<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.3.3" href="#section-2.3.3">2.3.3</a>. L64 RR Examples</span>
An L64 record has the following logical components:
<owner-name> IN L64 <Preference> <Locator64>
In the above, <owner-name> is the owner name string, <Preference> is
an unsigned 16-bit value, while <Locator64> is an unsigned 64-bit
value.
host1.example.com. IN L64 10 2001:0DB8:1140:1000
host1.example.com. IN L64 20 2001:0DB8:2140:2000
host2.example.com. IN L64 10 2001:0DB8:4140:4000
As L64 values have the same syntax and semantics as IPv6 routing
prefixes, when displayed for human readership, the values might
conveniently be presented in hexadecimal format, as above.
In the example above, the owner name is from an FQDN for an
individual host. host1.example.com has two L64 values, so it will be
multihomed.
Another example is when the owner name is that learned from an LP
record (see below for details of LP records).
l64-subnet1.example.com. IN L64 10 2001:0DB8:1140:1000
l64-subnet2.example.com. IN L64 20 2001:0DB8:2140:2000
l64-subnet3.example.com. IN L64 30 2001:0DB8:4140:4000
Here, the owner name is for a subnetwork rather than an individual
node.
<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.3.4" href="#section-2.3.4">2.3.4</a>. Additional Section Processing</span>
To improve performance, ILNP-aware DNS servers and DNS resolvers MAY
attempt to return all NID, L32, and LP records for the same owner
name of the L64 RRset in the Additional section of the response, if
space permits.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.4" href="#section-2.4">2.4</a>. The LP Resource Record</span>
The LP DNS resource record (RR) is used to hold the name of a
subnetwork for ILNP. The name is an FQDN which can then be used to
look up L32 or L64 records. LP is, effectively, a Locator Pointer to
L32 and/or L64 records.
<span class="grey">Atkinson, et al. Experimental [Page 12]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-13" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc6742">RFC 6742</a> ILNP DNS November 2012</span>
As described in [<a href="./rfc6740" title=""Identifier-Locator Network Protocol (ILNP) Architectural Description"">RFC6740</a>], the LP RR provides one level of
indirection within the DNS in naming a Locator value. This is useful
in several deployment scenarios, such as for a multihomed site where
the multihoming is handled entirely by the site's border routers
(e.g., via Locator rewriting) or in some mobile network deployment
scenarios [<a href="./rfc6748" title=""Optional Advanced Deployment Scenarios for the Identifier-Locator Network Protocol (ILNP)"">RFC6748</a>].
LP records MUST NOT be present for owner name values that are not
ILNP-capable nodes. This restriction is important; ILNP-capable
nodes use the presence of LP records in the DNS to infer that a
correspondent node is also ILNP-capable. While erroneous LP records
in the DNS for an owner name would not prevent communication,
presence of such erroneous DNS records could increase the delay at
the start of an IP session.
The type value for the LP RR type is 107.
The LP RR is class independent.
The LP RR has no special TTL requirements.
<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.4.1" href="#section-2.4.1">2.4.1</a>. LP RDATA Wire Format</span>
The RDATA for an LP RR consists of:
- an unsigned 16-bit Preference field
- a variable-length FQDN field
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Preference | /
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ /
/ /
/ FQDN /
/ /
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
<span class="h5"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.4.1.1" href="#section-2.4.1.1">2.4.1.1</a>. The Preference Field</span>
The <Preference> field contains an unsigned 16-bit integer in network
byte order that indicates the owner name's relative preference for
this LP record among other LP records associated with this owner
name. Lower Preference values are preferred over higher Preference
values.
<span class="grey">Atkinson, et al. Experimental [Page 13]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-14" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc6742">RFC 6742</a> ILNP DNS November 2012</span>
<span class="h5"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.4.1.2" href="#section-2.4.1.2">2.4.1.2</a>. The FQDN Field</span>
The variable-length FQDN field contains the DNS target name that is
used to reference L32 and/or L64 records. This field MUST NOT have
the same value as the owner name of the LP RR instance.
A sender MUST NOT use DNS name compression on the FQDN field when
transmitting an LP RR.
<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.4.2" href="#section-2.4.2">2.4.2</a>. LP RR Presentation Format</span>
The presentation of the format of the RDATA portion is as follows:
- The Preference field MUST be represented as a 16-bit unsigned
decimal integer.
- The FQDN field MUST be represented as a domain name.
<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.4.3" href="#section-2.4.3">2.4.3</a>. LP RR Examples</span>
An LP record has the following logical components:
<owner-name> IN LP <Preference> <FQDN>
In the above, <owner-name> is the owner name string, <Preference> is
an unsigned 16-bit value, while <FQDN> is the domain name which
should be resolved further.
host1.example.com. IN LP 10 l64-subnet1.example.com.
host1.example.com. IN LP 10 l64-subnet2.example.com.
host1.example.com. IN LP 20 l32-subnet1.example.com.
In the example above, host1.example.com is multihomed on three
subnets. Resolving the FQDNs return in the LP records would allow
the actual subnet prefixes to be resolved, e.g., as in the examples
for the L32 and L64 RR descriptions, above. This level of
indirection allows the same L32 and/or L64 records to be used by many
hosts in the same subnetwork, easing management of the ILNP network
and potentially reducing the number of DNS Update transactions,
especially when that network is mobile [<a href="#ref-RAB09" title=""Enabling Mobile Networks Through Secure Naming"">RAB09</a>] or multihomed
[<a href="#ref-ABH09a" title=""Site-Controlled Secure Multi-Homing and Traffic Engineering For IP"">ABH09a</a>].
<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.4.4" href="#section-2.4.4">2.4.4</a>. Additional Section Processing</span>
To improve performance, ILNP-aware DNS servers and DNS resolvers MAY
attempt to return all L32 and L64 records for the same owner name of
the LP RRset in the Additional section of the response, if space
permits.
<span class="grey">Atkinson, et al. Experimental [Page 14]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-15" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc6742">RFC 6742</a> ILNP DNS November 2012</span>
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-3" href="#section-3">3</a>. Deployment Example</span>
Given a domain name, one can use the Domain Name System (DNS) to
discover the set of NID records, the set of L32 records, the set of
L64 records, and the set of LP records that are associated with that
DNS owner name.
For example:
host1.example.com. IN NID 10 0014:4fff:ff20:ee64
host1.example.com. IN L64 10 2001:0DB8:1140:1000
would be the minimum requirement for an ILNPv6 node that has owner
name host1.example.com and is connected to the Internet at the
subnetwork having routing prefix 2001:0DB8:1140:1000.
If that host were multihomed on two different IPv6 subnets:
host1.example.com. IN NID 10 0014:4fff:ff20:ee64
host1.example.com. IN L64 10 2001:0DB8:1140:1000
host1.example.com. IN L64 20 2001:0DB8:2140:2000
would indicate the Identifier and two subnets that host1.example.com
is attached to, along with the relative preference that a client
would use in selecting the Locator value for use in initiating
communication.
If host1.example.com were part of a mobile network, a DNS query might
return:
host1.example.com. IN NID 10 0014:4fff:ff20:ee64
host1.example.com. IN LP 10 mobile-net1.example.com.
and then a DNS query to find the current Locator value(s) for the
node named by the LP record:
mobile-net1.example.com. IN L64 2001:0DB8:8140:8000
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.1" href="#section-3.1">3.1</a>. Use of ILNP Records</span>
As these DNS records are only used with the Identifier-Locator
Network Protocol (ILNP), these records MUST NOT be present for a node
that does not support ILNP. This lookup process is considered to be
in the "forward" direction.
The Preference fields associated with the NID, L32, L64, and LP
records are used to indicate the owner name's preference for others
to use one particular NID, L32, L64, or LP record, rather than use
<span class="grey">Atkinson, et al. Experimental [Page 15]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-16" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc6742">RFC 6742</a> ILNP DNS November 2012</span>
another NID, L32, L64, or LP record also associated with that owner
name. Lower Preference field values are preferred over higher
Preference field values.
It is possible that a DNS stub resolver querying for one of these
record types will not receive all NID, L32, L64, and LP RR's in a
single response. Credible anecdotal reports indicate at least one
DNS recursive cache implementation actively drops all Additional Data
records that were not expected by that DNS recursive cache. So even
if the authoritative DNS server includes all the relevant records in
the Additional Data section of the DNS response, the querying DNS
stub resolver might not receive all of those Additional Data records.
DNS resolvers also might purge some ILNP RRsets before others, for
example, if NID RRsets have a longer DNS TTL value than Locator-
related (e.g., LP, L32, L64) RRsets. So a DNS stub resolver sending
queries to a DNS resolver cannot be certain if they have obtained all
available RRtypes for a given owner name. Therefore, the DNS stub
resolver SHOULD send follow-up DNS queries for RRTYPE values that
were missing and are desired, to ensure that the DNS stub resolver
receives all the necessary information.
Note nodes likely either to be mobile or to be multihomed normally
will have very low DNS TTL values for L32 and L64 records, as those
values might change frequently. However, the DNS TTL values for NID
and LP records normally will be higher, as those values are not
normally impacted by node location changes. Previous trace-driven
DNS simulations from MIT [<a href="#ref-JSBM02" title=""DNS performance and the effectiveness of caching"">JSBM02</a>] and more recent experimental
validation of operational DNS from U. of St Andrews [<a href="#ref-BA11" title=""Reducing DNS Caching"">BA11</a>] both
indicate deployment and use of very short DNS TTL values within
'stub' or 'leaf' DNS domains is not problematic.
An ILNP node MAY use any NID value associated with its DNS owner name
with any or all Locator (L32 or L64) values also associated with its
DNS owner name.
Existing DNS servers that do not explicitly support the new DNS RRs
defined in this specification are expected to follow existing
standards for handling unknown DNS RRs [<a href="./rfc3597" title=""Handling of Unknown DNS Resource Record (RR) Types"">RFC3597</a>].
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.2" href="#section-3.2">3.2</a>. Additional Section Processing</span>
For all the records above, Additional Section Processing MAY be used.
This is intended to improve performance for both the DNS client and
the DNS server. For example, a node sending DNS query for an NID
owner name, such as host1.example.com, would benefit from receiving
all ILNP DNS records related to that owner name being returned, as it
is quite likely that the client will need that information to
initiate an ILNP session.
<span class="grey">Atkinson, et al. Experimental [Page 16]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-17" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc6742">RFC 6742</a> ILNP DNS November 2012</span>
However, this is not always the case: a DNS query for L64 for a
particular owner name might be made because the DNS TTL for a
previously resolved L64 RR has expired, while the NID RR for that
same owner name has a DNS TTL that has not expired.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-4" href="#section-4">4</a>. Security Considerations</span>
These new DNS resource record types do not create any new
vulnerabilities in the Domain Name System.
Existing mechanisms for DNS Security can be used unchanged with these
record types [<a href="./rfc4033" title=""DNS Security Introduction and Requirements"">RFC4033</a>] [<a href="./rfc3007" title=""Secure Domain Name System (DNS) Dynamic Update"">RFC3007</a>]. As of this writing, the DNS
Security mechanisms are believed to be widely implemented in
currently available DNS servers and DNS clients. Deployment of DNS
Security appears to be growing rapidly.
In situations where authentication of DNS data is a concern, the DNS
Security extensions SHOULD be used [<a href="./rfc4033" title=""DNS Security Introduction and Requirements"">RFC4033</a>].
If these DNS records are updated dynamically over the network, then
the Secure Dynamic DNS Update [<a href="./rfc3007" title=""Secure Domain Name System (DNS) Dynamic Update"">RFC3007</a>] mechanism SHOULD be used to
secure such transactions.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-5" href="#section-5">5</a>. IANA Considerations</span>
IANA has allocated each of the following DNS resource records
(described above in <a href="#section-2">Section 2</a>) a Data RRTYPE value according to the
procedures of Sections <a href="#section-3.1">3.1</a> and <a href="#section-3.1.1">3.1.1</a> of [<a href="./rfc6195" title=""Domain Name System (DNS) IANA Considerations"">RFC6195</a>].
Type Value
---- -----
NID 104
L32 105
L64 106
LP 107
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-6" href="#section-6">6</a>. References</span>
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-6.1" href="#section-6.1">6.1</a>. Normative References</span>
[<a id="ref-RFC1034">RFC1034</a>] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and
facilities", STD 13, <a href="./rfc1034">RFC 1034</a>, November 1987.
[<a id="ref-RFC1035">RFC1035</a>] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
specification", STD 13, <a href="./rfc1035">RFC 1035</a>, November 1987.
[<a id="ref-RFC2119">RFC2119</a>] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/bcp/bcp14">BCP 14</a>, <a href="./rfc2119">RFC 2119</a>, March 1997.
<span class="grey">Atkinson, et al. Experimental [Page 17]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-18" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc6742">RFC 6742</a> ILNP DNS November 2012</span>
[<a id="ref-RFC3007">RFC3007</a>] Wellington, B., "Secure Domain Name System (DNS) Dynamic
Update", <a href="./rfc3007">RFC 3007</a>, November 2000.
[<a id="ref-RFC3597">RFC3597</a>] Gustafsson, A., "Handling of Unknown DNS Resource Record
(RR) Types", <a href="./rfc3597">RFC 3597</a>, September 2003.
[<a id="ref-RFC4033">RFC4033</a>] Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
Rose, "DNS Security Introduction and Requirements", <a href="./rfc4033">RFC</a>
<a href="./rfc4033">4033</a>, March 2005.
[<a id="ref-RFC4291">RFC4291</a>] Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
Architecture", <a href="./rfc4291">RFC 4291</a>, February 2006.
[<a id="ref-RFC6195">RFC6195</a>] Eastlake 3rd, D., "Domain Name System (DNS) IANA
Considerations", <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/bcp/bcp42">BCP 42</a>, <a href="./rfc6195">RFC 6195</a>, March 2011.
[<a id="ref-RFC6740">RFC6740</a>] Atkinson, R. and S. Bhatti, "Identifier-Locator Network
Protocol (ILNP) Architectural Description", <a href="./rfc6740">RFC 6740</a>,
November 2012.
[<a id="ref-RFC6741">RFC6741</a>] Atkinson, R. and S. Bhatti, "Identifier-Locator Network
Protocol (ILNP) Engineering and Implementation
Considerations", <a href="./rfc6741">RFC 6741</a>, November 2012.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-6.2" href="#section-6.2">6.2</a>. Informative References</span>
[<a id="ref-ABH09a">ABH09a</a>] Atkinson, R., Bhatti, S. and S. Hailes, "Site-Controlled
Secure Multi-Homing and Traffic Engineering For IP",
Proceedings of IEEE Military Communications Conference,
IEEE, Boston, MA, USA, October 2009.
[<a id="ref-BA11">BA11</a>] Bhatti, S. and R. Atkinson, "Reducing DNS Caching",
Proceedings of IEEE Global Internet Symposium (GI2011),
Shanghai, P.R. China. 15 April 2011.
<<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/INFCOMW.2011.5928919">http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/INFCOMW.2011.5928919</a>>
[<a id="ref-JSBM02">JSBM02</a>] Jung, J., Sit, E., Balakrishnan, H., and R. Morris, "DNS
performance and the effectiveness of caching", IEEE/ACM
Trans. Netw. 10(5) (October 2002), pp 589-603.
<<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TNET.2002.803905">http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TNET.2002.803905</a>>
[<a id="ref-PHG02">PHG02</a>] Pappas, A., Hailes, S. and R. Giaffreda, "Mobile Host
Location Tracking through DNS", IEEE London
Communications Symposium, London, England, UK, September
2002.
<<a href="http://www.ee.ucl.ac.uk/lcs/previous/LCS2002/LCS072.pdf">http://www.ee.ucl.ac.uk/lcs/previous/LCS2002/LCS072.pdf</a>>
<span class="grey">Atkinson, et al. Experimental [Page 18]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-19" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc6742">RFC 6742</a> ILNP DNS November 2012</span>
[<a id="ref-RAB09">RAB09</a>] Rehunathan, D., Atkinson, R. and S. Bhatti, "Enabling
Mobile Networks Through Secure Naming", Proceedings of
IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM), IEEE,
Boston, MA, USA, October 2009.
[<a id="ref-SB00">SB00</a>] Snoeren, A. and H. Balakrishnan, "An End-To-End Approach
To Host Mobility", Proceedings of 6th Conference on
Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom), ACM, Boston,
MA, USA, August 2000.
[<a id="ref-SBK01">SBK01</a>] Snoeren, A., Balakrishnan, H., and M. Frans Kaashoek,
"Reconsidering Internet Mobility", Proceedings of 8th
Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems (HotOS), IEEE
Computer Society, Elmau, Germany, May 2001.
[<a id="ref-RFC4984">RFC4984</a>] Meyer, D., Ed., Zhang, L., Ed., and K. Fall, Ed., "Report
from the IAB Workshop on Routing and Addressing", <a href="./rfc4984">RFC</a>
<a href="./rfc4984">4984</a>, September 2007.
[<a id="ref-RFC6743">RFC6743</a>] Atkinson, R. and S. Bhatti, "ICMPv6 Locator Update
Message", <a href="./rfc6743">RFC 6743</a>, November 2012.
[<a id="ref-RFC6744">RFC6744</a>] Atkinson, R. and S. Bhatti, "IPv6 Nonce Destination
Option for the Identifier-Locator Network Protocol for
IPv6 (ILNPv6)", <a href="./rfc6744">RFC 6744</a>, November 2012.
[<a id="ref-RFC6745">RFC6745</a>] Atkinson, R. and S. Bhatti, "ICMP Locator Update Message
for the Identifier-Locator Network Protocol for IPv4
(ILNPv4)", <a href="./rfc6745">RFC 6745</a>, November 2012.
[<a id="ref-RFC6746">RFC6746</a>] Atkinson, R. and S.Bhatti, "IPv4 Options for the
Identifier-Locator Network Protocol (ILNP)", <a href="./rfc6746">RFC 6746</a>,
November 2012.
[<a id="ref-RFC6747">RFC6747</a>] Atkinson, R. and S. Bhatti, "Address Resolution Protocol
(ARP) Extension for the Identifier-Locator Network
Protocol for IPv4 (ILNPv4)", <a href="./rfc6747">RFC 6747</a>, November 2012.
[<a id="ref-RFC6748">RFC6748</a>] Atkinson, R. and S. Bhatti, "Optional Advanced Deployment
Scenarios for the Identifier-Locator Network Protocol
(ILNP)", <a href="./rfc6748">RFC 6748</a>, November 2012.
<span class="grey">Atkinson, et al. Experimental [Page 19]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-20" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc6742">RFC 6742</a> ILNP DNS November 2012</span>
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-7" href="#section-7">7</a>. Acknowledgements</span>
Steve Blake, Stephane Bortzmeyer, Mohamed Boucadair, Noel Chiappa,
Wes George, Steve Hailes, Joel Halpern, Mark Handley, Volker Hilt,
Paul Jakma, Dae-Young Kim, Tony Li, Yakov Rehkter, Bruce Simpson,
Robin Whittle, and John Wroclawski (in alphabetical order) provided
review and feedback on earlier versions of this document. Steve
Blake provided an especially thorough review of an early version of
the entire ILNP document set, which was extremely helpful. We also
wish to thank the anonymous reviewers of the various ILNP papers for
their feedback.
Roy Arends provided expert guidance on technical and procedural
aspects of DNS issues, for which the authors are greatly obliged.
Authors' Addresses
RJ Atkinson
Consultant
San Jose, CA 95125
USA
EMail: rja.lists@gmail.com
SN Bhatti
School of Computer Science
University of St Andrews
North Haugh, St Andrews
Fife, Scotland
KY16 9SX, UK
EMail: saleem@cs.st-andrews.ac.uk
Scott Rose
US National Institute for Standards & Technology
100 Bureau Drive
Gaithersburg, MD 20899
USA
EMail: scottr.nist@gmail.com
Atkinson, et al. Experimental [Page 20]
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