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<pre>Independent Submission C. Donley, Ed.
Request for Comments: 7021 CableLabs
Category: Informational L. Howard
ISSN: 2070-1721 Time Warner Cable
V. Kuarsingh
Rogers Communications
J. Berg
CableLabs
J. Doshi
Juniper Networks
September 2013
<span class="h1">Assessing the Impact of Carrier-Grade NAT on Network Applications</span>
Abstract
NAT444 is an IPv4 extension technology being considered by Service
Providers as a means to continue offering IPv4 service to customers
while transitioning to IPv6. This technology adds an extra Carrier-
Grade NAT (CGN) in the Service Provider network, often resulting in
two NATs. CableLabs, Time Warner Cable, and Rogers Communications
independently tested the impacts of NAT444 on many popular Internet
services using a variety of test scenarios, network topologies, and
vendor equipment. This document identifies areas where adding a
second layer of NAT disrupts the communication channel for common
Internet applications. This document was updated to include the
Dual-Stack Lite (DS-Lite) impacts also.
Status of This Memo
This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
published for informational purposes.
This is a contribution to the RFC Series, independently of any other
RFC stream. The RFC Editor has chosen to publish this document at
its discretion and makes no statement about its value for
implementation or deployment. Documents approved for publication by
the RFC Editor are not a candidate for any level of Internet
Standard; see <a href="./rfc5741#section-2">Section 2 of RFC 5741</a>.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
<a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7021">http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7021</a>.
<span class="grey">Donley, et al. Informational [Page 1]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-2" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7021">RFC 7021</a> NAT444 Impacts September 2013</span>
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2013 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/bcp/bcp78">BCP 78</a> and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(<a href="http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info">http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info</a>) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document.
<span class="grey">Donley, et al. Informational [Page 2]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-3" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7021">RFC 7021</a> NAT444 Impacts September 2013</span>
Table of Contents
<a href="#section-1">1</a>. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-4">4</a>
<a href="#section-2">2</a>. Testing Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-5">5</a>
<a href="#section-2.1">2.1</a>. Test Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-5">5</a>
2.1.1. Case 1: Single Client, Single Home Network, Single
Service Provider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-5">5</a>
2.1.2. Case 2: Two Clients, Single Home Network, Single
Service Provider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-6">6</a>
2.1.3. Case 3: Two Clients, Two Home Networks, Single
Service Provider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-7">7</a>
2.1.4. Case 4: Two Clients, Two Home Networks, Two
Service Providers Cross ISP . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-8">8</a>
<a href="#section-2.2">2.2</a>. General Test Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-8">8</a>
<a href="#section-2.3">2.3</a>. Test Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-10">10</a>
<a href="#section-2.4">2.4</a>. Test Scenarios Executed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-11">11</a>
<a href="#section-2.5">2.5</a>. General Test Methodologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-11">11</a>
<a href="#section-3">3</a>. Observed CGN Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-12">12</a>
<a href="#section-3.1">3.1</a>. Dropped Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-13">13</a>
<a href="#section-3.2">3.2</a>. Performance Impacted Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-14">14</a>
<a href="#section-3.3">3.3</a>. Improvements since 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-15">15</a>
<a href="#section-3.4">3.4</a>. Additional CGN Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-16">16</a>
<a href="#section-4">4</a>. 2011 Summary of Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-17">17</a>
<a href="#section-4.1">4.1</a>. NAT444 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-17">17</a>
<a href="#section-4.2">4.2</a>. DS-Lite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-19">19</a>
<a href="#section-5">5</a>. 2010 Summary of Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-22">22</a>
5.1. Case 1: Single Client, Single Home Network, Single
Service Provider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-22">22</a>
5.2. Case 2: Two Clients, Single Home Network, Single
Service Provider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-24">24</a>
5.3. Case 3: Two Clients, Two Home Networks, Single Service
Provider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-24">24</a>
5.4. Case 4: Two Clients, Two Home Networks, Two Service
Providers Cross ISP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-25">25</a>
<a href="#section-6">6</a>. CGN Mitigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-25">25</a>
<a href="#section-7">7</a>. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-26">26</a>
<a href="#section-8">8</a>. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-26">26</a>
<a href="#appendix-A">Appendix A</a>. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-28">28</a>
<span class="grey">Donley, et al. Informational [Page 3]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-4" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7021">RFC 7021</a> NAT444 Impacts September 2013</span>
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-1" href="#section-1">1</a>. Introduction</span>
IANA, APNIC, and RIPE NCC exhausted their IPv4 address space in 2011-
2012. Current projections suggest that ARIN may exhaust its free
pool of IPv4 addresses in 2013. IPv6 is the solution to the IPv4
depletion problem; however, the transition to IPv6 will not be
completed prior to IPv4 exhaustion. NAT444 [<a href="#ref-NAT444" title=""NAT444"">NAT444</a>] and Dual-Stack
Lite [<a href="./rfc6333" title=""Dual- Stack Lite Broadband Deployments Following IPv4 Exhaustion"">RFC6333</a>] are transition mechanisms that will allow Service
Providers to multiplex customers behind a single IPv4 address, which
will allow many legacy devices and applications some IPv4
connectivity. While both NAT444 and Dual-Stack Lite provide basic
IPv4 connectivity, they impact a number of advanced applications.
This document describes suboptimal behaviors of NAT444 and DS-Lite
found in our test environments.
From July through August 2010, CableLabs, Time Warner Cable, and
Rogers Communications tested the impact of NAT444 on common
applications using Carrier-Grade NAT (CGN) devices. This testing was
focused on a wide array of real-time usage scenarios designed to
evaluate the user experience over the public Internet using NAT444 in
both single and dual ISP environments. The purpose of this testing
was to identify applications where the technology either breaks or
significantly impacts the user experience. The testing revealed that
applications, such as video streaming, video gaming, and peer-to-peer
file sharing, are impacted by NAT444.
From June through October 2011, CableLabs conducted additional
testing of CGN technologies, including both NAT444 and Dual-Stack
Lite. The testing focused on working with several vendors including
A10, Alcatel-Lucent, and Juniper to optimize the performance of those
applications that experienced negative impacts during earlier CGN
testing and to expand the testing to DS-Lite.
Applications that were tested included, but were not necessarily
limited to, the following:
1. Video/Audio streaming, e.g., Silverlight-based applications,
Netflix, YouTube, Pandora 2
2. Peer-to-peer applications, e.g., video gaming, uTorrent
3. Online gaming, e.g., Xbox
4. Large file transfers using File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
5. Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) calls via X-Lite, Skype
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6. Social Networking, e.g., Facebook, Webkinz
7. Video chat, e.g., Skype
8. Web conferencing
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-2" href="#section-2">2</a>. Testing Scope</span>
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.1" href="#section-2.1">2.1</a>. Test Cases</span>
The diagrams below depict the general network architecture used for
testing NAT444 and Dual-Stack Lite coexistence technologies at
CableLabs.
<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.1.1" href="#section-2.1.1">2.1.1</a>. Case 1: Single Client, Single Home Network, Single Service</span>
<span class="h4"> Provider</span>
^^^^^^^^
(Internet)
vvvvvvvv
|
|
+---------------+
| CGN |
+---------------+
|
+---------------+
| CMTS |
+---------------+
|
+---------------+
| CM |
+---------------+
|
+-------------------------+
| Home Router |
+-------------------------+
|
+---------------+
| Client |
+---------------+
This is a typical case for a client accessing content on the
Internet. For this case, we focused on basic web browsing, voice and
video chat, instant messaging, video streaming (using YouTube, Google
Videos, etc.), torrent leeching and seeding, FTP, and gaming.
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<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.1.2" href="#section-2.1.2">2.1.2</a>. Case 2: Two Clients, Single Home Network, Single Service</span>
<span class="h4"> Provider</span>
^^^^^^^^
(Internet)
vvvvvvvv
|
|
+---------------+
| CGN |
+---------------+
|
+---------------+
| CMTS |
+---------------+
|
+---------------+
| CM |
+---------------+
|
+-------------------------+
| Home Router |
+-------------------------+
| |
+---------------+ +---------------+
| Client | | Client |
+---------------+ +---------------+
This is similar to Case 1, except that two clients are behind the
same Large-Scale NAT (LSN) and in the same home network. This test
case was conducted to observe any change in speed in basic web
browsing and video streaming.
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<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.1.3" href="#section-2.1.3">2.1.3</a>. Case 3: Two Clients, Two Home Networks, Single Service Provider</span>
^^^^^^^^
(Internet)
vvvvvvvv
|
|
+---------------+
| CGN |
+---------------+
|
+---------------+
| CMTS |
+---------------+
|
----------------------------------------
| |
+---------------+ +---------------+
| CM | | CM |
+---------------+ +---------------+
| |
+-------------------------+ +-------------------------+
| Home Router | | Home Router |
+-------------------------+ +-------------------------+
| |
+---------------+ +---------------+
| Client | | Client |
+---------------+ +---------------+
In this scenario, the two clients are under the same LSN but behind
two different gateways. This simulates connectivity between two
residential subscribers on the same ISP. We tested peer-to-peer
applications.
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<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.1.4" href="#section-2.1.4">2.1.4</a>. Case 4: Two Clients, Two Home Networks, Two Service Providers</span>
<span class="h4"> Cross ISP</span>
^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^
( ISP A ) ( ISP B )
Vvvvvvvv vvvvvvvv
| |
+---------------+ +---------------+
| LSN | | LSN |
+---------------+ +---------------+
| |
+---------------+ +---------------+
| CMTS | | CMTS |
+---------------+ +---------------+
| |
+---------------+ +---------------+
| CM | | CM |
+---------------+ +---------------+
| |
+-------------------------+ +-------------------------+
| Home Router | | Home Router |
+-------------------------+ +-------------------------+
| |
+---------------+ +---------------+
| Client | | Client |
+---------------+ +---------------+
This test case is similar to Case 1 but with the addition of another
identical ISP. This topology allows us to test traffic between two
residential customers connected across the Internet. We focused on
client-to-client applications such as IM and peer-to-peer.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.2" href="#section-2.2">2.2</a>. General Test Environment</span>
The lab environment was intended to emulate multiple Service Provider
networks with a CGN deployed and with connectivity to the public IPv4
or IPv6 Internet (as dictated by the coexistence technology under
test). This was accomplished by configuring a CGN behind multiple
cable modem termination systems (CMTSs) and setting up multiple home
networks for each ISP. Testing involved sending traffic to and from
the public Internet in both single and dual ISP environments, using
both single and multiple home networks. The following equipment was
used for testing:
o CGN
o CMTS
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o Cable Modem (CM)
o IP sniffer
o RF (radio frequency) sniffer
o Metrics tools (for network performance)
o CPE (Customer Premises Equipment) gateway devices
o Laptop or desktop computers (multiple OSs used)
o Gaming consoles
o iPad or tablet devices
o other Customer Edge (CE) equipment, e.g., Blu-ray players
supporting miscellaneous applications
One or more CPE gateway devices were configured in the home network.
One or more host devices behind the gateways were also configured in
order to test conditions, such as multiple users on multiple home
networks in the CGN architecture, both in single and dual ISP
environments.
The scope of testing was honed down to the specific types of
applications and network conditions that demonstrated a high
probability of diminishing user experience based on prior testing.
The following use cases were tested:
1. Video streaming over Netflix
2. Video streaming over YouTube
3. Video streaming over Joost
4. Online gaming with Xbox (one user)
5. Peer-to-peer gaming with Xbox (two users)
6. BitTorrent/uTorrent file seeding/leeching
7. Pandora Internet Radio
8. FTP server
9. Web conferencing GoToMeeting (GTM), WebEx
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10. Social Networking -- Facebook, Webkinz (chat, YouTube, file
transfer)
11. Internet Archive -- Video and Audio streaming; large file
downloads
12. Video streaming using iClips
13. SIP Calls -- X-Lite, Skype, PJSIP
14. Microsoft Smooth Streaming (Silverlight)
15. Video chat -- Skype, ooVoo
The following CPE devices were used for testing these applications on
one or more home networks:
1. Windows 7, XP, and Vista-based laptops
2. Mac OS X laptop
3. iPad
4. Xbox gaming consoles
5. iPhone and Android smartphones
6. LG Blu-ray player (test applications such as Netflix, Vudu, etc.)
7. Home routers -- Netgear, Linksys, D-Link, Cisco, Apple
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.3" href="#section-2.3">2.3</a>. Test Metrics</span>
Metrics data that were collected during the course of testing were
related to throughput, latency, and jitter. These metrics were
evaluated under three conditions:
1. Initial finding on the CGN configuration used for testing
2. Retest of the same test scenario with the CGN removed from the
network
3. Retest with a new configuration (optimized) on the CGN (when
possible)
In our testing, we found only slight differences with respect to
latency or jitter when the CGN was in the network versus when it was
not present in the network. It should be noted that we did not
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conduct any performance testing and metrics gathered were limited to
single session scenarios. Also, bandwidth was not restricted on the
Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) network.
Simulated homes shared a single DOCSIS upstream and downstream
channel. (In the following table, "us" stands for microsecond.)
+---------+---------+---------+---------+-----------------+---------+
| Case | Avg | Min | Max | [<a href="./rfc4689" title=""Terminology for Benchmarking Network-layer Traffic Control Mechanisms"">RFC4689</a>] | Max |
| | Latency | Latency | Latency | Absolute Avg | Jitter |
| | | | | Jitter | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+-----------------+---------+
| With | 240.32 | 233.77 | 428.40 | 1.86 us | 191.22 |
| CGN | us | us | us | | us |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+-----------------+---------+
| Without | 211.88 | 190.39 | 402.69 | 0.07 us | 176.16 |
| CGN | us | us | us | | us |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+-----------------+---------+
CGN Performance
Note: Performance testing as defined by CableLabs includes load
testing, induction of impairments on the network, etc. This type of
testing was out of scope for CGN testing.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.4" href="#section-2.4">2.4</a>. Test Scenarios Executed</span>
The following test scenarios were executed using the aforementioned
applications and test equipment:
1. Single ISP, Single Home Network, with Single User
2. Single ISP, Two Home Networks, with One User on Each Network
3. Dual ISPs, Single Home Network, with Single User on Each ISP
4. Dual ISPs, One Home Network, with One User connected to ISP-A;
Two Home Networks, with One User on Each connected to ISP-B
These test scenarios were executed for both NAT444 and DS-Lite
technologies.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-2.5" href="#section-2.5">2.5</a>. General Test Methodologies</span>
The CGN was configured for the optimal setting for the specific test
being executed for NAT444 or DS-Lite. Individual vendors provided
validation of the configuration used for the coexistence technology
under test prior to the start of testing. Some NAT444 testing used
private [<a href="./rfc1918" title=""Address Allocation for Private Internets"">RFC1918</a>] IPv4 space between the CGN and CPE router; other
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tests used public (non-[<a href="./rfc1918" title=""Address Allocation for Private Internets"">RFC1918</a>]) IPv4 space between the CGN and CPE
router. With the exception of 6to4 [<a href="./rfc3056" title=""Connection of IPv6 Domains via IPv4 Clouds"">RFC3056</a>] traffic, we observed no
difference in test results whether private or public address space
was used. 6to4 failed when public space was used between the CGN and
the CPE router was public, but CPE routers did not initiate 6to4 when
private space was used.
CPE gateways and client devices were configured with IPv4 or IPv6
addresses using DHCP or manual configuration, as required by each of
the devices used in the test.
All devices were brought to operational state. Connectivity of CPE
devices to provider network and public Internet was verified prior to
the start of each test.
IP sniffers and metrics tools were configured as required before
starting tests. IP capture and metrics data was collected for all
failed test scenarios. Sniffing was configured behind the home
routers, north and south of the CMTS, and north and south of the CGN.
The test technician executed test scenarios listed above, for single
and dual ISP environments, testing multiple users on multiple home
networks, using the applications described above where applicable to
the each specific test scenario. Results and checklists were
compiled for all tests executed and for each combination of devices
tested.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-3" href="#section-3">3</a>. Observed CGN Impacts</span>
CGN testing revealed that basic services such as email and web
browsing worked normally and as expected. However, there were some
service-affecting issues noted for applications that fall into two
categories: dropped service and performance impacted service. In
addition, for some specific applications in which the performance was
impacted, throughput, latency, and jitter measurements were taken.
We observed that performance often differs from vendor to vendor and
from test environment to test environment, and the results are
somewhat difficult to predict. So as to not become a comparison
between different vendor implementations, these results are presented
in summary form. When issues were identified, we worked with the
vendors involved to confirm the specific issues and explore
workarounds. Except where noted, impacts to NAT444 and DS-Lite were
similar.
In 2010 testing, we identified that IPv6 transition technologies such
as 6to4 [<a href="./rfc3056" title=""Connection of IPv6 Domains via IPv4 Clouds"">RFC3056</a>] and Teredo [<a href="./rfc4380" title=""Teredo: Tunneling IPv6 over UDP through Network Address Translations (NATs)"">RFC4380</a>] fail outright or are subject
to severe service degradation. We did not repeat transition
technology testing in 2011.
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Note: While email and web browsing operated as expected within our
environment, there have been reports that anti-spam/anti-abuse
measures limiting the number of connections from a single address can
cause problems in a CGN environment by improperly interpreting
address sharing as too many connections from a single device. Care
should be taken when deploying CGNs to mitigate the impact of address
sharing when configuring anti-spam/anti-abuse measures. See <a href="#section-3.4">Section</a>
<a href="#section-3.4">3.4</a>.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.1" href="#section-3.1">3.1</a>. Dropped Services</span>
Several peer-to-peer applications, specifically peer-to-peer gaming
using Xbox and peer-to-peer SIP calls using the PJSIP client, failed
in both the NAT444 and Dual-Stack Lite environments. Many CGN
devices use "full cone" NAT so that once the CGN maps a port for
outbound services, it will accept incoming connections to that port.
However, some applications did not first send outgoing traffic and
hence did not open an incoming port through the CGN. Other
applications try to open a particular fixed port through the CGN;
while service will work for a single subscriber behind the CGN, it
fails when multiple subscribers try to use that port.
PJSIP and other SIP software worked when clients used a registration
server to initiate calls, provided that the client inside the CGN
initiated the traffic first and that only one SIP user was active
behind a single IPv4 address at any given time. However, in our
testing, we observed that when making a direct client-to-client SIP
call across two home networks on a single ISP, or when calling from a
single home network across dual ISPs, calls could neither be
initiated nor received.
In the case of peer-to-peer gaming between two Xbox 360 users in
different home networks on the same ISP, the game could not be
connected between the two users. Both users shared an outside IP
address and tried to connect to the same port, causing a connection
failure. There are some interesting nuances to this problem. In the
case where two users are in the same home network and the scenario is
through a single ISP, when the Xbox tries to register with the Xbox
server, the server sees that both Xboxes are coming through the same
public IP address and directs the devices to connect using their
internal IP addresses. So, the connection ultimately gets
established directly between both Xboxes via the home gateway, rather
than the Xbox server. In the case where there are two Xbox users on
two different home networks using a single ISP and the CGN is
configured with only one public IPv4 address, this scenario will not
work because the route between the two users cannot be determined.
However, if the CGN is configured with two public NAT IP addresses,
this scenario will work because now there is a unique IP address with
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which to communicate. This is not an ideal solution, however,
because it means that there is a one-to-one relationship between IP
addresses in the public NAT and the number of Xbox users on each
network.
Update: in December 2011, Microsoft released an update for Xbox.
While we did not conduct thorough testing using the new release,
preliminary testing indicates that Xboxes that upgraded to the latest
version can play head-to-head behind a CGN, at least for some games.
Other peer-to-peer applications that were noted to fail were seeding
sessions initiated on BitTorrent and uTorrent. In our test, torrent
seeding was initiated on a client inside the CGN. Leeching was
initiated using a client on the public Internet. It was observed
that direct peer-to-peer seeding did not work. However, the torrent
session typically redirected the leeching client to a proxy server,
in which case the torrent session was set up successfully.
Additionally, with the proxy in the network, re-seeding via
additional leech clients worked as would be expected for a typical
torrent session. Finally, uTorrent tries to use Session Traversal
Utilities for NAT (STUN) to identify its outside address. In working
with vendors, we learned that increasing the STUN timeout to 4
minutes improved uTorrent seeding performance behind a CGN, resulting
in the ability for the uTorrent client to open a port and
successfully seed content.
FTP sessions to servers located inside the home (e.g., behind two
layers of NAT) failed. When the CGN was bypassed and traffic only
needed to flow through one layer of NAT, clients were able to
connect. Finally, multicast traffic was not forwarded through the
CGN.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.2" href="#section-3.2">3.2</a>. Performance Impacted Services</span>
Large size file transfers and multiple video streaming sessions
initiated on a single client on the same home network behind the CGN
experienced reduced performance in our environment. We measured
these variations in user experience against a baseline IPv4
environment where NAT is not deployed.
In our testing, we tried large file transfers from several FTP sites,
as well as downloading sizable audio and video files (750 MB to 1.4
GB) from the Internet Archive. We observed that when Dual-Stack Lite
was implemented for some specific home router and client
combinations, the transfer rate was markedly slower. For example,
PC1 using one operating system behind the same home router as PC2
using a different operating system yielded a transfer rate of 120
kbps for PC1, versus 250 kbps for PC2. Our conclusion is that
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varying combinations of home routers and CE-client devices may result
in a user experience that is less than what the user would expect for
typical applications. It is also difficult to predict which
combinations of CPE routers and CE devices will produce a reduced
experience for the user. We did not analyze the root cause of the
divergence in performance across CE devices, as this was beyond the
scope of our testing. However, as this issue was specific to Dual-
Stack Lite, we suspect that it is related to the MTU.
While video streaming sessions for a single user generally performed
well, testing revealed that video streaming sessions such as
Microsoft Smooth Streaming technology (i.e., Silverlight) or Netflix
might also exhibit some service impacting behavior. In particular,
this was observed on one older, yet popular and well-known CPE router
where the first session was severely degraded when a second session
was initiated in the same home network. Traffic from the first
session ceased for 8 s once the second session was initiated. While
we are tempted to write this off as a problematic home router, its
popularity suggests that home router interactions may cause issues in
NAT444 deployments (newer routers that support DS-Lite were not
observed to experience this condition). Overall, longer buffering
times for video sessions were noted for most client devices behind
all types of home routers. However, once the initial buffering was
complete, the video streams were consistently smooth. In addition,
there were varying degrees as to how well multiple video sessions
were displayed on various client devices across the CPE routers
tested. Some video playback devices performed better than others.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.3" href="#section-3.3">3.3</a>. Improvements since 2010</span>
Since CableLabs completed initial CGN testing in 2010, there have
been quantifiable improvements in performance over CGN since that
time. These improvements may be categorized as follows:
o Content provider updates
o Application updates
o Improvements on the CGNs themselves
In terms of content provider updates, we have noted improvements in
the overall performance of streaming applications in the CGN
environment. Whereas applications such as streaming video were very
problematic a year ago with regard to jitter and latency, our most
recent testing revealed that there is less of an issue with these
conditions, except in some cases when multiple video streaming
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sessions were initiated on the same client using specific types of
home routers. Applications such as MS Smooth Streaming appear to
have addressed these issues to some degree.
As far as application updates, use of STUN and/or proxy servers to
offset some of the limitations of NAT and tunneling in the network
are more evident as workarounds to the peer-to-peer issues.
Applications appear to have incorporated other mechanisms for
delivering content faster, even if buffering times are somewhat
slower and the content is not rendered as quickly.
CGN vendors have also upgraded their devices to mitigate several
known issues with specific applications. With regard to addressing
peer-to-peer SIP call applications, port reservations appear to be a
workaround to the problem. However, this approach has limitations
because there are limited numbers of users that can have port
reservations at any given time. For example, one CGN implementation
allowed a port reservation to be made on port 5060 (default SIP
port), but this was the only port that could be configured for the
SIP client. This means that only one user can be granted the port
reservation.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.4" href="#section-3.4">3.4</a>. Additional CGN Challenges</span>
There are other challenges that arise when using shared IPv4 address
space, as with NAT444. Some of these challenges include:
o Loss of geolocation information - Often, translation zones will
cross traditional geographic boundaries. Since the source
addresses of packets traversing an LSN are set to the external
address of the LSN, it is difficult for external entities to
associate IP/Port information to specific locations/areas.
o Lawful Intercept/Abuse Response - Due to the nature of NAT444
address sharing, it will be hard to determine the customer/
endpoint responsible for initiating a specific IPv4 flow based on
source IP address alone. Content providers, Service Providers,
and law enforcement agencies will need to use new mechanisms
(e.g., logging source port and timestamp in addition to source IP
address) to potentially mitigate this new problem. This may
impact the timely response to various identification requests.
See [<a href="./rfc6269" title=""Issues with IP Address Sharing"">RFC6269</a>].
o Anti-spoofing - Multiplexing users behind a single IP address can
lead to situations where traffic from that address triggers anti-
spoofing/DDoS-protection mechanisms, resulting in unintentional
loss of connectivity for some users. We have received reports of
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such anti-spoofing/DDoS mechanisms affecting email and web
services in some instances, but did not experience them in our
environment.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-4" href="#section-4">4</a>. 2011 Summary of Results</span>
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.1" href="#section-4.1">4.1</a>. NAT444</span>
+---------------------+--------+--------+--------+----------+---------+
| Test Scenario | Single | Single | Dual | Dual | Notes |
| (per Test Plan) | ISP, | ISP, | ISP, | ISP, One | |
| | Single | Two | One HN | HN+One | |
| | HN, | HN, | with | User on | |
| | Single | Single | One | ISP-A, | |
| | User | User | User | Two HN | |
| | | on | on | with One | |
| | | Each | Each | User on | |
| | | | ISP | Each on | |
| | | | | ISP-B | |
+---------------------+--------+--------+--------+----------+---------+
| Video streaming | Pass | Pass | Pass | Pass | fails |
| over Netflix | | | | | behind |
| | | | | | one |
| | | | | | router |
+---------------------+--------+--------+--------+----------+---------+
| Video streaming | Pass | Pass | Pass | Pass | |
| over YouTube | | | | | |
+---------------------+--------+--------+--------+----------+---------+
| Video streaming | Pass | Pass | Pass | Pass | |
| over Joost | | | | | |
+---------------------+--------+--------+--------+----------+---------+
| Online gaming with | Pass | Pass | Pass | NT | |
| one user | | | | | |
+---------------------+--------+--------+--------+----------+---------+
| Peer-to-peer gaming | Pass | Fail | Pass | NT | fails |
| with two users | | | | | when |
| | | | | | both |
| | | | | | users |
| | | | | | NAT to |
| | | | | | same |
| | | | | | address |
+---------------------+--------+--------+--------+----------+---------+
| BitTorrent/uTorrent | Fail | Fail | Fail | Fail | |
| file seeding | | | | | |
+---------------------+--------+--------+--------+----------+---------+
<span class="grey">Donley, et al. Informational [Page 17]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-18" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7021">RFC 7021</a> NAT444 Impacts September 2013</span>
(continued)
+---------------------+--------+--------+--------+----------+---------+
| BitTorrent/uTorrent | Pass | Pass | Pass | Pass | |
| file leeching | | | | | |
+---------------------+--------+--------+--------+----------+---------+
| Pandora Internet | Pass | Pass | Pass | Pass | |
| Radio | | | | | |
+---------------------+--------+--------+--------+----------+---------+
| FTP server | Pass | Pass | Pass | Pass | |
+---------------------+--------+--------+--------+----------+---------+
| Web conferencing | Pass | Pass | Pass | Pass | |
| GTM | | | | | |
+---------------------+--------+--------+--------+----------+---------+
| Social Networking | Pass | Pass | Pass | Pass | |
| Facebook | | | | | |
+---------------------+--------+--------+--------+----------+---------+
| Social Networking | Pass | Pass | Pass | Pass | |
| Webkinz | | | | | |
+---------------------+--------+--------+--------+----------+---------+
| X-Lite for SIP | Pass | Pass | Pass | Pass | |
| calls with proxy | | | | | |
+---------------------+--------+--------+--------+----------+---------+
| X-Lite for SIP | Fail | Fail | Fail | Fail | |
| calls no proxy | | | | | |
+---------------------+--------+--------+--------+----------+---------+
| Skype text chat | Pass | Pass | Pass | Pass | |
+---------------------+--------+--------+--------+----------+---------+
| Skype video chat | Pass | Pass | Pass | Pass | |
+---------------------+--------+--------+--------+----------+---------+
| ooVoo | Pass | Pass | Pass | Pass | |
+---------------------+--------+--------+--------+----------+---------+
| MS Smooth streaming | Pass | Pass | Pass | Pass | |
+---------------------+--------+--------+--------+----------+---------+
| Internet Archive | Pass | Pass | Pass | Pass | |
| video streaming | | | | | |
+---------------------+--------+--------+--------+----------+---------+
| Internet Archive | Pass | Pass | Pass | Pass | |
| audio streaming | | | | | |
+---------------------+--------+--------+--------+----------+---------+
| Internet Archive | Pass | Pass | Pass | Pass | |
| file download | | | | | |
+---------------------+--------+--------+--------+----------+---------+
| iClips | Pass | Pass | Pass | Pass | |
+---------------------+--------+--------+--------+----------+---------+
NAT444
<span class="grey">Donley, et al. Informational [Page 18]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-19" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7021">RFC 7021</a> NAT444 Impacts September 2013</span>
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.2" href="#section-4.2">4.2</a>. DS-Lite</span>
+--------------+---------+-----------+---------------+---------------+
| Test | DS-Lite | Duration | Description | General |
| Scenario | Test | of Test | of Test | Observations |
| (per Test | Results | Performed | Execution | and Notes |
| Plan) | | | | |
+--------------+---------+-----------+---------------+---------------+
| Video | Pass | 15 min. | | |
| streaming | | | | |
| over Netflix | | | | |
+--------------+---------+-----------+---------------+---------------+
| Video | Pass | 10 min. | | |
| streaming | | | | |
| over YouTube | | | | |
+--------------+---------+-----------+---------------+---------------+
| Video | Pass | 10 min. | | |
| streaming | | | | |
| over Joost | | | | |
+--------------+---------+-----------+---------------+---------------+
| Online | Pass | 15 min. | | |
| gaming with | | | | |
| one user | | | | |
+--------------+---------+-----------+---------------+---------------+
| Peer-to-peer | Fail | NA | user inside | Users inside |
| gaming with | | | HN1 playing | both HN are |
| two users | | | game against | not able to |
| | | | user inside | connect. The |
| | | | HN2 | error shown |
| | | | | on console, |
| | | | | "The game |
| | | | | session is no |
| | | | | longer |
| | | | | available" |
+--------------+---------+-----------+---------------+---------------+
| BitTorrent | Fail | 12 min. | user on the | |
| or uTorrent | | | Internet is | |
| file seeding | | | able to | |
| | | | download file | |
| | | | using proxy | |
| | | | server and | |
| | | | not | |
| | | | peer-to-peer | |
+--------------+---------+-----------+---------------+---------------+
<span class="grey">Donley, et al. Informational [Page 19]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-20" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7021">RFC 7021</a> NAT444 Impacts September 2013</span>
(continued)
+--------------+---------+-----------+---------------+---------------+
| BitTorrent | Pass | 10 min. | | |
| or uTorrent | | | | |
| file | | | | |
| leeching | | | | |
+--------------+---------+-----------+---------------+---------------+
| Pandora | Pass | 10 min. | | |
| Internet | | | | |
| Radio | | | | |
+--------------+---------+-----------+---------------+---------------+
| FTP server | Pass | 700 Mb | | |
+--------------+---------+-----------+---------------+---------------+
| Web | Pass | 10 min. | | |
| conferencing | | | | |
| (GTM) | | | | |
+--------------+---------+-----------+---------------+---------------+
| Social | Pass | NA | | |
| Networking | | | | |
| Facebook | | | | |
+--------------+---------+-----------+---------------+---------------+
| Social | Pass | NA | | |
| Networking | | | | |
| Webkinz | | | | |
+--------------+---------+-----------+---------------+---------------+
| X-Lite for | Pass | 10 min. | | |
| SIP calls | | | | |
| with proxy | | | | |
| given | | | | |
+--------------+---------+-----------+---------------+---------------+
| X-Lite for | Fail | NA | | |
| SIP calls no | | | | |
| proxy | | | | |
+--------------+---------+-----------+---------------+---------------+
| Skype text | Pass | NA | | |
| chat | | | | |
+--------------+---------+-----------+---------------+---------------+
| Skype video | Pass | 20 min. | | |
| chat | | | | |
+--------------+---------+-----------+---------------+---------------+
| ooVoo | Pass | 15 min. | | |
+--------------+---------+-----------+---------------+---------------+
| MS Smooth | Pass | 10 min. | | |
| streaming | | | | |
+--------------+---------+-----------+---------------+---------------+
<span class="grey">Donley, et al. Informational [Page 20]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-21" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7021">RFC 7021</a> NAT444 Impacts September 2013</span>
(continued)
+--------------+---------+-----------+---------------+---------------+
| Internet | Pass | 10 min. | | |
| Archive | | | | |
| video | | | | |
| streaming | | | | |
+--------------+---------+-----------+---------------+---------------+
| Internet | Pass | 5 min. | | |
| Archive | | | | |
| audio | | | | |
| streaming | | | | |
+--------------+---------+-----------+---------------+---------------+
| Internet | Pass | 80 Mb | | |
| Archive file | | | | |
| download | | | | |
+--------------+---------+-----------+---------------+---------------+
| iClips | Pass | 10 min. | | |
+--------------+---------+-----------+---------------+---------------+
DS-Lite
<span class="grey">Donley, et al. Informational [Page 21]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-22" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7021">RFC 7021</a> NAT444 Impacts September 2013</span>
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-5" href="#section-5">5</a>. 2010 Summary of Results</span>
The tables below summarize results from the 2010 NAT444 testing at
CableLabs, Time Warner Cable, and Rogers Communications. They are
included for comparison with 2011 results, documented above.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.1" href="#section-5.1">5.1</a>. Case 1: Single Client, Single Home Network, Single Service</span>
<span class="h3"> Provider</span>
+--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+
| Test Case | Results | Notes |
+--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+
| Web browsing | pass | |
+--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+
| Email | pass | |
+--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+
| FTP download | pass | performance degraded on very large |
| | | downloads |
+--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+
| BitTorrent | pass | |
| leeching | | |
+--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+
| BitTorrent | fail | |
| seeding | | |
+--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+
| Video | pass | |
| streaming | | |
+--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+
| Voice chat | pass | |
+--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+
| Netflix | pass | |
| streaming | | |
+--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+
| Instant | pass | |
| Messaging | | |
+--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+
| Ping | pass | |
+--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+
| Traceroute | pass | |
+--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+
| Remote | pass | |
| desktop | | |
+--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+
| VPN | pass | |
+--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+
| Xbox Live | pass | |
+--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+
<span class="grey">Donley, et al. Informational [Page 22]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-23" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7021">RFC 7021</a> NAT444 Impacts September 2013</span>
(continued)
+--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+
| Xbox online | pass | Blocked by some LSNs. |
+--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+
| Xbox network | fail | Your NAT type is moderate. For best |
| test | | online experience you need an open |
| | | NAT configuration. You should enable|
| | | Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) on |
| | | the router. |
+--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+
| Nintendo Wii | pass behind | |
| | one LSN, | |
| | fail behind | |
| | another | |
+--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+
| PlayStation | pass | |
| 3 | | |
+--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+
| Team | fail | pass behind one LSN, but performance |
| Fortress 2 | | degraded |
+--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+
| StarCraft II | pass | |
+--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+
| World of | pass | |
| Warcraft | | |
+--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+
| Call of Duty | pass | performance degraded behind one LSN |
+--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+
| SlingCatcher | fail | |
+--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+
| Netflix | fail | pass behind one LSN |
| Party (Xbox) | | |
+--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+
| Hulu | pass | performance degraded behind one LSN |
+--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+
| AIM File | pass | performance degraded |
| Transfer | | |
+--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+
| Webcam | fail | |
+--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+
| 6to4 | fail | |
+--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+
| Teredo | fail | |
+--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+
Case 1
<span class="grey">Donley, et al. Informational [Page 23]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-24" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7021">RFC 7021</a> NAT444 Impacts September 2013</span>
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.2" href="#section-5.2">5.2</a>. Case 2: Two Clients, Single Home Network, Single Service Provider</span>
+-----------------+---------+---------------------------------------+
| Test Case | Results | Notes |
+-----------------+---------+---------------------------------------+
| BitTorrent | pass | |
| leeching | | |
+-----------------+---------+---------------------------------------+
| BitTorrent | fail | |
| seeding | | |
+-----------------+---------+---------------------------------------+
| Video streaming | fail | |
+-----------------+---------+---------------------------------------+
| Voice chat | pass | |
+-----------------+---------+---------------------------------------+
| Netflix | pass | performance severely impacted, |
| streaming | | eventually failed |
+-----------------+---------+---------------------------------------+
| IM | pass | |
+-----------------+---------+---------------------------------------+
| Limewire | pass | |
| leeching | | |
+-----------------+---------+---------------------------------------+
| Limewire | fail | |
| seeding | | |
+-----------------+---------+---------------------------------------+
Case 2
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.3" href="#section-5.3">5.3</a>. Case 3: Two Clients, Two Home Networks, Single Service Provider</span>
+-------------------+---------+-------+
| Test Case | Results | Notes |
+-------------------+---------+-------+
| Limewire leeching | pass | |
+-------------------+---------+-------+
| Limewire seeding | fail | |
+-------------------+---------+-------+
| uTorrent leeching | pass | |
+-------------------+---------+-------+
| uTorrent seeding | fail | |
+-------------------+---------+-------+
Case 3
<span class="grey">Donley, et al. Informational [Page 24]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-25" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7021">RFC 7021</a> NAT444 Impacts September 2013</span>
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.4" href="#section-5.4">5.4</a>. Case 4: Two Clients, Two Home Networks, Two Service Providers</span>
<span class="h3"> Cross ISP</span>
+------------------+---------+-------+
| Test Case | Results | Notes |
+------------------+---------+-------+
| Skype voice call | pass | |
+------------------+---------+-------+
| IM | pass | |
+------------------+---------+-------+
| FTP | fail | |
+------------------+---------+-------+
| Facebook chat | pass | |
+------------------+---------+-------+
| Skype video | pass | |
+------------------+---------+-------+
Case 4
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-6" href="#section-6">6</a>. CGN Mitigation</span>
Our testing did not focus on mitigating the impact of Carrier-Grade
NAT, as described above. As such, mitigation is not the focus of
this document. However, there are several approaches that could
lessen the impacts described above.
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Challenge | Potential Workaround(s) |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Peer-to-peer | Use a proxy server; [<a href="./rfc6887" title=""Port Control Protocol (PCP)"">RFC6887</a>] |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Gaming | [<a href="./rfc6887" title=""Port Control Protocol (PCP)"">RFC6887</a>] |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Negative impact to | Deploy CGN close to the edge of the |
| geolocation services | network; use regional IP and port |
| | assignments |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Logging requirements | Deterministic Logging [<a href="#ref-DETERMINE" title=""Deterministic Address Mapping to Reduce Logging in Carrier Grade NAT Deployments"">DETERMINE</a>]; data |
| for lawful intercept | compression [<a href="#ref-NAT-LOG" title=""IPFIX Information Elements for logging NAT Events"">NAT-LOG</a>]; bulk port logging |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
CGN Mitigation
Other mitigation techniques that are currently being researched, such
as [<a href="#ref-STATELESS" title=""Stateless IPv4 Network Address Translation"">STATELESS</a>], may also improve performance.
<span class="grey">Donley, et al. Informational [Page 25]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-26" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7021">RFC 7021</a> NAT444 Impacts September 2013</span>
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-7" href="#section-7">7</a>. Security Considerations</span>
Security considerations are described in [<a href="./rfc6264" title=""An Incremental Carrier-Grade NAT (CGN) for IPv6 Transition"">RFC6264</a>] and [<a href="./rfc6269" title=""Issues with IP Address Sharing"">RFC6269</a>].
In general, since a CGN device shares a single IPv4 address with
multiple subscribers, CGN devices may provide an attractive target
for denial-of-service attacks. In addition, as described in
[<a href="#ref-DETERMINE" title=""Deterministic Address Mapping to Reduce Logging in Carrier Grade NAT Deployments"">DETERMINE</a>], abuse attribution is more challenging with CGN and
requires content providers to log IP address, source port, and time
to correlate with Service Provider CGN logs. Also, if a CGN public
IP address is added to a blacklist (e.g., for SPAM) or if a server
limits the number of connections per IP address, it could negatively
impact legitimate users.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-8" href="#section-8">8</a>. Informative References</span>
[<a id="ref-DETERMINE">DETERMINE</a>] Donley, C., Grundemann, C., Sarawat, V., Sundaresan, K.,
and O. Vautrin, "Deterministic Address Mapping to Reduce
Logging in Carrier Grade NAT Deployments", Work in
Progress, July 2013.
[<a id="ref-NAT-LOG">NAT-LOG</a>] Sivakumar, S. and R. Penno, "IPFIX Information Elements
for logging NAT Events", Work in Progress, August 2013.
[<a id="ref-NAT444">NAT444</a>] Yamagata, I., Shirasaki, Y., Nakagawa, A., Yamaguchi,
J., and H. Ashida, "NAT444", Work in Progress,
July 2012.
[<a id="ref-RFC1918">RFC1918</a>] Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, R., Karrenberg, D., Groot, G.,
and E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private Internets",
<a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/bcp/bcp5">BCP 5</a>, <a href="./rfc1918">RFC 1918</a>, February 1996.
[<a id="ref-RFC3056">RFC3056</a>] Carpenter, B. and K. Moore, "Connection of IPv6 Domains
via IPv4 Clouds", <a href="./rfc3056">RFC 3056</a>, February 2001.
[<a id="ref-RFC4380">RFC4380</a>] Huitema, C., "Teredo: Tunneling IPv6 over UDP through
Network Address Translations (NATs)", <a href="./rfc4380">RFC 4380</a>,
February 2006.
[<a id="ref-RFC4689">RFC4689</a>] Poretsky, S., Perser, J., Erramilli, S., and S. Khurana,
"Terminology for Benchmarking Network-layer Traffic
Control Mechanisms", <a href="./rfc4689">RFC 4689</a>, October 2006.
[<a id="ref-RFC6264">RFC6264</a>] Jiang, S., Guo, D., and B. Carpenter, "An Incremental
Carrier-Grade NAT (CGN) for IPv6 Transition", <a href="./rfc6264">RFC 6264</a>,
June 2011.
<span class="grey">Donley, et al. Informational [Page 26]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-27" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7021">RFC 7021</a> NAT444 Impacts September 2013</span>
[<a id="ref-RFC6269">RFC6269</a>] Ford, M., Boucadair, M., Durand, A., Levis, P., and P.
Roberts, "Issues with IP Address Sharing", <a href="./rfc6269">RFC 6269</a>,
June 2011.
[<a id="ref-RFC6333">RFC6333</a>] Durand, A., Droms, R., Woodyatt, J., and Y. Lee, "Dual-
Stack Lite Broadband Deployments Following IPv4
Exhaustion", <a href="./rfc6333">RFC 6333</a>, August 2011.
[<a id="ref-RFC6887">RFC6887</a>] Wing, D., Cheshire, S., Boucadair, M., Penno, R., and P.
Selkirk, "Port Control Protocol (PCP)", <a href="./rfc6887">RFC 6887</a>,
April 2013.
[<a id="ref-STATELESS">STATELESS</a>] Tsou, T., Liu, W., Perreault, S., Penno, R., and M.
Chen, "Stateless IPv4 Network Address Translation", Work
in Progress, October 2012.
<span class="grey">Donley, et al. Informational [Page 27]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-28" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7021">RFC 7021</a> NAT444 Impacts September 2013</span>
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="appendix-A" href="#appendix-A">Appendix A</a>. Acknowledgements</span>
Thanks to the following people for their testing, guidance, and
feedback:
Paul Eldridge
Abishek Chandrasekaran
Vivek Ganti
Joey Padden
Lane Johnson
Also, thanks to Noel Chiappa for his comments.
<span class="grey">Donley, et al. Informational [Page 28]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-29" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7021">RFC 7021</a> NAT444 Impacts September 2013</span>
Authors' Addresses
Chris Donley (editor)
CableLabs
858 Coal Creek Circle
Louisville, CO 80027
USA
EMail: c.donley@cablelabs.com
Lee Howard
Time Warner Cable
13241 Woodland Park Rd
Herndon, VA 20171
USA
EMail: william.howard@twcable.com
Victor Kuarsingh
Rogers Communications
8200 Dixie Road
Brampton, ON L6T 0C1
Canada
EMail: victor@jvknet.com
John Berg
CableLabs
858 Coal Creek Circle
Louisville, CO 80027
USA
EMail: j.berg@cablelabs.com
Jinesh Doshi
Juniper Networks
1194 N. Mathilda Ave
Sunnyvale, CA 94089
USA
EMail: jineshd@juniper.net
Donley, et al. Informational [Page 29]
</pre>
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