<pre>Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)                          M. Jones
Request for Comments: 7519                                     Microsoft
Category: Standards Track                                     J. Bradley
ISSN: 2070-1721                                            Ping Identity
                                                             N. Sakimura
                                                                     NRI
                                                                May 2015


                          <span class="h1">JSON Web Token (JWT)</span>

Abstract

   JSON Web Token (JWT) is a compact, URL-safe means of representing
   claims to be transferred between two parties.  The claims in a JWT
   are encoded as a JSON object that is used as the payload of a JSON
   Web Signature (JWS) structure or as the plaintext of a JSON Web
   Encryption (JWE) structure, enabling the claims to be digitally
   signed or integrity protected with a Message Authentication Code
   (MAC) and/or encrypted.

Status of This Memo

   This is an Internet Standards Track document.

   This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
   (IETF).  It represents the consensus of the IETF community.  It has
   received public review and has been approved for publication by the
   Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG).  Further information on
   Internet Standards is available in <a href="./rfc5741#section-2">Section&nbsp;2 of RFC 5741</a>.

   Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
   and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
   <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7519">http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7519</a>.

















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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/bcp/bcp78">BCP 78</a> and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (<a href="http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info">http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info</a>) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.





































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Table of Contents

   <a href="#section-1">1</a>.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   <a href="#page-4">4</a>
     <a href="#section-1.1">1.1</a>.  Notational Conventions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   <a href="#page-4">4</a>
   <a href="#section-2">2</a>.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   <a href="#page-4">4</a>
   <a href="#section-3">3</a>.  JSON Web Token (JWT) Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   <a href="#page-6">6</a>
     <a href="#section-3.1">3.1</a>.  Example JWT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   <a href="#page-7">7</a>
   <a href="#section-4">4</a>.  JWT Claims  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   <a href="#page-8">8</a>
     <a href="#section-4.1">4.1</a>.  Registered Claim Names  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   <a href="#page-9">9</a>
       <a href="#section-4.1.1">4.1.1</a>.  "iss" (Issuer) Claim  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   <a href="#page-9">9</a>
       <a href="#section-4.1.2">4.1.2</a>.  "sub" (Subject) Claim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   <a href="#page-9">9</a>
       <a href="#section-4.1.3">4.1.3</a>.  "aud" (Audience) Claim  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   <a href="#page-9">9</a>
       <a href="#section-4.1.4">4.1.4</a>.  "exp" (Expiration Time) Claim . . . . . . . . . . . .   <a href="#page-9">9</a>
       <a href="#section-4.1.5">4.1.5</a>.  "nbf" (Not Before) Claim  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-10">10</a>
       <a href="#section-4.1.6">4.1.6</a>.  "iat" (Issued At) Claim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-10">10</a>
       <a href="#section-4.1.7">4.1.7</a>.  "jti" (JWT ID) Claim  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-10">10</a>
     <a href="#section-4.2">4.2</a>.  Public Claim Names  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-10">10</a>
     <a href="#section-4.3">4.3</a>.  Private Claim Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-10">10</a>
   <a href="#section-5">5</a>.  JOSE Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-11">11</a>
     <a href="#section-5.1">5.1</a>.  "typ" (Type) Header Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-11">11</a>
     <a href="#section-5.2">5.2</a>.  "cty" (Content Type) Header Parameter . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-11">11</a>
     <a href="#section-5.3">5.3</a>.  Replicating Claims as Header Parameters . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-12">12</a>
   <a href="#section-6">6</a>.  Unsecured JWTs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-12">12</a>
     <a href="#section-6.1">6.1</a>.  Example Unsecured JWT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-12">12</a>
   <a href="#section-7">7</a>.  Creating and Validating JWTs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-13">13</a>
     <a href="#section-7.1">7.1</a>.  Creating a JWT  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-13">13</a>
     <a href="#section-7.2">7.2</a>.  Validating a JWT  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-14">14</a>
     <a href="#section-7.3">7.3</a>.  String Comparison Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-15">15</a>
   <a href="#section-8">8</a>.  Implementation Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-16">16</a>
   <a href="#section-9">9</a>.  URI for Declaring that Content is a JWT . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-17">17</a>
   <a href="#section-10">10</a>. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-17">17</a>
     <a href="#section-10.1">10.1</a>.  JSON Web Token Claims Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-17">17</a>
       <a href="#section-10.1.1">10.1.1</a>.  Registration Template  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-18">18</a>
       <a href="#section-10.1.2">10.1.2</a>.  Initial Registry Contents  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-18">18</a>
     10.2.  Sub-Namespace Registration of
            urn:ietf:params:oauth:token-type:jwt . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-19">19</a>
       <a href="#section-10.2.1">10.2.1</a>.  Registry Contents  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-19">19</a>
     <a href="#section-10.3">10.3</a>.  Media Type Registration  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-20">20</a>
       <a href="#section-10.3.1">10.3.1</a>.  Registry Contents  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-20">20</a>
     <a href="#section-10.4">10.4</a>.  Header Parameter Names Registration  . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-20">20</a>
       <a href="#section-10.4.1">10.4.1</a>.  Registry Contents  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-21">21</a>
   <a href="#section-11">11</a>. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-21">21</a>
     <a href="#section-11.1">11.1</a>.  Trust Decisions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-21">21</a>
     <a href="#section-11.2">11.2</a>.  Signing and Encryption Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-21">21</a>
   <a href="#section-12">12</a>. Privacy Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-22">22</a>
   <a href="#section-13">13</a>. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-22">22</a>
     <a href="#section-13.1">13.1</a>.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-22">22</a>
     <a href="#section-13.2">13.2</a>.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-23">23</a>



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   <a href="#appendix-A">Appendix A</a>.  JWT Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-26">26</a>
     <a href="#appendix-A.1">A.1</a>.  Example Encrypted JWT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-26">26</a>
     <a href="#appendix-A.2">A.2</a>.  Example Nested JWT  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-26">26</a>
   <a href="#appendix-B">Appendix B</a>.  Relationship of JWTs to SAML Assertions  . . . . . .  <a href="#page-28">28</a>
   <a href="#appendix-C">Appendix C</a>.  Relationship of JWTs to Simple Web Tokens (SWTs) . .  <a href="#page-28">28</a>
   Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-28">28</a>
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#page-29">29</a>

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-1" href="#section-1">1</a>.  Introduction</span>

   JSON Web Token (JWT) is a compact claims representation format
   intended for space constrained environments such as HTTP
   Authorization headers and URI query parameters.  JWTs encode claims
   to be transmitted as a JSON [<a href="./rfc7159" title="&quot;The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format&quot;">RFC7159</a>] object that is used as the
   payload of a JSON Web Signature (JWS) [<a href="#ref-JWS" title="&quot;JSON Web Signature (JWS)&quot;">JWS</a>] structure or as the
   plaintext of a JSON Web Encryption (JWE) [<a href="#ref-JWE" title="&quot;JSON Web Encryption (JWE)&quot;">JWE</a>] structure, enabling
   the claims to be digitally signed or integrity protected with a
   Message Authentication Code (MAC) and/or encrypted.  JWTs are always
   represented using the JWS Compact Serialization or the JWE Compact
   Serialization.

   The suggested pronunciation of JWT is the same as the English word
   "jot".

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-1.1" href="#section-1.1">1.1</a>.  Notational Conventions</span>

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
   "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels" [<a href="./rfc2119" title="&quot;Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels&quot;">RFC2119</a>].
   The interpretation should only be applied when the terms appear in
   all capital letters.

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-2" href="#section-2">2</a>.  Terminology</span>

   The terms "JSON Web Signature (JWS)", "Base64url Encoding", "Header
   Parameter", "JOSE Header", "JWS Compact Serialization", "JWS
   Payload", "JWS Signature", and "Unsecured JWS" are defined by the JWS
   specification [<a href="#ref-JWS" title="&quot;JSON Web Signature (JWS)&quot;">JWS</a>].

   The terms "JSON Web Encryption (JWE)", "Content Encryption Key
   (CEK)", "JWE Compact Serialization", "JWE Encrypted Key", and "JWE
   Initialization Vector" are defined by the JWE specification [<a href="#ref-JWE" title="&quot;JSON Web Encryption (JWE)&quot;">JWE</a>].

   The terms "Ciphertext", "Digital Signature", "Message Authentication
   Code (MAC)", and "Plaintext" are defined by the "Internet Security
   Glossary, Version 2" [<a href="./rfc4949" title="&quot;Internet Security Glossary, Version 2&quot;">RFC4949</a>].




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   These terms are defined by this specification:

   JSON Web Token (JWT)
      A string representing a set of claims as a JSON object that is
      encoded in a JWS or JWE, enabling the claims to be digitally
      signed or MACed and/or encrypted.

   JWT Claims Set
      A JSON object that contains the claims conveyed by the JWT.

   Claim
      A piece of information asserted about a subject.  A claim is
      represented as a name/value pair consisting of a Claim Name and a
      Claim Value.

   Claim Name
      The name portion of a claim representation.  A Claim Name is
      always a string.

   Claim Value
      The value portion of a claim representation.  A Claim Value can be
      any JSON value.

   Nested JWT
      A JWT in which nested signing and/or encryption are employed.  In
      Nested JWTs, a JWT is used as the payload or plaintext value of an
      enclosing JWS or JWE structure, respectively.

   Unsecured JWT
      A JWT whose claims are not integrity protected or encrypted.

   Collision-Resistant Name
      A name in a namespace that enables names to be allocated in a
      manner such that they are highly unlikely to collide with other
      names.  Examples of collision-resistant namespaces include: Domain
      Names, Object Identifiers (OIDs) as defined in the ITU-T X.660 and
      X.670 Recommendation series, and Universally Unique IDentifiers
      (UUIDs) [<a href="./rfc4122" title="&quot;A Universally Unique IDentifier (UUID) URN Namespace&quot;">RFC4122</a>].  When using an administratively delegated
      namespace, the definer of a name needs to take reasonable
      precautions to ensure they are in control of the portion of the
      namespace they use to define the name.

   StringOrURI
      A JSON string value, with the additional requirement that while
      arbitrary string values MAY be used, any value containing a ":"
      character MUST be a URI [<a href="./rfc3986" title="&quot;Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax&quot;">RFC3986</a>].  StringOrURI values are
      compared as case-sensitive strings with no transformations or
      canonicalizations applied.



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   NumericDate
      A JSON numeric value representing the number of seconds from
      1970-01-01T00:00:00Z UTC until the specified UTC date/time,
      ignoring leap seconds.  This is equivalent to the IEEE Std 1003.1,
      2013 Edition [<a href="#ref-POSIX.1" title="&quot;The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7&quot;">POSIX.1</a>] definition "Seconds Since the Epoch", in
      which each day is accounted for by exactly 86400 seconds, other
      than that non-integer values can be represented.  See <a href="./rfc3339">RFC 3339</a>
      [<a href="./rfc3339" title="&quot;Date and Time on the Internet: Timestamps&quot;">RFC3339</a>] for details regarding date/times in general and UTC in
      particular.

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-3" href="#section-3">3</a>.  JSON Web Token (JWT) Overview</span>

   JWTs represent a set of claims as a JSON object that is encoded in a
   JWS and/or JWE structure.  This JSON object is the JWT Claims Set.
   As per <a href="./rfc7159#section-4">Section&nbsp;4 of RFC 7159</a> [<a href="./rfc7159" title="&quot;The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format&quot;">RFC7159</a>], the JSON object consists of
   zero or more name/value pairs (or members), where the names are
   strings and the values are arbitrary JSON values.  These members are
   the claims represented by the JWT.  This JSON object MAY contain
   whitespace and/or line breaks before or after any JSON values or
   structural characters, in accordance with <a href="./rfc7159#section-2">Section&nbsp;2 of RFC 7159</a>
   [<a href="./rfc7159" title="&quot;The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format&quot;">RFC7159</a>].

   The member names within the JWT Claims Set are referred to as Claim
   Names.  The corresponding values are referred to as Claim Values.

   The contents of the JOSE Header describe the cryptographic operations
   applied to the JWT Claims Set.  If the JOSE Header is for a JWS, the
   JWT is represented as a JWS and the claims are digitally signed or
   MACed, with the JWT Claims Set being the JWS Payload.  If the JOSE
   Header is for a JWE, the JWT is represented as a JWE and the claims
   are encrypted, with the JWT Claims Set being the plaintext encrypted
   by the JWE.  A JWT may be enclosed in another JWE or JWS structure to
   create a Nested JWT, enabling nested signing and encryption to be
   performed.

   A JWT is represented as a sequence of URL-safe parts separated by
   period ('.') characters.  Each part contains a base64url-encoded
   value.  The number of parts in the JWT is dependent upon the
   representation of the resulting JWS using the JWS Compact
   Serialization or JWE using the JWE Compact Serialization.











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<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.1" href="#section-3.1">3.1</a>.  Example JWT</span>

   The following example JOSE Header declares that the encoded object is
   a JWT, and the JWT is a JWS that is MACed using the HMAC SHA-256
   algorithm:

     {"typ":"JWT",
      "alg":"HS256"}

   To remove potential ambiguities in the representation of the JSON
   object above, the octet sequence for the actual UTF-8 representation
   used in this example for the JOSE Header above is also included
   below.  (Note that ambiguities can arise due to differing platform
   representations of line breaks (CRLF versus LF), differing spacing at
   the beginning and ends of lines, whether the last line has a
   terminating line break or not, and other causes.  In the
   representation used in this example, the first line has no leading or
   trailing spaces, a CRLF line break (13, 10) occurs between the first
   and second lines, the second line has one leading space (32) and no
   trailing spaces, and the last line does not have a terminating line
   break.)  The octets representing the UTF-8 representation of the JOSE
   Header in this example (using JSON array notation) are:

   [123, 34, 116, 121, 112, 34, 58, 34, 74, 87, 84, 34, 44, 13, 10, 32,
   34, 97, 108, 103, 34, 58, 34, 72, 83, 50, 53, 54, 34, 125]

   Base64url encoding the octets of the UTF-8 representation of the JOSE
   Header yields this encoded JOSE Header value:

     eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLA0KICJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9

   The following is an example of a JWT Claims Set:

     {"iss":"joe",
      "exp":1300819380,
      "http://example.com/is_root":true}

   The following octet sequence, which is the UTF-8 representation used
   in this example for the JWT Claims Set above, is the JWS Payload:

   [123, 34, 105, 115, 115, 34, 58, 34, 106, 111, 101, 34, 44, 13, 10,
   32, 34, 101, 120, 112, 34, 58, 49, 51, 48, 48, 56, 49, 57, 51, 56,
   48, 44, 13, 10, 32, 34, 104, 116, 116, 112, 58, 47, 47, 101, 120, 97,
   109, 112, 108, 101, 46, 99, 111, 109, 47, 105, 115, 95, 114, 111,
   111, 116, 34, 58, 116, 114, 117, 101, 125]






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   Base64url encoding the JWS Payload yields this encoded JWS Payload
   (with line breaks for display purposes only):

     eyJpc3MiOiJqb2UiLA0KICJleHAiOjEzMDA4MTkzODAsDQogImh0dHA6Ly
     9leGFtcGxlLmNvbS9pc19yb290Ijp0cnVlfQ

   Computing the MAC of the encoded JOSE Header and encoded JWS Payload
   with the HMAC SHA-256 algorithm and base64url encoding the HMAC value
   in the manner specified in [<a href="#ref-JWS" title="&quot;JSON Web Signature (JWS)&quot;">JWS</a>] yields this encoded JWS Signature:

     dBjftJeZ4CVP-mB92K27uhbUJU1p1r_wW1gFWFOEjXk

   Concatenating these encoded parts in this order with period ('.')
   characters between the parts yields this complete JWT (with line
   breaks for display purposes only):

     eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLA0KICJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9
     .
     eyJpc3MiOiJqb2UiLA0KICJleHAiOjEzMDA4MTkzODAsDQogImh0dHA6Ly9leGFt
     cGxlLmNvbS9pc19yb290Ijp0cnVlfQ
     .
     dBjftJeZ4CVP-mB92K27uhbUJU1p1r_wW1gFWFOEjXk

   This computation is illustrated in more detail in <a href="#appendix-A.1">Appendix A.1</a> of
   [<a href="#ref-JWS" title="&quot;JSON Web Signature (JWS)&quot;">JWS</a>].  See <a href="#appendix-A.1">Appendix A.1</a> for an example of an encrypted JWT.

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-4" href="#section-4">4</a>.  JWT Claims</span>

   The JWT Claims Set represents a JSON object whose members are the
   claims conveyed by the JWT.  The Claim Names within a JWT Claims Set
   MUST be unique; JWT parsers MUST either reject JWTs with duplicate
   Claim Names or use a JSON parser that returns only the lexically last
   duplicate member name, as specified in <a href="#section-15.12">Section 15.12</a> ("The JSON
   Object") of ECMAScript 5.1 [<a href="#ref-ECMAScript">ECMAScript</a>].

   The set of claims that a JWT must contain to be considered valid is
   context dependent and is outside the scope of this specification.
   Specific applications of JWTs will require implementations to
   understand and process some claims in particular ways.  However, in
   the absence of such requirements, all claims that are not understood
   by implementations MUST be ignored.

   There are three classes of JWT Claim Names: Registered Claim Names,
   Public Claim Names, and Private Claim Names.







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<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.1" href="#section-4.1">4.1</a>.  Registered Claim Names</span>

   The following Claim Names are registered in the IANA "JSON Web Token
   Claims" registry established by <a href="#section-10.1">Section 10.1</a>.  None of the claims
   defined below are intended to be mandatory to use or implement in all
   cases, but rather they provide a starting point for a set of useful,
   interoperable claims.  Applications using JWTs should define which
   specific claims they use and when they are required or optional.  All
   the names are short because a core goal of JWTs is for the
   representation to be compact.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.1.1" href="#section-4.1.1">4.1.1</a>.  "iss" (Issuer) Claim</span>

   The "iss" (issuer) claim identifies the principal that issued the
   JWT.  The processing of this claim is generally application specific.
   The "iss" value is a case-sensitive string containing a StringOrURI
   value.  Use of this claim is OPTIONAL.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.1.2" href="#section-4.1.2">4.1.2</a>.  "sub" (Subject) Claim</span>

   The "sub" (subject) claim identifies the principal that is the
   subject of the JWT.  The claims in a JWT are normally statements
   about the subject.  The subject value MUST either be scoped to be
   locally unique in the context of the issuer or be globally unique.
   The processing of this claim is generally application specific.  The
   "sub" value is a case-sensitive string containing a StringOrURI
   value.  Use of this claim is OPTIONAL.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.1.3" href="#section-4.1.3">4.1.3</a>.  "aud" (Audience) Claim</span>

   The "aud" (audience) claim identifies the recipients that the JWT is
   intended for.  Each principal intended to process the JWT MUST
   identify itself with a value in the audience claim.  If the principal
   processing the claim does not identify itself with a value in the
   "aud" claim when this claim is present, then the JWT MUST be
   rejected.  In the general case, the "aud" value is an array of case-
   sensitive strings, each containing a StringOrURI value.  In the
   special case when the JWT has one audience, the "aud" value MAY be a
   single case-sensitive string containing a StringOrURI value.  The
   interpretation of audience values is generally application specific.
   Use of this claim is OPTIONAL.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.1.4" href="#section-4.1.4">4.1.4</a>.  "exp" (Expiration Time) Claim</span>

   The "exp" (expiration time) claim identifies the expiration time on
   or after which the JWT MUST NOT be accepted for processing.  The
   processing of the "exp" claim requires that the current date/time
   MUST be before the expiration date/time listed in the "exp" claim.



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<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7519">RFC 7519</a>                  JSON Web Token (JWT)                  May 2015</span>


   Implementers MAY provide for some small leeway, usually no more than
   a few minutes, to account for clock skew.  Its value MUST be a number
   containing a NumericDate value.  Use of this claim is OPTIONAL.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.1.5" href="#section-4.1.5">4.1.5</a>.  "nbf" (Not Before) Claim</span>

   The "nbf" (not before) claim identifies the time before which the JWT
   MUST NOT be accepted for processing.  The processing of the "nbf"
   claim requires that the current date/time MUST be after or equal to
   the not-before date/time listed in the "nbf" claim.  Implementers MAY
   provide for some small leeway, usually no more than a few minutes, to
   account for clock skew.  Its value MUST be a number containing a
   NumericDate value.  Use of this claim is OPTIONAL.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.1.6" href="#section-4.1.6">4.1.6</a>.  "iat" (Issued At) Claim</span>

   The "iat" (issued at) claim identifies the time at which the JWT was
   issued.  This claim can be used to determine the age of the JWT.  Its
   value MUST be a number containing a NumericDate value.  Use of this
   claim is OPTIONAL.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.1.7" href="#section-4.1.7">4.1.7</a>.  "jti" (JWT ID) Claim</span>

   The "jti" (JWT ID) claim provides a unique identifier for the JWT.
   The identifier value MUST be assigned in a manner that ensures that
   there is a negligible probability that the same value will be
   accidentally assigned to a different data object; if the application
   uses multiple issuers, collisions MUST be prevented among values
   produced by different issuers as well.  The "jti" claim can be used
   to prevent the JWT from being replayed.  The "jti" value is a case-
   sensitive string.  Use of this claim is OPTIONAL.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.2" href="#section-4.2">4.2</a>.  Public Claim Names</span>

   Claim Names can be defined at will by those using JWTs.  However, in
   order to prevent collisions, any new Claim Name should either be
   registered in the IANA "JSON Web Token Claims" registry established
   by <a href="#section-10.1">Section 10.1</a> or be a Public Name: a value that contains a
   Collision-Resistant Name.  In each case, the definer of the name or
   value needs to take reasonable precautions to make sure they are in
   control of the part of the namespace they use to define the Claim
   Name.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.3" href="#section-4.3">4.3</a>.  Private Claim Names</span>

   A producer and consumer of a JWT MAY agree to use Claim Names that
   are Private Names: names that are not Registered Claim Names
   (<a href="#section-4.1">Section 4.1</a>) or Public Claim Names (<a href="#section-4.2">Section 4.2</a>).  Unlike Public



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<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7519">RFC 7519</a>                  JSON Web Token (JWT)                  May 2015</span>


   Claim Names, Private Claim Names are subject to collision and should
   be used with caution.

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-5" href="#section-5">5</a>.  JOSE Header</span>

   For a JWT object, the members of the JSON object represented by the
   JOSE Header describe the cryptographic operations applied to the JWT
   and optionally, additional properties of the JWT.  Depending upon
   whether the JWT is a JWS or JWE, the corresponding rules for the JOSE
   Header values apply.

   This specification further specifies the use of the following Header
   Parameters in both the cases where the JWT is a JWS and where it is a
   JWE.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.1" href="#section-5.1">5.1</a>.  "typ" (Type) Header Parameter</span>

   The "typ" (type) Header Parameter defined by [<a href="#ref-JWS" title="&quot;JSON Web Signature (JWS)&quot;">JWS</a>] and [<a href="#ref-JWE" title="&quot;JSON Web Encryption (JWE)&quot;">JWE</a>] is used
   by JWT applications to declare the media type [<a href="#ref-IANA.MediaTypes">IANA.MediaTypes</a>] of
   this complete JWT.  This is intended for use by the JWT application
   when values that are not JWTs could also be present in an application
   data structure that can contain a JWT object; the application can use
   this value to disambiguate among the different kinds of objects that
   might be present.  It will typically not be used by applications when
   it is already known that the object is a JWT.  This parameter is
   ignored by JWT implementations; any processing of this parameter is
   performed by the JWT application.  If present, it is RECOMMENDED that
   its value be "JWT" to indicate that this object is a JWT.  While
   media type names are not case sensitive, it is RECOMMENDED that "JWT"
   always be spelled using uppercase characters for compatibility with
   legacy implementations.  Use of this Header Parameter is OPTIONAL.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.2" href="#section-5.2">5.2</a>.  "cty" (Content Type) Header Parameter</span>

   The "cty" (content type) Header Parameter defined by [<a href="#ref-JWS" title="&quot;JSON Web Signature (JWS)&quot;">JWS</a>] and [<a href="#ref-JWE" title="&quot;JSON Web Encryption (JWE)&quot;">JWE</a>]
   is used by this specification to convey structural information about
   the JWT.

   In the normal case in which nested signing or encryption operations
   are not employed, the use of this Header Parameter is NOT
   RECOMMENDED.  In the case that nested signing or encryption is
   employed, this Header Parameter MUST be present; in this case, the
   value MUST be "JWT", to indicate that a Nested JWT is carried in this
   JWT.  While media type names are not case sensitive, it is
   RECOMMENDED that "JWT" always be spelled using uppercase characters
   for compatibility with legacy implementations.  See <a href="#appendix-A.2">Appendix A.2</a> for
   an example of a Nested JWT.




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<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-12" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7519">RFC 7519</a>                  JSON Web Token (JWT)                  May 2015</span>


<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.3" href="#section-5.3">5.3</a>.  Replicating Claims as Header Parameters</span>

   In some applications using encrypted JWTs, it is useful to have an
   unencrypted representation of some claims.  This might be used, for
   instance, in application processing rules to determine whether and
   how to process the JWT before it is decrypted.

   This specification allows claims present in the JWT Claims Set to be
   replicated as Header Parameters in a JWT that is a JWE, as needed by
   the application.  If such replicated claims are present, the
   application receiving them SHOULD verify that their values are
   identical, unless the application defines other specific processing
   rules for these claims.  It is the responsibility of the application
   to ensure that only claims that are safe to be transmitted in an
   unencrypted manner are replicated as Header Parameter values in the
   JWT.

   <a href="#section-10.4.1">Section 10.4.1</a> of this specification registers the "iss" (issuer),
   "sub" (subject), and "aud" (audience) Header Parameter names for the
   purpose of providing unencrypted replicas of these claims in
   encrypted JWTs for applications that need them.  Other specifications
   MAY similarly register other names that are registered Claim Names as
   Header Parameter names, as needed.

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-6" href="#section-6">6</a>.  Unsecured JWTs</span>

   To support use cases in which the JWT content is secured by a means
   other than a signature and/or encryption contained within the JWT
   (such as a signature on a data structure containing the JWT), JWTs
   MAY also be created without a signature or encryption.  An Unsecured
   JWT is a JWS using the "alg" Header Parameter value "none" and with
   the empty string for its JWS Signature value, as defined in the JWA
   specification [<a href="#ref-JWA" title="&quot;JSON Web Algorithms (JWA)&quot;">JWA</a>]; it is an Unsecured JWS with the JWT Claims Set
   as its JWS Payload.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-6.1" href="#section-6.1">6.1</a>.  Example Unsecured JWT</span>

   The following example JOSE Header declares that the encoded object is
   an Unsecured JWT:

     {"alg":"none"}

   Base64url encoding the octets of the UTF-8 representation of the JOSE
   Header yields this encoded JOSE Header value:

     eyJhbGciOiJub25lIn0





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<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7519">RFC 7519</a>                  JSON Web Token (JWT)                  May 2015</span>


   The following is an example of a JWT Claims Set:

     {"iss":"joe",
      "exp":1300819380,
      "http://example.com/is_root":true}

   Base64url encoding the octets of the UTF-8 representation of the JWT
   Claims Set yields this encoded JWS Payload (with line breaks for
   display purposes only):

     eyJpc3MiOiJqb2UiLA0KICJleHAiOjEzMDA4MTkzODAsDQogImh0dHA6Ly9leGFt
     cGxlLmNvbS9pc19yb290Ijp0cnVlfQ

   The encoded JWS Signature is the empty string.

   Concatenating these encoded parts in this order with period ('.')
   characters between the parts yields this complete JWT (with line
   breaks for display purposes only):

     eyJhbGciOiJub25lIn0
     .
     eyJpc3MiOiJqb2UiLA0KICJleHAiOjEzMDA4MTkzODAsDQogImh0dHA6Ly9leGFt
     cGxlLmNvbS9pc19yb290Ijp0cnVlfQ
     .

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-7" href="#section-7">7</a>.  Creating and Validating JWTs</span>

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-7.1" href="#section-7.1">7.1</a>.  Creating a JWT</span>

   To create a JWT, the following steps are performed.  The order of the
   steps is not significant in cases where there are no dependencies
   between the inputs and outputs of the steps.

   1.  Create a JWT Claims Set containing the desired claims.  Note that
       whitespace is explicitly allowed in the representation and no
       canonicalization need be performed before encoding.

   2.  Let the Message be the octets of the UTF-8 representation of the
       JWT Claims Set.

   3.  Create a JOSE Header containing the desired set of Header
       Parameters.  The JWT MUST conform to either the [<a href="#ref-JWS" title="&quot;JSON Web Signature (JWS)&quot;">JWS</a>] or [<a href="#ref-JWE" title="&quot;JSON Web Encryption (JWE)&quot;">JWE</a>]
       specification.  Note that whitespace is explicitly allowed in the
       representation and no canonicalization need be performed before
       encoding.






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<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7519">RFC 7519</a>                  JSON Web Token (JWT)                  May 2015</span>


   4.  Depending upon whether the JWT is a JWS or JWE, there are two
       cases:

       *  If the JWT is a JWS, create a JWS using the Message as the JWS
          Payload; all steps specified in [<a href="#ref-JWS" title="&quot;JSON Web Signature (JWS)&quot;">JWS</a>] for creating a JWS MUST
          be followed.

       *  Else, if the JWT is a JWE, create a JWE using the Message as
          the plaintext for the JWE; all steps specified in [<a href="#ref-JWE" title="&quot;JSON Web Encryption (JWE)&quot;">JWE</a>] for
          creating a JWE MUST be followed.

   5.  If a nested signing or encryption operation will be performed,
       let the Message be the JWS or JWE, and return to Step 3, using a
       "cty" (content type) value of "JWT" in the new JOSE Header
       created in that step.

   6.  Otherwise, let the resulting JWT be the JWS or JWE.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-7.2" href="#section-7.2">7.2</a>.  Validating a JWT</span>

   When validating a JWT, the following steps are performed.  The order
   of the steps is not significant in cases where there are no
   dependencies between the inputs and outputs of the steps.  If any of
   the listed steps fail, then the JWT MUST be rejected -- that is,
   treated by the application as an invalid input.

   1.   Verify that the JWT contains at least one period ('.')
        character.

   2.   Let the Encoded JOSE Header be the portion of the JWT before the
        first period ('.') character.

   3.   Base64url decode the Encoded JOSE Header following the
        restriction that no line breaks, whitespace, or other additional
        characters have been used.

   4.   Verify that the resulting octet sequence is a UTF-8-encoded
        representation of a completely valid JSON object conforming to
        <a href="./rfc7159">RFC 7159</a> [<a href="./rfc7159" title="&quot;The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format&quot;">RFC7159</a>]; let the JOSE Header be this JSON object.

   5.   Verify that the resulting JOSE Header includes only parameters
        and values whose syntax and semantics are both understood and
        supported or that are specified as being ignored when not
        understood.

   6.   Determine whether the JWT is a JWS or a JWE using any of the
        methods described in Section 9 of [<a href="#ref-JWE" title="&quot;JSON Web Encryption (JWE)&quot;">JWE</a>].




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<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7519">RFC 7519</a>                  JSON Web Token (JWT)                  May 2015</span>


   7.   Depending upon whether the JWT is a JWS or JWE, there are two
        cases:

        *  If the JWT is a JWS, follow the steps specified in [<a href="#ref-JWS" title="&quot;JSON Web Signature (JWS)&quot;">JWS</a>] for
           validating a JWS.  Let the Message be the result of base64url
           decoding the JWS Payload.

        *  Else, if the JWT is a JWE, follow the steps specified in
           [<a href="#ref-JWE" title="&quot;JSON Web Encryption (JWE)&quot;">JWE</a>] for validating a JWE.  Let the Message be the resulting
           plaintext.

   8.   If the JOSE Header contains a "cty" (content type) value of
        "JWT", then the Message is a JWT that was the subject of nested
        signing or encryption operations.  In this case, return to Step
        1, using the Message as the JWT.

   9.   Otherwise, base64url decode the Message following the
        restriction that no line breaks, whitespace, or other additional
        characters have been used.

   10.  Verify that the resulting octet sequence is a UTF-8-encoded
        representation of a completely valid JSON object conforming to
        <a href="./rfc7159">RFC 7159</a> [<a href="./rfc7159" title="&quot;The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format&quot;">RFC7159</a>]; let the JWT Claims Set be this JSON object.

   Finally, note that it is an application decision which algorithms may
   be used in a given context.  Even if a JWT can be successfully
   validated, unless the algorithms used in the JWT are acceptable to
   the application, it SHOULD reject the JWT.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-7.3" href="#section-7.3">7.3</a>.  String Comparison Rules</span>

   Processing a JWT inevitably requires comparing known strings to
   members and values in JSON objects.  For example, in checking what
   the algorithm is, the Unicode [<a href="#ref-UNICODE" title="&quot;The Unicode Standard&quot;">UNICODE</a>] string encoding "alg" will be
   checked against the member names in the JOSE Header to see if there
   is a matching Header Parameter name.

   The JSON rules for doing member name comparison are described in
   <a href="./rfc7159#section-8.3">Section&nbsp;8.3 of RFC 7159</a> [<a href="./rfc7159" title="&quot;The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format&quot;">RFC7159</a>].  Since the only string comparison
   operations that are performed are equality and inequality, the same
   rules can be used for comparing both member names and member values
   against known strings.

   These comparison rules MUST be used for all JSON string comparisons
   except in cases where the definition of the member explicitly calls
   out that a different comparison rule is to be used for that member
   value.  In this specification, only the "typ" and "cty" member values
   do not use these comparison rules.



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<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-16" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7519">RFC 7519</a>                  JSON Web Token (JWT)                  May 2015</span>


   Some applications may include case-insensitive information in a case-
   sensitive value, such as including a DNS name as part of the "iss"
   (issuer) claim value.  In those cases, the application may need to
   define a convention for the canonical case to use for representing
   the case-insensitive portions, such as lowercasing them, if more than
   one party might need to produce the same value so that they can be
   compared.  (However, if all other parties consume whatever value the
   producing party emitted verbatim without attempting to compare it to
   an independently produced value, then the case used by the producer
   will not matter.)

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-8" href="#section-8">8</a>.  Implementation Requirements</span>

   This section defines which algorithms and features of this
   specification are mandatory to implement.  Applications using this
   specification can impose additional requirements upon implementations
   that they use.  For instance, one application might require support
   for encrypted JWTs and Nested JWTs, while another might require
   support for signing JWTs with the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature
   Algorithm (ECDSA) using the P-256 curve and the SHA-256 hash
   algorithm ("ES256").

   Of the signature and MAC algorithms specified in JSON Web Algorithms
   [<a href="#ref-JWA" title="&quot;JSON Web Algorithms (JWA)&quot;">JWA</a>], only HMAC SHA-256 ("HS256") and "none" MUST be implemented by
   conforming JWT implementations.  It is RECOMMENDED that
   implementations also support RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5 with the SHA-256 hash
   algorithm ("RS256") and ECDSA using the P-256 curve and the SHA-256
   hash algorithm ("ES256").  Support for other algorithms and key sizes
   is OPTIONAL.

   Support for encrypted JWTs is OPTIONAL.  If an implementation
   provides encryption capabilities, of the encryption algorithms
   specified in [<a href="#ref-JWA" title="&quot;JSON Web Algorithms (JWA)&quot;">JWA</a>], only RSAES-PKCS1-v1_5 with 2048-bit keys
   ("RSA1_5"), AES Key Wrap with 128- and 256-bit keys ("A128KW" and
   "A256KW"), and the composite authenticated encryption algorithm using
   AES-CBC and HMAC SHA-2 ("A128CBC-HS256" and "A256CBC-HS512") MUST be
   implemented by conforming implementations.  It is RECOMMENDED that
   implementations also support using Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman
   Ephemeral Static (ECDH-ES) to agree upon a key used to wrap the
   Content Encryption Key ("ECDH-ES+A128KW" and "ECDH-ES+A256KW") and
   AES in Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) with 128- and 256-bit keys
   ("A128GCM" and "A256GCM").  Support for other algorithms and key
   sizes is OPTIONAL.

   Support for Nested JWTs is OPTIONAL.






<span class="grey">Jones, et al.                Standards Track                   [Page 16]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-17" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7519">RFC 7519</a>                  JSON Web Token (JWT)                  May 2015</span>


<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-9" href="#section-9">9</a>.  URI for Declaring that Content is a JWT</span>

   This specification registers the URN
   "urn:ietf:params:oauth:token-type:jwt" for use by applications that
   declare content types using URIs (rather than, for instance, media
   types) to indicate that the content referred to is a JWT.

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-10" href="#section-10">10</a>.  IANA Considerations</span>

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-10.1" href="#section-10.1">10.1</a>.  JSON Web Token Claims Registry</span>

   This section establishes the IANA "JSON Web Token Claims" registry
   for JWT Claim Names.  The registry records the Claim Name and a
   reference to the specification that defines it.  This section
   registers the Claim Names defined in <a href="#section-4.1">Section 4.1</a>.

   Values are registered on a Specification Required [<a href="./rfc5226" title="">RFC5226</a>] basis
   after a three-week review period on the jwt-reg-review@ietf.org
   mailing list, on the advice of one or more Designated Experts.
   However, to allow for the allocation of values prior to publication,
   the Designated Experts may approve registration once they are
   satisfied that such a specification will be published.

   Registration requests sent to the mailing list for review should use
   an appropriate subject (e.g., "Request to register claim: example").

   Within the review period, the Designated Experts will either approve
   or deny the registration request, communicating this decision to the
   review list and IANA.  Denials should include an explanation and, if
   applicable, suggestions as to how to make the request successful.
   Registration requests that are undetermined for a period longer than
   21 days can be brought to the IESG's attention (using the
   iesg@ietf.org mailing list) for resolution.

   Criteria that should be applied by the Designated Experts includes
   determining whether the proposed registration duplicates existing
   functionality, whether it is likely to be of general applicability or
   whether it is useful only for a single application, and whether the
   registration description is clear.

   IANA must only accept registry updates from the Designated Experts
   and should direct all requests for registration to the review mailing
   list.

   It is suggested that multiple Designated Experts be appointed who are
   able to represent the perspectives of different applications using
   this specification, in order to enable broadly informed review of
   registration decisions.  In cases where a registration decision could



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<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7519">RFC 7519</a>                  JSON Web Token (JWT)                  May 2015</span>


   be perceived as creating a conflict of interest for a particular
   Expert, that Expert should defer to the judgment of the other
   Experts.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-10.1.1" href="#section-10.1.1">10.1.1</a>.  Registration Template</span>

   Claim Name:
      The name requested (e.g., "iss").  Because a core goal of this
      specification is for the resulting representations to be compact,
      it is RECOMMENDED that the name be short -- that is, not to exceed
      8 characters without a compelling reason to do so.  This name is
      case sensitive.  Names may not match other registered names in a
      case-insensitive manner unless the Designated Experts state that
      there is a compelling reason to allow an exception.

   Claim Description:
      Brief description of the claim (e.g., "Issuer").

   Change Controller:
      For Standards Track RFCs, list the "IESG".  For others, give the
      name of the responsible party.  Other details (e.g., postal
      address, email address, home page URI) may also be included.

   Specification Document(s):
      Reference to the document or documents that specify the parameter,
      preferably including URIs that can be used to retrieve copies of
      the documents.  An indication of the relevant sections may also be
      included but is not required.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-10.1.2" href="#section-10.1.2">10.1.2</a>.  Initial Registry Contents</span>

   o  Claim Name: "iss"
   o  Claim Description: Issuer
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): <a href="./rfc7519#section-4.1.1">Section&nbsp;4.1.1 of RFC 7519</a>

   o  Claim Name: "sub"
   o  Claim Description: Subject
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): <a href="./rfc7519#section-4.1.2">Section&nbsp;4.1.2 of RFC 7519</a>

   o  Claim Name: "aud"
   o  Claim Description: Audience
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): <a href="./rfc7519#section-4.1.3">Section&nbsp;4.1.3 of RFC 7519</a>






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   o  Claim Name: "exp"
   o  Claim Description: Expiration Time
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): <a href="./rfc7519#section-4.1.4">Section&nbsp;4.1.4 of RFC 7519</a>

   o  Claim Name: "nbf"
   o  Claim Description: Not Before
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): <a href="./rfc7519#section-4.1.5">Section&nbsp;4.1.5 of RFC 7519</a>

   o  Claim Name: "iat"
   o  Claim Description: Issued At
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): <a href="./rfc7519#section-4.1.6">Section&nbsp;4.1.6 of RFC 7519</a>

   o  Claim Name: "jti"
   o  Claim Description: JWT ID
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): <a href="./rfc7519#section-4.1.7">Section&nbsp;4.1.7 of RFC 7519</a>

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-10.2" href="#section-10.2">10.2</a>.  Sub-Namespace Registration of</span>
<span class="h3">       urn:ietf:params:oauth:token-type:jwt</span>

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-10.2.1" href="#section-10.2.1">10.2.1</a>.  Registry Contents</span>

   This section registers the value "token-type:jwt" in the IANA "OAuth
   URI" registry established by "An IETF URN Sub-Namespace for OAuth"
   [<a href="./rfc6755" title="&quot;An IETF URN Sub-Namespace for OAuth&quot;">RFC6755</a>], which can be used to indicate that the content is a JWT.

   o  URN: urn:ietf:params:oauth:token-type:jwt
   o  Common Name: JSON Web Token (JWT) Token Type
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): <a href="./rfc7519">RFC 7519</a>


















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<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-10.3" href="#section-10.3">10.3</a>.  Media Type Registration</span>

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-10.3.1" href="#section-10.3.1">10.3.1</a>.  Registry Contents</span>

   This section registers the "application/jwt" media type [<a href="./rfc2046" title="&quot;Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part Two: Media Types&quot;">RFC2046</a>] in
   the "Media Types" registry [<a href="#ref-IANA.MediaTypes">IANA.MediaTypes</a>] in the manner described
   in <a href="./rfc6838">RFC 6838</a> [<a href="./rfc6838" title="&quot;Media Type Specifications and Registration Procedures&quot;">RFC6838</a>], which can be used to indicate that the content
   is a JWT.

   o  Type name: application
   o  Subtype name: jwt
   o  Required parameters: n/a
   o  Optional parameters: n/a
   o  Encoding considerations: 8bit; JWT values are encoded as a series
      of base64url-encoded values (some of which may be the empty
      string) separated by period ('.') characters.
   o  Security considerations: See the Security Considerations section
      of <a href="./rfc7519">RFC 7519</a>
   o  Interoperability considerations: n/a
   o  Published specification: <a href="./rfc7519">RFC 7519</a>
   o  Applications that use this media type: OpenID Connect, Mozilla
      Persona, Salesforce, Google, Android, Windows Azure, Amazon Web
      Services, and numerous others
   o  Fragment identifier considerations: n/a
   o  Additional information:

         Magic number(s): n/a
         File extension(s): n/a
         Macintosh file type code(s): n/a

   o  Person &amp; email address to contact for further information:
      Michael B. Jones, mbj@microsoft.com
   o  Intended usage: COMMON
   o  Restrictions on usage: none
   o  Author: Michael B. Jones, mbj@microsoft.com
   o  Change controller: IESG
   o  Provisional registration?  No

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-10.4" href="#section-10.4">10.4</a>.  Header Parameter Names Registration</span>

   This section registers specific Claim Names defined in <a href="#section-4.1">Section 4.1</a> in
   the IANA "JSON Web Signature and Encryption Header Parameters"
   registry established by [<a href="#ref-JWS" title="&quot;JSON Web Signature (JWS)&quot;">JWS</a>] for use by claims replicated as Header
   Parameters in JWEs, per <a href="#section-5.3">Section 5.3</a>.







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<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-10.4.1" href="#section-10.4.1">10.4.1</a>.  Registry Contents</span>

   o  Header Parameter Name: "iss"
   o  Header Parameter Description: Issuer
   o  Header Parameter Usage Location(s): JWE
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): <a href="./rfc7519#section-4.1.1">Section&nbsp;4.1.1 of RFC 7519</a>

   o  Header Parameter Name: "sub"
   o  Header Parameter Description: Subject
   o  Header Parameter Usage Location(s): JWE
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): <a href="./rfc7519#section-4.1.2">Section&nbsp;4.1.2 of RFC 7519</a>

   o  Header Parameter Name: "aud"
   o  Header Parameter Description: Audience
   o  Header Parameter Usage Location(s): JWE
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): <a href="./rfc7519#section-4.1.3">Section&nbsp;4.1.3 of RFC 7519</a>

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-11" href="#section-11">11</a>.  Security Considerations</span>

   All of the security issues that are pertinent to any cryptographic
   application must be addressed by JWT/JWS/JWE/JWK agents.  Among these
   issues are protecting the user's asymmetric private and symmetric
   secret keys and employing countermeasures to various attacks.

   All the security considerations in the JWS specification also apply
   to JWT, as do the JWE security considerations when encryption is
   employed.  In particular, Sections <a href="#section-10.12">10.12</a> ("JSON Security
   Considerations") and 10.13 ("Unicode Comparison Security
   Considerations") of [<a href="#ref-JWS" title="&quot;JSON Web Signature (JWS)&quot;">JWS</a>] apply equally to the JWT Claims Set in the
   same manner that they do to the JOSE Header.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-11.1" href="#section-11.1">11.1</a>.  Trust Decisions</span>

   The contents of a JWT cannot be relied upon in a trust decision
   unless its contents have been cryptographically secured and bound to
   the context necessary for the trust decision.  In particular, the
   key(s) used to sign and/or encrypt the JWT will typically need to
   verifiably be under the control of the party identified as the issuer
   of the JWT.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-11.2" href="#section-11.2">11.2</a>.  Signing and Encryption Order</span>

   While syntactically the signing and encryption operations for Nested
   JWTs may be applied in any order, if both signing and encryption are
   necessary, normally producers should sign the message and then



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   encrypt the result (thus encrypting the signature).  This prevents
   attacks in which the signature is stripped, leaving just an encrypted
   message, as well as providing privacy for the signer.  Furthermore,
   signatures over encrypted text are not considered valid in many
   jurisdictions.

   Note that potential concerns about security issues related to the
   order of signing and encryption operations are already addressed by
   the underlying JWS and JWE specifications; in particular, because JWE
   only supports the use of authenticated encryption algorithms,
   cryptographic concerns about the potential need to sign after
   encryption that apply in many contexts do not apply to this
   specification.

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-12" href="#section-12">12</a>.  Privacy Considerations</span>

   A JWT may contain privacy-sensitive information.  When this is the
   case, measures MUST be taken to prevent disclosure of this
   information to unintended parties.  One way to achieve this is to use
   an encrypted JWT and authenticate the recipient.  Another way is to
   ensure that JWTs containing unencrypted privacy-sensitive information
   are only transmitted using protocols utilizing encryption that
   support endpoint authentication, such as Transport Layer Security
   (TLS).  Omitting privacy-sensitive information from a JWT is the
   simplest way of minimizing privacy issues.

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-13" href="#section-13">13</a>.  References</span>

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-13.1" href="#section-13.1">13.1</a>.  Normative References</span>

   [<a id="ref-ECMAScript">ECMAScript</a>]
              Ecma International, "ECMAScript Language Specification,
              5.1 Edition", ECMA Standard 262, June 2011,
              &lt;<a href="http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/ECMA-262.pdf">http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/</a>
              <a href="http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/ECMA-262.pdf">ECMA-262.pdf</a>&gt;.

   [<a id="ref-IANA.MediaTypes">IANA.MediaTypes</a>]
              IANA, "Media Types",
              &lt;<a href="http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types">http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types</a>&gt;.

   [<a id="ref-JWA">JWA</a>]      Jones, M., "JSON Web Algorithms (JWA)", <a href="./rfc7518">RFC 7518</a>,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7518, May 2015,
              &lt;<a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7518">http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7518</a>&gt;.

   [<a id="ref-JWE">JWE</a>]      Jones, M. and J. Hildebrand, "JSON Web Encryption (JWE)",
              <a href="./rfc7516">RFC 7516</a>,  DOI 10.17487/RFC7516, May 2015,
              &lt;<a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7516">http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7516</a>&gt;.




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<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7519">RFC 7519</a>                  JSON Web Token (JWT)                  May 2015</span>


   [<a id="ref-JWS">JWS</a>]      Jones, M., Bradley, J., and N. Sakimura, "JSON Web
              Signature (JWS)", <a href="./rfc7515">RFC 7515</a>, DOI 10.17487/RFC, May 2015,
              &lt;<a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7515">http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7515</a>&gt;.

   [<a id="ref-RFC20">RFC20</a>]    Cerf, V., "ASCII format for Network Interchange", STD 80,
              <a href="./rfc20">RFC 20</a>,  DOI 10.17487/RFC0020, October 1969,
              &lt;<a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc20">http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc20</a>&gt;.

   [<a id="ref-RFC2046">RFC2046</a>]  Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail
              Extensions (MIME) Part Two: Media Types", <a href="./rfc2046">RFC 2046</a>,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2046, November 1996,
              &lt;<a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2046">http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2046</a>&gt;.

   [<a id="ref-RFC2119">RFC2119</a>]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/bcp/bcp14">BCP 14</a>, <a href="./rfc2119">RFC 2119</a>,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              &lt;<a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119">http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119</a>&gt;.

   [<a id="ref-RFC3986">RFC3986</a>]  Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
              Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66,
              <a href="./rfc3986">RFC 3986</a>, DOI 10.17487/RFC3986, January 2005,
              &lt;<a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3986">http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3986</a>&gt;.

   [<a id="ref-RFC4949">RFC4949</a>]  Shirey, R., "Internet Security Glossary, Version 2",
              FYI 36, <a href="./rfc4949">RFC 4949</a>, DOI 10.17487/RFC4949, August 2007,
              &lt;<a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4949">http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4949</a>&gt;.

   [<a id="ref-RFC7159">RFC7159</a>]  Bray, T., Ed., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data
              Interchange Format", <a href="./rfc7159">RFC 7159</a>, DOI 10.17487/RFC7159, March
              2014, &lt;<a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7159">http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7159</a>&gt;.

   [<a id="ref-UNICODE">UNICODE</a>]  The Unicode Consortium, "The Unicode Standard",
              &lt;<a href="http://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/">http://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/</a>&gt;.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-13.2" href="#section-13.2">13.2</a>.  Informative References</span>

   [<a id="ref-CanvasApp">CanvasApp</a>]
              Facebook, "Canvas Applications", 2010,
              &lt;<a href="http://developers.facebook.com/docs/authentication/canvas">http://developers.facebook.com/docs/authentication/</a>
              <a href="http://developers.facebook.com/docs/authentication/canvas">canvas</a>&gt;.

   [<a id="ref-JSS">JSS</a>]      Bradley, J. and N. Sakimura (editor), "JSON Simple Sign",
              September 2010, &lt;<a href="http://jsonenc.info/jss/1.0/">http://jsonenc.info/jss/1.0/</a>&gt;.








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   [<a id="ref-MagicSignatures">MagicSignatures</a>]
              Panzer, J., Ed., Laurie, B., and D. Balfanz, "Magic
              Signatures", January 2011,
              &lt;<a href="http://salmon-protocol.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/draft-panzer-magicsig-01.html">http://salmon-protocol.googlecode.com/svn/</a>
              <a href="http://salmon-protocol.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/draft-panzer-magicsig-01.html">trunk/draft-panzer-magicsig-01.html</a>&gt;.

   [<a id="ref-OASIS.saml-core-2.0-os">OASIS.saml-core-2.0-os</a>]
              Cantor, S., Kemp, J., Philpott, R., and E. Maler,
              "Assertions and Protocols for the OASIS Security Assertion
              Markup Language (SAML) V2.0", OASIS Standard
              saml-core-2.0-os, March 2005,
              &lt;<a href="http://docs.oasis-open.org/security/saml/v2.0/saml-core-2.0-os.pdf">http://docs.oasis-open.org/security/saml/v2.0/</a>
              <a href="http://docs.oasis-open.org/security/saml/v2.0/saml-core-2.0-os.pdf">saml-core-2.0-os.pdf</a>&gt;.

   [<a id="ref-POSIX.1">POSIX.1</a>]  IEEE, "The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7", IEEE
              Std 1003.1, 2013 Edition, 2013,
              &lt;<a href="http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap04.html#tag_04_15">http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/</a>
              <a href="http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap04.html#tag_04_15">basedefs/V1_chap04.html#tag_04_15</a>&gt;.

   [<a id="ref-RFC3275">RFC3275</a>]  Eastlake 3rd, D., Reagle, J., and D. Solo, "(Extensible
              Markup Language) XML-Signature Syntax and Processing",
              <a href="./rfc3275">RFC 3275</a>, DOI 10.17487/RFC3275, March 2002,
              &lt;<a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3275">http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3275</a>&gt;.

   [<a id="ref-RFC3339">RFC3339</a>]  Klyne, G. and C. Newman, "Date and Time on the Internet:
              Timestamps", <a href="./rfc3339">RFC 3339</a>, DOI 10.17487/RFC3339, July 2002,
              &lt;<a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3339">http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3339</a>&gt;.

   [<a id="ref-RFC4122">RFC4122</a>]  Leach, P., Mealling, M., and R. Salz, "A Universally
              Unique IDentifier (UUID) URN Namespace", <a href="./rfc4122">RFC 4122</a>,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4122, July 2005,
              &lt;<a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4122">http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4122</a>&gt;.

   [<a id="ref-RFC5226">RFC5226</a>]  Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
              IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/bcp/bcp26">BCP 26</a>, <a href="./rfc5226">RFC 5226</a>,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5226, May 2008,
              &lt;<a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5226">http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5226</a>&gt;.

   [<a id="ref-RFC6755">RFC6755</a>]  Campbell, B. and H. Tschofenig, "An IETF URN Sub-Namespace
              for OAuth", <a href="./rfc6755">RFC 6755</a>, DOI 10.17487/RFC6755, October 2012,
              &lt;<a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6755">http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6755</a>&gt;.

   [<a id="ref-RFC6838">RFC6838</a>]  Freed, N., Klensin, J., and T. Hansen, "Media Type
              Specifications and Registration Procedures", <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/bcp/bcp13">BCP 13</a>,
              <a href="./rfc6838">RFC 6838</a>, DOI 10.17487/RFC6838, January 2013,
              &lt;<a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6838">http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6838</a>&gt;.





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   [<a id="ref-SWT">SWT</a>]      Hardt, D. and Y. Goland, "Simple Web Token (SWT)", Version
              0.9.5.1, November 2009, &lt;<a href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windowsazure/hh781551.aspx">http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/</a>
              <a href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windowsazure/hh781551.aspx">library/windowsazure/hh781551.aspx</a>&gt;.

   [<a id="ref-W3C.CR-xml11-20060816">W3C.CR-xml11-20060816</a>]
              Cowan, J., "Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.1 (Second
              Edition)", World Wide Web Consortium Recommendation
              REC-xml11-20060816, August 2006,
              &lt;<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml11-20060816">http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml11-20060816</a>&gt;.

   [<a id="ref-W3C.REC-xml-c14n-20010315">W3C.REC-xml-c14n-20010315</a>]
              Boyer, J., "Canonical XML Version 1.0", World Wide Web
              Consortium Recommendation REC-xml-c14n-20010315, March
              2001, &lt;<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xml-c14n-20010315">http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xml-c14n-20010315</a>&gt;.





































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<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7519">RFC 7519</a>                  JSON Web Token (JWT)                  May 2015</span>


<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="appendix-A" href="#appendix-A">Appendix A</a>.  JWT Examples</span>

   This section contains examples of JWTs.  For other example JWTs, see
   <a href="#section-6.1">Section 6.1</a> of this document and Appendices A.1 - A.3 of [<a href="#ref-JWS" title="&quot;JSON Web Signature (JWS)&quot;">JWS</a>].

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="appendix-A.1" href="#appendix-A.1">A.1</a>.  Example Encrypted JWT</span>

   This example encrypts the same claims as used in <a href="#section-3.1">Section 3.1</a> to the
   recipient using RSAES-PKCS1-v1_5 and AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256.

   The following example JOSE Header declares that:

   o  The Content Encryption Key is encrypted to the recipient using the
      RSAES-PKCS1-v1_5 algorithm to produce the JWE Encrypted Key.
   o  Authenticated encryption is performed on the plaintext using the
      AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256 algorithm to produce the JWE Ciphertext
      and the JWE Authentication Tag.

     {"alg":"RSA1_5","enc":"A128CBC-HS256"}

   Other than using the octets of the UTF-8 representation of the JWT
   Claims Set from <a href="#section-3.1">Section 3.1</a> as the plaintext value, the computation
   of this JWT is identical to the computation of the JWE in
   <a href="#appendix-A.2">Appendix A.2</a> of [<a href="#ref-JWE" title="&quot;JSON Web Encryption (JWE)&quot;">JWE</a>], including the keys used.

   The final result in this example (with line breaks for display
   purposes only) is:

     eyJhbGciOiJSU0ExXzUiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2In0.
     QR1Owv2ug2WyPBnbQrRARTeEk9kDO2w8qDcjiHnSJflSdv1iNqhWXaKH4MqAkQtM
     oNfABIPJaZm0HaA415sv3aeuBWnD8J-Ui7Ah6cWafs3ZwwFKDFUUsWHSK-IPKxLG
     TkND09XyjORj_CHAgOPJ-Sd8ONQRnJvWn_hXV1BNMHzUjPyYwEsRhDhzjAD26ima
     sOTsgruobpYGoQcXUwFDn7moXPRfDE8-NoQX7N7ZYMmpUDkR-Cx9obNGwJQ3nM52
     YCitxoQVPzjbl7WBuB7AohdBoZOdZ24WlN1lVIeh8v1K4krB8xgKvRU8kgFrEn_a
     1rZgN5TiysnmzTROF869lQ.
     AxY8DCtDaGlsbGljb3RoZQ.
     MKOle7UQrG6nSxTLX6Mqwt0orbHvAKeWnDYvpIAeZ72deHxz3roJDXQyhxx0wKaM
     HDjUEOKIwrtkHthpqEanSBNYHZgmNOV7sln1Eu9g3J8.
     fiK51VwhsxJ-siBMR-YFiA

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="appendix-A.2" href="#appendix-A.2">A.2</a>.  Example Nested JWT</span>

   This example shows how a JWT can be used as the payload of a JWE or
   JWS to create a Nested JWT.  In this case, the JWT Claims Set is
   first signed, and then encrypted.






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<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7519">RFC 7519</a>                  JSON Web Token (JWT)                  May 2015</span>


   The inner signed JWT is identical to the example in <a href="#appendix-A.2">Appendix A.2</a> of
   [<a href="#ref-JWS" title="&quot;JSON Web Signature (JWS)&quot;">JWS</a>].  Therefore, its computation is not repeated here.  This
   example then encrypts this inner JWT to the recipient using
   RSAES-PKCS1-v1_5 and AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256.

   The following example JOSE Header declares that:

   o  The Content Encryption Key is encrypted to the recipient using the
      RSAES-PKCS1-v1_5 algorithm to produce the JWE Encrypted Key.
   o  Authenticated encryption is performed on the plaintext using the
      AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256 algorithm to produce the JWE Ciphertext
      and the JWE Authentication Tag.
   o  The plaintext is itself a JWT.

     {"alg":"RSA1_5","enc":"A128CBC-HS256","cty":"JWT"}

   Base64url encoding the octets of the UTF-8 representation of the JOSE
   Header yields this encoded JOSE Header value:

     eyJhbGciOiJSU0ExXzUiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2IiwiY3R5IjoiSldUIn0

   The computation of this JWT is identical to the computation of the
   JWE in <a href="#appendix-A.2">Appendix A.2</a> of [<a href="#ref-JWE" title="&quot;JSON Web Encryption (JWE)&quot;">JWE</a>], other than that different JOSE Header,
   plaintext, JWE Initialization Vector, and Content Encryption Key
   values are used.  (The RSA key used is the same.)

   The plaintext used is the octets of the ASCII [<a href="./rfc20" title="&quot;ASCII format for Network Interchange&quot;">RFC20</a>] representation
   of the JWT at the end of <a href="#appendix-A.2.1">Appendix A.2.1</a> of [<a href="#ref-JWS" title="&quot;JSON Web Signature (JWS)&quot;">JWS</a>] (with all whitespace
   and line breaks removed), which is a sequence of 458 octets.

   The JWE Initialization Vector value used (using JSON array notation)
   is:

   [82, 101, 100, 109, 111, 110, 100, 32, 87, 65, 32, 57, 56, 48, 53,
   50]

   This example uses the Content Encryption Key represented by the
   base64url-encoded value below:

     GawgguFyGrWKav7AX4VKUg











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<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7519">RFC 7519</a>                  JSON Web Token (JWT)                  May 2015</span>


   The final result for this Nested JWT (with line breaks for display
   purposes only) is:

     eyJhbGciOiJSU0ExXzUiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2IiwiY3R5IjoiSldU
     In0.
     g_hEwksO1Ax8Qn7HoN-BVeBoa8FXe0kpyk_XdcSmxvcM5_P296JXXtoHISr_DD_M
     qewaQSH4dZOQHoUgKLeFly-9RI11TG-_Ge1bZFazBPwKC5lJ6OLANLMd0QSL4fYE
     b9ERe-epKYE3xb2jfY1AltHqBO-PM6j23Guj2yDKnFv6WO72tteVzm_2n17SBFvh
     DuR9a2nHTE67pe0XGBUS_TK7ecA-iVq5COeVdJR4U4VZGGlxRGPLRHvolVLEHx6D
     YyLpw30Ay9R6d68YCLi9FYTq3hIXPK_-dmPlOUlKvPr1GgJzRoeC9G5qCvdcHWsq
     JGTO_z3Wfo5zsqwkxruxwA.
     UmVkbW9uZCBXQSA5ODA1Mg.
     VwHERHPvCNcHHpTjkoigx3_ExK0Qc71RMEParpatm0X_qpg-w8kozSjfNIPPXiTB
     BLXR65CIPkFqz4l1Ae9w_uowKiwyi9acgVztAi-pSL8GQSXnaamh9kX1mdh3M_TT
     -FZGQFQsFhu0Z72gJKGdfGE-OE7hS1zuBD5oEUfk0Dmb0VzWEzpxxiSSBbBAzP10
     l56pPfAtrjEYw-7ygeMkwBl6Z_mLS6w6xUgKlvW6ULmkV-uLC4FUiyKECK4e3WZY
     Kw1bpgIqGYsw2v_grHjszJZ-_I5uM-9RA8ycX9KqPRp9gc6pXmoU_-27ATs9XCvr
     ZXUtK2902AUzqpeEUJYjWWxSNsS-r1TJ1I-FMJ4XyAiGrfmo9hQPcNBYxPz3GQb2
     8Y5CLSQfNgKSGt0A4isp1hBUXBHAndgtcslt7ZoQJaKe_nNJgNliWtWpJ_ebuOpE
     l8jdhehdccnRMIwAmU1n7SPkmhIl1HlSOpvcvDfhUN5wuqU955vOBvfkBOh5A11U
     zBuo2WlgZ6hYi9-e3w29bR0C2-pp3jbqxEDw3iWaf2dc5b-LnR0FEYXvI_tYk5rd
     _J9N0mg0tQ6RbpxNEMNoA9QWk5lgdPvbh9BaO195abQ.
     AVO9iT5AV4CzvDJCdhSFlQ

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="appendix-B" href="#appendix-B">Appendix B</a>.  Relationship of JWTs to SAML Assertions</span>

   Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) 2.0
   [<a href="#ref-OASIS.saml-core-2.0-os">OASIS.saml-core-2.0-os</a>] provides a standard for creating security
   tokens with greater expressivity and more security options than
   supported by JWTs.  However, the cost of this flexibility and
   expressiveness is both size and complexity.  SAML's use of XML
   [<a href="#ref-W3C.CR-xml11-20060816">W3C.CR-xml11-20060816</a>] and XML Digital Signature (DSIG) [<a href="./rfc3275" title="&quot;(Extensible Markup Language) XML-Signature Syntax and Processing&quot;">RFC3275</a>]
   contributes to the size of SAML Assertions; its use of XML and
   especially XML Canonicalization [<a href="#ref-W3C.REC-xml-c14n-20010315">W3C.REC-xml-c14n-20010315</a>]
   contributes to their complexity.

   JWTs are intended to provide a simple security token format that is
   small enough to fit into HTTP headers and query arguments in URIs.
   It does this by supporting a much simpler token model than SAML and
   using the JSON [<a href="./rfc7159" title="&quot;The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format&quot;">RFC7159</a>] object encoding syntax.  It also supports
   securing tokens using Message Authentication Codes (MACs) and digital
   signatures using a smaller (and less flexible) format than XML DSIG.

   Therefore, while JWTs can do some of the things SAML Assertions do,
   JWTs are not intended as a full replacement for SAML Assertions, but
   rather as a token format to be used when ease of implementation or
   compactness are considerations.




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<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7519">RFC 7519</a>                  JSON Web Token (JWT)                  May 2015</span>


   SAML Assertions are always statements made by an entity about a
   subject.  JWTs are often used in the same manner, with the entity
   making the statements being represented by the "iss" (issuer) claim,
   and the subject being represented by the "sub" (subject) claim.
   However, with these claims being optional, other uses of the JWT
   format are also permitted.

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="appendix-C" href="#appendix-C">Appendix C</a>.  Relationship of JWTs to Simple Web Tokens (SWTs)</span>

   Both JWTs and SWTs [<a href="#ref-SWT" title="&quot;Simple Web Token (SWT)&quot;">SWT</a>], at their core, enable sets of claims to be
   communicated between applications.  For SWTs, both the claim names
   and claim values are strings.  For JWTs, while claim names are
   strings, claim values can be any JSON type.  Both token types offer
   cryptographic protection of their content: SWTs with HMAC SHA-256 and
   JWTs with a choice of algorithms, including signature, MAC, and
   encryption algorithms.

Acknowledgements

   The authors acknowledge that the design of JWTs was intentionally
   influenced by the design and simplicity of SWTs [<a href="#ref-SWT" title="&quot;Simple Web Token (SWT)&quot;">SWT</a>] and ideas for
   JSON tokens that Dick Hardt discussed within the OpenID community.

   Solutions for signing JSON content were previously explored by Magic
   Signatures [<a href="#ref-MagicSignatures">MagicSignatures</a>], JSON Simple Sign [<a href="#ref-JSS" title="&quot;JSON Simple Sign&quot;">JSS</a>], and Canvas
   Applications [<a href="#ref-CanvasApp">CanvasApp</a>], all of which influenced this document.

   This specification is the work of the OAuth working group, which
   includes dozens of active and dedicated participants.  In particular,
   the following individuals contributed ideas, feedback, and wording
   that influenced this specification:

   Dirk Balfanz, Richard Barnes, Brian Campbell, Alissa Cooper, Breno de
   Medeiros, Stephen Farrell, Yaron Y. Goland, Dick Hardt, Joe
   Hildebrand, Jeff Hodges, Edmund Jay, Warren Kumari, Ben Laurie, Barry
   Leiba, Ted Lemon, James Manger, Prateek Mishra, Kathleen Moriarty,
   Tony Nadalin, Axel Nennker, John Panzer, Emmanuel Raviart, David
   Recordon, Eric Rescorla, Jim Schaad, Paul Tarjan, Hannes Tschofenig,
   Sean Turner, and Tom Yu.

   Hannes Tschofenig and Derek Atkins chaired the OAuth working group
   and Sean Turner, Stephen Farrell, and Kathleen Moriarty served as
   Security Area Directors during the creation of this specification.








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<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7519">RFC 7519</a>                  JSON Web Token (JWT)                  May 2015</span>


Authors' Addresses

   Michael B. Jones
   Microsoft

   EMail: mbj@microsoft.com
   URI:   <a href="http://self-issued.info/">http://self-issued.info/</a>


   John Bradley
   Ping Identity

   EMail: ve7jtb@ve7jtb.com
   URI:   <a href="http://www.thread-safe.com/">http://www.thread-safe.com/</a>


   Nat Sakimura
   Nomura Research Institute

   EMail: n-sakimura@nri.co.jp
   URI:   <a href="http://nat.sakimura.org/">http://nat.sakimura.org/</a>






























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