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<pre>Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)                         M. Miller
Request for Comments: 7520                           Cisco Systems, Inc.
Category: Informational                                         May 2015
ISSN: 2070-1721


                  <span class="h1">Examples of Protecting Content Using</span>
               <span class="h1">JSON Object Signing and Encryption (JOSE)</span>

Abstract

   This document contains a set of examples using JSON Object Signing
   and Encryption (JOSE) technology to protect data.  These examples
   present a representative sampling of JSON Web Key (JWK) objects as
   well as various JSON Web Signature (JWS) and JSON Web Encryption
   (JWE) results given similar inputs.

Status of This Memo

   This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
   published for informational purposes.

   This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
   (IETF).  It represents the consensus of the IETF community.  It has
   received public review and has been approved for publication by the
   Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG).  Not all documents
   approved by the IESG are a candidate for any level of Internet
   Standard; see <a href="./rfc5741#section-2">Section&nbsp;2 of RFC 5741</a>.

   Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
   and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
   <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7520">http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7520</a>.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/bcp/bcp78">BCP 78</a> and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (<a href="http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info">http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info</a>) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.




<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                     [Page 1]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-2" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


Table of Contents

   <a href="#section-1">1</a>. Introduction ....................................................<a href="#page-5">5</a>
      <a href="#section-1.1">1.1</a>. Conventions Used in This Document ..........................<a href="#page-5">5</a>
   <a href="#section-2">2</a>. Terminology .....................................................<a href="#page-6">6</a>
   <a href="#section-3">3</a>. JSON Web Key Examples ...........................................<a href="#page-6">6</a>
      <a href="#section-3.1">3.1</a>. EC Public Key ..............................................<a href="#page-6">6</a>
      <a href="#section-3.2">3.2</a>. EC Private Key .............................................<a href="#page-7">7</a>
      <a href="#section-3.3">3.3</a>. RSA Public Key .............................................<a href="#page-8">8</a>
      <a href="#section-3.4">3.4</a>. RSA Private Key ............................................<a href="#page-8">8</a>
      <a href="#section-3.5">3.5</a>. Symmetric Key (MAC Computation) ...........................<a href="#page-10">10</a>
      <a href="#section-3.6">3.6</a>. Symmetric Key (Encryption) ................................<a href="#page-11">11</a>
   <a href="#section-4">4</a>. JSON Web Signature Examples ....................................<a href="#page-11">11</a>
      <a href="#section-4.1">4.1</a>. RSA v1.5 Signature ........................................<a href="#page-12">12</a>
           <a href="#section-4.1.1">4.1.1</a>. Input Factors ......................................<a href="#page-12">12</a>
           <a href="#section-4.1.2">4.1.2</a>. Signing Operation ..................................<a href="#page-12">12</a>
           <a href="#section-4.1.3">4.1.3</a>. Output Results .....................................<a href="#page-13">13</a>
      <a href="#section-4.2">4.2</a>. RSA-PSS Signature .........................................<a href="#page-15">15</a>
           <a href="#section-4.2.1">4.2.1</a>. Input Factors ......................................<a href="#page-15">15</a>
           <a href="#section-4.2.2">4.2.2</a>. Signing Operation ..................................<a href="#page-16">16</a>
           <a href="#section-4.2.3">4.2.3</a>. Output Results .....................................<a href="#page-17">17</a>
      <a href="#section-4.3">4.3</a>. ECDSA Signature ...........................................<a href="#page-19">19</a>
           <a href="#section-4.3.1">4.3.1</a>. Input Factors ......................................<a href="#page-19">19</a>
           <a href="#section-4.3.2">4.3.2</a>. Signing Operation ..................................<a href="#page-19">19</a>
           <a href="#section-4.3.3">4.3.3</a>. Output Results .....................................<a href="#page-20">20</a>
      <a href="#section-4.4">4.4</a>. HMAC-SHA2 Integrity Protection ............................<a href="#page-21">21</a>
           <a href="#section-4.4.1">4.4.1</a>. Input Factors ......................................<a href="#page-22">22</a>
           <a href="#section-4.4.2">4.4.2</a>. Signing Operation ..................................<a href="#page-22">22</a>
           <a href="#section-4.4.3">4.4.3</a>. Output Results .....................................<a href="#page-23">23</a>
      <a href="#section-4.5">4.5</a>. Signature with Detached Content ...........................<a href="#page-24">24</a>
           <a href="#section-4.5.1">4.5.1</a>. Input Factors ......................................<a href="#page-25">25</a>
           <a href="#section-4.5.2">4.5.2</a>. Signing Operation ..................................<a href="#page-25">25</a>
           <a href="#section-4.5.3">4.5.3</a>. Output Results .....................................<a href="#page-26">26</a>
      <a href="#section-4.6">4.6</a>. Protecting Specific Header Fields .........................<a href="#page-27">27</a>
           <a href="#section-4.6.1">4.6.1</a>. Input Factors ......................................<a href="#page-27">27</a>
           <a href="#section-4.6.2">4.6.2</a>. Signing Operation ..................................<a href="#page-27">27</a>
           <a href="#section-4.6.3">4.6.3</a>. Output Results .....................................<a href="#page-28">28</a>
      <a href="#section-4.7">4.7</a>. Protecting Content Only ...................................<a href="#page-29">29</a>
           <a href="#section-4.7.1">4.7.1</a>. Input Factors ......................................<a href="#page-30">30</a>
           <a href="#section-4.7.2">4.7.2</a>. Signing Operation ..................................<a href="#page-30">30</a>
           <a href="#section-4.7.3">4.7.3</a>. Output Results .....................................<a href="#page-31">31</a>
      <a href="#section-4.8">4.8</a>. Multiple Signatures .......................................<a href="#page-32">32</a>
           <a href="#section-4.8.1">4.8.1</a>. Input Factors ......................................<a href="#page-32">32</a>
           <a href="#section-4.8.2">4.8.2</a>. First Signing Operation ............................<a href="#page-33">33</a>
           <a href="#section-4.8.3">4.8.3</a>. Second Signing Operation ...........................<a href="#page-34">34</a>
           <a href="#section-4.8.4">4.8.4</a>. Third Signing Operation ............................<a href="#page-36">36</a>
           <a href="#section-4.8.5">4.8.5</a>. Output Results .....................................<a href="#page-37">37</a>
   <a href="#section-5">5</a>. JSON Web Encryption Examples ...................................<a href="#page-39">39</a>



<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                     [Page 2]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-3" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


      <a href="#section-5.1">5.1</a>. Key Encryption Using RSA v1.5 and AES-HMAC-SHA2 ...........<a href="#page-39">39</a>
           <a href="#section-5.1.1">5.1.1</a>. Input Factors ......................................<a href="#page-39">39</a>
           <a href="#section-5.1.2">5.1.2</a>. Generated Factors ..................................<a href="#page-41">41</a>
           <a href="#section-5.1.3">5.1.3</a>. Encrypting the Key .................................<a href="#page-41">41</a>
           <a href="#section-5.1.4">5.1.4</a>. Encrypting the Content .............................<a href="#page-42">42</a>
           <a href="#section-5.1.5">5.1.5</a>. Output Results .....................................<a href="#page-43">43</a>
      <a href="#section-5.2">5.2</a>. Key Encryption Using RSA-OAEP with AES-GCM ................<a href="#page-45">45</a>
           <a href="#section-5.2.1">5.2.1</a>. Input Factors ......................................<a href="#page-46">46</a>
           <a href="#section-5.2.2">5.2.2</a>. Generated Factors ..................................<a href="#page-47">47</a>
           <a href="#section-5.2.3">5.2.3</a>. Encrypting the Key .................................<a href="#page-48">48</a>
           <a href="#section-5.2.4">5.2.4</a>. Encrypting the Content .............................<a href="#page-48">48</a>
           <a href="#section-5.2.5">5.2.5</a>. Output Results .....................................<a href="#page-49">49</a>
      <a href="#section-5.3">5.3</a>. Key Wrap Using PBES2-AES-KeyWrap with AES-CBC-HMAC-SHA2 ...<a href="#page-52">52</a>
           <a href="#section-5.3.1">5.3.1</a>. Input Factors ......................................<a href="#page-53">53</a>
           <a href="#section-5.3.2">5.3.2</a>. Generated Factors ..................................<a href="#page-54">54</a>
           <a href="#section-5.3.3">5.3.3</a>. Encrypting the Key .................................<a href="#page-54">54</a>
           <a href="#section-5.3.4">5.3.4</a>. Encrypting the Content .............................<a href="#page-55">55</a>
           <a href="#section-5.3.5">5.3.5</a>. Output Results .....................................<a href="#page-56">56</a>
      5.4. Key Agreement with Key Wrapping Using ECDH-ES and
           AES-KeyWrap with AES-GCM ..................................<a href="#page-59">59</a>
           <a href="#section-5.4.1">5.4.1</a>. Input Factors ......................................<a href="#page-59">59</a>
           <a href="#section-5.4.2">5.4.2</a>. Generated Factors ..................................<a href="#page-60">60</a>
           <a href="#section-5.4.3">5.4.3</a>. Encrypting the Key .................................<a href="#page-60">60</a>
           <a href="#section-5.4.4">5.4.4</a>. Encrypting the Content .............................<a href="#page-61">61</a>
           <a href="#section-5.4.5">5.4.5</a>. Output Results .....................................<a href="#page-63">63</a>
      <a href="#section-5.5">5.5</a>. Key Agreement Using ECDH-ES with AES-CBC-HMAC-SHA2 ........<a href="#page-65">65</a>
           <a href="#section-5.5.1">5.5.1</a>. Input Factors ......................................<a href="#page-66">66</a>
           <a href="#section-5.5.2">5.5.2</a>. Generated Factors ..................................<a href="#page-66">66</a>
           <a href="#section-5.5.3">5.5.3</a>. Key Agreement ......................................<a href="#page-67">67</a>
           <a href="#section-5.5.4">5.5.4</a>. Encrypting the Content .............................<a href="#page-67">67</a>
           <a href="#section-5.5.5">5.5.5</a>. Output Results .....................................<a href="#page-68">68</a>
      <a href="#section-5.6">5.6</a>. Direct Encryption Using AES-GCM ...........................<a href="#page-70">70</a>
           <a href="#section-5.6.1">5.6.1</a>. Input Factors ......................................<a href="#page-70">70</a>
           <a href="#section-5.6.2">5.6.2</a>. Generated Factors ..................................<a href="#page-70">70</a>
           <a href="#section-5.6.3">5.6.3</a>. Encrypting the Content .............................<a href="#page-71">71</a>
           <a href="#section-5.6.4">5.6.4</a>. Output Results .....................................<a href="#page-72">72</a>
      <a href="#section-5.7">5.7</a>. Key Wrap Using AES-GCM KeyWrap with AES-CBC-HMAC-SHA2 .....<a href="#page-73">73</a>
           <a href="#section-5.7.1">5.7.1</a>. Input Factors ......................................<a href="#page-73">73</a>
           <a href="#section-5.7.2">5.7.2</a>. Generated Factors ..................................<a href="#page-74">74</a>
           <a href="#section-5.7.3">5.7.3</a>. Encrypting the Key .................................<a href="#page-74">74</a>
           <a href="#section-5.7.4">5.7.4</a>. Encrypting the Content .............................<a href="#page-75">75</a>
           <a href="#section-5.7.5">5.7.5</a>. Output Results .....................................<a href="#page-77">77</a>
      <a href="#section-5.8">5.8</a>. Key Wrap Using AES-KeyWrap with AES-GCM ...................<a href="#page-79">79</a>
           <a href="#section-5.8.1">5.8.1</a>. Input Factors ......................................<a href="#page-79">79</a>
           <a href="#section-5.8.2">5.8.2</a>. Generated Factors ..................................<a href="#page-80">80</a>
           <a href="#section-5.8.3">5.8.3</a>. Encrypting the Key .................................<a href="#page-80">80</a>
           <a href="#section-5.8.4">5.8.4</a>. Encrypting the Content .............................<a href="#page-80">80</a>
           <a href="#section-5.8.5">5.8.5</a>. Output Results .....................................<a href="#page-82">82</a>



<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                     [Page 3]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-4" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


      <a href="#section-5.9">5.9</a>. Compressed Content ........................................<a href="#page-84">84</a>
           <a href="#section-5.9.1">5.9.1</a>. Input Factors ......................................<a href="#page-84">84</a>
           <a href="#section-5.9.2">5.9.2</a>. Generated Factors ..................................<a href="#page-84">84</a>
           <a href="#section-5.9.3">5.9.3</a>. Encrypting the Key .................................<a href="#page-85">85</a>
           <a href="#section-5.9.4">5.9.4</a>. Encrypting the Content .............................<a href="#page-85">85</a>
           <a href="#section-5.9.5">5.9.5</a>. Output Results .....................................<a href="#page-86">86</a>
      <a href="#section-5.10">5.10</a>. Including Additional Authenticated Data ..................<a href="#page-88">88</a>
           <a href="#section-5.10.1">5.10.1</a>. Input Factors .....................................<a href="#page-88">88</a>
           <a href="#section-5.10.2">5.10.2</a>. Generated Factors .................................<a href="#page-89">89</a>
           <a href="#section-5.10.3">5.10.3</a>. Encrypting the Key ................................<a href="#page-90">90</a>
           <a href="#section-5.10.4">5.10.4</a>. Encrypting the Content ............................<a href="#page-90">90</a>
           <a href="#section-5.10.5">5.10.5</a>. Output Results ....................................<a href="#page-91">91</a>
      <a href="#section-5.11">5.11</a>. Protecting Specific Header Fields ........................<a href="#page-93">93</a>
           <a href="#section-5.11.1">5.11.1</a>. Input Factors .....................................<a href="#page-93">93</a>
           <a href="#section-5.11.2">5.11.2</a>. Generated Factors .................................<a href="#page-94">94</a>
           <a href="#section-5.11.3">5.11.3</a>. Encrypting the Key ................................<a href="#page-94">94</a>
           <a href="#section-5.11.4">5.11.4</a>. Encrypting the Content ............................<a href="#page-94">94</a>
           <a href="#section-5.11.5">5.11.5</a>. Output Results ....................................<a href="#page-95">95</a>
      <a href="#section-5.12">5.12</a>. Protecting Content Only ..................................<a href="#page-97">97</a>
           <a href="#section-5.12.1">5.12.1</a>. Input Factors .....................................<a href="#page-97">97</a>
           <a href="#section-5.12.2">5.12.2</a>. Generated Factors .................................<a href="#page-98">98</a>
           <a href="#section-5.12.3">5.12.3</a>. Encrypting the Key ................................<a href="#page-98">98</a>
           <a href="#section-5.12.4">5.12.4</a>. Encrypting the Content ............................<a href="#page-98">98</a>
           <a href="#section-5.12.5">5.12.5</a>. Output Results ....................................<a href="#page-99">99</a>
      <a href="#section-5.13">5.13</a>. Encrypting to Multiple Recipients .......................<a href="#page-101">101</a>
           <a href="#section-5.13.1">5.13.1</a>. Input Factors ....................................<a href="#page-101">101</a>
           <a href="#section-5.13.2">5.13.2</a>. Generated Factors ................................<a href="#page-101">101</a>
           <a href="#section-5.13.3">5.13.3</a>. Encrypting the Key to the First Recipient ........<a href="#page-102">102</a>
           <a href="#section-5.13.4">5.13.4</a>. Encrypting the Key to the Second Recipient .......<a href="#page-103">103</a>
           <a href="#section-5.13.5">5.13.5</a>. Encrypting the Key to the Third Recipient ........<a href="#page-105">105</a>
           <a href="#section-5.13.6">5.13.6</a>. Encrypting the Content ...........................<a href="#page-106">106</a>
           <a href="#section-5.13.7">5.13.7</a>. Output Results ...................................<a href="#page-108">108</a>
   <a href="#section-6">6</a>. Nesting Signatures and Encryption .............................<a href="#page-110">110</a>
      <a href="#section-6.1">6.1</a>. Signing Input Factors ....................................<a href="#page-110">110</a>
      <a href="#section-6.2">6.2</a>. Signing Operation ........................................<a href="#page-112">112</a>
      <a href="#section-6.3">6.3</a>. Signing Output ...........................................<a href="#page-112">112</a>
      <a href="#section-6.4">6.4</a>. Encryption Input Factors .................................<a href="#page-113">113</a>
      <a href="#section-6.5">6.5</a>. Encryption Generated Factors .............................<a href="#page-113">113</a>
      <a href="#section-6.6">6.6</a>. Encrypting the Key .......................................<a href="#page-114">114</a>
      <a href="#section-6.7">6.7</a>. Encrypting the Content ...................................<a href="#page-114">114</a>
      <a href="#section-6.8">6.8</a>. Encryption Output ........................................<a href="#page-115">115</a>
   <a href="#section-7">7</a>. Security Considerations .......................................<a href="#page-119">119</a>
   <a href="#section-8">8</a>. References ....................................................<a href="#page-119">119</a>
      <a href="#section-8.1">8.1</a>. Normative References .....................................<a href="#page-119">119</a>
      <a href="#section-8.2">8.2</a>. Informative References ...................................<a href="#page-120">120</a>
   Acknowledgements .................................................<a href="#page-120">120</a>
   Author's Address .................................................<a href="#page-120">120</a>




<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                     [Page 4]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-5" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-1" href="#section-1">1</a>.  Introduction</span>

   The JSON Object Signing and Encryption (JOSE) technologies -- JSON
   Web Signature [<a href="#ref-JWS" title="&quot;JSON Web Signature (JWS)&quot;">JWS</a>], JSON Web Encryption [<a href="#ref-JWE" title="&quot;JSON Web Encryption (JWE)&quot;">JWE</a>], JSON Web Key [<a href="#ref-JWK" title="&quot;JSON Web Key (JWK)&quot;">JWK</a>],
   and JSON Web Algorithms [<a href="#ref-JWA" title="&quot;JSON Web Algorithms (JWA)&quot;">JWA</a>] -- can be used collectively to encrypt
   and/or sign content using a variety of algorithms.  While the full
   set of permutations is extremely large, and might be daunting to
   some, it is expected that most applications will only use a small set
   of algorithms to meet their needs.

   This document provides a number of examples of signing or encrypting
   content using JOSE.  While not exhaustive, it does compile a
   representative sampling of JOSE features.  As much as possible, the
   same signature payload or encryption plaintext content is used to
   illustrate differences in various signing and encryption results.

   This document also provides a number of example JWK objects.  These
   examples illustrate the distinguishing properties of various key
   types and emphasize important characteristics.  Most of the JWK
   examples are then used in the signature or encryption examples that
   follow.

   All of the examples contained herein are available in a machine-
   readable format at &lt;<a href="https://github.com/ietf-jose/cookbook">https://github.com/ietf-jose/cookbook</a>&gt;.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-1.1" href="#section-1.1">1.1</a>.  Conventions Used in This Document</span>

   This document separates data that are expected to be input to an
   implementation of JOSE from data that are expected to be generated by
   an implementation of JOSE.  Each example, wherever possible, provides
   enough information both to replicate the results of this document and
   to validate the results by running its inverse operation (e.g.,
   signature results can be validated by performing the JWS verify).
   However, some algorithms inherently use random data; therefore,
   computations employing them cannot be exactly replicated.  Such cases
   are explicitly stated in the relevant sections.

   All instances of binary octet strings are represented using base64url
   [<a href="./rfc4648" title="&quot;The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings&quot;">RFC4648</a>] encoding.

   Wherever possible and unless otherwise noted, the examples include
   the JWS or JWE Compact Serialization, general JWS or JWE JSON
   Serialization, and flattened JWS or JWE JSON Serialization.

   All of the examples in this document have whitespace added to improve
   formatting and readability.  Except for JWE Plaintext or JWS Payload
   content, whitespace is not part of the cryptographic operations nor
   the exchange results.



<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                     [Page 5]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-6" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   Unless otherwise noted, the JWE Plaintext or JWS Payload content does
   include " " (U+0020 SPACE) characters.  Line breaks (U+000A LINE
   FEED) replace some " " (U+0020 SPACE) characters to improve
   readability but are not present in the JWE Plaintext or JWS Payload.

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-2" href="#section-2">2</a>.  Terminology</span>

   This document inherits terminology regarding JSON Web Signature (JWS)
   technology from [<a href="#ref-JWS" title="&quot;JSON Web Signature (JWS)&quot;">JWS</a>], terminology regarding JSON Web Encryption
   (JWE) technology from [<a href="#ref-JWE" title="&quot;JSON Web Encryption (JWE)&quot;">JWE</a>], terminology regarding JSON Web Key (JWK)
   technology from [<a href="#ref-JWK" title="&quot;JSON Web Key (JWK)&quot;">JWK</a>], and terminology regarding algorithms from
   [<a href="#ref-JWA" title="&quot;JSON Web Algorithms (JWA)&quot;">JWA</a>].

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-3" href="#section-3">3</a>.  JSON Web Key Examples</span>

   The following sections demonstrate how to represent various JWK and
   JWK Set objects.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.1" href="#section-3.1">3.1</a>.  EC Public Key</span>

   This example illustrates an Elliptic Curve (EC) public key.  This
   example is the public key corresponding to the private key in
   Figure 2.

   Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in
   <a href="#section-1.1">Section 1.1</a>.

   {
     "kty": "EC",
     "kid": "bilbo.baggins@hobbiton.example",
     "use": "sig",
     "crv": "P-521",
     "x": "AHKZLLOsCOzz5cY97ewNUajB957y-C-U88c3v13nmGZx6sYl_oJXu9
         A5RkTKqjqvjyekWF-7ytDyRXYgCF5cj0Kt",
     "y": "AdymlHvOiLxXkEhayXQnNCvDX4h9htZaCJN34kfmC6pV5OhQHiraVy
         SsUdaQkAgDPrwQrJmbnX9cwlGfP-HqHZR1"
   }

                 Figure 1: Elliptic Curve P-521 Public Key

   The field "kty" value of "EC" identifies this as an Elliptic Curve
   key.  The field "crv" identifies the curve, which is curve P-521 for
   this example.  The values of the fields "x" and "y" are the
   base64url-encoded X and Y coordinates (respectively).







<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                     [Page 6]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-7" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The values of the fields "x" and "y" decoded are the octets necessary
   to represent each full coordinate to the order of the curve.  For a
   key over curve P-521, the values of the fields "x" and "y" are
   exactly 66 octets in length when decoded, padded with leading zero
   (0x00) octets to reach the expected length.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.2" href="#section-3.2">3.2</a>.  EC Private Key</span>

   This example illustrates an Elliptic Curve private key.  This example
   is the private key corresponding to the public key in Figure 1.

   Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in
   <a href="#section-1.1">Section 1.1</a>.

   {
     "kty": "EC",
     "kid": "bilbo.baggins@hobbiton.example",
     "use": "sig",
     "crv": "P-521",
     "x": "AHKZLLOsCOzz5cY97ewNUajB957y-C-U88c3v13nmGZx6sYl_oJXu9
         A5RkTKqjqvjyekWF-7ytDyRXYgCF5cj0Kt",
     "y": "AdymlHvOiLxXkEhayXQnNCvDX4h9htZaCJN34kfmC6pV5OhQHiraVy
         SsUdaQkAgDPrwQrJmbnX9cwlGfP-HqHZR1",
     "d": "AAhRON2r9cqXX1hg-RoI6R1tX5p2rUAYdmpHZoC1XNM56KtscrX6zb
         KipQrCW9CGZH3T4ubpnoTKLDYJ_fF3_rJt"
   }

                Figure 2: Elliptic Curve P-521 Private Key

   The field "kty" value of "EC" identifies this as an Elliptic Curve
   key.  The field "crv" identifies the curve, which is curve P-521
   (also known as SECG curve secp521r1) for this example.  The values of
   the fields "x" and "y" are the base64url-encoded X and Y coordinates
   (respectively).  The field "d" value is the base64url-encoded private
   key.

   The values of the fields "d", "x", and "y" decoded are the octets
   necessary to represent the private key or each full coordinate
   (respectively) to the order of the curve.  For a key over curve
   P-521, the values of the "d", "x", and "y" fields are each exactly 66
   octets in length when decoded, padded with leading zero (0x00) octets
   to reach the expected length.









<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                     [Page 7]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-8" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.3" href="#section-3.3">3.3</a>.  RSA Public Key</span>

   This example illustrates an RSA public key.  This example is the
   public key corresponding to the private key in Figure 4.

   Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in
   <a href="#section-1.1">Section 1.1</a>.

   {
     "kty": "RSA",
     "kid": "bilbo.baggins@hobbiton.example",
     "use": "sig",
     "n": "n4EPtAOCc9AlkeQHPzHStgAbgs7bTZLwUBZdR8_KuKPEHLd4rHVTeT
         -O-XV2jRojdNhxJWTDvNd7nqQ0VEiZQHz_AJmSCpMaJMRBSFKrKb2wqV
         wGU_NsYOYL-QtiWN2lbzcEe6XC0dApr5ydQLrHqkHHig3RBordaZ6Aj-
         oBHqFEHYpPe7Tpe-OfVfHd1E6cS6M1FZcD1NNLYD5lFHpPI9bTwJlsde
         3uhGqC0ZCuEHg8lhzwOHrtIQbS0FVbb9k3-tVTU4fg_3L_vniUFAKwuC
         LqKnS2BYwdq_mzSnbLY7h_qixoR7jig3__kRhuaxwUkRz5iaiQkqgc5g
         HdrNP5zw",
     "e": "AQAB"
   }

                     Figure 3: RSA 2048-Bit Public Key

   The field "kty" value of "RSA" identifies this as an RSA key.  The
   fields "n" and "e" values are the modulus and (public) exponent
   (respectively) using the minimum octets necessary.

   For a 2048-bit key, the field "n" value is 256 octets in length when
   decoded.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.4" href="#section-3.4">3.4</a>.  RSA Private Key</span>

   This example illustrates an RSA private key.  This example is the
   private key corresponding to the public key in Figure 3.

   Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in
   <a href="#section-1.1">Section 1.1</a>.













<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                     [Page 8]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-9" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   {
     "kty": "RSA",
     "kid": "bilbo.baggins@hobbiton.example",
     "use": "sig",
     "n": "n4EPtAOCc9AlkeQHPzHStgAbgs7bTZLwUBZdR8_KuKPEHLd4rHVTeT
         -O-XV2jRojdNhxJWTDvNd7nqQ0VEiZQHz_AJmSCpMaJMRBSFKrKb2wqV
         wGU_NsYOYL-QtiWN2lbzcEe6XC0dApr5ydQLrHqkHHig3RBordaZ6Aj-
         oBHqFEHYpPe7Tpe-OfVfHd1E6cS6M1FZcD1NNLYD5lFHpPI9bTwJlsde
         3uhGqC0ZCuEHg8lhzwOHrtIQbS0FVbb9k3-tVTU4fg_3L_vniUFAKwuC
         LqKnS2BYwdq_mzSnbLY7h_qixoR7jig3__kRhuaxwUkRz5iaiQkqgc5g
         HdrNP5zw",
     "e": "AQAB",
     "d": "bWUC9B-EFRIo8kpGfh0ZuyGPvMNKvYWNtB_ikiH9k20eT-O1q_I78e
         iZkpXxXQ0UTEs2LsNRS-8uJbvQ-A1irkwMSMkK1J3XTGgdrhCku9gRld
         Y7sNA_AKZGh-Q661_42rINLRCe8W-nZ34ui_qOfkLnK9QWDDqpaIsA-b
         MwWWSDFu2MUBYwkHTMEzLYGqOe04noqeq1hExBTHBOBdkMXiuFhUq1BU
         6l-DqEiWxqg82sXt2h-LMnT3046AOYJoRioz75tSUQfGCshWTBnP5uDj
         d18kKhyv07lhfSJdrPdM5Plyl21hsFf4L_mHCuoFau7gdsPfHPxxjVOc
         OpBrQzwQ",
     "p": "3Slxg_DwTXJcb6095RoXygQCAZ5RnAvZlno1yhHtnUex_fp7AZ_9nR
         aO7HX_-SFfGQeutao2TDjDAWU4Vupk8rw9JR0AzZ0N2fvuIAmr_WCsmG
         peNqQnev1T7IyEsnh8UMt-n5CafhkikzhEsrmndH6LxOrvRJlsPp6Zv8
         bUq0k",
     "q": "uKE2dh-cTf6ERF4k4e_jy78GfPYUIaUyoSSJuBzp3Cubk3OCqs6grT
         8bR_cu0Dm1MZwWmtdqDyI95HrUeq3MP15vMMON8lHTeZu2lmKvwqW7an
         V5UzhM1iZ7z4yMkuUwFWoBvyY898EXvRD-hdqRxHlSqAZ192zB3pVFJ0
         s7pFc",
     "dp": "B8PVvXkvJrj2L-GYQ7v3y9r6Kw5g9SahXBwsWUzp19TVlgI-YV85q
         1NIb1rxQtD-IsXXR3-TanevuRPRt5OBOdiMGQp8pbt26gljYfKU_E9xn
         -RULHz0-ed9E9gXLKD4VGngpz-PfQ_q29pk5xWHoJp009Qf1HvChixRX
         59ehik",
     "dq": "CLDmDGduhylc9o7r84rEUVn7pzQ6PF83Y-iBZx5NT-TpnOZKF1pEr
         AMVeKzFEl41DlHHqqBLSM0W1sOFbwTxYWZDm6sI6og5iTbwQGIC3gnJK
         bi_7k_vJgGHwHxgPaX2PnvP-zyEkDERuf-ry4c_Z11Cq9AqC2yeL6kdK
         T1cYF8",
     "qi": "3PiqvXQN0zwMeE-sBvZgi289XP9XCQF3VWqPzMKnIgQp7_Tugo6-N
         ZBKCQsMf3HaEGBjTVJs_jcK8-TRXvaKe-7ZMaQj8VfBdYkssbu0NKDDh
         jJ-GtiseaDVWt7dcH0cfwxgFUHpQh7FoCrjFJ6h6ZEpMF6xmujs4qMpP
         z8aaI4"
   }

                    Figure 4: RSA 2048-Bit Private Key









<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                     [Page 9]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-10" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The field "kty" value of "RSA" identifies this as an RSA key.  The
   fields "n" and "e" values are the base64url-encoded modulus and
   (public) exponent (respectively) using the minimum number of octets
   necessary.  The field "d" value is the base64url-encoded private
   exponent using the minimum number of octets necessary.  The fields
   "p", "q", "dp", "dq", and "qi" are the base64url-encoded additional
   private information using the minimum number of octets necessary.

   For a 2048-bit key, the field "n" is 256 octets in length when
   decoded, and the field "d" is not longer than 256 octets in length
   when decoded.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.5" href="#section-3.5">3.5</a>.  Symmetric Key (MAC Computation)</span>

   This example illustrates a symmetric key used for computing Message
   Authentication Codes (MACs).

   Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in
   <a href="#section-1.1">Section 1.1</a>.

   {
     "kty": "oct",
     "kid": "018c0ae5-4d9b-471b-bfd6-eef314bc7037",
     "use": "sig",
     "alg": "HS256",
     "k": "hJtXIZ2uSN5kbQfbtTNWbpdmhkV8FJG-Onbc6mxCcYg"
   }

                   Figure 5: HMAC SHA-256 Symmetric Key

   The field "kty" value of "oct" identifies this as a symmetric key.
   The field "k" value is the symmetric key.

   When used for the signing algorithm "HS256" (HMAC-SHA256), the field
   "k" value is 32 octets (or more) in length when decoded, padded with
   leading zero (0x00) octets to reach the minimum expected length.















<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 10]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-11" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.6" href="#section-3.6">3.6</a>.  Symmetric Key (Encryption)</span>

   This example illustrates a symmetric key used for encryption.

   Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in
   <a href="#section-1.1">Section 1.1</a>.

   {
     "kty": "oct",
     "kid": "1e571774-2e08-40da-8308-e8d68773842d",
     "use": "enc",
     "alg": "A256GCM",
     "k": "AAPapAv4LbFbiVawEjagUBluYqN5rhna-8nuldDvOx8"
   }

              Figure 6: AES 256-Bit Symmetric Encryption Key

   The field "kty" value of "oct" identifies this as a symmetric key.
   The field "k" value is the symmetric key.

   For the content encryption algorithm "A256GCM", the field "k" value
   is exactly 32 octets in length when decoded, padded with leading zero
   (0x00) octets to reach the expected length.

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-4" href="#section-4">4</a>.  JSON Web Signature Examples</span>

   The following sections demonstrate how to generate various JWS
   objects.

   All of the signature examples use the following payload content (an
   abridged quote from "The Fellowship of the Ring" [<a href="#ref-LOTR-FELLOWSHIP">LOTR-FELLOWSHIP</a>]),
   serialized as UTF-8.  The payload is presented here as a series of
   quoted strings that are concatenated to produce the JWS Payload.  The
   sequence "\xe2\x80\x99" is substituted for (U+2019 RIGHT SINGLE
   QUOTATION MARK), and quotation marks (U+0022 QUOTATION MARK) are
   added for readability but are not present in the JWS Payload.

   "It\xe2\x80\x99s a dangerous business, Frodo, going out your "
   "door. You step onto the road, and if you don't keep your feet, "
   "there\xe2\x80\x99s no knowing where you might be swept off "
   "to."

                    Figure 7: Payload Content Plaintext








<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 11]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-12" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The payload -- with the sequence "\xe2\x80\x99" replaced with (U+2019
   RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK) and quotations marks (U+0022 QUOTATION
   MARK) are removed -- is encoded as UTF-8 and then as base64url
   [<a href="./rfc4648" title="&quot;The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings&quot;">RFC4648</a>]:

   SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywgZ29pbmcgb3V0IH
   lvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9hZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBk
   b24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXigJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcm
   UgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9mZiB0by4

               Figure 8: Payload Content, base64url-encoded

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.1" href="#section-4.1">4.1</a>.  RSA v1.5 Signature</span>

   This example illustrates signing content using the "RS256" (RSASSA-
   PKCS1-v1_5 with SHA-256) algorithm.

   Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in
   <a href="#section-1.1">Section 1.1</a>.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.1.1" href="#section-4.1.1">4.1.1</a>.  Input Factors</span>

   The following are supplied before beginning the signing operation:

   o  Payload content; this example uses the content from Figure 7,
      encoded using base64url [<a href="./rfc4648" title="&quot;The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings&quot;">RFC4648</a>] to produce Figure 8.

   o  RSA private key; this example uses the key from Figure 4.

   o  "alg" parameter of "RS256".

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.1.2" href="#section-4.1.2">4.1.2</a>.  Signing Operation</span>

   The following is generated to complete the signing operation:

   o  JWS Protected Header; this example uses the header from Figure 9,
      encoded using base64url [<a href="./rfc4648" title="&quot;The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings&quot;">RFC4648</a>] to produce Figure 10.

   {
     "alg": "RS256",
     "kid": "bilbo.baggins@hobbiton.example"
   }

                    Figure 9: JWS Protected Header JSON







<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 12]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-13" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6ImJpbGJvLmJhZ2dpbnNAaG9iYml0b24uZX
   hhbXBsZSJ9

            Figure 10: JWS Protected Header, base64url-encoded

   The JWS Protected Header (Figure 10) and JWS Payload (Figure 8) are
   combined as described in Section 5.1 of [<a href="#ref-JWS" title="&quot;JSON Web Signature (JWS)&quot;">JWS</a>] to produce the JWS
   Signing Input (Figure 11).

   eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6ImJpbGJvLmJhZ2dpbnNAaG9iYml0b24uZX
   hhbXBsZSJ9
   .
   SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywgZ29pbmcgb3V0IH
   lvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9hZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBk
   b24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXigJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcm
   UgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9mZiB0by4

                       Figure 11: JWS Signing Input

   Performing the signature operation over the JWS Signing Input
   (Figure 11) produces the JWS Signature (Figure 12).

   MRjdkly7_-oTPTS3AXP41iQIGKa80A0ZmTuV5MEaHoxnW2e5CZ5NlKtainoFmK
   ZopdHM1O2U4mwzJdQx996ivp83xuglII7PNDi84wnB-BDkoBwA78185hX-Es4J
   IwmDLJK3lfWRa-XtL0RnltuYv746iYTh_qHRD68BNt1uSNCrUCTJDt5aAE6x8w
   W1Kt9eRo4QPocSadnHXFxnt8Is9UzpERV0ePPQdLuW3IS_de3xyIrDaLGdjluP
   xUAhb6L2aXic1U12podGU0KLUQSE_oI-ZnmKJ3F4uOZDnd6QZWJushZ41Axf_f
   cIe8u9ipH84ogoree7vjbU5y18kDquDg

                Figure 12: JWS Signature, base64url-encoded

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.1.3" href="#section-4.1.3">4.1.3</a>.  Output Results</span>

   The following compose the resulting JWS object:

   o  JWS Protected Header (Figure 9)

   o  Payload content (Figure 8)

   o  Signature (Figure 12)











<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 13]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-14" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The resulting JWS object using the JWS Compact Serialization:

   eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6ImJpbGJvLmJhZ2dpbnNAaG9iYml0b24uZX
   hhbXBsZSJ9
   .
   SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywgZ29pbmcgb3V0IH
   lvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9hZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBk
   b24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXigJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcm
   UgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9mZiB0by4
   .
   MRjdkly7_-oTPTS3AXP41iQIGKa80A0ZmTuV5MEaHoxnW2e5CZ5NlKtainoFmK
   ZopdHM1O2U4mwzJdQx996ivp83xuglII7PNDi84wnB-BDkoBwA78185hX-Es4J
   IwmDLJK3lfWRa-XtL0RnltuYv746iYTh_qHRD68BNt1uSNCrUCTJDt5aAE6x8w
   W1Kt9eRo4QPocSadnHXFxnt8Is9UzpERV0ePPQdLuW3IS_de3xyIrDaLGdjluP
   xUAhb6L2aXic1U12podGU0KLUQSE_oI-ZnmKJ3F4uOZDnd6QZWJushZ41Axf_f
   cIe8u9ipH84ogoree7vjbU5y18kDquDg

                   Figure 13: JWS Compact Serialization

   The resulting JWS object using the general JWS JSON Serialization:

   {
     "payload": "SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywg
         Z29pbmcgb3V0IHlvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9h
         ZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBkb24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXi
         gJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcmUgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9m
         ZiB0by4",
     "signatures": [
       {
         "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6ImJpbGJvLmJhZ2
             dpbnNAaG9iYml0b24uZXhhbXBsZSJ9",
         "signature": "MRjdkly7_-oTPTS3AXP41iQIGKa80A0ZmTuV5MEaHo
             xnW2e5CZ5NlKtainoFmKZopdHM1O2U4mwzJdQx996ivp83xuglII
             7PNDi84wnB-BDkoBwA78185hX-Es4JIwmDLJK3lfWRa-XtL0Rnlt
             uYv746iYTh_qHRD68BNt1uSNCrUCTJDt5aAE6x8wW1Kt9eRo4QPo
             cSadnHXFxnt8Is9UzpERV0ePPQdLuW3IS_de3xyIrDaLGdjluPxU
             Ahb6L2aXic1U12podGU0KLUQSE_oI-ZnmKJ3F4uOZDnd6QZWJush
             Z41Axf_fcIe8u9ipH84ogoree7vjbU5y18kDquDg"
       }
     ]
   }

                 Figure 14: General JWS JSON Serialization








<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 14]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-15" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The resulting JWS object using the flattened JWS JSON Serialization:

   {
     "payload": "SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywg
         Z29pbmcgb3V0IHlvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9h
         ZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBkb24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXi
         gJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcmUgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9m
         ZiB0by4",
     "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6ImJpbGJvLmJhZ2dpbn
         NAaG9iYml0b24uZXhhbXBsZSJ9",
     "signature": "MRjdkly7_-oTPTS3AXP41iQIGKa80A0ZmTuV5MEaHoxnW2
         e5CZ5NlKtainoFmKZopdHM1O2U4mwzJdQx996ivp83xuglII7PNDi84w
         nB-BDkoBwA78185hX-Es4JIwmDLJK3lfWRa-XtL0RnltuYv746iYTh_q
         HRD68BNt1uSNCrUCTJDt5aAE6x8wW1Kt9eRo4QPocSadnHXFxnt8Is9U
         zpERV0ePPQdLuW3IS_de3xyIrDaLGdjluPxUAhb6L2aXic1U12podGU0
         KLUQSE_oI-ZnmKJ3F4uOZDnd6QZWJushZ41Axf_fcIe8u9ipH84ogore
         e7vjbU5y18kDquDg"
   }

                Figure 15: Flattened JWS JSON Serialization

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.2" href="#section-4.2">4.2</a>.  RSA-PSS Signature</span>

   This example illustrates signing content using the "PS384" (RSASSA-
   PSS with SHA-384) algorithm.

   Note that RSASSA-PSS uses random data to generate the signature; it
   might not be possible to exactly replicate the results in this
   section.

   Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in
   <a href="#section-1.1">Section 1.1</a>.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.2.1" href="#section-4.2.1">4.2.1</a>.  Input Factors</span>

   The following are supplied before beginning the signing operation:

   o  Payload content; this example uses the content from Figure 7,
      encoded using base64url [<a href="./rfc4648" title="&quot;The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings&quot;">RFC4648</a>] to produce Figure 8.

   o  RSA private key; this example uses the key from Figure 4.

   o  "alg" parameter of "PS384".








<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 15]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-16" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.2.2" href="#section-4.2.2">4.2.2</a>.  Signing Operation</span>

   The following is generated to complete the signing operation:

   o  JWS Protected Header; this example uses the header from Figure 16,
      encoded using base64url [<a href="./rfc4648" title="&quot;The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings&quot;">RFC4648</a>] to produce Figure 17.

   {
     "alg": "PS384",
     "kid": "bilbo.baggins@hobbiton.example"
   }

                   Figure 16: JWS Protected Header JSON

   eyJhbGciOiJQUzM4NCIsImtpZCI6ImJpbGJvLmJhZ2dpbnNAaG9iYml0b24uZX
   hhbXBsZSJ9

            Figure 17: JWS Protected Header, base64url-encoded

   The JWS Protected Header (Figure 17) and JWS Payload (Figure 8) are
   combined as described in [<a href="#ref-JWS" title="&quot;JSON Web Signature (JWS)&quot;">JWS</a>] to produce the JWS Signing Input
   (Figure 18).

   eyJhbGciOiJQUzM4NCIsImtpZCI6ImJpbGJvLmJhZ2dpbnNAaG9iYml0b24uZX
   hhbXBsZSJ9
   .
   SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywgZ29pbmcgb3V0IH
   lvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9hZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBk
   b24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXigJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcm
   UgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9mZiB0by4

                       Figure 18: JWS Signing Input

   Performing the signature operation over the JWS Signing Input
   (Figure 18) produces the JWS Signature (Figure 19).

   cu22eBqkYDKgIlTpzDXGvaFfz6WGoz7fUDcfT0kkOy42miAh2qyBzk1xEsnk2I
   pN6-tPid6VrklHkqsGqDqHCdP6O8TTB5dDDItllVo6_1OLPpcbUrhiUSMxbbXU
   vdvWXzg-UD8biiReQFlfz28zGWVsdiNAUf8ZnyPEgVFn442ZdNqiVJRmBqrYRX
   e8P_ijQ7p8Vdz0TTrxUeT3lm8d9shnr2lfJT8ImUjvAA2Xez2Mlp8cBE5awDzT
   0qI0n6uiP1aCN_2_jLAeQTlqRHtfa64QQSUmFAAjVKPbByi7xho0uTOcbH510a
   6GYmJUAfmWjwZ6oD4ifKo8DYM-X72Eaw

                Figure 19: JWS Signature, base64url-encoded







<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 16]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-17" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.2.3" href="#section-4.2.3">4.2.3</a>.  Output Results</span>

   The following compose the resulting JWS object:

   o  JWS Protected Header (Figure 17)

   o  Payload content (Figure 8)

   o  Signature (Figure 19)

   The resulting JWS object using the JWS Compact Serialization:

   eyJhbGciOiJQUzM4NCIsImtpZCI6ImJpbGJvLmJhZ2dpbnNAaG9iYml0b24uZX
   hhbXBsZSJ9
   .
   SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywgZ29pbmcgb3V0IH
   lvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9hZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBk
   b24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXigJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcm
   UgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9mZiB0by4
   .
   cu22eBqkYDKgIlTpzDXGvaFfz6WGoz7fUDcfT0kkOy42miAh2qyBzk1xEsnk2I
   pN6-tPid6VrklHkqsGqDqHCdP6O8TTB5dDDItllVo6_1OLPpcbUrhiUSMxbbXU
   vdvWXzg-UD8biiReQFlfz28zGWVsdiNAUf8ZnyPEgVFn442ZdNqiVJRmBqrYRX
   e8P_ijQ7p8Vdz0TTrxUeT3lm8d9shnr2lfJT8ImUjvAA2Xez2Mlp8cBE5awDzT
   0qI0n6uiP1aCN_2_jLAeQTlqRHtfa64QQSUmFAAjVKPbByi7xho0uTOcbH510a
   6GYmJUAfmWjwZ6oD4ifKo8DYM-X72Eaw

                   Figure 20: JWS Compact Serialization























<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 17]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-18" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The resulting JWS object using the general JWS JSON Serialization:

   {
     "payload": "SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywg
         Z29pbmcgb3V0IHlvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9h
         ZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBkb24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXi
         gJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcmUgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9m
         ZiB0by4",
     "signatures": [
       {
         "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJQUzM4NCIsImtpZCI6ImJpbGJvLmJhZ2
             dpbnNAaG9iYml0b24uZXhhbXBsZSJ9",
         "signature": "cu22eBqkYDKgIlTpzDXGvaFfz6WGoz7fUDcfT0kkOy
             42miAh2qyBzk1xEsnk2IpN6-tPid6VrklHkqsGqDqHCdP6O8TTB5
             dDDItllVo6_1OLPpcbUrhiUSMxbbXUvdvWXzg-UD8biiReQFlfz2
             8zGWVsdiNAUf8ZnyPEgVFn442ZdNqiVJRmBqrYRXe8P_ijQ7p8Vd
             z0TTrxUeT3lm8d9shnr2lfJT8ImUjvAA2Xez2Mlp8cBE5awDzT0q
             I0n6uiP1aCN_2_jLAeQTlqRHtfa64QQSUmFAAjVKPbByi7xho0uT
             OcbH510a6GYmJUAfmWjwZ6oD4ifKo8DYM-X72Eaw"
       }
     ]
   }

                 Figure 21: General JWS JSON Serialization

   The resulting JWS object using the flattened JWS JSON Serialization:

   {
     "payload": "SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywg
         Z29pbmcgb3V0IHlvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9h
         ZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBkb24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXi
         gJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcmUgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9m
         ZiB0by4",
     "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJQUzM4NCIsImtpZCI6ImJpbGJvLmJhZ2dpbn
         NAaG9iYml0b24uZXhhbXBsZSJ9",
     "signature": "cu22eBqkYDKgIlTpzDXGvaFfz6WGoz7fUDcfT0kkOy42mi
         Ah2qyBzk1xEsnk2IpN6-tPid6VrklHkqsGqDqHCdP6O8TTB5dDDItllV
         o6_1OLPpcbUrhiUSMxbbXUvdvWXzg-UD8biiReQFlfz28zGWVsdiNAUf
         8ZnyPEgVFn442ZdNqiVJRmBqrYRXe8P_ijQ7p8Vdz0TTrxUeT3lm8d9s
         hnr2lfJT8ImUjvAA2Xez2Mlp8cBE5awDzT0qI0n6uiP1aCN_2_jLAeQT
         lqRHtfa64QQSUmFAAjVKPbByi7xho0uTOcbH510a6GYmJUAfmWjwZ6oD
         4ifKo8DYM-X72Eaw"
   }

                Figure 22: Flattened JWS JSON Serialization






<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 18]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-19" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.3" href="#section-4.3">4.3</a>.  ECDSA Signature</span>

   This example illustrates signing content using the "ES512" (Elliptic
   Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) with curve P-521 and SHA-
   512) algorithm.

   Note that ECDSA uses random data to generate the signature; it might
   not be possible to exactly replicate the results in this section.

   Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in
   <a href="#section-1.1">Section 1.1</a>.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.3.1" href="#section-4.3.1">4.3.1</a>.  Input Factors</span>

   The following are supplied before beginning the signing operation:

   o  Payload content; this example uses the content from Figure 7,
      encoded using base64url [<a href="./rfc4648" title="&quot;The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings&quot;">RFC4648</a>] to produce Figure 8.

   o  EC private key on the curve P-521; this example uses the key from
      Figure 2.

   o  "alg" parameter of "ES512".

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.3.2" href="#section-4.3.2">4.3.2</a>.  Signing Operation</span>

   The following is generated before beginning the signature process:

   o  JWS Protected Header; this example uses the header from Figure 23,
      encoded using base64url [<a href="./rfc4648" title="&quot;The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings&quot;">RFC4648</a>] to produce Figure 24.

   {
     "alg": "ES512",
     "kid": "bilbo.baggins@hobbiton.example"
   }

                   Figure 23: JWS Protected Header JSON

   eyJhbGciOiJFUzUxMiIsImtpZCI6ImJpbGJvLmJhZ2dpbnNAaG9iYml0b24uZX
   hhbXBsZSJ9

            Figure 24: JWS Protected Header, base64url-encoded









<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 19]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-20" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The JWS Protected Header (Figure 24) and JWS Payload (Figure 8) are
   combined as described in [<a href="#ref-JWS" title="&quot;JSON Web Signature (JWS)&quot;">JWS</a>] to produce the JWS Signing Input
   (Figure 25).

   eyJhbGciOiJFUzUxMiIsImtpZCI6ImJpbGJvLmJhZ2dpbnNAaG9iYml0b24uZX
   hhbXBsZSJ9
   .
   SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywgZ29pbmcgb3V0IH
   lvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9hZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBk
   b24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXigJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcm
   UgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9mZiB0by4

                       Figure 25: JWS Signing Input

   Performing the signature operation over the JWS Signing Input
   (Figure 25) produces the JWS Signature (Figure 26).

   AE_R_YZCChjn4791jSQCrdPZCNYqHXCTZH0-JZGYNlaAjP2kqaluUIIUnC9qvb
   u9Plon7KRTzoNEuT4Va2cmL1eJAQy3mtPBu_u_sDDyYjnAMDxXPn7XrT0lw-kv
   AD890jl8e2puQens_IEKBpHABlsbEPX6sFY8OcGDqoRuBomu9xQ2

                Figure 26: JWS Signature, base64url-encoded

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.3.3" href="#section-4.3.3">4.3.3</a>.  Output Results</span>

   The following compose the resulting JWS object:

   o  JWS Protected Header (Figure 24)

   o  Payload content (Figure 8)

   o  Signature (Figure 26)

   The resulting JWS object using the JWS Compact Serialization:

   eyJhbGciOiJFUzUxMiIsImtpZCI6ImJpbGJvLmJhZ2dpbnNAaG9iYml0b24uZX
   hhbXBsZSJ9
   .
   SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywgZ29pbmcgb3V0IH
   lvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9hZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBk
   b24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXigJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcm
   UgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9mZiB0by4
   .
   AE_R_YZCChjn4791jSQCrdPZCNYqHXCTZH0-JZGYNlaAjP2kqaluUIIUnC9qvb
   u9Plon7KRTzoNEuT4Va2cmL1eJAQy3mtPBu_u_sDDyYjnAMDxXPn7XrT0lw-kv
   AD890jl8e2puQens_IEKBpHABlsbEPX6sFY8OcGDqoRuBomu9xQ2

                   Figure 27: JWS Compact Serialization



<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 20]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-21" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The resulting JWS object using the general JWS JSON Serialization:

   {
     "payload": "SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywg
         Z29pbmcgb3V0IHlvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9h
         ZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBkb24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXi
         gJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcmUgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9m
         ZiB0by4",
     "signatures": [
       {
         "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJFUzUxMiIsImtpZCI6ImJpbGJvLmJhZ2
             dpbnNAaG9iYml0b24uZXhhbXBsZSJ9",
         "signature": "AE_R_YZCChjn4791jSQCrdPZCNYqHXCTZH0-JZGYNl
             aAjP2kqaluUIIUnC9qvbu9Plon7KRTzoNEuT4Va2cmL1eJAQy3mt
             PBu_u_sDDyYjnAMDxXPn7XrT0lw-kvAD890jl8e2puQens_IEKBp
             HABlsbEPX6sFY8OcGDqoRuBomu9xQ2"
       }
     ]
   }

                 Figure 28: General JWS JSON Serialization

   The resulting JWS object using the flattened JWS JSON Serialization:

   {
     "payload": "SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywg
         Z29pbmcgb3V0IHlvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9h
         ZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBkb24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXi
         gJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcmUgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9m
         ZiB0by4",
     "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJFUzUxMiIsImtpZCI6ImJpbGJvLmJhZ2dpbn
         NAaG9iYml0b24uZXhhbXBsZSJ9",
     "signature": "AE_R_YZCChjn4791jSQCrdPZCNYqHXCTZH0-JZGYNlaAjP
         2kqaluUIIUnC9qvbu9Plon7KRTzoNEuT4Va2cmL1eJAQy3mtPBu_u_sD
         DyYjnAMDxXPn7XrT0lw-kvAD890jl8e2puQens_IEKBpHABlsbEPX6sF
         Y8OcGDqoRuBomu9xQ2"
   }

                Figure 29: Flattened JWS JSON Serialization

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.4" href="#section-4.4">4.4</a>.  HMAC-SHA2 Integrity Protection</span>

   This example illustrates integrity protecting content using the
   "HS256" (HMAC-SHA-256) algorithm.

   Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in
   <a href="#section-1.1">Section 1.1</a>.




<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 21]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-22" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.4.1" href="#section-4.4.1">4.4.1</a>.  Input Factors</span>

   The following are supplied before beginning the signing operation:

   o  Payload content; this example uses the content from Figure 7,
      encoded using base64url [<a href="./rfc4648" title="&quot;The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings&quot;">RFC4648</a>] to produce Figure 8.

   o  HMAC symmetric key; this example uses the key from Figure 5.

   o  "alg" parameter of "HS256".

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.4.2" href="#section-4.4.2">4.4.2</a>.  Signing Operation</span>

   The following is generated before completing the signing operation:

   o  JWS Protected Header; this example uses the header from Figure 30,
      encoded using base64url [<a href="./rfc4648" title="&quot;The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings&quot;">RFC4648</a>] to produce Figure 31.

   {
     "alg": "HS256",
     "kid": "018c0ae5-4d9b-471b-bfd6-eef314bc7037"
   }

                   Figure 30: JWS Protected Header JSON

   eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjAxOGMwYWU1LTRkOWItNDcxYi1iZmQ2LW
   VlZjMxNGJjNzAzNyJ9

            Figure 31: JWS Protected Header, base64url-encoded

   The JWS Protected Header (Figure 31) and JWS Payload (Figure 8) are
   combined as described in [<a href="#ref-JWS" title="&quot;JSON Web Signature (JWS)&quot;">JWS</a>] to produce the JWS Signing Input
   (Figure 32).

   eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjAxOGMwYWU1LTRkOWItNDcxYi1iZmQ2LW
   VlZjMxNGJjNzAzNyJ9
   .
   SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywgZ29pbmcgb3V0IH
   lvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9hZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBk
   b24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXigJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcm
   UgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9mZiB0by4

                       Figure 32: JWS Signing Input








<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 22]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-23" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   Performing the signature operation over the JWS Signing Input
   (Figure 32) produces the JWS Signature (Figure 33).

   s0h6KThzkfBBBkLspW1h84VsJZFTsPPqMDA7g1Md7p0

                Figure 33: JWS Signature, base64url-encoded

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.4.3" href="#section-4.4.3">4.4.3</a>.  Output Results</span>

   The following compose the resulting JWS object:

   o  JWS Protected Header (Figure 31)

   o  Payload content (Figure 8)

   o  Signature (Figure 33)

   The resulting JWS object using the JWS Compact Serialization:

   eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjAxOGMwYWU1LTRkOWItNDcxYi1iZmQ2LW
   VlZjMxNGJjNzAzNyJ9
   .
   SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywgZ29pbmcgb3V0IH
   lvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9hZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBk
   b24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXigJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcm
   UgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9mZiB0by4
   .
   s0h6KThzkfBBBkLspW1h84VsJZFTsPPqMDA7g1Md7p0

                   Figure 34: JWS Compact Serialization





















<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 23]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-24" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The resulting JWS object using the general JWS JSON Serialization:

   {
     "payload": "SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywg
         Z29pbmcgb3V0IHlvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9h
         ZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBkb24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXi
         gJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcmUgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9m
         ZiB0by4",
     "signatures": [
       {
         "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjAxOGMwYWU1LT
             RkOWItNDcxYi1iZmQ2LWVlZjMxNGJjNzAzNyJ9",
         "signature": "s0h6KThzkfBBBkLspW1h84VsJZFTsPPqMDA7g1Md7p
             0"
       }
     ]
   }

                 Figure 35: General JWS JSON Serialization

   The resulting JWS object using the flattened JWS JSON Serialization:

   {
     "payload": "SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywg
         Z29pbmcgb3V0IHlvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9h
         ZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBkb24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXi
         gJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcmUgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9m
         ZiB0by4",
     "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjAxOGMwYWU1LTRkOW
         ItNDcxYi1iZmQ2LWVlZjMxNGJjNzAzNyJ9",
     "signature": "s0h6KThzkfBBBkLspW1h84VsJZFTsPPqMDA7g1Md7p0"
   }

                Figure 36: Flattened JWS JSON Serialization

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.5" href="#section-4.5">4.5</a>.  Signature with Detached Content</span>

   This example illustrates a signature with detached content.  This
   example is identical to other examples in <a href="#section-4">Section 4</a>, except the
   resulting JWS objects do not include the JWS Payload field.  Instead,
   the application is expected to locate it elsewhere.  For example, the
   signature might be in a metadata section, with the payload being the
   content.

   Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in
   <a href="#section-1.1">Section 1.1</a>.





<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 24]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-25" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.5.1" href="#section-4.5.1">4.5.1</a>.  Input Factors</span>

   The following are supplied before beginning the signing operation:

   o  Payload content; this example uses the content from Figure 7,
      encoded using base64url [<a href="./rfc4648" title="&quot;The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings&quot;">RFC4648</a>] to produce Figure 8.

   o  Signing key; this example uses the AES symmetric key from
      Figure 5.

   o  Signing algorithm; this example uses "HS256".

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.5.2" href="#section-4.5.2">4.5.2</a>.  Signing Operation</span>

   The following is generated before completing the signing operation:

   o  JWS Protected Header; this example uses the header from Figure 37,
      encoded using base64url [<a href="./rfc4648" title="&quot;The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings&quot;">RFC4648</a>] to produce Figure 38.

   {
     "alg": "HS256",
     "kid": "018c0ae5-4d9b-471b-bfd6-eef314bc7037"
   }

                   Figure 37: JWS Protected Header JSON

   eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjAxOGMwYWU1LTRkOWItNDcxYi1iZmQ2LW
   VlZjMxNGJjNzAzNyJ9

            Figure 38: JWS Protected Header, base64url-encoded

   The JWS Protected Header (Figure 38) and JWS Payload (Figure 8) are
   combined as described in [<a href="#ref-JWS" title="&quot;JSON Web Signature (JWS)&quot;">JWS</a>] to produce the JWS Signing Input
   (Figure 39).

   eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjAxOGMwYWU1LTRkOWItNDcxYi1iZmQ2LW
   VlZjMxNGJjNzAzNyJ9
   .
   SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywgZ29pbmcgb3V0IH
   lvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9hZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBk
   b24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXigJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcm
   UgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9mZiB0by4

                       Figure 39: JWS Signing Input







<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 25]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-26" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   Performing the signature operation over the JWS Signing Input
   (Figure 39) produces the JWS Signature (Figure 40).

   s0h6KThzkfBBBkLspW1h84VsJZFTsPPqMDA7g1Md7p0

                Figure 40: JWS Signature, base64url-encoded

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.5.3" href="#section-4.5.3">4.5.3</a>.  Output Results</span>

   The following compose the resulting JWS object:

   o  JWS Protected Header (Figure 38)

   o  Signature (Figure 40)

   The resulting JWS object using the JWS Compact Serialization:

   eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjAxOGMwYWU1LTRkOWItNDcxYi1iZmQ2LW
   VlZjMxNGJjNzAzNyJ9
   .
   .
   s0h6KThzkfBBBkLspW1h84VsJZFTsPPqMDA7g1Md7p0

                 Figure 41: General JWS JSON Serialization

   The resulting JWS object using the general JWS JSON Serialization:

   {
     "signatures": [
       {
         "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjAxOGMwYWU1LT
             RkOWItNDcxYi1iZmQ2LWVlZjMxNGJjNzAzNyJ9",
         "signature": "s0h6KThzkfBBBkLspW1h84VsJZFTsPPqMDA7g1Md7p
             0"
       }
     ]
   }

                 Figure 42: General JWS JSON Serialization












<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 26]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-27" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The resulting JWS object using the flattened JWS JSON Serialization:

   {
     "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjAxOGMwYWU1LTRkOW
         ItNDcxYi1iZmQ2LWVlZjMxNGJjNzAzNyJ9",
     "signature": "s0h6KThzkfBBBkLspW1h84VsJZFTsPPqMDA7g1Md7p0"
   }

                Figure 43: Flattened JWS JSON Serialization

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.6" href="#section-4.6">4.6</a>.  Protecting Specific Header Fields</span>

   This example illustrates a signature where only certain Header
   Parameters are protected.  Since this example contains both
   unprotected and protected Header Parameters, only the general JWS
   JSON Serialization and flattened JWS JSON Serialization are possible.

   Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in
   <a href="#section-1.1">Section 1.1</a>.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.6.1" href="#section-4.6.1">4.6.1</a>.  Input Factors</span>

   The following are supplied before beginning the signing operation:

   o  Payload content; this example uses the content from Figure 7,
      encoded using base64url [<a href="./rfc4648" title="&quot;The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings&quot;">RFC4648</a>] to produce Figure 8.

   o  Signing key; this example uses the AES symmetric key from
      Figure 5.

   o  Signing algorithm; this example uses "HS256".

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.6.2" href="#section-4.6.2">4.6.2</a>.  Signing Operation</span>

   The following are generated before completing the signing operation:

   o  JWS Protected Header; this example uses the header from Figure 44,
      encoded using base64url [<a href="./rfc4648" title="&quot;The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings&quot;">RFC4648</a>] to produce Figure 45.

   o  JWS Unprotected Header; this example uses the header from
      Figure 46.

   {
     "alg": "HS256"
   }

                   Figure 44: JWS Protected Header JSON




<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 27]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-28" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9

            Figure 45: JWS Protected Header, base64url-encoded

   {
     "kid": "018c0ae5-4d9b-471b-bfd6-eef314bc7037"
   }

                  Figure 46: JWS Unprotected Header JSON

   The JWS Protected Header (Figure 45) and JWS Payload (Figure 8) are
   combined as described in [<a href="#ref-JWS" title="&quot;JSON Web Signature (JWS)&quot;">JWS</a>] to produce the JWS Signing Input
   (Figure 47).

   eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9
   .
   SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywgZ29pbmcgb3V0IH
   lvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9hZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBk
   b24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXigJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcm
   UgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9mZiB0by4

                       Figure 47: JWS Signing Input

   Performing the signature operation over the JWS Signing Input
   (Figure 47) produces the JWS Signature (Figure 48).

   bWUSVaxorn7bEF1djytBd0kHv70Ly5pvbomzMWSOr20

                Figure 48: JWS Signature, base64url-encoded

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.6.3" href="#section-4.6.3">4.6.3</a>.  Output Results</span>

   The following compose the resulting JWS object:

   o  JWS Protected Header (Figure 45)

   o  JWS Unprotected Header (Figure 46)

   o  Payload content (Figure 8)

   o  Signature (Figure 48)

   The JWS Compact Serialization is not presented because it does not
   support this use case.







<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 28]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-29" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The resulting JWS object using the general JWS JSON Serialization:

   {
     "payload": "SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywg
         Z29pbmcgb3V0IHlvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9h
         ZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBkb24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXi
         gJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcmUgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9m
         ZiB0by4",
     "signatures": [
       {
         "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9",
         "header": {
           "kid": "018c0ae5-4d9b-471b-bfd6-eef314bc7037"
         },
         "signature": "bWUSVaxorn7bEF1djytBd0kHv70Ly5pvbomzMWSOr2
             0"
       }
     ]
   }

                 Figure 49: General JWS JSON Serialization

   The resulting JWS object using the flattened JWS JSON Serialization:

   {
     "payload": "SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywg
         Z29pbmcgb3V0IHlvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9h
         ZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBkb24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXi
         gJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcmUgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9m
         ZiB0by4",
     "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9",
     "header": {
       "kid": "018c0ae5-4d9b-471b-bfd6-eef314bc7037"
     },
     "signature": "bWUSVaxorn7bEF1djytBd0kHv70Ly5pvbomzMWSOr20"
   }

                Figure 50: Flattened JWS JSON Serialization

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.7" href="#section-4.7">4.7</a>.  Protecting Content Only</span>

   This example illustrates a signature where none of the Header
   Parameters are protected.  Since this example contains only
   unprotected Header Parameters, only the general JWS JSON
   Serialization and flattened JWS JSON Serialization are possible.

   Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in
   <a href="#section-1.1">Section 1.1</a>.



<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 29]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-30" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.7.1" href="#section-4.7.1">4.7.1</a>.  Input Factors</span>

   The following are supplied before beginning the signing operation:

   o  Payload content; this example uses the content from Figure 7,
      encoded using base64url [<a href="./rfc4648" title="&quot;The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings&quot;">RFC4648</a>] to produce Figure 8.

   o  Signing key; this example uses the AES symmetric key from
      Figure 5.

   o  Signing algorithm; this example uses "HS256".

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.7.2" href="#section-4.7.2">4.7.2</a>.  Signing Operation</span>

   The following is generated before completing the signing operation:

   o  JWS Unprotected Header; this example uses the header from
      Figure 51.

   {
     "alg": "HS256",
     "kid": "018c0ae5-4d9b-471b-bfd6-eef314bc7037"
   }

                  Figure 51: JWS Unprotected Header JSON

   The empty string (as there is no JWS Protected Header) and JWS
   Payload (Figure 8) are combined as described in [<a href="#ref-JWS" title="&quot;JSON Web Signature (JWS)&quot;">JWS</a>] to produce the
   JWS Signing Input (Figure 52).

   .
   SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywgZ29pbmcgb3V0IH
   lvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9hZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBk
   b24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXigJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcm
   UgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9mZiB0by4

                       Figure 52: JWS Signing Input

   Performing the signature operation over the JWS Signing Input
   (Figure 52) produces the JWS Signature (Figure 53).

   xuLifqLGiblpv9zBpuZczWhNj1gARaLV3UxvxhJxZuk

                Figure 53: JWS Signature, base64url-encoded







<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 30]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-31" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.7.3" href="#section-4.7.3">4.7.3</a>.  Output Results</span>

   The following compose the resulting JWS object:

   o  JWS Unprotected Header (Figure 51)

   o  Payload content (Figure 8)

   o  Signature (Figure 53)

   The JWS Compact Serialization is not presented because it does not
   support this use case.

   The resulting JWS object using the general JWS JSON Serialization:

   {
     "payload": "SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywg
         Z29pbmcgb3V0IHlvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9h
         ZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBkb24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXi
         gJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcmUgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9m
         ZiB0by4",
     "signatures": [
       {
         "header": {
           "alg": "HS256",
           "kid": "018c0ae5-4d9b-471b-bfd6-eef314bc7037"
         },
         "signature": "xuLifqLGiblpv9zBpuZczWhNj1gARaLV3UxvxhJxZu
             k"
       }
     ]
   }

                 Figure 54: General JWS JSON Serialization

















<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 31]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-32" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The resulting JWS object using the flattened JWS JSON Serialization:

   {
     "payload": "SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywg
         Z29pbmcgb3V0IHlvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9h
         ZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBkb24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXi
         gJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcmUgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9m
         ZiB0by4",
     "header": {
       "alg": "HS256",
       "kid": "018c0ae5-4d9b-471b-bfd6-eef314bc7037"
     },
     "signature": "xuLifqLGiblpv9zBpuZczWhNj1gARaLV3UxvxhJxZuk"
   }

                Figure 55: Flattened JWS JSON Serialization

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.8" href="#section-4.8">4.8</a>.  Multiple Signatures</span>

   This example illustrates multiple signatures applied to the same
   payload.  Since this example contains more than one signature, only
   the JSON General Serialization is possible.

   Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in
   <a href="#section-1.1">Section 1.1</a>.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.8.1" href="#section-4.8.1">4.8.1</a>.  Input Factors</span>

   The following are supplied before beginning the signing operation:

   o  Payload content; this example uses the content from Figure 7,
      encoded using base64url [<a href="./rfc4648" title="&quot;The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings&quot;">RFC4648</a>] to produce Figure 8.

   o  Signing keys; this example uses the following:

      *  RSA private key from Figure 4 for the first signature

      *  EC private key from Figure 2 for the second signature

      *  AES symmetric key from Figure 5 for the third signature

   o  Signing algorithms; this example uses the following:

      *  "RS256" for the first signature

      *  "ES512" for the second signature

      *  "HS256" for the third signature



<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 32]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-33" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.8.2" href="#section-4.8.2">4.8.2</a>.  First Signing Operation</span>

   The following are generated before completing the first signing
   operation:

   o  JWS Protected Header; this example uses the header from Figure 56,
      encoded using base64url [<a href="./rfc4648" title="&quot;The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings&quot;">RFC4648</a>] to produce Figure 57.

   o  JWS Unprotected Header; this example uses the header from
      Figure 58.

   {
     "alg": "RS256"
   }

             Figure 56: Signature #1 JWS Protected Header JSON

   eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9

      Figure 57: Signature #1 JWS Protected Header, base64url-encoded

   {
     "kid": "bilbo.baggins@hobbiton.example"
   }

            Figure 58: Signature #1 JWS Unprotected Header JSON

   The JWS Protected Header (Figure 57) and JWS Payload (Figure 8) are
   combined as described in [<a href="#ref-JWS" title="&quot;JSON Web Signature (JWS)&quot;">JWS</a>] to produce the JWS Signing Input
   (Figure 59).

   eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9
   .
   SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywgZ29pbmcgb3V0IH
   lvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9hZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBk
   b24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXigJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcm
   UgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9mZiB0by4

                       Figure 59: JWS Signing Input












<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 33]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-34" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   Performing the signature operation over the JWS Signing Input
   (Figure 59) produces the JWS Signature (Figure 60).

   MIsjqtVlOpa71KE-Mss8_Nq2YH4FGhiocsqrgi5NvyG53uoimic1tcMdSg-qpt
   rzZc7CG6Svw2Y13TDIqHzTUrL_lR2ZFcryNFiHkSw129EghGpwkpxaTn_THJTC
   glNbADko1MZBCdwzJxwqZc-1RlpO2HibUYyXSwO97BSe0_evZKdjvvKSgsIqjy
   tKSeAMbhMBdMma622_BG5t4sdbuCHtFjp9iJmkio47AIwqkZV1aIZsv33uPUqB
   BCXbYoQJwt7mxPftHmNlGoOSMxR_3thmXTCm4US-xiNOyhbm8afKK64jU6_TPt
   QHiJeQJxz9G3Tx-083B745_AfYOnlC9w

              Figure 60: JWS Signature #1, base64url-encoded

   The following is the assembled first signature serialized as JSON:

   {
     "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9",
     "header": {
       "kid": "bilbo.baggins@hobbiton.example"
     },
     "signature": "MIsjqtVlOpa71KE-Mss8_Nq2YH4FGhiocsqrgi5NvyG53u
         oimic1tcMdSg-qptrzZc7CG6Svw2Y13TDIqHzTUrL_lR2ZFcryNFiHkS
         w129EghGpwkpxaTn_THJTCglNbADko1MZBCdwzJxwqZc-1RlpO2HibUY
         yXSwO97BSe0_evZKdjvvKSgsIqjytKSeAMbhMBdMma622_BG5t4sdbuC
         HtFjp9iJmkio47AIwqkZV1aIZsv33uPUqBBCXbYoQJwt7mxPftHmNlGo
         OSMxR_3thmXTCm4US-xiNOyhbm8afKK64jU6_TPtQHiJeQJxz9G3Tx-0
         83B745_AfYOnlC9w"
   }

                       Figure 61: Signature #1 JSON

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.8.3" href="#section-4.8.3">4.8.3</a>.  Second Signing Operation</span>

   The following is generated before completing the second signing
   operation:

   o  JWS Unprotected Header; this example uses the header from
      Figure 62.

   {
     "alg": "ES512",
     "kid": "bilbo.baggins@hobbiton.example"
   }

            Figure 62: Signature #2 JWS Unprotected Header JSON







<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 34]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-35" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The empty string (as there is no JWS Protected Header) and JWS
   Payload (Figure 8) are combined as described in [<a href="#ref-JWS" title="&quot;JSON Web Signature (JWS)&quot;">JWS</a>] to produce the
   JWS Signing Input (Figure 63).

   .
   SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywgZ29pbmcgb3V0IH
   lvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9hZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBk
   b24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXigJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcm
   UgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9mZiB0by4

                       Figure 63: JWS Signing Input

   Performing the signature operation over the JWS Signing Input
   (Figure 63) produces the JWS Signature (Figure 64).

   ARcVLnaJJaUWG8fG-8t5BREVAuTY8n8YHjwDO1muhcdCoFZFFjfISu0Cdkn9Yb
   dlmi54ho0x924DUz8sK7ZXkhc7AFM8ObLfTvNCrqcI3Jkl2U5IX3utNhODH6v7
   xgy1Qahsn0fyb4zSAkje8bAWz4vIfj5pCMYxxm4fgV3q7ZYhm5eD

              Figure 64: JWS Signature #2, base64url-encoded

   The following is the assembled second signature serialized as JSON:

   {
     "header": {
       "alg": "ES512",
       "kid": "bilbo.baggins@hobbiton.example"
     },
     "signature": "ARcVLnaJJaUWG8fG-8t5BREVAuTY8n8YHjwDO1muhcdCoF
         ZFFjfISu0Cdkn9Ybdlmi54ho0x924DUz8sK7ZXkhc7AFM8ObLfTvNCrq
         cI3Jkl2U5IX3utNhODH6v7xgy1Qahsn0fyb4zSAkje8bAWz4vIfj5pCM
         Yxxm4fgV3q7ZYhm5eD"
   }

                       Figure 65: Signature #2 JSON
















<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 35]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-36" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.8.4" href="#section-4.8.4">4.8.4</a>.  Third Signing Operation</span>

   The following is generated before completing the third signing
   operation:

   o  JWS Protected Header; this example uses the header from Figure 66,
      encoded using base64url [<a href="./rfc4648" title="&quot;The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings&quot;">RFC4648</a>] to produce Figure 67.

   {
     "alg": "HS256",
     "kid": "018c0ae5-4d9b-471b-bfd6-eef314bc7037"
   }

             Figure 66: Signature #3 JWS Protected Header JSON

   eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjAxOGMwYWU1LTRkOWItNDcxYi1iZmQ2LW
   VlZjMxNGJjNzAzNyJ9

      Figure 67: Signature #3 JWS Protected Header, base64url-encoded

   The JWS Protected Header (Figure 67) and JWS Payload (Figure 8) are
   combined as described in [<a href="#ref-JWS" title="&quot;JSON Web Signature (JWS)&quot;">JWS</a>] to produce the JWS Signing Input
   (Figure 68).

   eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjAxOGMwYWU1LTRkOWItNDcxYi1iZmQ2LW
   VlZjMxNGJjNzAzNyJ9
   .
   SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywgZ29pbmcgb3V0IH
   lvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9hZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBk
   b24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXigJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcm
   UgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9mZiB0by4

                       Figure 68: JWS Signing Input

   Performing the signature operation over the JWS Signing Input
   (Figure 68) produces the JWS Signature (Figure 69).

   s0h6KThzkfBBBkLspW1h84VsJZFTsPPqMDA7g1Md7p0

              Figure 69: JWS Signature #3, base64url-encoded











<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 36]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-37" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The following is the assembled third signature serialized as JSON:

   {
     "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjAxOGMwYWU1LTRkOW
         ItNDcxYi1iZmQ2LWVlZjMxNGJjNzAzNyJ9",
     "signature": "s0h6KThzkfBBBkLspW1h84VsJZFTsPPqMDA7g1Md7p0"
   }

                       Figure 70: Signature #3 JSON

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.8.5" href="#section-4.8.5">4.8.5</a>.  Output Results</span>

   The following compose the resulting JWS object:

   o  Payload content (Figure 8)

   o  Signature #1 JSON (Figure 61)

   o  Signature #2 JSON (Figure 65)

   o  Signature #3 JSON (Figure 70)

   The JWS Compact Serialization is not presented because it does not
   support this use case; the flattened JWS JSON Serialization is not
   presented because there is more than one signature.


























<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 37]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-38" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The resulting JWS object using the general JWS JSON Serialization:

   {
     "payload": "SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywg
         Z29pbmcgb3V0IHlvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9h
         ZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBkb24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXi
         gJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcmUgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9m
         ZiB0by4",
     "signatures": [
       {
         "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9",
         "header": {
           "kid": "bilbo.baggins@hobbiton.example"
         },
         "signature": "MIsjqtVlOpa71KE-Mss8_Nq2YH4FGhiocsqrgi5Nvy
             G53uoimic1tcMdSg-qptrzZc7CG6Svw2Y13TDIqHzTUrL_lR2ZFc
             ryNFiHkSw129EghGpwkpxaTn_THJTCglNbADko1MZBCdwzJxwqZc
             -1RlpO2HibUYyXSwO97BSe0_evZKdjvvKSgsIqjytKSeAMbhMBdM
             ma622_BG5t4sdbuCHtFjp9iJmkio47AIwqkZV1aIZsv33uPUqBBC
             XbYoQJwt7mxPftHmNlGoOSMxR_3thmXTCm4US-xiNOyhbm8afKK6
             4jU6_TPtQHiJeQJxz9G3Tx-083B745_AfYOnlC9w"
       },
       {
         "header": {
           "alg": "ES512",
           "kid": "bilbo.baggins@hobbiton.example"
         },
         "signature": "ARcVLnaJJaUWG8fG-8t5BREVAuTY8n8YHjwDO1muhc
             dCoFZFFjfISu0Cdkn9Ybdlmi54ho0x924DUz8sK7ZXkhc7AFM8Ob
             LfTvNCrqcI3Jkl2U5IX3utNhODH6v7xgy1Qahsn0fyb4zSAkje8b
             AWz4vIfj5pCMYxxm4fgV3q7ZYhm5eD"
       },
       {
         "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjAxOGMwYWU1LT
             RkOWItNDcxYi1iZmQ2LWVlZjMxNGJjNzAzNyJ9",
         "signature": "s0h6KThzkfBBBkLspW1h84VsJZFTsPPqMDA7g1Md7p
             0"
       }
     ]
   }

                 Figure 71: General JWS JSON Serialization









<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 38]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-39" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-5" href="#section-5">5</a>.  JSON Web Encryption Examples</span>

   The following sections demonstrate how to generate various JWE
   objects.

   All of the encryption examples (unless otherwise noted) use the
   following Plaintext content (an abridged quote from "The Fellowship
   of the Ring" [<a href="#ref-LOTR-FELLOWSHIP">LOTR-FELLOWSHIP</a>]), serialized as UTF-8.  The Plaintext
   is presented here as a series of quoted strings that are concatenated
   to produce the JWE Plaintext.  The sequence "\xe2\x80\x93" is
   substituted for (U+2013 EN DASH), and quotation marks (U+0022
   QUOTATION MARK) are added for readability but are not present in the
   JWE Plaintext.

   "You can trust us to stick with you through thick and "
   "thin\xe2\x80\x93to the bitter end. And you can trust us to "
   "keep any secret of yours\xe2\x80\x93closer than you keep it "
   "yourself. But you cannot trust us to let you face trouble "
   "alone, and go off without a word. We are your friends, Frodo."

                       Figure 72: Plaintext Content

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.1" href="#section-5.1">5.1</a>.  Key Encryption Using RSA v1.5 and AES-HMAC-SHA2</span>

   This example illustrates encrypting content using the "RSA1_5"
   (RSAES-PKCS1-v1_5) key encryption algorithm and the "A128CBC-HS256"
   (AES-128-CBC-HMAC-SHA-256) content encryption algorithm.

   Note that RSAES-PKCS1-v1_5 uses random data to generate the
   ciphertext; it might not be possible to exactly replicate the results
   in this section.

   Note that only the RSA public key is necessary to perform the
   encryption.  However, the example includes the RSA private key to
   allow readers to validate the output.

   Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in
   <a href="#section-1.1">Section 1.1</a>.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.1.1" href="#section-5.1.1">5.1.1</a>.  Input Factors</span>

   The following are supplied before beginning the encryption process:

   o  Plaintext content; this example uses the content from Figure 72.

   o  RSA public key; this example uses the key from Figure 73.





<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 39]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-40" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   o  "alg" parameter of "RSA1_5".

   o  "enc" parameter of "A128CBC-HS256".

   {
     "kty": "RSA",
     "kid": "frodo.baggins@hobbiton.example",
     "use": "enc",
     "n": "maxhbsmBtdQ3CNrKvprUE6n9lYcregDMLYNeTAWcLj8NnPU9XIYegT
         HVHQjxKDSHP2l-F5jS7sppG1wgdAqZyhnWvXhYNvcM7RfgKxqNx_xAHx
         6f3yy7s-M9PSNCwPC2lh6UAkR4I00EhV9lrypM9Pi4lBUop9t5fS9W5U
         NwaAllhrd-osQGPjIeI1deHTwx-ZTHu3C60Pu_LJIl6hKn9wbwaUmA4c
         R5Bd2pgbaY7ASgsjCUbtYJaNIHSoHXprUdJZKUMAzV0WOKPfA6OPI4oy
         pBadjvMZ4ZAj3BnXaSYsEZhaueTXvZB4eZOAjIyh2e_VOIKVMsnDrJYA
         VotGlvMQ",
     "e": "AQAB",
     "d": "Kn9tgoHfiTVi8uPu5b9TnwyHwG5dK6RE0uFdlpCGnJN7ZEi963R7wy
         bQ1PLAHmpIbNTztfrheoAniRV1NCIqXaW_qS461xiDTp4ntEPnqcKsyO
         5jMAji7-CL8vhpYYowNFvIesgMoVaPRYMYT9TW63hNM0aWs7USZ_hLg6
         Oe1mY0vHTI3FucjSM86Nff4oIENt43r2fspgEPGRrdE6fpLc9Oaq-qeP
         1GFULimrRdndm-P8q8kvN3KHlNAtEgrQAgTTgz80S-3VD0FgWfgnb1PN
         miuPUxO8OpI9KDIfu_acc6fg14nsNaJqXe6RESvhGPH2afjHqSy_Fd2v
         pzj85bQQ",
     "p": "2DwQmZ43FoTnQ8IkUj3BmKRf5Eh2mizZA5xEJ2MinUE3sdTYKSLtaE
         oekX9vbBZuWxHdVhM6UnKCJ_2iNk8Z0ayLYHL0_G21aXf9-unynEpUsH
         7HHTklLpYAzOOx1ZgVljoxAdWNn3hiEFrjZLZGS7lOH-a3QQlDDQoJOJ
         2VFmU",
     "q": "te8LY4-W7IyaqH1ExujjMqkTAlTeRbv0VLQnfLY2xINnrWdwiQ93_V
         F099aP1ESeLja2nw-6iKIe-qT7mtCPozKfVtUYfz5HrJ_XY2kfexJINb
         9lhZHMv5p1skZpeIS-GPHCC6gRlKo1q-idn_qxyusfWv7WAxlSVfQfk8
         d6Et0",
     "dp": "UfYKcL_or492vVc0PzwLSplbg4L3-Z5wL48mwiswbpzOyIgd2xHTH
         QmjJpFAIZ8q-zf9RmgJXkDrFs9rkdxPtAsL1WYdeCT5c125Fkdg317JV
         RDo1inX7x2Kdh8ERCreW8_4zXItuTl_KiXZNU5lvMQjWbIw2eTx1lpsf
         lo0rYU",
     "dq": "iEgcO-QfpepdH8FWd7mUFyrXdnOkXJBCogChY6YKuIHGc_p8Le9Mb
         pFKESzEaLlN1Ehf3B6oGBl5Iz_ayUlZj2IoQZ82znoUrpa9fVYNot87A
         CfzIG7q9Mv7RiPAderZi03tkVXAdaBau_9vs5rS-7HMtxkVrxSUvJY14
         TkXlHE",
     "qi": "kC-lzZOqoFaZCr5l0tOVtREKoVqaAYhQiqIRGL-MzS4sCmRkxm5vZ
         lXYx6RtE1n_AagjqajlkjieGlxTTThHD8Iga6foGBMaAr5uR1hGQpSc7
         Gl7CF1DZkBJMTQN6EshYzZfxW08mIO8M6Rzuh0beL6fG9mkDcIyPrBXx
         2bQ_mM"
   }

                Figure 73: RSA 2048-Bit Key, in JWK Format





<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 40]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-41" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   (NOTE: While the key includes the private parameters, only the public
   parameters "e" and "n" are necessary for the encryption operation.)

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.1.2" href="#section-5.1.2">5.1.2</a>.  Generated Factors</span>

   The following are generated before encrypting:

   o  AES symmetric key as the Content Encryption Key (CEK); this
      example uses the key from Figure 74.

   o  Initialization Vector; this example uses the Initialization Vector
      from Figure 75.

   3qyTVhIWt5juqZUCpfRqpvauwB956MEJL2Rt-8qXKSo

           Figure 74: Content Encryption Key, base64url-encoded

   bbd5sTkYwhAIqfHsx8DayA

            Figure 75: Initialization Vector, base64url-encoded

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.1.3" href="#section-5.1.3">5.1.3</a>.  Encrypting the Key</span>

   Performing the key encryption operation over the CEK (Figure 74) with
   the RSA key (Figure 73) results in the following Encrypted Key:

   laLxI0j-nLH-_BgLOXMozKxmy9gffy2gTdvqzfTihJBuuzxg0V7yk1WClnQePF
   vG2K-pvSlWc9BRIazDrn50RcRai__3TDON395H3c62tIouJJ4XaRvYHFjZTZ2G
   Xfz8YAImcc91Tfk0WXC2F5Xbb71ClQ1DDH151tlpH77f2ff7xiSxh9oSewYrcG
   TSLUeeCt36r1Kt3OSj7EyBQXoZlN7IxbyhMAfgIe7Mv1rOTOI5I8NQqeXXW8Vl
   zNmoxaGMny3YnGir5Wf6Qt2nBq4qDaPdnaAuuGUGEecelIO1wx1BpyIfgvfjOh
   MBs9M8XL223Fg47xlGsMXdfuY-4jaqVw

                Figure 76: Encrypted Key, base64url-encoded

















<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 41]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-42" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.1.4" href="#section-5.1.4">5.1.4</a>.  Encrypting the Content</span>

   The following is generated before encrypting the Plaintext:

   o  JWE Protected Header; this example uses the header from Figure 77,
      encoded using base64url [<a href="./rfc4648" title="&quot;The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings&quot;">RFC4648</a>] to produce Figure 78.

   {
     "alg": "RSA1_5",
     "kid": "frodo.baggins@hobbiton.example",
     "enc": "A128CBC-HS256"
   }

                   Figure 77: JWE Protected Header JSON

   eyJhbGciOiJSU0ExXzUiLCJraWQiOiJmcm9kby5iYWdnaW5zQGhvYmJpdG9uLm
   V4YW1wbGUiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2In0

            Figure 78: JWE Protected Header, base64url-encoded

   Performing the content encryption operation on the Plaintext
   (Figure 72) using the following:

   o  CEK (Figure 74);

   o  Initialization Vector (Figure 75); and

   o  JWE Protected Header (Figure 77) as authenticated data

   produces the following:

   o  Ciphertext from Figure 79.

   o  Authentication Tag from Figure 80.

   0fys_TY_na7f8dwSfXLiYdHaA2DxUjD67ieF7fcVbIR62JhJvGZ4_FNVSiGc_r
   aa0HnLQ6s1P2sv3Xzl1p1l_o5wR_RsSzrS8Z-wnI3Jvo0mkpEEnlDmZvDu_k8O
   WzJv7eZVEqiWKdyVzFhPpiyQU28GLOpRc2VbVbK4dQKPdNTjPPEmRqcaGeTWZV
   yeSUvf5k59yJZxRuSvWFf6KrNtmRdZ8R4mDOjHSrM_s8uwIFcqt4r5GX8TKaI0
   zT5CbL5Qlw3sRc7u_hg0yKVOiRytEAEs3vZkcfLkP6nbXdC_PkMdNS-ohP78T2
   O6_7uInMGhFeX4ctHG7VelHGiT93JfWDEQi5_V9UN1rhXNrYu-0fVMkZAKX3VW
   i7lzA6BP430m

                 Figure 79: Ciphertext, base64url-encoded

   kvKuFBXHe5mQr4lqgobAUg

             Figure 80: Authentication Tag, base64url-encoded



<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 42]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-43" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.1.5" href="#section-5.1.5">5.1.5</a>.  Output Results</span>

   The following compose the resulting JWE object:

   o  JWE Protected Header (Figure 78)

   o  Encrypted Key (Figure 76)

   o  Initialization Vector (Figure 75)

   o  Ciphertext (Figure 79)

   o  Authentication Tag (Figure 80)

   The resulting JWE object using the JWE Compact Serialization:

   eyJhbGciOiJSU0ExXzUiLCJraWQiOiJmcm9kby5iYWdnaW5zQGhvYmJpdG9uLm
   V4YW1wbGUiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2In0
   .
   laLxI0j-nLH-_BgLOXMozKxmy9gffy2gTdvqzfTihJBuuzxg0V7yk1WClnQePF
   vG2K-pvSlWc9BRIazDrn50RcRai__3TDON395H3c62tIouJJ4XaRvYHFjZTZ2G
   Xfz8YAImcc91Tfk0WXC2F5Xbb71ClQ1DDH151tlpH77f2ff7xiSxh9oSewYrcG
   TSLUeeCt36r1Kt3OSj7EyBQXoZlN7IxbyhMAfgIe7Mv1rOTOI5I8NQqeXXW8Vl
   zNmoxaGMny3YnGir5Wf6Qt2nBq4qDaPdnaAuuGUGEecelIO1wx1BpyIfgvfjOh
   MBs9M8XL223Fg47xlGsMXdfuY-4jaqVw
   .
   bbd5sTkYwhAIqfHsx8DayA
   .
   0fys_TY_na7f8dwSfXLiYdHaA2DxUjD67ieF7fcVbIR62JhJvGZ4_FNVSiGc_r
   aa0HnLQ6s1P2sv3Xzl1p1l_o5wR_RsSzrS8Z-wnI3Jvo0mkpEEnlDmZvDu_k8O
   WzJv7eZVEqiWKdyVzFhPpiyQU28GLOpRc2VbVbK4dQKPdNTjPPEmRqcaGeTWZV
   yeSUvf5k59yJZxRuSvWFf6KrNtmRdZ8R4mDOjHSrM_s8uwIFcqt4r5GX8TKaI0
   zT5CbL5Qlw3sRc7u_hg0yKVOiRytEAEs3vZkcfLkP6nbXdC_PkMdNS-ohP78T2
   O6_7uInMGhFeX4ctHG7VelHGiT93JfWDEQi5_V9UN1rhXNrYu-0fVMkZAKX3VW
   i7lzA6BP430m
   .
   kvKuFBXHe5mQr4lqgobAUg

                   Figure 81: JWE Compact Serialization












<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 43]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-44" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The resulting JWE object using the general JWE JSON Serialization:

   {
     "recipients": [
       {
         "encrypted_key": "laLxI0j-nLH-_BgLOXMozKxmy9gffy2gTdvqzf
             TihJBuuzxg0V7yk1WClnQePFvG2K-pvSlWc9BRIazDrn50RcRai_
             _3TDON395H3c62tIouJJ4XaRvYHFjZTZ2GXfz8YAImcc91Tfk0WX
             C2F5Xbb71ClQ1DDH151tlpH77f2ff7xiSxh9oSewYrcGTSLUeeCt
             36r1Kt3OSj7EyBQXoZlN7IxbyhMAfgIe7Mv1rOTOI5I8NQqeXXW8
             VlzNmoxaGMny3YnGir5Wf6Qt2nBq4qDaPdnaAuuGUGEecelIO1wx
             1BpyIfgvfjOhMBs9M8XL223Fg47xlGsMXdfuY-4jaqVw"
       }
     ],
     "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJSU0ExXzUiLCJraWQiOiJmcm9kby5iYWdnaW
         5zQGhvYmJpdG9uLmV4YW1wbGUiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2In
         0",
     "iv": "bbd5sTkYwhAIqfHsx8DayA",
     "ciphertext": "0fys_TY_na7f8dwSfXLiYdHaA2DxUjD67ieF7fcVbIR62
         JhJvGZ4_FNVSiGc_raa0HnLQ6s1P2sv3Xzl1p1l_o5wR_RsSzrS8Z-wn
         I3Jvo0mkpEEnlDmZvDu_k8OWzJv7eZVEqiWKdyVzFhPpiyQU28GLOpRc
         2VbVbK4dQKPdNTjPPEmRqcaGeTWZVyeSUvf5k59yJZxRuSvWFf6KrNtm
         RdZ8R4mDOjHSrM_s8uwIFcqt4r5GX8TKaI0zT5CbL5Qlw3sRc7u_hg0y
         KVOiRytEAEs3vZkcfLkP6nbXdC_PkMdNS-ohP78T2O6_7uInMGhFeX4c
         tHG7VelHGiT93JfWDEQi5_V9UN1rhXNrYu-0fVMkZAKX3VWi7lzA6BP4
         30m",
     "tag": "kvKuFBXHe5mQr4lqgobAUg"
   }

                 Figure 82: General JWE JSON Serialization





















<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 44]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-45" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The resulting JWE object using the flattened JWE JSON Serialization:

   {
     "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJSU0ExXzUiLCJraWQiOiJmcm9kby5iYWdnaW
         5zQGhvYmJpdG9uLmV4YW1wbGUiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2In
         0",
     "encrypted_key": "laLxI0j-nLH-_BgLOXMozKxmy9gffy2gTdvqzfTihJ
         Buuzxg0V7yk1WClnQePFvG2K-pvSlWc9BRIazDrn50RcRai__3TDON39
         5H3c62tIouJJ4XaRvYHFjZTZ2GXfz8YAImcc91Tfk0WXC2F5Xbb71ClQ
         1DDH151tlpH77f2ff7xiSxh9oSewYrcGTSLUeeCt36r1Kt3OSj7EyBQX
         oZlN7IxbyhMAfgIe7Mv1rOTOI5I8NQqeXXW8VlzNmoxaGMny3YnGir5W
         f6Qt2nBq4qDaPdnaAuuGUGEecelIO1wx1BpyIfgvfjOhMBs9M8XL223F
         g47xlGsMXdfuY-4jaqVw",
     "iv": "bbd5sTkYwhAIqfHsx8DayA",
     "ciphertext": "0fys_TY_na7f8dwSfXLiYdHaA2DxUjD67ieF7fcVbIR62
         JhJvGZ4_FNVSiGc_raa0HnLQ6s1P2sv3Xzl1p1l_o5wR_RsSzrS8Z-wn
         I3Jvo0mkpEEnlDmZvDu_k8OWzJv7eZVEqiWKdyVzFhPpiyQU28GLOpRc
         2VbVbK4dQKPdNTjPPEmRqcaGeTWZVyeSUvf5k59yJZxRuSvWFf6KrNtm
         RdZ8R4mDOjHSrM_s8uwIFcqt4r5GX8TKaI0zT5CbL5Qlw3sRc7u_hg0y
         KVOiRytEAEs3vZkcfLkP6nbXdC_PkMdNS-ohP78T2O6_7uInMGhFeX4c
         tHG7VelHGiT93JfWDEQi5_V9UN1rhXNrYu-0fVMkZAKX3VWi7lzA6BP4
         30m",
     "tag": "kvKuFBXHe5mQr4lqgobAUg"
   }

                Figure 83: Flattened JWE JSON Serialization

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.2" href="#section-5.2">5.2</a>.  Key Encryption Using RSA-OAEP with AES-GCM</span>

   This example illustrates encrypting content using the "RSA-OAEP"
   (RSAES-OAEP) key encryption algorithm and the "A256GCM" (AES-GCM)
   content encryption algorithm.

   Note that RSAES-OAEP uses random data to generate the ciphertext; it
   might not be possible to exactly replicate the results in this
   section.

   Note that only the RSA public key is necessary to perform the
   encryption.  However, the example includes the RSA private key to
   allow readers to validate the output.

   Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in
   <a href="#section-1.1">Section 1.1</a>.








<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 45]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-46" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.2.1" href="#section-5.2.1">5.2.1</a>.  Input Factors</span>

   The following are supplied before beginning the encryption process:

   o  Plaintext content; this example uses the Plaintext from Figure 72.

   o  RSA public key; this example uses the key from Figure 84.

   o  "alg" parameter of "RSA-OAEP".

   o  "enc" parameter of "A256GCM".

   {
     "kty": "RSA",
     "kid": "samwise.gamgee@hobbiton.example",
     "use": "enc",
     "n": "wbdxI55VaanZXPY29Lg5hdmv2XhvqAhoxUkanfzf2-5zVUxa6prHRr
         I4pP1AhoqJRlZfYtWWd5mmHRG2pAHIlh0ySJ9wi0BioZBl1XP2e-C-Fy
         XJGcTy0HdKQWlrfhTm42EW7Vv04r4gfao6uxjLGwfpGrZLarohiWCPnk
         Nrg71S2CuNZSQBIPGjXfkmIy2tl_VWgGnL22GplyXj5YlBLdxXp3XeSt
         sqo571utNfoUTU8E4qdzJ3U1DItoVkPGsMwlmmnJiwA7sXRItBCivR4M
         5qnZtdw-7v4WuR4779ubDuJ5nalMv2S66-RPcnFAzWSKxtBDnFJJDGIU
         e7Tzizjg1nms0Xq_yPub_UOlWn0ec85FCft1hACpWG8schrOBeNqHBOD
         FskYpUc2LC5JA2TaPF2dA67dg1TTsC_FupfQ2kNGcE1LgprxKHcVWYQb
         86B-HozjHZcqtauBzFNV5tbTuB-TpkcvJfNcFLlH3b8mb-H_ox35FjqB
         SAjLKyoeqfKTpVjvXhd09knwgJf6VKq6UC418_TOljMVfFTWXUxlnfhO
         OnzW6HSSzD1c9WrCuVzsUMv54szidQ9wf1cYWf3g5qFDxDQKis99gcDa
         iCAwM3yEBIzuNeeCa5dartHDb1xEB_HcHSeYbghbMjGfasvKn0aZRsnT
         yC0xhWBlsolZE",
     "e": "AQAB",
     "alg": "RSA-OAEP",
     "d": "n7fzJc3_WG59VEOBTkayzuSMM780OJQuZjN_KbH8lOZG25ZoA7T4Bx
         cc0xQn5oZE5uSCIwg91oCt0JvxPcpmqzaJZg1nirjcWZ-oBtVk7gCAWq
         -B3qhfF3izlbkosrzjHajIcY33HBhsy4_WerrXg4MDNE4HYojy68TcxT
         2LYQRxUOCf5TtJXvM8olexlSGtVnQnDRutxEUCwiewfmmrfveEogLx9E
         A-KMgAjTiISXxqIXQhWUQX1G7v_mV_Hr2YuImYcNcHkRvp9E7ook0876
         DhkO8v4UOZLwA1OlUX98mkoqwc58A_Y2lBYbVx1_s5lpPsEqbbH-nqIj
         h1fL0gdNfihLxnclWtW7pCztLnImZAyeCWAG7ZIfv-Rn9fLIv9jZ6r7r
         -MSH9sqbuziHN2grGjD_jfRluMHa0l84fFKl6bcqN1JWxPVhzNZo01yD
         F-1LiQnqUYSepPf6X3a2SOdkqBRiquE6EvLuSYIDpJq3jDIsgoL8Mo1L
         oomgiJxUwL_GWEOGu28gplyzm-9Q0U0nyhEf1uhSR8aJAQWAiFImWH5W
         _IQT9I7-yrindr_2fWQ_i1UgMsGzA7aOGzZfPljRy6z-tY_KuBG00-28
         S_aWvjyUc-Alp8AUyKjBZ-7CWH32fGWK48j1t-zomrwjL_mnhsPbGs0c
         9WsWgRzI-K8gE",
     "p": "7_2v3OQZzlPFcHyYfLABQ3XP85Es4hCdwCkbDeltaUXgVy9l9etKgh
         vM4hRkOvbb01kYVuLFmxIkCDtpi-zLCYAdXKrAK3PtSbtzld_XZ9nlsY
         a_QZWpXB_IrtFjVfdKUdMz94pHUhFGFj7nr6NNxfpiHSHWFE1zD_AC3m
         Y46J961Y2LRnreVwAGNw53p07Db8yD_92pDa97vqcZOdgtybH9q6uma-



<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 46]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-47" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


         RFNhO1AoiJhYZj69hjmMRXx-x56HO9cnXNbmzNSCFCKnQmn4GQLmRj9s
         fbZRqL94bbtE4_e0Zrpo8RNo8vxRLqQNwIy85fc6BRgBJomt8QdQvIgP
         gWCv5HoQ",
     "q": "zqOHk1P6WN_rHuM7ZF1cXH0x6RuOHq67WuHiSknqQeefGBA9PWs6Zy
         KQCO-O6mKXtcgE8_Q_hA2kMRcKOcvHil1hqMCNSXlflM7WPRPZu2qCDc
         qssd_uMbP-DqYthH_EzwL9KnYoH7JQFxxmcv5An8oXUtTwk4knKjkIYG
         RuUwfQTus0w1NfjFAyxOOiAQ37ussIcE6C6ZSsM3n41UlbJ7TCqewzVJ
         aPJN5cxjySPZPD3Vp01a9YgAD6a3IIaKJdIxJS1ImnfPevSJQBE79-EX
         e2kSwVgOzvt-gsmM29QQ8veHy4uAqca5dZzMs7hkkHtw1z0jHV90epQJ
         JlXXnH8Q",
     "dp": "19oDkBh1AXelMIxQFm2zZTqUhAzCIr4xNIGEPNoDt1jK83_FJA-xn
         x5kA7-1erdHdms_Ef67HsONNv5A60JaR7w8LHnDiBGnjdaUmmuO8XAxQ
         J_ia5mxjxNjS6E2yD44USo2JmHvzeeNczq25elqbTPLhUpGo1IZuG72F
         ZQ5gTjXoTXC2-xtCDEUZfaUNh4IeAipfLugbpe0JAFlFfrTDAMUFpC3i
         XjxqzbEanflwPvj6V9iDSgjj8SozSM0dLtxvu0LIeIQAeEgT_yXcrKGm
         pKdSO08kLBx8VUjkbv_3Pn20Gyu2YEuwpFlM_H1NikuxJNKFGmnAq9Lc
         nwwT0jvoQ",
     "dq": "S6p59KrlmzGzaQYQM3o0XfHCGvfqHLYjCO557HYQf72O9kLMCfd_1
         VBEqeD-1jjwELKDjck8kOBl5UvohK1oDfSP1DleAy-cnmL29DqWmhgwM
         1ip0CCNmkmsmDSlqkUXDi6sAaZuntyukyflI-qSQ3C_BafPyFaKrt1fg
         dyEwYa08pESKwwWisy7KnmoUvaJ3SaHmohFS78TJ25cfc10wZ9hQNOrI
         ChZlkiOdFCtxDqdmCqNacnhgE3bZQjGp3n83ODSz9zwJcSUvODlXBPc2
         AycH6Ci5yjbxt4Ppox_5pjm6xnQkiPgj01GpsUssMmBN7iHVsrE7N2iz
         nBNCeOUIQ",
     "qi": "FZhClBMywVVjnuUud-05qd5CYU0dK79akAgy9oX6RX6I3IIIPckCc
         iRrokxglZn-omAY5CnCe4KdrnjFOT5YUZE7G_Pg44XgCXaarLQf4hl80
         oPEf6-jJ5Iy6wPRx7G2e8qLxnh9cOdf-kRqgOS3F48Ucvw3ma5V6KGMw
         QqWFeV31XtZ8l5cVI-I3NzBS7qltpUVgz2Ju021eyc7IlqgzR98qKONl
         27DuEES0aK0WE97jnsyO27Yp88Wa2RiBrEocM89QZI1seJiGDizHRUP4
         UZxw9zsXww46wy0P6f9grnYp7t8LkyDDk8eoI4KX6SNMNVcyVS9IWjlq
         8EzqZEKIA"
   }

                        Figure 84: RSA 4096-Bit Key

   (NOTE: While the key includes the private parameters, only the public
   parameters "e" and "n" are necessary for the encryption operation.)

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.2.2" href="#section-5.2.2">5.2.2</a>.  Generated Factors</span>

   The following are generated before encrypting:

   o  AES symmetric key as the Content Encryption Key (CEK); this
      example uses the key from Figure 85.

   o  Initialization Vector; this example uses the Initialization Vector
      from Figure 86.




<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 47]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-48" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   mYMfsggkTAm0TbvtlFh2hyoXnbEzJQjMxmgLN3d8xXA

           Figure 85: Content Encryption Key, base64url-encoded

   -nBoKLH0YkLZPSI9

            Figure 86: Initialization Vector, base64url-encoded

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.2.3" href="#section-5.2.3">5.2.3</a>.  Encrypting the Key</span>

   Performing the key encryption operation over the CEK (Figure 85) with
   the RSA key (Figure 84) produces the following Encrypted Key:

   rT99rwrBTbTI7IJM8fU3Eli7226HEB7IchCxNuh7lCiud48LxeolRdtFF4nzQi
   beYOl5S_PJsAXZwSXtDePz9hk-BbtsTBqC2UsPOdwjC9NhNupNNu9uHIVftDyu
   cvI6hvALeZ6OGnhNV4v1zx2k7O1D89mAzfw-_kT3tkuorpDU-CpBENfIHX1Q58
   -Aad3FzMuo3Fn9buEP2yXakLXYa15BUXQsupM4A1GD4_H4Bd7V3u9h8Gkg8Bpx
   KdUV9ScfJQTcYm6eJEBz3aSwIaK4T3-dwWpuBOhROQXBosJzS1asnuHtVMt2pK
   IIfux5BC6huIvmY7kzV7W7aIUrpYm_3H4zYvyMeq5pGqFmW2k8zpO878TRlZx7
   pZfPYDSXZyS0CfKKkMozT_qiCwZTSz4duYnt8hS4Z9sGthXn9uDqd6wycMagnQ
   fOTs_lycTWmY-aqWVDKhjYNRf03NiwRtb5BE-tOdFwCASQj3uuAgPGrO2AWBe3
   8UjQb0lvXn1SpyvYZ3WFc7WOJYaTa7A8DRn6MC6T-xDmMuxC0G7S2rscw5lQQU
   06MvZTlFOt0UvfuKBa03cxA_nIBIhLMjY2kOTxQMmpDPTr6Cbo8aKaOnx6ASE5
   Jx9paBpnNmOOKH35j_QlrQhDWUN6A2Gg8iFayJ69xDEdHAVCGRzN3woEI2ozDR
   s

                Figure 87: Encrypted Key, base64url-encoded

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.2.4" href="#section-5.2.4">5.2.4</a>.  Encrypting the Content</span>

   The following is generated before encrypting the Plaintext:

   o  JWE Protected Header; this example uses the header from Figure 88,
      encoded using base64url [<a href="./rfc4648" title="&quot;The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings&quot;">RFC4648</a>] to produce Figure 89.

   {
     "alg": "RSA-OAEP",
     "kid": "samwise.gamgee@hobbiton.example",
     "enc": "A256GCM"
   }

                   Figure 88: JWE Protected Header JSON

   eyJhbGciOiJSU0EtT0FFUCIsImtpZCI6InNhbXdpc2UuZ2FtZ2VlQGhvYmJpdG
   9uLmV4YW1wbGUiLCJlbmMiOiJBMjU2R0NNIn0

            Figure 89: JWE Protected Header, base64url-encoded




<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 48]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-49" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   Performing the content encryption operation over the Plaintext
   (Figure 72) with the following:

   o  CEK (Figure 85);

   o  Initialization Vector (Figure 86); and

   o  JWE Protected Header (Figure 89) as authenticated data

   produces the following:

   o  Ciphertext from Figure 90.

   o  Authentication Tag from Figure 91.

   o4k2cnGN8rSSw3IDo1YuySkqeS_t2m1GXklSgqBdpACm6UJuJowOHC5ytjqYgR
   L-I-soPlwqMUf4UgRWWeaOGNw6vGW-xyM01lTYxrXfVzIIaRdhYtEMRBvBWbEw
   P7ua1DRfvaOjgZv6Ifa3brcAM64d8p5lhhNcizPersuhw5f-pGYzseva-TUaL8
   iWnctc-sSwy7SQmRkfhDjwbz0fz6kFovEgj64X1I5s7E6GLp5fnbYGLa1QUiML
   7Cc2GxgvI7zqWo0YIEc7aCflLG1-8BboVWFdZKLK9vNoycrYHumwzKluLWEbSV
   maPpOslY2n525DxDfWaVFUfKQxMF56vn4B9QMpWAbnypNimbM8zVOw

                 Figure 90: Ciphertext, base64url-encoded

   UCGiqJxhBI3IFVdPalHHvA

             Figure 91: Authentication Tag, base64url-encoded

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.2.5" href="#section-5.2.5">5.2.5</a>.  Output Results</span>

   The following compose the resulting JWE object:

   o  JWE Protected Header (Figure 89)

   o  Encrypted Key (Figure 87)

   o  Initialization Vector (Figure 86)

   o  Ciphertext (Figure 90)

   o  Authentication Tag (Figure 91)










<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 49]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-50" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The resulting JWE object using the JWE Compact Serialization:

   eyJhbGciOiJSU0EtT0FFUCIsImtpZCI6InNhbXdpc2UuZ2FtZ2VlQGhvYmJpdG
   9uLmV4YW1wbGUiLCJlbmMiOiJBMjU2R0NNIn0
   .
   rT99rwrBTbTI7IJM8fU3Eli7226HEB7IchCxNuh7lCiud48LxeolRdtFF4nzQi
   beYOl5S_PJsAXZwSXtDePz9hk-BbtsTBqC2UsPOdwjC9NhNupNNu9uHIVftDyu
   cvI6hvALeZ6OGnhNV4v1zx2k7O1D89mAzfw-_kT3tkuorpDU-CpBENfIHX1Q58
   -Aad3FzMuo3Fn9buEP2yXakLXYa15BUXQsupM4A1GD4_H4Bd7V3u9h8Gkg8Bpx
   KdUV9ScfJQTcYm6eJEBz3aSwIaK4T3-dwWpuBOhROQXBosJzS1asnuHtVMt2pK
   IIfux5BC6huIvmY7kzV7W7aIUrpYm_3H4zYvyMeq5pGqFmW2k8zpO878TRlZx7
   pZfPYDSXZyS0CfKKkMozT_qiCwZTSz4duYnt8hS4Z9sGthXn9uDqd6wycMagnQ
   fOTs_lycTWmY-aqWVDKhjYNRf03NiwRtb5BE-tOdFwCASQj3uuAgPGrO2AWBe3
   8UjQb0lvXn1SpyvYZ3WFc7WOJYaTa7A8DRn6MC6T-xDmMuxC0G7S2rscw5lQQU
   06MvZTlFOt0UvfuKBa03cxA_nIBIhLMjY2kOTxQMmpDPTr6Cbo8aKaOnx6ASE5
   Jx9paBpnNmOOKH35j_QlrQhDWUN6A2Gg8iFayJ69xDEdHAVCGRzN3woEI2ozDR
   s
   .
   -nBoKLH0YkLZPSI9
   .
   o4k2cnGN8rSSw3IDo1YuySkqeS_t2m1GXklSgqBdpACm6UJuJowOHC5ytjqYgR
   L-I-soPlwqMUf4UgRWWeaOGNw6vGW-xyM01lTYxrXfVzIIaRdhYtEMRBvBWbEw
   P7ua1DRfvaOjgZv6Ifa3brcAM64d8p5lhhNcizPersuhw5f-pGYzseva-TUaL8
   iWnctc-sSwy7SQmRkfhDjwbz0fz6kFovEgj64X1I5s7E6GLp5fnbYGLa1QUiML
   7Cc2GxgvI7zqWo0YIEc7aCflLG1-8BboVWFdZKLK9vNoycrYHumwzKluLWEbSV
   maPpOslY2n525DxDfWaVFUfKQxMF56vn4B9QMpWAbnypNimbM8zVOw
   .
   UCGiqJxhBI3IFVdPalHHvA

                   Figure 92: JWE Compact Serialization





















<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 50]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-51" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The resulting JWE object using the general JWE JSON Serialization:

   {
     "recipients": [
       {
         "encrypted_key": "rT99rwrBTbTI7IJM8fU3Eli7226HEB7IchCxNu
             h7lCiud48LxeolRdtFF4nzQibeYOl5S_PJsAXZwSXtDePz9hk-Bb
             tsTBqC2UsPOdwjC9NhNupNNu9uHIVftDyucvI6hvALeZ6OGnhNV4
             v1zx2k7O1D89mAzfw-_kT3tkuorpDU-CpBENfIHX1Q58-Aad3FzM
             uo3Fn9buEP2yXakLXYa15BUXQsupM4A1GD4_H4Bd7V3u9h8Gkg8B
             pxKdUV9ScfJQTcYm6eJEBz3aSwIaK4T3-dwWpuBOhROQXBosJzS1
             asnuHtVMt2pKIIfux5BC6huIvmY7kzV7W7aIUrpYm_3H4zYvyMeq
             5pGqFmW2k8zpO878TRlZx7pZfPYDSXZyS0CfKKkMozT_qiCwZTSz
             4duYnt8hS4Z9sGthXn9uDqd6wycMagnQfOTs_lycTWmY-aqWVDKh
             jYNRf03NiwRtb5BE-tOdFwCASQj3uuAgPGrO2AWBe38UjQb0lvXn
             1SpyvYZ3WFc7WOJYaTa7A8DRn6MC6T-xDmMuxC0G7S2rscw5lQQU
             06MvZTlFOt0UvfuKBa03cxA_nIBIhLMjY2kOTxQMmpDPTr6Cbo8a
             KaOnx6ASE5Jx9paBpnNmOOKH35j_QlrQhDWUN6A2Gg8iFayJ69xD
             EdHAVCGRzN3woEI2ozDRs"
       }
     ],
     "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJSU0EtT0FFUCIsImtpZCI6InNhbXdpc2UuZ2
         FtZ2VlQGhvYmJpdG9uLmV4YW1wbGUiLCJlbmMiOiJBMjU2R0NNIn0",
     "iv": "-nBoKLH0YkLZPSI9",
     "ciphertext": "o4k2cnGN8rSSw3IDo1YuySkqeS_t2m1GXklSgqBdpACm6
         UJuJowOHC5ytjqYgRL-I-soPlwqMUf4UgRWWeaOGNw6vGW-xyM01lTYx
         rXfVzIIaRdhYtEMRBvBWbEwP7ua1DRfvaOjgZv6Ifa3brcAM64d8p5lh
         hNcizPersuhw5f-pGYzseva-TUaL8iWnctc-sSwy7SQmRkfhDjwbz0fz
         6kFovEgj64X1I5s7E6GLp5fnbYGLa1QUiML7Cc2GxgvI7zqWo0YIEc7a
         CflLG1-8BboVWFdZKLK9vNoycrYHumwzKluLWEbSVmaPpOslY2n525Dx
         DfWaVFUfKQxMF56vn4B9QMpWAbnypNimbM8zVOw",
     "tag": "UCGiqJxhBI3IFVdPalHHvA"
   }

                 Figure 93: General JWE JSON Serialization
















<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 51]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-52" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The resulting JWE object using the flattened JWE JSON Serialization:

   {
     "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJSU0EtT0FFUCIsImtpZCI6InNhbXdpc2UuZ2
         FtZ2VlQGhvYmJpdG9uLmV4YW1wbGUiLCJlbmMiOiJBMjU2R0NNIn0",
     "encrypted_key": "rT99rwrBTbTI7IJM8fU3Eli7226HEB7IchCxNuh7lC
         iud48LxeolRdtFF4nzQibeYOl5S_PJsAXZwSXtDePz9hk-BbtsTBqC2U
         sPOdwjC9NhNupNNu9uHIVftDyucvI6hvALeZ6OGnhNV4v1zx2k7O1D89
         mAzfw-_kT3tkuorpDU-CpBENfIHX1Q58-Aad3FzMuo3Fn9buEP2yXakL
         XYa15BUXQsupM4A1GD4_H4Bd7V3u9h8Gkg8BpxKdUV9ScfJQTcYm6eJE
         Bz3aSwIaK4T3-dwWpuBOhROQXBosJzS1asnuHtVMt2pKIIfux5BC6huI
         vmY7kzV7W7aIUrpYm_3H4zYvyMeq5pGqFmW2k8zpO878TRlZx7pZfPYD
         SXZyS0CfKKkMozT_qiCwZTSz4duYnt8hS4Z9sGthXn9uDqd6wycMagnQ
         fOTs_lycTWmY-aqWVDKhjYNRf03NiwRtb5BE-tOdFwCASQj3uuAgPGrO
         2AWBe38UjQb0lvXn1SpyvYZ3WFc7WOJYaTa7A8DRn6MC6T-xDmMuxC0G
         7S2rscw5lQQU06MvZTlFOt0UvfuKBa03cxA_nIBIhLMjY2kOTxQMmpDP
         Tr6Cbo8aKaOnx6ASE5Jx9paBpnNmOOKH35j_QlrQhDWUN6A2Gg8iFayJ
         69xDEdHAVCGRzN3woEI2ozDRs",
     "iv": "-nBoKLH0YkLZPSI9",
     "ciphertext": "o4k2cnGN8rSSw3IDo1YuySkqeS_t2m1GXklSgqBdpACm6
         UJuJowOHC5ytjqYgRL-I-soPlwqMUf4UgRWWeaOGNw6vGW-xyM01lTYx
         rXfVzIIaRdhYtEMRBvBWbEwP7ua1DRfvaOjgZv6Ifa3brcAM64d8p5lh
         hNcizPersuhw5f-pGYzseva-TUaL8iWnctc-sSwy7SQmRkfhDjwbz0fz
         6kFovEgj64X1I5s7E6GLp5fnbYGLa1QUiML7Cc2GxgvI7zqWo0YIEc7a
         CflLG1-8BboVWFdZKLK9vNoycrYHumwzKluLWEbSVmaPpOslY2n525Dx
         DfWaVFUfKQxMF56vn4B9QMpWAbnypNimbM8zVOw",
     "tag": "UCGiqJxhBI3IFVdPalHHvA"
   }

                Figure 94: Flattened JWE JSON Serialization

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.3" href="#section-5.3">5.3</a>.  Key Wrap Using PBES2-AES-KeyWrap with AES-CBC-HMAC-SHA2</span>

   The example illustrates encrypting content using the
   "PBES2-HS512+A256KW" (PBES2 Password-based Encryption using HMAC-
   SHA-512 and AES-256-KeyWrap) key encryption algorithm with the
   "A128CBC-HS256" (AES-128-CBC-HMAC-SHA-256) content encryption
   algorithm.

   A common use of password-based encryption is the import/export of
   keys.  Therefore, this example uses a JWK Set for the Plaintext
   content instead of the Plaintext from Figure 72.









<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 52]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-53" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   Note that if password-based encryption is used for multiple
   recipients, it is expected that each recipient use different values
   for the PBES2 parameters "p2s" and "p2c".

   Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in
   <a href="#section-1.1">Section 1.1</a>.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.3.1" href="#section-5.3.1">5.3.1</a>.  Input Factors</span>

   The following are supplied before beginning the encryption process:

   o  Plaintext content; this example uses the Plaintext from Figure 95
      (NOTE: All whitespace was added for readability).

   o  Password; this example uses the password from Figure 96 -- with
      the sequence "\xe2\x80\x93" replaced with (U+2013 EN DASH).

   o  "alg" parameter of "PBES2-HS512+A256KW".

   o  "enc" parameter of "A128CBC-HS256".

   {
     "keys": [
       {
         "kty": "oct",
         "kid": "77c7e2b8-6e13-45cf-8672-617b5b45243a",
         "use": "enc",
         "alg": "A128GCM",
         "k": "XctOhJAkA-pD9Lh7ZgW_2A"
       },
       {
         "kty": "oct",
         "kid": "81b20965-8332-43d9-a468-82160ad91ac8",
         "use": "enc",
         "alg": "A128KW",
         "k": "GZy6sIZ6wl9NJOKB-jnmVQ"
       },
       {
         "kty": "oct",
         "kid": "18ec08e1-bfa9-4d95-b205-2b4dd1d4321d",
         "use": "enc",
         "alg": "A256GCMKW",
         "k": "qC57l_uxcm7Nm3K-ct4GFjx8tM1U8CZ0NLBvdQstiS8"
       }
     ]
   }

                       Figure 95: Plaintext Content



<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 53]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-54" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   entrap_o\xe2\x80\x93peter_long\xe2\x80\x93credit_tun

                            Figure 96: Password

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.3.2" href="#section-5.3.2">5.3.2</a>.  Generated Factors</span>

   The following are generated before encrypting:

   o  AES symmetric key as the Content Encryption Key (CEK); this
      example uses the key from Figure 97.

   o  Initialization Vector; this example uses the Initialization Vector
      from Figure 98.

   uwsjJXaBK407Qaf0_zpcpmr1Cs0CC50hIUEyGNEt3m0

           Figure 97: Content Encryption Key, base64url-encoded

   VBiCzVHNoLiR3F4V82uoTQ

            Figure 98: Initialization Vector, base64url-encoded

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.3.3" href="#section-5.3.3">5.3.3</a>.  Encrypting the Key</span>

   The following are generated before encrypting the CEK:

   o  Salt input; this example uses the salt input from Figure 99.

   o  Iteration count; this example uses the iteration count 8192.

   8Q1SzinasR3xchYz6ZZcHA

                 Figure 99: Salt Input, base64url-encoded

   Performing the key encryption operation over the CEK (Figure 97) with
   the following:

   o  Password (Figure 96);

   o  Salt input (Figure 99), encoded as an octet string; and

   o  Iteration count (8192)

   produces the following Encrypted Key:

   d3qNhUWfqheyPp4H8sjOWsDYajoej4c5Je6rlUtFPWdgtURtmeDV1g

               Figure 100: Encrypted Key, base64url-encoded



<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 54]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-55" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.3.4" href="#section-5.3.4">5.3.4</a>.  Encrypting the Content</span>

   The following is generated before encrypting the content:

   o  JWE Protected Header; this example uses the header from
      Figure 101, encoded using base64url [<a href="./rfc4648" title="&quot;The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings&quot;">RFC4648</a>] to produce
      Figure 102.

   {
     "alg": "PBES2-HS512+A256KW",
     "p2s": "8Q1SzinasR3xchYz6ZZcHA",
     "p2c": 8192,
     "cty": "jwk-set+json",
     "enc": "A128CBC-HS256"
   }

                   Figure 101: JWE Protected Header JSON

   eyJhbGciOiJQQkVTMi1IUzUxMitBMjU2S1ciLCJwMnMiOiI4UTFTemluYXNSM3
   hjaFl6NlpaY0hBIiwicDJjIjo4MTkyLCJjdHkiOiJqd2stc2V0K2pzb24iLCJl
   bmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2In0

            Figure 102: JWE Protected Header, base64url-encoded

   Performing the content encryption operation over the Plaintext
   (Figure 95) with the following:

   o  CEK (Figure 97);

   o  Initialization Vector (Figure 98); and

   o  JWE Protected Header (Figure 102) as authenticated data

   produces the following:

   o  Ciphertext from Figure 103.

   o  Authentication Tag from Figure 104.













<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 55]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-56" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   23i-Tb1AV4n0WKVSSgcQrdg6GRqsUKxjruHXYsTHAJLZ2nsnGIX86vMXqIi6IR
   sfywCRFzLxEcZBRnTvG3nhzPk0GDD7FMyXhUHpDjEYCNA_XOmzg8yZR9oyjo6l
   TF6si4q9FZ2EhzgFQCLO_6h5EVg3vR75_hkBsnuoqoM3dwejXBtIodN84PeqMb
   6asmas_dpSsz7H10fC5ni9xIz424givB1YLldF6exVmL93R3fOoOJbmk2GBQZL
   _SEGllv2cQsBgeprARsaQ7Bq99tT80coH8ItBjgV08AtzXFFsx9qKvC982KLKd
   PQMTlVJKkqtV4Ru5LEVpBZXBnZrtViSOgyg6AiuwaS-rCrcD_ePOGSuxvgtrok
   AKYPqmXUeRdjFJwafkYEkiuDCV9vWGAi1DH2xTafhJwcmywIyzi4BqRpmdn_N-
   zl5tuJYyuvKhjKv6ihbsV_k1hJGPGAxJ6wUpmwC4PTQ2izEm0TuSE8oMKdTw8V
   3kobXZ77ulMwDs4p

                 Figure 103: Ciphertext, base64url-encoded

   0HlwodAhOCILG5SQ2LQ9dg

             Figure 104: Authentication Tag, base64url-encoded

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.3.5" href="#section-5.3.5">5.3.5</a>.  Output Results</span>

   The following compose the resulting JWE object:

   o  JWE Protected Header (Figure 102)

   o  Encrypted Key (Figure 100)

   o  Initialization Vector (Figure 98)

   o  Ciphertext (Figure 103)

   o  Authentication Tag (Figure 104)






















<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 56]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-57" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The resulting JWE object using the JWE Compact Serialization:

   eyJhbGciOiJQQkVTMi1IUzUxMitBMjU2S1ciLCJwMnMiOiI4UTFTemluYXNSM3
   hjaFl6NlpaY0hBIiwicDJjIjo4MTkyLCJjdHkiOiJqd2stc2V0K2pzb24iLCJl
   bmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2In0
   .
   d3qNhUWfqheyPp4H8sjOWsDYajoej4c5Je6rlUtFPWdgtURtmeDV1g
   .
   VBiCzVHNoLiR3F4V82uoTQ
   .
   23i-Tb1AV4n0WKVSSgcQrdg6GRqsUKxjruHXYsTHAJLZ2nsnGIX86vMXqIi6IR
   sfywCRFzLxEcZBRnTvG3nhzPk0GDD7FMyXhUHpDjEYCNA_XOmzg8yZR9oyjo6l
   TF6si4q9FZ2EhzgFQCLO_6h5EVg3vR75_hkBsnuoqoM3dwejXBtIodN84PeqMb
   6asmas_dpSsz7H10fC5ni9xIz424givB1YLldF6exVmL93R3fOoOJbmk2GBQZL
   _SEGllv2cQsBgeprARsaQ7Bq99tT80coH8ItBjgV08AtzXFFsx9qKvC982KLKd
   PQMTlVJKkqtV4Ru5LEVpBZXBnZrtViSOgyg6AiuwaS-rCrcD_ePOGSuxvgtrok
   AKYPqmXUeRdjFJwafkYEkiuDCV9vWGAi1DH2xTafhJwcmywIyzi4BqRpmdn_N-
   zl5tuJYyuvKhjKv6ihbsV_k1hJGPGAxJ6wUpmwC4PTQ2izEm0TuSE8oMKdTw8V
   3kobXZ77ulMwDs4p
   .
   0HlwodAhOCILG5SQ2LQ9dg

                   Figure 105: JWE Compact Serialization




























<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 57]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-58" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The resulting JWE object using the general JWE JSON Serialization:

   {
     "recipients": [
       {
         "encrypted_key": "d3qNhUWfqheyPp4H8sjOWsDYajoej4c5Je6rlU
             tFPWdgtURtmeDV1g"
       }
     ],
     "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJQQkVTMi1IUzUxMitBMjU2S1ciLCJwMnMiOi
         I4UTFTemluYXNSM3hjaFl6NlpaY0hBIiwicDJjIjo4MTkyLCJjdHkiOi
         Jqd2stc2V0K2pzb24iLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2In0",
     "iv": "VBiCzVHNoLiR3F4V82uoTQ",
     "ciphertext": "23i-Tb1AV4n0WKVSSgcQrdg6GRqsUKxjruHXYsTHAJLZ2
         nsnGIX86vMXqIi6IRsfywCRFzLxEcZBRnTvG3nhzPk0GDD7FMyXhUHpD
         jEYCNA_XOmzg8yZR9oyjo6lTF6si4q9FZ2EhzgFQCLO_6h5EVg3vR75_
         hkBsnuoqoM3dwejXBtIodN84PeqMb6asmas_dpSsz7H10fC5ni9xIz42
         4givB1YLldF6exVmL93R3fOoOJbmk2GBQZL_SEGllv2cQsBgeprARsaQ
         7Bq99tT80coH8ItBjgV08AtzXFFsx9qKvC982KLKdPQMTlVJKkqtV4Ru
         5LEVpBZXBnZrtViSOgyg6AiuwaS-rCrcD_ePOGSuxvgtrokAKYPqmXUe
         RdjFJwafkYEkiuDCV9vWGAi1DH2xTafhJwcmywIyzi4BqRpmdn_N-zl5
         tuJYyuvKhjKv6ihbsV_k1hJGPGAxJ6wUpmwC4PTQ2izEm0TuSE8oMKdT
         w8V3kobXZ77ulMwDs4p",
     "tag": "0HlwodAhOCILG5SQ2LQ9dg"
   }

                Figure 106: General JWE JSON Serialization
























<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 58]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-59" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The resulting JWE object using the flattened JWE JSON Serialization:

   {
     "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJQQkVTMi1IUzUxMitBMjU2S1ciLCJwMnMiOi
         I4UTFTemluYXNSM3hjaFl6NlpaY0hBIiwicDJjIjo4MTkyLCJjdHkiOi
         Jqd2stc2V0K2pzb24iLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2In0",
     "encrypted_key": "d3qNhUWfqheyPp4H8sjOWsDYajoej4c5Je6rlUtFPW
         dgtURtmeDV1g",
     "iv": "VBiCzVHNoLiR3F4V82uoTQ",
     "ciphertext": "23i-Tb1AV4n0WKVSSgcQrdg6GRqsUKxjruHXYsTHAJLZ2
         nsnGIX86vMXqIi6IRsfywCRFzLxEcZBRnTvG3nhzPk0GDD7FMyXhUHpD
         jEYCNA_XOmzg8yZR9oyjo6lTF6si4q9FZ2EhzgFQCLO_6h5EVg3vR75_
         hkBsnuoqoM3dwejXBtIodN84PeqMb6asmas_dpSsz7H10fC5ni9xIz42
         4givB1YLldF6exVmL93R3fOoOJbmk2GBQZL_SEGllv2cQsBgeprARsaQ
         7Bq99tT80coH8ItBjgV08AtzXFFsx9qKvC982KLKdPQMTlVJKkqtV4Ru
         5LEVpBZXBnZrtViSOgyg6AiuwaS-rCrcD_ePOGSuxvgtrokAKYPqmXUe
         RdjFJwafkYEkiuDCV9vWGAi1DH2xTafhJwcmywIyzi4BqRpmdn_N-zl5
         tuJYyuvKhjKv6ihbsV_k1hJGPGAxJ6wUpmwC4PTQ2izEm0TuSE8oMKdT
         w8V3kobXZ77ulMwDs4p",
     "tag": "0HlwodAhOCILG5SQ2LQ9dg"
   }

               Figure 107: Flattened JWE JSON Serialization

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.4" href="#section-5.4">5.4</a>.  Key Agreement with Key Wrapping Using ECDH-ES and AES-KeyWrap with</span>
<span class="h3">      AES-GCM</span>

   This example illustrates encrypting content using the "ECDH-
   ES+A128KW" (Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman Ephemeral-Static with AES-
   128-KeyWrap) key encryption algorithm and the "A128GCM" (AES-GCM)
   content encryption algorithm.

   Note that only the EC public key is necessary to perform the key
   agreement.  However, the example includes the EC private key to allow
   readers to validate the output.

   Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in
   <a href="#section-1.1">Section 1.1</a>.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.4.1" href="#section-5.4.1">5.4.1</a>.  Input Factors</span>

   The following are supplied before beginning the encryption process:

   o  Plaintext content; this example uses the content from Figure 72.

   o  EC public key; this example uses the public key from Figure 108.





<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 59]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-60" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   o  "alg" parameter of "ECDH-ES+A128KW".

   o  "enc" parameter of "A128GCM".

   {
     "kty": "EC",
     "kid": "peregrin.took@tuckborough.example",
     "use": "enc",
     "crv": "P-384",
     "x": "YU4rRUzdmVqmRtWOs2OpDE_T5fsNIodcG8G5FWPrTPMyxpzsSOGaQL
         pe2FpxBmu2",
     "y": "A8-yxCHxkfBz3hKZfI1jUYMjUhsEveZ9THuwFjH2sCNdtksRJU7D5-
         SkgaFL1ETP",
     "d": "iTx2pk7wW-GqJkHcEkFQb2EFyYcO7RugmaW3mRrQVAOUiPommT0Idn
         YK2xDlZh-j"
   }

            Figure 108: Elliptic Curve P-384 Key, in JWK Format

   (NOTE: While the key includes the private parameters, only the public
   parameters "crv", "x", and "y" are necessary for the encryption
   operation.)

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.4.2" href="#section-5.4.2">5.4.2</a>.  Generated Factors</span>

   The following are generated before encrypting:

   o  AES symmetric key as the Content Encryption Key (CEK); this
      example uses the key from Figure 109.

   o  Initialization Vector; this example uses the Initialization Vector
      from Figure 110.

   Nou2ueKlP70ZXDbq9UrRwg

           Figure 109: Content Encryption Key, base64url-encoded

   mH-G2zVqgztUtnW_

           Figure 110: Initialization Vector, base64url-encoded

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.4.3" href="#section-5.4.3">5.4.3</a>.  Encrypting the Key</span>

   To encrypt the Content Encryption Key, the following is generated:

   o  Ephemeral EC private key on the same curve as the EC public key;
      this example uses the private key from Figure 111.




<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 60]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-61" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   {
     "kty": "EC",
     "crv": "P-384",
     "x": "uBo4kHPw6kbjx5l0xowrd_oYzBmaz-GKFZu4xAFFkbYiWgutEK6iuE
         DsQ6wNdNg3",
     "y": "sp3p5SGhZVC2faXumI-e9JU2Mo8KpoYrFDr5yPNVtW4PgEwZOyQTA-
         JdaY8tb7E0",
     "d": "D5H4Y_5PSKZvhfVFbcCYJOtcGZygRgfZkpsBr59Icmmhe9sW6nkZ8W
         fwhinUfWJg"
   }

       Figure 111: Ephemeral Elliptic Curve P-384 Key, in JWK Format

   Performing the key encryption operation over the CEK (Figure 109)
   with the following:

   o  The static Elliptic Curve public key (Figure 108); and

   o  The ephemeral Elliptic Curve private key (Figure 111)

   produces the following JWE Encrypted Key:

   0DJjBXri_kBcC46IkU5_Jk9BqaQeHdv2

               Figure 112: Encrypted Key, base64url-encoded

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.4.4" href="#section-5.4.4">5.4.4</a>.  Encrypting the Content</span>

   The following is generated before encrypting the content:

   o  JWE Protected Header; this example uses the header from
      Figure 113, encoded to base64url [<a href="./rfc4648" title="&quot;The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings&quot;">RFC4648</a>] as Figure 114.

   {
     "alg": "ECDH-ES+A128KW",
     "kid": "peregrin.took@tuckborough.example",
     "epk": {
       "kty": "EC",
       "crv": "P-384",
       "x": "uBo4kHPw6kbjx5l0xowrd_oYzBmaz-GKFZu4xAFFkbYiWgutEK6i
           uEDsQ6wNdNg3",
       "y": "sp3p5SGhZVC2faXumI-e9JU2Mo8KpoYrFDr5yPNVtW4PgEwZOyQT
           A-JdaY8tb7E0"
     },
     "enc": "A128GCM"
   }

                   Figure 113: JWE Protected Header JSON



<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 61]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-62" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   eyJhbGciOiJFQ0RILUVTK0ExMjhLVyIsImtpZCI6InBlcmVncmluLnRvb2tAdH
   Vja2Jvcm91Z2guZXhhbXBsZSIsImVwayI6eyJrdHkiOiJFQyIsImNydiI6IlAt
   Mzg0IiwieCI6InVCbzRrSFB3Nmtiang1bDB4b3dyZF9vWXpCbWF6LUdLRlp1NH
   hBRkZrYllpV2d1dEVLNml1RURzUTZ3TmROZzMiLCJ5Ijoic3AzcDVTR2haVkMy
   ZmFYdW1JLWU5SlUyTW84S3BvWXJGRHI1eVBOVnRXNFBnRXdaT3lRVEEtSmRhWT
   h0YjdFMCJ9LCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4R0NNIn0

            Figure 114: JWE Protected Header, base64url-encoded

   Performing the content encryption operation on the Plaintext
   (Figure 72) using the following:

   o  CEK (Figure 109);

   o  Initialization Vector (Figure 110); and

   o  JWE Protected Header (Figure 114) as authenticated data

   produces the following:

   o  Ciphertext from Figure 115.

   o  Authentication Tag from Figure 116.

   tkZuOO9h95OgHJmkkrfLBisku8rGf6nzVxhRM3sVOhXgz5NJ76oID7lpnAi_cP
   WJRCjSpAaUZ5dOR3Spy7QuEkmKx8-3RCMhSYMzsXaEwDdXta9Mn5B7cCBoJKB0
   IgEnj_qfo1hIi-uEkUpOZ8aLTZGHfpl05jMwbKkTe2yK3mjF6SBAsgicQDVCkc
   Y9BLluzx1RmC3ORXaM0JaHPB93YcdSDGgpgBWMVrNU1ErkjcMqMoT_wtCex3w0
   3XdLkjXIuEr2hWgeP-nkUZTPU9EoGSPj6fAS-bSz87RCPrxZdj_iVyC6QWcqAu
   07WNhjzJEPc4jVntRJ6K53NgPQ5p99l3Z408OUqj4ioYezbS6vTPlQ

                 Figure 115: Ciphertext, base64url-encoded

   WuGzxmcreYjpHGJoa17EBg

             Figure 116: Authentication Tag, base64url-encoded















<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 62]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-63" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.4.5" href="#section-5.4.5">5.4.5</a>.  Output Results</span>

   The following compose the resulting JWE object:

   o  JWE Protected Header (Figure 114)

   o  Encrypted Key (Figure 112)

   o  Initialization Vector (Figure 110)

   o  Ciphertext (Figure 115)

   o  Authentication Tag (Figure 116)

   The resulting JWE object using the JWE Compact Serialization:

   eyJhbGciOiJFQ0RILUVTK0ExMjhLVyIsImtpZCI6InBlcmVncmluLnRvb2tAdH
   Vja2Jvcm91Z2guZXhhbXBsZSIsImVwayI6eyJrdHkiOiJFQyIsImNydiI6IlAt
   Mzg0IiwieCI6InVCbzRrSFB3Nmtiang1bDB4b3dyZF9vWXpCbWF6LUdLRlp1NH
   hBRkZrYllpV2d1dEVLNml1RURzUTZ3TmROZzMiLCJ5Ijoic3AzcDVTR2haVkMy
   ZmFYdW1JLWU5SlUyTW84S3BvWXJGRHI1eVBOVnRXNFBnRXdaT3lRVEEtSmRhWT
   h0YjdFMCJ9LCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4R0NNIn0
   .
   0DJjBXri_kBcC46IkU5_Jk9BqaQeHdv2
   .
   mH-G2zVqgztUtnW_
   .
   tkZuOO9h95OgHJmkkrfLBisku8rGf6nzVxhRM3sVOhXgz5NJ76oID7lpnAi_cP
   WJRCjSpAaUZ5dOR3Spy7QuEkmKx8-3RCMhSYMzsXaEwDdXta9Mn5B7cCBoJKB0
   IgEnj_qfo1hIi-uEkUpOZ8aLTZGHfpl05jMwbKkTe2yK3mjF6SBAsgicQDVCkc
   Y9BLluzx1RmC3ORXaM0JaHPB93YcdSDGgpgBWMVrNU1ErkjcMqMoT_wtCex3w0
   3XdLkjXIuEr2hWgeP-nkUZTPU9EoGSPj6fAS-bSz87RCPrxZdj_iVyC6QWcqAu
   07WNhjzJEPc4jVntRJ6K53NgPQ5p99l3Z408OUqj4ioYezbS6vTPlQ
   .
   WuGzxmcreYjpHGJoa17EBg

                   Figure 117: JWE Compact Serialization














<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 63]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-64" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The resulting JWE object using the general JWE JSON Serialization:

   {
     "recipients": [
       {
         "encrypted_key": "0DJjBXri_kBcC46IkU5_Jk9BqaQeHdv2"
       }
     ],
     "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJFQ0RILUVTK0ExMjhLVyIsImtpZCI6InBlcm
         VncmluLnRvb2tAdHVja2Jvcm91Z2guZXhhbXBsZSIsImVwayI6eyJrdH
         kiOiJFQyIsImNydiI6IlAtMzg0IiwieCI6InVCbzRrSFB3Nmtiang1bD
         B4b3dyZF9vWXpCbWF6LUdLRlp1NHhBRkZrYllpV2d1dEVLNml1RURzUT
         Z3TmROZzMiLCJ5Ijoic3AzcDVTR2haVkMyZmFYdW1JLWU5SlUyTW84S3
         BvWXJGRHI1eVBOVnRXNFBnRXdaT3lRVEEtSmRhWTh0YjdFMCJ9LCJlbm
         MiOiJBMTI4R0NNIn0",
     "iv": "mH-G2zVqgztUtnW_",
     "ciphertext": "tkZuOO9h95OgHJmkkrfLBisku8rGf6nzVxhRM3sVOhXgz
         5NJ76oID7lpnAi_cPWJRCjSpAaUZ5dOR3Spy7QuEkmKx8-3RCMhSYMzs
         XaEwDdXta9Mn5B7cCBoJKB0IgEnj_qfo1hIi-uEkUpOZ8aLTZGHfpl05
         jMwbKkTe2yK3mjF6SBAsgicQDVCkcY9BLluzx1RmC3ORXaM0JaHPB93Y
         cdSDGgpgBWMVrNU1ErkjcMqMoT_wtCex3w03XdLkjXIuEr2hWgeP-nkU
         ZTPU9EoGSPj6fAS-bSz87RCPrxZdj_iVyC6QWcqAu07WNhjzJEPc4jVn
         tRJ6K53NgPQ5p99l3Z408OUqj4ioYezbS6vTPlQ",
     "tag": "WuGzxmcreYjpHGJoa17EBg"
   }

                Figure 118: General JWE JSON Serialization
























<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 64]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-65" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The resulting JWE object using the flattened JWE JSON Serialization:

   {
     "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJFQ0RILUVTK0ExMjhLVyIsImtpZCI6InBlcm
         VncmluLnRvb2tAdHVja2Jvcm91Z2guZXhhbXBsZSIsImVwayI6eyJrdH
         kiOiJFQyIsImNydiI6IlAtMzg0IiwieCI6InVCbzRrSFB3Nmtiang1bD
         B4b3dyZF9vWXpCbWF6LUdLRlp1NHhBRkZrYllpV2d1dEVLNml1RURzUT
         Z3TmROZzMiLCJ5Ijoic3AzcDVTR2haVkMyZmFYdW1JLWU5SlUyTW84S3
         BvWXJGRHI1eVBOVnRXNFBnRXdaT3lRVEEtSmRhWTh0YjdFMCJ9LCJlbm
         MiOiJBMTI4R0NNIn0",
     "encrypted_key": "0DJjBXri_kBcC46IkU5_Jk9BqaQeHdv2",
     "iv": "mH-G2zVqgztUtnW_",
     "ciphertext": "tkZuOO9h95OgHJmkkrfLBisku8rGf6nzVxhRM3sVOhXgz
         5NJ76oID7lpnAi_cPWJRCjSpAaUZ5dOR3Spy7QuEkmKx8-3RCMhSYMzs
         XaEwDdXta9Mn5B7cCBoJKB0IgEnj_qfo1hIi-uEkUpOZ8aLTZGHfpl05
         jMwbKkTe2yK3mjF6SBAsgicQDVCkcY9BLluzx1RmC3ORXaM0JaHPB93Y
         cdSDGgpgBWMVrNU1ErkjcMqMoT_wtCex3w03XdLkjXIuEr2hWgeP-nkU
         ZTPU9EoGSPj6fAS-bSz87RCPrxZdj_iVyC6QWcqAu07WNhjzJEPc4jVn
         tRJ6K53NgPQ5p99l3Z408OUqj4ioYezbS6vTPlQ",
     "tag": "WuGzxmcreYjpHGJoa17EBg"
   }

               Figure 119: Flattened JWE JSON Serialization

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.5" href="#section-5.5">5.5</a>.  Key Agreement Using ECDH-ES with AES-CBC-HMAC-SHA2</span>

   This example illustrates encrypting content using the "ECDH-ES"
   (Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman Ephemeral-Static) key agreement
   algorithm and the "A128CBC-HS256" (AES-128-CBC-HMAC-SHA-256) content
   encryption algorithm.

   Note that only the EC public key is necessary to perform the key
   agreement.  However, the example includes the EC private key to allow
   readers to validate the output.

   Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in
   <a href="#section-1.1">Section 1.1</a>.














<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 65]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-66" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.5.1" href="#section-5.5.1">5.5.1</a>.  Input Factors</span>

   The following are supplied before beginning the encryption process:

   o  Plaintext content; this example uses the content from Figure 72.

   o  EC public key; this example uses the public key from Figure 120.

   o  "alg" parameter of "ECDH-ES".

   o  "enc" parameter of "A128CBC-HS256".

   {
     "kty": "EC",
     "kid": "meriadoc.brandybuck@buckland.example",
     "use": "enc",
     "crv": "P-256",
     "x": "Ze2loSV3wrroKUN_4zhwGhCqo3Xhu1td4QjeQ5wIVR0",
     "y": "HlLtdXARY_f55A3fnzQbPcm6hgr34Mp8p-nuzQCE0Zw",
     "d": "r_kHyZ-a06rmxM3yESK84r1otSg-aQcVStkRhA-iCM8"
   }

                   Figure 120: Elliptic Curve P-256 Key

   (NOTE: While the key includes the private parameters, only the public
   parameters "crv", "x", and "y" are necessary for the encryption
   operation.)

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.5.2" href="#section-5.5.2">5.5.2</a>.  Generated Factors</span>

   The following is generated before encrypting:

   o  Initialization Vector; this example uses the Initialization Vector
      from Figure 121.

   yc9N8v5sYyv3iGQT926IUg

           Figure 121: Initialization Vector, base64url-encoded

   NOTE: The Content Encryption Key (CEK) is not randomly generated;
   instead, it is determined using ECDH-ES key agreement.










<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 66]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-67" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.5.3" href="#section-5.5.3">5.5.3</a>.  Key Agreement</span>

   The following is generated to agree on a CEK:

   o  Ephemeral private key; this example uses the private key from
      Figure 122.

   {
     "kty": "EC",
     "crv": "P-256",
     "x": "mPUKT_bAWGHIhg0TpjjqVsP1rXWQu_vwVOHHtNkdYoA",
     "y": "8BQAsImGeAS46fyWw5MhYfGTT0IjBpFw2SS34Dv4Irs",
     "d": "AtH35vJsQ9SGjYfOsjUxYXQKrPH3FjZHmEtSKoSN8cM"
   }

             Figure 122: Ephemeral Private Key, in JWK Format

   Performing the ECDH operation using the static EC public key
   (Figure 120) over the ephemeral private key (Figure 122) produces the
   following CEK:

   hzHdlfQIAEehb8Hrd_mFRhKsKLEzPfshfXs9l6areCc

      Figure 123: Agreed-to Content Encryption Key, base64url-encoded

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.5.4" href="#section-5.5.4">5.5.4</a>.  Encrypting the Content</span>

   The following is generated before encrypting the content:

   o  JWE Protected Header; this example uses the header from
      Figure 124, encoded to base64url [<a href="./rfc4648" title="&quot;The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings&quot;">RFC4648</a>] as Figure 125.

   {
     "alg": "ECDH-ES",
     "kid": "meriadoc.brandybuck@buckland.example",
     "epk": {
       "kty": "EC",
       "crv": "P-256",
       "x": "mPUKT_bAWGHIhg0TpjjqVsP1rXWQu_vwVOHHtNkdYoA",
       "y": "8BQAsImGeAS46fyWw5MhYfGTT0IjBpFw2SS34Dv4Irs"
     },
     "enc": "A128CBC-HS256"
   }

                   Figure 124: JWE Protected Header JSON






<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 67]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-68" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   eyJhbGciOiJFQ0RILUVTIiwia2lkIjoibWVyaWFkb2MuYnJhbmR5YnVja0BidW
   NrbGFuZC5leGFtcGxlIiwiZXBrIjp7Imt0eSI6IkVDIiwiY3J2IjoiUC0yNTYi
   LCJ4IjoibVBVS1RfYkFXR0hJaGcwVHBqanFWc1AxclhXUXVfdndWT0hIdE5rZF
   lvQSIsInkiOiI4QlFBc0ltR2VBUzQ2ZnlXdzVNaFlmR1RUMElqQnBGdzJTUzM0
   RHY0SXJzIn0sImVuYyI6IkExMjhDQkMtSFMyNTYifQ

            Figure 125: JWE Protected Header, base64url-encoded

   Performing the content encryption operation on the Plaintext
   (Figure 72) using the following:

   o  CEK (Figure 123);

   o  Initialization Vector (Figure 121); and

   o  JWE Protected Header (Figure 125) as authenticated data

   produces the following:

   o  Ciphertext from Figure 126.

   o  Authentication Tag from Figure 127.

   BoDlwPnTypYq-ivjmQvAYJLb5Q6l-F3LIgQomlz87yW4OPKbWE1zSTEFjDfhU9
   IPIOSA9Bml4m7iDFwA-1ZXvHteLDtw4R1XRGMEsDIqAYtskTTmzmzNa-_q4F_e
   vAPUmwlO-ZG45Mnq4uhM1fm_D9rBtWolqZSF3xGNNkpOMQKF1Cl8i8wjzRli7-
   IXgyirlKQsbhhqRzkv8IcY6aHl24j03C-AR2le1r7URUhArM79BY8soZU0lzwI
   -sD5PZ3l4NDCCei9XkoIAfsXJWmySPoeRb2Ni5UZL4mYpvKDiwmyzGd65KqVw7
   MsFfI_K767G9C9Azp73gKZD0DyUn1mn0WW5LmyX_yJ-3AROq8p1WZBfG-ZyJ61
   95_JGG2m9Csg

                 Figure 126: Ciphertext, base64url-encoded

   WCCkNa-x4BeB9hIDIfFuhg

             Figure 127: Authentication Tag, base64url-encoded

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.5.5" href="#section-5.5.5">5.5.5</a>.  Output Results</span>

   The following compose the resulting JWE object:

   o  JWE Protected Header (Figure 114)

   o  Initialization Vector (Figure 110)

   o  Ciphertext (Figure 115)

   o  Authentication Tag (Figure 116)



<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 68]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-69" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   Only the general JWE JSON Serialization is presented because the
   flattened JWE JSON Serialization is identical.

   The resulting JWE object using the JWE Compact Serialization:

   eyJhbGciOiJFQ0RILUVTIiwia2lkIjoibWVyaWFkb2MuYnJhbmR5YnVja0BidW
   NrbGFuZC5leGFtcGxlIiwiZXBrIjp7Imt0eSI6IkVDIiwiY3J2IjoiUC0yNTYi
   LCJ4IjoibVBVS1RfYkFXR0hJaGcwVHBqanFWc1AxclhXUXVfdndWT0hIdE5rZF
   lvQSIsInkiOiI4QlFBc0ltR2VBUzQ2ZnlXdzVNaFlmR1RUMElqQnBGdzJTUzM0
   RHY0SXJzIn0sImVuYyI6IkExMjhDQkMtSFMyNTYifQ
   .
   .
   yc9N8v5sYyv3iGQT926IUg
   .
   BoDlwPnTypYq-ivjmQvAYJLb5Q6l-F3LIgQomlz87yW4OPKbWE1zSTEFjDfhU9
   IPIOSA9Bml4m7iDFwA-1ZXvHteLDtw4R1XRGMEsDIqAYtskTTmzmzNa-_q4F_e
   vAPUmwlO-ZG45Mnq4uhM1fm_D9rBtWolqZSF3xGNNkpOMQKF1Cl8i8wjzRli7-
   IXgyirlKQsbhhqRzkv8IcY6aHl24j03C-AR2le1r7URUhArM79BY8soZU0lzwI
   -sD5PZ3l4NDCCei9XkoIAfsXJWmySPoeRb2Ni5UZL4mYpvKDiwmyzGd65KqVw7
   MsFfI_K767G9C9Azp73gKZD0DyUn1mn0WW5LmyX_yJ-3AROq8p1WZBfG-ZyJ61
   95_JGG2m9Csg
   .
   WCCkNa-x4BeB9hIDIfFuhg

                   Figure 128: JWE Compact Serialization

   The resulting JWE object using the general JWE JSON Serialization:

   {
     "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJFQ0RILUVTIiwia2lkIjoibWVyaWFkb2MuYn
         JhbmR5YnVja0BidWNrbGFuZC5leGFtcGxlIiwiZXBrIjp7Imt0eSI6Ik
         VDIiwiY3J2IjoiUC0yNTYiLCJ4IjoibVBVS1RfYkFXR0hJaGcwVHBqan
         FWc1AxclhXUXVfdndWT0hIdE5rZFlvQSIsInkiOiI4QlFBc0ltR2VBUz
         Q2ZnlXdzVNaFlmR1RUMElqQnBGdzJTUzM0RHY0SXJzIn0sImVuYyI6Ik
         ExMjhDQkMtSFMyNTYifQ",
     "iv": "yc9N8v5sYyv3iGQT926IUg",
     "ciphertext": "BoDlwPnTypYq-ivjmQvAYJLb5Q6l-F3LIgQomlz87yW4O
         PKbWE1zSTEFjDfhU9IPIOSA9Bml4m7iDFwA-1ZXvHteLDtw4R1XRGMEs
         DIqAYtskTTmzmzNa-_q4F_evAPUmwlO-ZG45Mnq4uhM1fm_D9rBtWolq
         ZSF3xGNNkpOMQKF1Cl8i8wjzRli7-IXgyirlKQsbhhqRzkv8IcY6aHl2
         4j03C-AR2le1r7URUhArM79BY8soZU0lzwI-sD5PZ3l4NDCCei9XkoIA
         fsXJWmySPoeRb2Ni5UZL4mYpvKDiwmyzGd65KqVw7MsFfI_K767G9C9A
         zp73gKZD0DyUn1mn0WW5LmyX_yJ-3AROq8p1WZBfG-ZyJ6195_JGG2m9
         Csg",
     "tag": "WCCkNa-x4BeB9hIDIfFuhg"
   }

                Figure 129: General JWE JSON Serialization



<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 69]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-70" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.6" href="#section-5.6">5.6</a>.  Direct Encryption Using AES-GCM</span>

   This example illustrates encrypting content using a previously
   exchanged key directly and the "A128GCM" (AES-GCM) content encryption
   algorithm.

   Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in
   <a href="#section-1.1">Section 1.1</a>.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.6.1" href="#section-5.6.1">5.6.1</a>.  Input Factors</span>

   The following are supplied before beginning the encryption process:

   o  Plaintext content; this example uses the content from Figure 72.

   o  AES symmetric key as the Content Encryption Key (CEK); this
      example uses the key from Figure 130.

   o  "alg" parameter of "dir".

   o  "enc" parameter of "A128GCM".

   {
     "kty": "oct",
     "kid": "77c7e2b8-6e13-45cf-8672-617b5b45243a",
     "use": "enc",
     "alg": "A128GCM",
     "k": "XctOhJAkA-pD9Lh7ZgW_2A"
   }

                Figure 130: AES 128-Bit Key, in JWK Format

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.6.2" href="#section-5.6.2">5.6.2</a>.  Generated Factors</span>

   The following is generated before encrypting:

   o  Initialization Vector; this example uses the Initialization Vector
      from Figure 131.

   refa467QzzKx6QAB

           Figure 131: Initialization Vector, base64url-encoded









<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 70]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-71" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.6.3" href="#section-5.6.3">5.6.3</a>.  Encrypting the Content</span>

   The following is generated before encrypting the content:

   o  JWE Protected Header; this example uses the header from
      Figure 132, encoded as base64url [<a href="./rfc4648" title="&quot;The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings&quot;">RFC4648</a>] to produce Figure 133.

   {
     "alg": "dir",
     "kid": "77c7e2b8-6e13-45cf-8672-617b5b45243a",
     "enc": "A128GCM"
   }

                   Figure 132: JWE Protected Header JSON

   eyJhbGciOiJkaXIiLCJraWQiOiI3N2M3ZTJiOC02ZTEzLTQ1Y2YtODY3Mi02MT
   diNWI0NTI0M2EiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4R0NNIn0

            Figure 133: JWE Protected Header, base64url-encoded

   Performing the encryption operation on the Plaintext (Figure 72)
   using the following:

   o  CEK (Figure 130);

   o  Initialization Vector (Figure 131); and

   o  JWE Protected Header (Figure 133) as authenticated data

   produces the following:

   o  Ciphertext from Figure 134.

   o  Authentication Tag from Figure 135.

   JW_i_f52hww_ELQPGaYyeAB6HYGcR559l9TYnSovc23XJoBcW29rHP8yZOZG7Y
   hLpT1bjFuvZPjQS-m0IFtVcXkZXdH_lr_FrdYt9HRUYkshtrMmIUAyGmUnd9zM
   DB2n0cRDIHAzFVeJUDxkUwVAE7_YGRPdcqMyiBoCO-FBdE-Nceb4h3-FtBP-c_
   BIwCPTjb9o0SbdcdREEMJMyZBH8ySWMVi1gPD9yxi-aQpGbSv_F9N4IZAxscj5
   g-NJsUPbjk29-s7LJAGb15wEBtXphVCgyy53CoIKLHHeJHXex45Uz9aKZSRSIn
   ZI-wjsY0yu3cT4_aQ3i1o-tiE-F8Ios61EKgyIQ4CWao8PFMj8TTnp

                 Figure 134: Ciphertext, base64url-encoded

   vbb32Xvllea2OtmHAdccRQ

             Figure 135: Authentication Tag, base64url-encoded




<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 71]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-72" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.6.4" href="#section-5.6.4">5.6.4</a>.  Output Results</span>

   The following compose the resulting JWE object:

   o  JWE Protected Header (Figure 133)

   o  Initialization Vector (Figure 131)

   o  Ciphertext (Figure 134)

   o  Authentication Tag (Figure 135)

   Only the general JWE JSON Serialization is presented because the
   flattened JWE JSON Serialization is identical.

   The resulting JWE object using the JWE Compact Serialization:

   eyJhbGciOiJkaXIiLCJraWQiOiI3N2M3ZTJiOC02ZTEzLTQ1Y2YtODY3Mi02MT
   diNWI0NTI0M2EiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4R0NNIn0
   .
   .
   refa467QzzKx6QAB
   .
   JW_i_f52hww_ELQPGaYyeAB6HYGcR559l9TYnSovc23XJoBcW29rHP8yZOZG7Y
   hLpT1bjFuvZPjQS-m0IFtVcXkZXdH_lr_FrdYt9HRUYkshtrMmIUAyGmUnd9zM
   DB2n0cRDIHAzFVeJUDxkUwVAE7_YGRPdcqMyiBoCO-FBdE-Nceb4h3-FtBP-c_
   BIwCPTjb9o0SbdcdREEMJMyZBH8ySWMVi1gPD9yxi-aQpGbSv_F9N4IZAxscj5
   g-NJsUPbjk29-s7LJAGb15wEBtXphVCgyy53CoIKLHHeJHXex45Uz9aKZSRSIn
   ZI-wjsY0yu3cT4_aQ3i1o-tiE-F8Ios61EKgyIQ4CWao8PFMj8TTnp
   .
   vbb32Xvllea2OtmHAdccRQ

                   Figure 136: JWE Compact Serialization


















<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 72]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-73" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The resulting JWE object using the general JWE JSON Serialization:

   {
     "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJkaXIiLCJraWQiOiI3N2M3ZTJiOC02ZTEzLT
         Q1Y2YtODY3Mi02MTdiNWI0NTI0M2EiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4R0NNIn0",
     "iv": "refa467QzzKx6QAB",
     "ciphertext": "JW_i_f52hww_ELQPGaYyeAB6HYGcR559l9TYnSovc23XJ
         oBcW29rHP8yZOZG7YhLpT1bjFuvZPjQS-m0IFtVcXkZXdH_lr_FrdYt9
         HRUYkshtrMmIUAyGmUnd9zMDB2n0cRDIHAzFVeJUDxkUwVAE7_YGRPdc
         qMyiBoCO-FBdE-Nceb4h3-FtBP-c_BIwCPTjb9o0SbdcdREEMJMyZBH8
         ySWMVi1gPD9yxi-aQpGbSv_F9N4IZAxscj5g-NJsUPbjk29-s7LJAGb1
         5wEBtXphVCgyy53CoIKLHHeJHXex45Uz9aKZSRSInZI-wjsY0yu3cT4_
         aQ3i1o-tiE-F8Ios61EKgyIQ4CWao8PFMj8TTnp",
     "tag": "vbb32Xvllea2OtmHAdccRQ"
   }

                Figure 137: General JWE JSON Serialization

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.7" href="#section-5.7">5.7</a>.  Key Wrap Using AES-GCM KeyWrap with AES-CBC-HMAC-SHA2</span>

   This example illustrates encrypting content using the "A256GCMKW"
   (AES-256-GCM-KeyWrap) key encryption algorithm with the "A128CBC-
   HS256" (AES-128-CBC-HMAC-SHA-256) content encryption algorithm.

   Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in
   <a href="#section-1.1">Section 1.1</a>.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.7.1" href="#section-5.7.1">5.7.1</a>.  Input Factors</span>

   The following are supplied before beginning the encryption process:

   o  Plaintext content; this example uses the content from Figure 72.

   o  AES symmetric key; this example uses the key from Figure 138.

   o  "alg" parameter of "A256GCMKW".

   o  "enc" parameter of "A128CBC-HS256".













<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 73]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-74" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   {
     "kty": "oct",
     "kid": "18ec08e1-bfa9-4d95-b205-2b4dd1d4321d",
     "use": "enc",
     "alg": "A256GCMKW",
     "k": "qC57l_uxcm7Nm3K-ct4GFjx8tM1U8CZ0NLBvdQstiS8"
   }

                        Figure 138: AES 256-Bit Key

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.7.2" href="#section-5.7.2">5.7.2</a>.  Generated Factors</span>

   The following are generated before encrypting:

   o  AES symmetric key as the Content Encryption Key (CEK); this
      example uses the key from Figure 139.

   o  Initialization Vector for content encryption; this example uses
      the Initialization Vector from Figure 140.

   UWxARpat23nL9ReIj4WG3D1ee9I4r-Mv5QLuFXdy_rE

           Figure 139: Content Encryption Key, base64url-encoded

   gz6NjyEFNm_vm8Gj6FwoFQ

           Figure 140: Initialization Vector, base64url-encoded

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.7.3" href="#section-5.7.3">5.7.3</a>.  Encrypting the Key</span>

   The following is generated before encrypting the CEK:

   o  Initialization Vector for key wrapping; this example uses the
      Initialization Vector from Figure 141.

   KkYT0GX_2jHlfqN_

   Figure 141: Initialization Vector for Key Wrapping, base64url-encoded













<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 74]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-75" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   Performing the key encryption operation over the CEK (Figure 139)
   with the following:

   o  AES symmetric key (Figure 138);

   o  Initialization Vector (Figure 141); and

   o  The empty string as authenticated data

   produces the following:

   o  Encrypted Key from Figure 142.

   o  Authentication Tag from Figure 143.

   lJf3HbOApxMEBkCMOoTnnABxs_CvTWUmZQ2ElLvYNok

               Figure 142: Encrypted Key, base64url-encoded

   kfPduVQ3T3H6vnewt--ksw

    Figure 143: Authentication Tag from Key Wrapping, base64url-encoded

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.7.4" href="#section-5.7.4">5.7.4</a>.  Encrypting the Content</span>

   The following is generated before encrypting the content:

   o  JWE Protected Header; this example uses the header from
      Figure 144, encoded to base64url [<a href="./rfc4648" title="&quot;The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings&quot;">RFC4648</a>] as Figure 145.

   {
     "alg": "A256GCMKW",
     "kid": "18ec08e1-bfa9-4d95-b205-2b4dd1d4321d",
     "tag": "kfPduVQ3T3H6vnewt--ksw",
     "iv": "KkYT0GX_2jHlfqN_",
     "enc": "A128CBC-HS256"
   }

                   Figure 144: JWE Protected Header JSON












<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 75]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-76" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   eyJhbGciOiJBMjU2R0NNS1ciLCJraWQiOiIxOGVjMDhlMS1iZmE5LTRkOTUtYj
   IwNS0yYjRkZDFkNDMyMWQiLCJ0YWciOiJrZlBkdVZRM1QzSDZ2bmV3dC0ta3N3
   IiwiaXYiOiJLa1lUMEdYXzJqSGxmcU5fIiwiZW5jIjoiQTEyOENCQy1IUzI1Ni
   J9

            Figure 145: JWE Protected Header, base64url-encoded

   Performing the content encryption operation over the Plaintext
   (Figure 72) with the following:

   o  CEK (Figure 139);

   o  Initialization Vector (Figure 140); and

   o  JWE Protected Header (Figure 145) as authenticated data

   produces the following:

   o  Ciphertext from Figure 146.

   o  Authentication Tag from Figure 147.

   Jf5p9-ZhJlJy_IQ_byKFmI0Ro7w7G1QiaZpI8OaiVgD8EqoDZHyFKFBupS8iaE
   eVIgMqWmsuJKuoVgzR3YfzoMd3GxEm3VxNhzWyWtZKX0gxKdy6HgLvqoGNbZCz
   LjqcpDiF8q2_62EVAbr2uSc2oaxFmFuIQHLcqAHxy51449xkjZ7ewzZaGV3eFq
   hpco8o4DijXaG5_7kp3h2cajRfDgymuxUbWgLqaeNQaJtvJmSMFuEOSAzw9Hde
   b6yhdTynCRmu-kqtO5Dec4lT2OMZKpnxc_F1_4yDJFcqb5CiDSmA-psB2k0Jtj
   xAj4UPI61oONK7zzFIu4gBfjJCndsZfdvG7h8wGjV98QhrKEnR7xKZ3KCr0_qR
   1B-gxpNk3xWU

                 Figure 146: Ciphertext, base64url-encoded

   DKW7jrb4WaRSNfbXVPlT5g

             Figure 147: Authentication Tag, base64url-encoded
















<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 76]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-77" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.7.5" href="#section-5.7.5">5.7.5</a>.  Output Results</span>

   The following compose the resulting JWE object:

   o  JWE Protected Header (Figure 145)

   o  Encrypted Key (Figure 142)

   o  Initialization Vector (Figure 140)

   o  Ciphertext (Figure 146)

   o  Authentication Tag (Figure 147)

   The resulting JWE object using the JWE Compact Serialization:

   eyJhbGciOiJBMjU2R0NNS1ciLCJraWQiOiIxOGVjMDhlMS1iZmE5LTRkOTUtYj
   IwNS0yYjRkZDFkNDMyMWQiLCJ0YWciOiJrZlBkdVZRM1QzSDZ2bmV3dC0ta3N3
   IiwiaXYiOiJLa1lUMEdYXzJqSGxmcU5fIiwiZW5jIjoiQTEyOENCQy1IUzI1Ni
   J9
   .
   lJf3HbOApxMEBkCMOoTnnABxs_CvTWUmZQ2ElLvYNok
   .
   gz6NjyEFNm_vm8Gj6FwoFQ
   .
   Jf5p9-ZhJlJy_IQ_byKFmI0Ro7w7G1QiaZpI8OaiVgD8EqoDZHyFKFBupS8iaE
   eVIgMqWmsuJKuoVgzR3YfzoMd3GxEm3VxNhzWyWtZKX0gxKdy6HgLvqoGNbZCz
   LjqcpDiF8q2_62EVAbr2uSc2oaxFmFuIQHLcqAHxy51449xkjZ7ewzZaGV3eFq
   hpco8o4DijXaG5_7kp3h2cajRfDgymuxUbWgLqaeNQaJtvJmSMFuEOSAzw9Hde
   b6yhdTynCRmu-kqtO5Dec4lT2OMZKpnxc_F1_4yDJFcqb5CiDSmA-psB2k0Jtj
   xAj4UPI61oONK7zzFIu4gBfjJCndsZfdvG7h8wGjV98QhrKEnR7xKZ3KCr0_qR
   1B-gxpNk3xWU
   .
   DKW7jrb4WaRSNfbXVPlT5g

                   Figure 148: JWE Compact Serialization















<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 77]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-78" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The resulting JWE object using the general JWE JSON Serialization:

   {
     "recipients": [
       {
         "encrypted_key": "lJf3HbOApxMEBkCMOoTnnABxs_CvTWUmZQ2ElL
             vYNok"
       }
     ],
     "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJBMjU2R0NNS1ciLCJraWQiOiIxOGVjMDhlMS
         1iZmE5LTRkOTUtYjIwNS0yYjRkZDFkNDMyMWQiLCJ0YWciOiJrZlBkdV
         ZRM1QzSDZ2bmV3dC0ta3N3IiwiaXYiOiJLa1lUMEdYXzJqSGxmcU5fIi
         wiZW5jIjoiQTEyOENCQy1IUzI1NiJ9",
     "iv": "gz6NjyEFNm_vm8Gj6FwoFQ",
     "ciphertext": "Jf5p9-ZhJlJy_IQ_byKFmI0Ro7w7G1QiaZpI8OaiVgD8E
         qoDZHyFKFBupS8iaEeVIgMqWmsuJKuoVgzR3YfzoMd3GxEm3VxNhzWyW
         tZKX0gxKdy6HgLvqoGNbZCzLjqcpDiF8q2_62EVAbr2uSc2oaxFmFuIQ
         HLcqAHxy51449xkjZ7ewzZaGV3eFqhpco8o4DijXaG5_7kp3h2cajRfD
         gymuxUbWgLqaeNQaJtvJmSMFuEOSAzw9Hdeb6yhdTynCRmu-kqtO5Dec
         4lT2OMZKpnxc_F1_4yDJFcqb5CiDSmA-psB2k0JtjxAj4UPI61oONK7z
         zFIu4gBfjJCndsZfdvG7h8wGjV98QhrKEnR7xKZ3KCr0_qR1B-gxpNk3
         xWU",
     "tag": "DKW7jrb4WaRSNfbXVPlT5g"
   }

                Figure 149: General JWE JSON Serialization

























<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 78]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-79" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The resulting JWE object using the flattened JWE JSON Serialization:

   {
     "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJBMjU2R0NNS1ciLCJpdiI6IktrWVQwR1hfMm
         pIbGZxTl8iLCJraWQiOiIxOGVjMDhlMS1iZmE5LTRkOTUtYjIwNS0yYj
         RkZDFkNDMyMWQiLCJ0YWciOiJrZlBkdVZRM1QzSDZ2bmV3dC0ta3N3Ii
         wiZW5jIjoiQTEyOENCQy1IUzI1NiJ9",
     "encrypted_key": "lJf3HbOApxMEBkCMOoTnnABxs_CvTWUmZQ2ElLvYNo
         k",
     "iv": "gz6NjyEFNm_vm8Gj6FwoFQ",
     "ciphertext": "Jf5p9-ZhJlJy_IQ_byKFmI0Ro7w7G1QiaZpI8OaiVgD8E
         qoDZHyFKFBupS8iaEeVIgMqWmsuJKuoVgzR3YfzoMd3GxEm3VxNhzWyW
         tZKX0gxKdy6HgLvqoGNbZCzLjqcpDiF8q2_62EVAbr2uSc2oaxFmFuIQ
         HLcqAHxy51449xkjZ7ewzZaGV3eFqhpco8o4DijXaG5_7kp3h2cajRfD
         gymuxUbWgLqaeNQaJtvJmSMFuEOSAzw9Hdeb6yhdTynCRmu-kqtO5Dec
         4lT2OMZKpnxc_F1_4yDJFcqb5CiDSmA-psB2k0JtjxAj4UPI61oONK7z
         zFIu4gBfjJCndsZfdvG7h8wGjV98QhrKEnR7xKZ3KCr0_qR1B-gxpNk3
         xWU",
     "tag": "NvBveHr_vonkvflfnUrmBQ"
   }

               Figure 150: Flattened JWE JSON Serialization

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.8" href="#section-5.8">5.8</a>.  Key Wrap Using AES-KeyWrap with AES-GCM</span>

   The following example illustrates content encryption using the
   "A128KW" (AES-128-KeyWrap) key encryption algorithm and the "A128GCM"
   (AES-128-GCM) content encryption algorithm.

   Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in
   <a href="#section-1.1">Section 1.1</a>.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.8.1" href="#section-5.8.1">5.8.1</a>.  Input Factors</span>

   The following are supplied before beginning the encryption process:

   o  Plaintext content; this example uses the content from Figure 72.

   o  AES symmetric key; this example uses the key from Figure 151.

   o  "alg" parameter of "A128KW".

   o  "enc" parameter of "A128GCM".








<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 79]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-80" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   {
     "kty": "oct",
     "kid": "81b20965-8332-43d9-a468-82160ad91ac8",
     "use": "enc",
     "alg": "A128KW",
     "k": "GZy6sIZ6wl9NJOKB-jnmVQ"
   }

                        Figure 151: AES 128-Bit Key

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.8.2" href="#section-5.8.2">5.8.2</a>.  Generated Factors</span>

   The following are generated before encrypting:

   o  AES symmetric key as the Content Encryption Key; this example uses
      the key from Figure 152.

   o  Initialization Vector; this example uses the Initialization Vector
      from Figure 153.

   aY5_Ghmk9KxWPBLu_glx1w

           Figure 152: Content Encryption Key, base64url-encoded

   Qx0pmsDa8KnJc9Jo

           Figure 153: Initialization Vector, base64url-encoded

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.8.3" href="#section-5.8.3">5.8.3</a>.  Encrypting the Key</span>

   Performing the key encryption operation over the CEK (Figure 152)
   with the AES symmetric key (Figure 151) produces the following
   Encrypted Key:

   CBI6oDw8MydIx1IBntf_lQcw2MmJKIQx

               Figure 154: Encrypted Key, base64url-encoded

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.8.4" href="#section-5.8.4">5.8.4</a>.  Encrypting the Content</span>

   The following is generated before encrypting the content:

   o  JWE Protected Header; this example uses the header from
      Figure 155, encoded to base64url [<a href="./rfc4648" title="&quot;The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings&quot;">RFC4648</a>] as Figure 156.







<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 80]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-81" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   {
     "alg": "A128KW",
     "kid": "81b20965-8332-43d9-a468-82160ad91ac8",
     "enc": "A128GCM"
   }

                   Figure 155: JWE Protected Header JSON

   eyJhbGciOiJBMTI4S1ciLCJraWQiOiI4MWIyMDk2NS04MzMyLTQzZDktYTQ2OC
   04MjE2MGFkOTFhYzgiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4R0NNIn0

            Figure 156: JWE Protected Header, base64url-encoded

   Performing the content encryption over the Plaintext (Figure 72) with
   the following:

   o  CEK (Figure 152);

   o  Initialization Vector (Figure 153); and

   o  JWE Protected Header (Figure 156) as authenticated data

   produces the following:

   o  Ciphertext from Figure 157.

   o  Authentication Tag from Figure 158.

   AwliP-KmWgsZ37BvzCefNen6VTbRK3QMA4TkvRkH0tP1bTdhtFJgJxeVmJkLD6
   1A1hnWGetdg11c9ADsnWgL56NyxwSYjU1ZEHcGkd3EkU0vjHi9gTlb90qSYFfe
   F0LwkcTtjbYKCsiNJQkcIp1yeM03OmuiYSoYJVSpf7ej6zaYcMv3WwdxDFl8RE
   wOhNImk2Xld2JXq6BR53TSFkyT7PwVLuq-1GwtGHlQeg7gDT6xW0JqHDPn_H-p
   uQsmthc9Zg0ojmJfqqFvETUxLAF-KjcBTS5dNy6egwkYtOt8EIHK-oEsKYtZRa
   a8Z7MOZ7UGxGIMvEmxrGCPeJa14slv2-gaqK0kEThkaSqdYw0FkQZF

                 Figure 157: Ciphertext, base64url-encoded

   ER7MWJZ1FBI_NKvn7Zb1Lw

             Figure 158: Authentication Tag, base64url-encoded











<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 81]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-82" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.8.5" href="#section-5.8.5">5.8.5</a>.  Output Results</span>

   The following compose the resulting JWE object:

   o  JWE Protected Header (Figure 156)

   o  Encrypted Key (Figure 154)

   o  Initialization Vector (Figure 153)

   o  Ciphertext (Figure 157)

   o  Authentication Tag (Figure 158)

   The resulting JWE object using the JWE Compact Serialization:

   eyJhbGciOiJBMTI4S1ciLCJraWQiOiI4MWIyMDk2NS04MzMyLTQzZDktYTQ2OC
   04MjE2MGFkOTFhYzgiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4R0NNIn0
   .
   CBI6oDw8MydIx1IBntf_lQcw2MmJKIQx
   .
   Qx0pmsDa8KnJc9Jo
   .
   AwliP-KmWgsZ37BvzCefNen6VTbRK3QMA4TkvRkH0tP1bTdhtFJgJxeVmJkLD6
   1A1hnWGetdg11c9ADsnWgL56NyxwSYjU1ZEHcGkd3EkU0vjHi9gTlb90qSYFfe
   F0LwkcTtjbYKCsiNJQkcIp1yeM03OmuiYSoYJVSpf7ej6zaYcMv3WwdxDFl8RE
   wOhNImk2Xld2JXq6BR53TSFkyT7PwVLuq-1GwtGHlQeg7gDT6xW0JqHDPn_H-p
   uQsmthc9Zg0ojmJfqqFvETUxLAF-KjcBTS5dNy6egwkYtOt8EIHK-oEsKYtZRa
   a8Z7MOZ7UGxGIMvEmxrGCPeJa14slv2-gaqK0kEThkaSqdYw0FkQZF
   .
   ER7MWJZ1FBI_NKvn7Zb1Lw

                   Figure 159: JWE Compact Serialization


















<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 82]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-83" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The resulting JWE object using the general JWE JSON Serialization:

   {
     "recipients": [
       {
         "encrypted_key": "CBI6oDw8MydIx1IBntf_lQcw2MmJKIQx"
       }
     ],
     "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJBMTI4S1ciLCJraWQiOiI4MWIyMDk2NS04Mz
         MyLTQzZDktYTQ2OC04MjE2MGFkOTFhYzgiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4R0NNIn
         0",
     "iv": "Qx0pmsDa8KnJc9Jo",
     "ciphertext": "AwliP-KmWgsZ37BvzCefNen6VTbRK3QMA4TkvRkH0tP1b
         TdhtFJgJxeVmJkLD61A1hnWGetdg11c9ADsnWgL56NyxwSYjU1ZEHcGk
         d3EkU0vjHi9gTlb90qSYFfeF0LwkcTtjbYKCsiNJQkcIp1yeM03OmuiY
         SoYJVSpf7ej6zaYcMv3WwdxDFl8REwOhNImk2Xld2JXq6BR53TSFkyT7
         PwVLuq-1GwtGHlQeg7gDT6xW0JqHDPn_H-puQsmthc9Zg0ojmJfqqFvE
         TUxLAF-KjcBTS5dNy6egwkYtOt8EIHK-oEsKYtZRaa8Z7MOZ7UGxGIMv
         EmxrGCPeJa14slv2-gaqK0kEThkaSqdYw0FkQZF",
     "tag": "ER7MWJZ1FBI_NKvn7Zb1Lw"
   }

                Figure 160: General JWE JSON Serialization

   The resulting JWE object using the flattened JWE JSON Serialization:

   {
     "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJBMTI4S1ciLCJraWQiOiI4MWIyMDk2NS04Mz
         MyLTQzZDktYTQ2OC04MjE2MGFkOTFhYzgiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4R0NNIn
         0",
     "encrypted_key": "CBI6oDw8MydIx1IBntf_lQcw2MmJKIQx",
     "iv": "Qx0pmsDa8KnJc9Jo",
     "ciphertext": "AwliP-KmWgsZ37BvzCefNen6VTbRK3QMA4TkvRkH0tP1b
         TdhtFJgJxeVmJkLD61A1hnWGetdg11c9ADsnWgL56NyxwSYjU1ZEHcGk
         d3EkU0vjHi9gTlb90qSYFfeF0LwkcTtjbYKCsiNJQkcIp1yeM03OmuiY
         SoYJVSpf7ej6zaYcMv3WwdxDFl8REwOhNImk2Xld2JXq6BR53TSFkyT7
         PwVLuq-1GwtGHlQeg7gDT6xW0JqHDPn_H-puQsmthc9Zg0ojmJfqqFvE
         TUxLAF-KjcBTS5dNy6egwkYtOt8EIHK-oEsKYtZRaa8Z7MOZ7UGxGIMv
         EmxrGCPeJa14slv2-gaqK0kEThkaSqdYw0FkQZF",
     "tag": "ER7MWJZ1FBI_NKvn7Zb1Lw"
   }

               Figure 161: Flattened JWE JSON Serialization








<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 83]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-84" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.9" href="#section-5.9">5.9</a>.  Compressed Content</span>

   This example illustrates encrypting content that is first compressed.
   It reuses the AES symmetric key, key encryption algorithm, and
   content encryption algorithm from <a href="#section-5.8">Section 5.8</a>.

   Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in
   <a href="#section-1.1">Section 1.1</a>.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.9.1" href="#section-5.9.1">5.9.1</a>.  Input Factors</span>

   The following are supplied before beginning the encryption process:

   o  Plaintext content; this example uses the content from Figure 72.

   o  Recipient encryption key; this example uses the key from
      Figure 151.

   o  Key encryption algorithm; this example uses "A128KW".

   o  Content encryption algorithm; this example uses "A128GCM".

   o  "zip" parameter of "DEF".

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.9.2" href="#section-5.9.2">5.9.2</a>.  Generated Factors</span>

   The following are generated before encrypting:

   o  Compressed Plaintext from the original Plaintext content;
      compressing Figure 72 using the DEFLATE [<a href="./rfc1951" title="&quot;DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification version 1.3&quot;">RFC1951</a>] algorithm
      produces the compressed Plaintext from Figure 162.

   o  AES symmetric key as the Content Encryption Key (CEK); this
      example uses the key from Figure 163.

   o  Initialization Vector; this example uses the Initialization Vector
      from Figure 164.

   bY_BDcIwDEVX-QNU3QEOrIA4pqlDokYxchxVvbEDGzIJbioOSJwc-f___HPjBu
   8KVFpVtAplVE1-wZo0YjNZo3C7R5v72pV5f5X382VWjYQpqZKAyjziZOr2B7kQ
   PSy6oZIXUnDYbVKN4jNXi2u0yB7t1qSHTjmMODf9QgvrDzfTIQXnyQRuUya4zI
   WG3vTOdir0v7BRHFYWq3k1k1A_gSDJqtcBF-GZxw8

            Figure 162: Compressed Plaintext, base64url-encoded







<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 84]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-85" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   hC-MpLZSuwWv8sexS6ydfw

           Figure 163: Content Encryption Key, base64url-encoded

   p9pUq6XHY0jfEZIl

           Figure 164: Initialization Vector, base64url-encoded

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.9.3" href="#section-5.9.3">5.9.3</a>.  Encrypting the Key</span>

   Performing the key encryption operation over the CEK (Figure 163)
   with the AES symmetric key (Figure 151) produces the following
   Encrypted Key:

   5vUT2WOtQxKWcekM_IzVQwkGgzlFDwPi

               Figure 165: Encrypted Key, base64url-encoded

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.9.4" href="#section-5.9.4">5.9.4</a>.  Encrypting the Content</span>

   The following is generated before encrypting the content:

   o  JWE Protected Header; this example uses the header from
      Figure 166, encoded to base64url [<a href="./rfc4648" title="&quot;The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings&quot;">RFC4648</a>] as Figure 167.

   {
     "alg": "A128KW",
     "kid": "81b20965-8332-43d9-a468-82160ad91ac8",
     "enc": "A128GCM",
     "zip": "DEF"
   }

                   Figure 166: JWE Protected Header JSON

   eyJhbGciOiJBMTI4S1ciLCJraWQiOiI4MWIyMDk2NS04MzMyLTQzZDktYTQ2OC
   04MjE2MGFkOTFhYzgiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4R0NNIiwiemlwIjoiREVGIn0

            Figure 167: JWE Protected Header, base64url-encoded













<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 85]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-86" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   Performing the content encryption operation over the compressed
   Plaintext (Figure 162, encoded as an octet string) with the
   following:

   o  CEK (Figure 163);

   o  Initialization Vector (Figure 164); and

   o  JWE Protected Header (Figure 167) as authenticated data

   produces the following:

   o  Ciphertext from Figure 168.

   o  Authentication Tag from Figure 169.

   HbDtOsdai1oYziSx25KEeTxmwnh8L8jKMFNc1k3zmMI6VB8hry57tDZ61jXyez
   SPt0fdLVfe6Jf5y5-JaCap_JQBcb5opbmT60uWGml8blyiMQmOn9J--XhhlYg0
   m-BHaqfDO5iTOWxPxFMUedx7WCy8mxgDHj0aBMG6152PsM-w5E_o2B3jDbrYBK
   hpYA7qi3AyijnCJ7BP9rr3U8kxExCpG3mK420TjOw

                 Figure 168: Ciphertext, base64url-encoded

   VILuUwuIxaLVmh5X-T7kmA

             Figure 169: Authentication Tag, base64url-encoded

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.9.5" href="#section-5.9.5">5.9.5</a>.  Output Results</span>

   The following compose the resulting JWE object:

   o  JWE Protected Header (Figure 167)

   o  Encrypted Key (Figure 165)

   o  Initialization Vector (Figure 164)

   o  Ciphertext (Figure 168)

   o  Authentication Tag (Figure 169)











<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 86]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-87" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The resulting JWE object using the JWE Compact Serialization:

   eyJhbGciOiJBMTI4S1ciLCJraWQiOiI4MWIyMDk2NS04MzMyLTQzZDktYTQ2OC
   04MjE2MGFkOTFhYzgiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4R0NNIiwiemlwIjoiREVGIn0
   .
   5vUT2WOtQxKWcekM_IzVQwkGgzlFDwPi
   .
   p9pUq6XHY0jfEZIl
   .
   HbDtOsdai1oYziSx25KEeTxmwnh8L8jKMFNc1k3zmMI6VB8hry57tDZ61jXyez
   SPt0fdLVfe6Jf5y5-JaCap_JQBcb5opbmT60uWGml8blyiMQmOn9J--XhhlYg0
   m-BHaqfDO5iTOWxPxFMUedx7WCy8mxgDHj0aBMG6152PsM-w5E_o2B3jDbrYBK
   hpYA7qi3AyijnCJ7BP9rr3U8kxExCpG3mK420TjOw
   .
   VILuUwuIxaLVmh5X-T7kmA

                   Figure 170: JWE Compact Serialization

   The resulting JWE object using the general JWE JSON Serialization:

   {
     "recipients": [
       {
         "encrypted_key": "5vUT2WOtQxKWcekM_IzVQwkGgzlFDwPi"
       }
     ],
     "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJBMTI4S1ciLCJraWQiOiI4MWIyMDk2NS04Mz
         MyLTQzZDktYTQ2OC04MjE2MGFkOTFhYzgiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4R0NNIi
         wiemlwIjoiREVGIn0",
     "iv": "p9pUq6XHY0jfEZIl",
     "ciphertext": "HbDtOsdai1oYziSx25KEeTxmwnh8L8jKMFNc1k3zmMI6V
         B8hry57tDZ61jXyezSPt0fdLVfe6Jf5y5-JaCap_JQBcb5opbmT60uWG
         ml8blyiMQmOn9J--XhhlYg0m-BHaqfDO5iTOWxPxFMUedx7WCy8mxgDH
         j0aBMG6152PsM-w5E_o2B3jDbrYBKhpYA7qi3AyijnCJ7BP9rr3U8kxE
         xCpG3mK420TjOw",
     "tag": "VILuUwuIxaLVmh5X-T7kmA"
   }

                Figure 171: General JWE JSON Serialization












<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 87]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-88" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The resulting JWE object using the flattened JWE JSON Serialization:

   {
     "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJBMTI4S1ciLCJraWQiOiI4MWIyMDk2NS04Mz
         MyLTQzZDktYTQ2OC04MjE2MGFkOTFhYzgiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4R0NNIi
         wiemlwIjoiREVGIn0",
     "encrypted_key": "5vUT2WOtQxKWcekM_IzVQwkGgzlFDwPi",
     "iv": "p9pUq6XHY0jfEZIl",
     "ciphertext": "HbDtOsdai1oYziSx25KEeTxmwnh8L8jKMFNc1k3zmMI6V
         B8hry57tDZ61jXyezSPt0fdLVfe6Jf5y5-JaCap_JQBcb5opbmT60uWG
         ml8blyiMQmOn9J--XhhlYg0m-BHaqfDO5iTOWxPxFMUedx7WCy8mxgDH
         j0aBMG6152PsM-w5E_o2B3jDbrYBKhpYA7qi3AyijnCJ7BP9rr3U8kxE
         xCpG3mK420TjOw",
     "tag": "VILuUwuIxaLVmh5X-T7kmA"
   }

               Figure 172: Flattened JWE JSON Serialization

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.10" href="#section-5.10">5.10</a>.  Including Additional Authenticated Data</span>

   This example illustrates encrypting content that includes additional
   authenticated data.  As this example includes an additional top-level
   property not present in the JWE Compact Serialization, only the
   flattened JWE JSON Serialization and general JWE JSON Serialization
   are possible.

   Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in
   <a href="#section-1.1">Section 1.1</a>.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.10.1" href="#section-5.10.1">5.10.1</a>.  Input Factors</span>

   The following are supplied before beginning the encryption process:

   o  Plaintext content; this example uses the content from Figure 72.

   o  Recipient encryption key; this example uses the key from
      Figure 151.

   o  Key encryption algorithm; this example uses "A128KW".

   o  Content encryption algorithm; this example uses "A128GCM".

   o  Additional Authenticated Data; this example uses a vCard [<a href="./rfc7095" title="&quot;jCard: The JSON Format for vCard&quot;">RFC7095</a>]
      from Figure 173, serialized to UTF-8.







<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 88]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-89" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   [
     "vcard",
     [
       [ "version", {}, "text", "4.0" ],
       [ "fn", {}, "text", "Meriadoc Brandybuck" ],
       [ "n", {},
         "text", [
           "Brandybuck", "Meriadoc", "Mr.", ""
         ]
       ],
       [ "bday", {}, "text", "TA 2982" ],
       [ "gender", {}, "text", "M" ]
     ]
   ]

         Figure 173: Additional Authenticated Data, in JSON Format

   NOTE: Whitespace between JSON values was added for readability.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.10.2" href="#section-5.10.2">5.10.2</a>.  Generated Factors</span>

   The following are generated before encrypting:

   o  AES symmetric key as the Content Encryption Key (CEK); this
      example uses the key from Figure 174.

   o  Initialization Vector; this example uses the Initialization Vector
      from Figure 175.

   o  Encoded Additional Authenticated Data (AAD); this example uses the
      Additional Authenticated Data from Figure 173, encoded to
      base64url [<a href="./rfc4648" title="&quot;The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings&quot;">RFC4648</a>] as Figure 176.

   75m1ALsYv10pZTKPWrsqdg

           Figure 174: Content Encryption Key, base64url-encoded

   veCx9ece2orS7c_N

           Figure 175: Initialization Vector, base64url-encoded

   WyJ2Y2FyZCIsW1sidmVyc2lvbiIse30sInRleHQiLCI0LjAiXSxbImZuIix7fS
   widGV4dCIsIk1lcmlhZG9jIEJyYW5keWJ1Y2siXSxbIm4iLHt9LCJ0ZXh0Iixb
   IkJyYW5keWJ1Y2siLCJNZXJpYWRvYyIsIk1yLiIsIiJdXSxbImJkYXkiLHt9LC
   J0ZXh0IiwiVEEgMjk4MiJdLFsiZ2VuZGVyIix7fSwidGV4dCIsIk0iXV1d

       Figure 176: Additional Authenticated Data, base64url-encoded




<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 89]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-90" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.10.3" href="#section-5.10.3">5.10.3</a>.  Encrypting the Key</span>

   Performing the key encryption operation over the CEK (Figure 174)
   with the AES symmetric key (Figure 151) produces the following
   Encrypted Key:

   4YiiQ_ZzH76TaIkJmYfRFgOV9MIpnx4X

               Figure 177: Encrypted Key, base64url-encoded

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.10.4" href="#section-5.10.4">5.10.4</a>.  Encrypting the Content</span>

   The following is generated before encrypting the content:

   o  JWE Protected Header; this example uses the header from
      Figure 178, encoded to base64url [<a href="./rfc4648" title="&quot;The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings&quot;">RFC4648</a>] as Figure 179.

   {
     "alg": "A128KW",
     "kid": "81b20965-8332-43d9-a468-82160ad91ac8",
     "enc": "A128GCM"
   }

                   Figure 178: JWE Protected Header JSON

   eyJhbGciOiJBMTI4S1ciLCJraWQiOiI4MWIyMDk2NS04MzMyLTQzZDktYTQ2OC
   04MjE2MGFkOTFhYzgiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4R0NNIn0

            Figure 179: JWE Protected Header, base64url-encoded

   Performing the content encryption operation over the Plaintext with
   the following:

   o  CEK (Figure 174);

   o  Initialization Vector (Figure 175); and

   o  Concatenation of the JWE Protected Header (Figure 179), ".", and
      the base64url [<a href="./rfc4648" title="&quot;The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings&quot;">RFC4648</a>] encoding of Figure 173 as authenticated
      data

   produces the following:

   o  Ciphertext from Figure 180.

   o  Authentication Tag from Figure 181.





<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 90]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-91" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   Z_3cbr0k3bVM6N3oSNmHz7Lyf3iPppGf3Pj17wNZqteJ0Ui8p74SchQP8xygM1
   oFRWCNzeIa6s6BcEtp8qEFiqTUEyiNkOWDNoF14T_4NFqF-p2Mx8zkbKxI7oPK
   8KNarFbyxIDvICNqBLba-v3uzXBdB89fzOI-Lv4PjOFAQGHrgv1rjXAmKbgkft
   9cB4WeyZw8MldbBhc-V_KWZslrsLNygon_JJWd_ek6LQn5NRehvApqf9ZrxB4a
   q3FXBxOxCys35PhCdaggy2kfUfl2OkwKnWUbgXVD1C6HxLIlqHhCwXDG59weHr
   RDQeHyMRoBljoV3X_bUTJDnKBFOod7nLz-cj48JMx3SnCZTpbQAkFV

                 Figure 180: Ciphertext, base64url-encoded

   vOaH_Rajnpy_3hOtqvZHRA

             Figure 181: Authentication Tag, base64url-encoded

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.10.5" href="#section-5.10.5">5.10.5</a>.  Output Results</span>

   The following compose the resulting JWE object:

   o  JWE Protected Header (Figure 179)

   o  Encrypted Key (Figure 177)

   o  Initialization Vector (Figure 175)

   o  Additional Authenticated Data (Figure 176)

   o  Ciphertext (Figure 180)

   o  Authentication Tag (Figure 181)

   The JWE Compact Serialization is not presented because it does not
   support this use case.




















<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 91]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-92" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The resulting JWE object using the general JWE JSON Serialization:

   {
     "recipients": [
       {
         "encrypted_key": "4YiiQ_ZzH76TaIkJmYfRFgOV9MIpnx4X"
       }
     ],
     "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJBMTI4S1ciLCJraWQiOiI4MWIyMDk2NS04Mz
         MyLTQzZDktYTQ2OC04MjE2MGFkOTFhYzgiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4R0NNIn
         0",
     "iv": "veCx9ece2orS7c_N",
     "aad": "WyJ2Y2FyZCIsW1sidmVyc2lvbiIse30sInRleHQiLCI0LjAiXSxb
         ImZuIix7fSwidGV4dCIsIk1lcmlhZG9jIEJyYW5keWJ1Y2siXSxbIm4i
         LHt9LCJ0ZXh0IixbIkJyYW5keWJ1Y2siLCJNZXJpYWRvYyIsIk1yLiIs
         IiJdXSxbImJkYXkiLHt9LCJ0ZXh0IiwiVEEgMjk4MiJdLFsiZ2VuZGVy
         Iix7fSwidGV4dCIsIk0iXV1d",
     "ciphertext": "Z_3cbr0k3bVM6N3oSNmHz7Lyf3iPppGf3Pj17wNZqteJ0
         Ui8p74SchQP8xygM1oFRWCNzeIa6s6BcEtp8qEFiqTUEyiNkOWDNoF14
         T_4NFqF-p2Mx8zkbKxI7oPK8KNarFbyxIDvICNqBLba-v3uzXBdB89fz
         OI-Lv4PjOFAQGHrgv1rjXAmKbgkft9cB4WeyZw8MldbBhc-V_KWZslrs
         LNygon_JJWd_ek6LQn5NRehvApqf9ZrxB4aq3FXBxOxCys35PhCdaggy
         2kfUfl2OkwKnWUbgXVD1C6HxLIlqHhCwXDG59weHrRDQeHyMRoBljoV3
         X_bUTJDnKBFOod7nLz-cj48JMx3SnCZTpbQAkFV",
     "tag": "vOaH_Rajnpy_3hOtqvZHRA"
   }

                Figure 182: General JWE JSON Serialization























<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 92]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-93" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The resulting JWE object using the flattened JWE JSON Serialization:

   {
     "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJBMTI4S1ciLCJraWQiOiI4MWIyMDk2NS04Mz
         MyLTQzZDktYTQ2OC04MjE2MGFkOTFhYzgiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4R0NNIn
         0",
     "encrypted_key": "4YiiQ_ZzH76TaIkJmYfRFgOV9MIpnx4X",
     "aad": "WyJ2Y2FyZCIsW1sidmVyc2lvbiIse30sInRleHQiLCI0LjAiXSxb
         ImZuIix7fSwidGV4dCIsIk1lcmlhZG9jIEJyYW5keWJ1Y2siXSxbIm4i
         LHt9LCJ0ZXh0IixbIkJyYW5keWJ1Y2siLCJNZXJpYWRvYyIsIk1yLiIs
         IiJdXSxbImJkYXkiLHt9LCJ0ZXh0IiwiVEEgMjk4MiJdLFsiZ2VuZGVy
         Iix7fSwidGV4dCIsIk0iXV1d",
     "iv": "veCx9ece2orS7c_N",
     "ciphertext": "Z_3cbr0k3bVM6N3oSNmHz7Lyf3iPppGf3Pj17wNZqteJ0
         Ui8p74SchQP8xygM1oFRWCNzeIa6s6BcEtp8qEFiqTUEyiNkOWDNoF14
         T_4NFqF-p2Mx8zkbKxI7oPK8KNarFbyxIDvICNqBLba-v3uzXBdB89fz
         OI-Lv4PjOFAQGHrgv1rjXAmKbgkft9cB4WeyZw8MldbBhc-V_KWZslrs
         LNygon_JJWd_ek6LQn5NRehvApqf9ZrxB4aq3FXBxOxCys35PhCdaggy
         2kfUfl2OkwKnWUbgXVD1C6HxLIlqHhCwXDG59weHrRDQeHyMRoBljoV3
         X_bUTJDnKBFOod7nLz-cj48JMx3SnCZTpbQAkFV",
     "tag": "vOaH_Rajnpy_3hOtqvZHRA"
   }

               Figure 183: Flattened JWE JSON Serialization

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.11" href="#section-5.11">5.11</a>.  Protecting Specific Header Fields</span>

   This example illustrates encrypting content where only certain JOSE
   Header Parameters are protected.  As this example includes parameters
   in the JWE Shared Unprotected Header, only the general JWE JSON
   Serialization and flattened JWE JSON Serialization are possible.

   Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in
   <a href="#section-1.1">Section 1.1</a>.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.11.1" href="#section-5.11.1">5.11.1</a>.  Input Factors</span>

   The following are supplied before beginning the encryption process:

   o  Plaintext content; this example uses the content from Figure 72.

   o  Recipient encryption key; this example uses the key from
      Figure 151.

   o  Key encryption algorithm; this example uses "A128KW".

   o  Content encryption algorithm; this example uses "A128GCM".




<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 93]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-94" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.11.2" href="#section-5.11.2">5.11.2</a>.  Generated Factors</span>

   The following are generated before encrypting:

   o  AES symmetric key as the Content Encryption Key (CEK); this
      example uses the key from Figure 184.

   o  Initialization Vector; this example uses the Initialization Vector
      from Figure 185.

   WDgEptBmQs9ouUvArz6x6g

           Figure 184: Content Encryption Key, base64url-encoded

   WgEJsDS9bkoXQ3nR

           Figure 185: Initialization Vector, base64url-encoded

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.11.3" href="#section-5.11.3">5.11.3</a>.  Encrypting the Key</span>

   Performing the key encryption operation over the CEK (Figure 184)
   with the AES symmetric key (Figure 151) produces the following
   Encrypted Key:

   jJIcM9J-hbx3wnqhf5FlkEYos0sHsF0H

               Figure 186: Encrypted Key, base64url-encoded

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.11.4" href="#section-5.11.4">5.11.4</a>.  Encrypting the Content</span>

   The following is generated before encrypting the content:

   o  JWE Protected Header; this example uses the header from
      Figure 187, encoded to base64url [<a href="./rfc4648" title="&quot;The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings&quot;">RFC4648</a>] as Figure 188.

   {
     "enc": "A128GCM"
   }

                   Figure 187: JWE Protected Header JSON

   eyJlbmMiOiJBMTI4R0NNIn0

            Figure 188: JWE Protected Header, base64url-encoded







<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 94]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-95" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   Performing the content encryption operation over the Plaintext with
   the following:

   o  CEK (Figure 184);

   o  Initialization Vector (Figure 185); and

   o  JWE Protected Header (Figure 188) as authenticated data

   produces the following:

   o  Ciphertext from Figure 189.

   o  Authentication Tag from Figure 190.

   lIbCyRmRJxnB2yLQOTqjCDKV3H30ossOw3uD9DPsqLL2DM3swKkjOwQyZtWsFL
   YMj5YeLht_StAn21tHmQJuuNt64T8D4t6C7kC9OCCJ1IHAolUv4MyOt80MoPb8
   fZYbNKqplzYJgIL58g8N2v46OgyG637d6uuKPwhAnTGm_zWhqc_srOvgiLkzyF
   XPq1hBAURbc3-8BqeRb48iR1-_5g5UjWVD3lgiLCN_P7AW8mIiFvUNXBPJK3nO
   WL4teUPS8yHLbWeL83olU4UAgL48x-8dDkH23JykibVSQju-f7e-1xreHWXzWL
   Hs1NqBbre0dEwK3HX_xM0LjUz77Krppgegoutpf5qaKg3l-_xMINmf

                 Figure 189: Ciphertext, base64url-encoded

   fNYLqpUe84KD45lvDiaBAQ

             Figure 190: Authentication Tag, base64url-encoded

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.11.5" href="#section-5.11.5">5.11.5</a>.  Output Results</span>

   The following compose the resulting JWE object:

   o  JWE Shared Unprotected Header (Figure 191)

   o  JWE Protected Header (Figure 188)

   o  Encrypted Key (Figure 186)

   o  Initialization Vector (Figure 185)

   o  Ciphertext (Figure 189)

   o  Authentication Tag (Figure 190)

   The JWE Compact Serialization is not presented because it does not
   support this use case.





<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 95]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-96" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The following JWE Shared Unprotected Header is generated before
   assembling the output results:

   {
     "alg": "A128KW",
     "kid": "81b20965-8332-43d9-a468-82160ad91ac8"
   }

              Figure 191: JWE Shared Unprotected Header JSON

   The resulting JWE object using the general JWE JSON Serialization:

   {
     "recipients": [
       {
         "encrypted_key": "jJIcM9J-hbx3wnqhf5FlkEYos0sHsF0H"
       }
     ],
     "unprotected": {
       "alg": "A128KW",
       "kid": "81b20965-8332-43d9-a468-82160ad91ac8"
     },
     "protected": "eyJlbmMiOiJBMTI4R0NNIn0",
     "iv": "WgEJsDS9bkoXQ3nR",
     "ciphertext": "lIbCyRmRJxnB2yLQOTqjCDKV3H30ossOw3uD9DPsqLL2D
         M3swKkjOwQyZtWsFLYMj5YeLht_StAn21tHmQJuuNt64T8D4t6C7kC9O
         CCJ1IHAolUv4MyOt80MoPb8fZYbNKqplzYJgIL58g8N2v46OgyG637d6
         uuKPwhAnTGm_zWhqc_srOvgiLkzyFXPq1hBAURbc3-8BqeRb48iR1-_5
         g5UjWVD3lgiLCN_P7AW8mIiFvUNXBPJK3nOWL4teUPS8yHLbWeL83olU
         4UAgL48x-8dDkH23JykibVSQju-f7e-1xreHWXzWLHs1NqBbre0dEwK3
         HX_xM0LjUz77Krppgegoutpf5qaKg3l-_xMINmf",
     "tag": "fNYLqpUe84KD45lvDiaBAQ"
   }

                Figure 192: General JWE JSON Serialization
















<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 96]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-97" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The resulting JWE object using the flattened JWE JSON Serialization:

   {
     "protected": "eyJlbmMiOiJBMTI4R0NNIn0",
     "unprotected": {
       "alg": "A128KW",
       "kid": "81b20965-8332-43d9-a468-82160ad91ac8"
     },
     "encrypted_key": "jJIcM9J-hbx3wnqhf5FlkEYos0sHsF0H",
     "iv": "WgEJsDS9bkoXQ3nR",
     "ciphertext": "lIbCyRmRJxnB2yLQOTqjCDKV3H30ossOw3uD9DPsqLL2D
         M3swKkjOwQyZtWsFLYMj5YeLht_StAn21tHmQJuuNt64T8D4t6C7kC9O
         CCJ1IHAolUv4MyOt80MoPb8fZYbNKqplzYJgIL58g8N2v46OgyG637d6
         uuKPwhAnTGm_zWhqc_srOvgiLkzyFXPq1hBAURbc3-8BqeRb48iR1-_5
         g5UjWVD3lgiLCN_P7AW8mIiFvUNXBPJK3nOWL4teUPS8yHLbWeL83olU
         4UAgL48x-8dDkH23JykibVSQju-f7e-1xreHWXzWLHs1NqBbre0dEwK3
         HX_xM0LjUz77Krppgegoutpf5qaKg3l-_xMINmf",
     "tag": "fNYLqpUe84KD45lvDiaBAQ"
   }

               Figure 193: Flattened JWE JSON Serialization

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.12" href="#section-5.12">5.12</a>.  Protecting Content Only</span>

   This example illustrates encrypting content where none of the JOSE
   header parameters are protected.  As this example includes parameters
   only in the JWE Shared Unprotected Header, only the flattened JWE
   JSON Serialization and general JWE JSON Serialization are possible.

   Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in
   <a href="#section-1.1">Section 1.1</a>.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.12.1" href="#section-5.12.1">5.12.1</a>.  Input Factors</span>

   The following are supplied before beginning the encryption process:

   o  Plaintext content; this example uses the content from Figure 72.

   o  Recipient encryption key; this example uses the key from
      Figure 151.

   o  Key encryption algorithm; this example uses "A128KW".

   o  Content encryption algorithm; this example uses "A128GCM".







<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 97]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-98" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.12.2" href="#section-5.12.2">5.12.2</a>.  Generated Factors</span>

   The following are generated before encrypting:

   o  AES symmetric key as the Content Encryption Key; this example the
      key from Figure 194.

   o  Initialization Vector; this example uses the Initialization Vector
      from Figure 195.

   KBooAFl30QPV3vkcZlXnzQ

           Figure 194: Content Encryption Key, base64url-encoded

   YihBoVOGsR1l7jCD

           Figure 195: Initialization Vector, base64url-encoded

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.12.3" href="#section-5.12.3">5.12.3</a>.  Encrypting the Key</span>

   Performing the key encryption operation over the CEK (Figure 194)
   with the AES symmetric key (Figure 151) produces the following
   Encrypted Key:

   244YHfO_W7RMpQW81UjQrZcq5LSyqiPv

               Figure 196: Encrypted Key, base64url-encoded

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.12.4" href="#section-5.12.4">5.12.4</a>.  Encrypting the Content</span>

   Performing the content encryption operation over the Plaintext
   (Figure 72) using the following:

   o  CEK (Figure 194);

   o  Initialization Vector (Figure 195); and

   o  Empty string as authenticated data

   produces the following:

   o  Ciphertext from Figure 197.

   o  Authentication Tag from Figure 198.







<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 98]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-99" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   qtPIMMaOBRgASL10dNQhOa7Gqrk7Eal1vwht7R4TT1uq-arsVCPaIeFwQfzrSS
   6oEUWbBtxEasE0vC6r7sphyVziMCVJEuRJyoAHFSP3eqQPb4Ic1SDSqyXjw_L3
   svybhHYUGyQuTmUQEDjgjJfBOifwHIsDsRPeBz1NomqeifVPq5GTCWFo5k_MNI
   QURR2Wj0AHC2k7JZfu2iWjUHLF8ExFZLZ4nlmsvJu_mvifMYiikfNfsZAudISO
   a6O73yPZtL04k_1FI7WDfrb2w7OqKLWDXzlpcxohPVOLQwpA3mFNRKdY-bQz4Z
   4KX9lfz1cne31N4-8BKmojpw-OdQjKdLOGkC445Fb_K1tlDQXw2sBF

                 Figure 197: Ciphertext, base64url-encoded

   e2m0Vm7JvjK2VpCKXS-kyg

             Figure 198: Authentication Tag, base64url-encoded

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.12.5" href="#section-5.12.5">5.12.5</a>.  Output Results</span>

   The JWE Compact Serialization is not presented because it does not
   support this use case.

   The following JWE Shared Unprotected Header is generated before
   assembling the output results:

   {
     "alg": "A128KW",
     "kid": "81b20965-8332-43d9-a468-82160ad91ac8",
     "enc": "A128GCM"
   }

              Figure 199: JWE Shared Unprotected Header JSON

   The following compose the resulting JWE object:

   o  JWE Shared Unprotected Header (Figure 199)

   o  Encrypted Key (Figure 196)

   o  Initialization Vector (Figure 195)

   o  Ciphertext (Figure 197)

   o  Authentication Tag (Figure 198)











<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                    [Page 99]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-100" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The resulting JWE object using the general JWE JSON Serialization:

   {
     "recipients": [
       {
         "encrypted_key": "244YHfO_W7RMpQW81UjQrZcq5LSyqiPv"
       }
     ],
     "unprotected": {
       "alg": "A128KW",
       "kid": "81b20965-8332-43d9-a468-82160ad91ac8",
       "enc": "A128GCM"
     },
     "iv": "YihBoVOGsR1l7jCD",
     "ciphertext": "qtPIMMaOBRgASL10dNQhOa7Gqrk7Eal1vwht7R4TT1uq-
         arsVCPaIeFwQfzrSS6oEUWbBtxEasE0vC6r7sphyVziMCVJEuRJyoAHF
         SP3eqQPb4Ic1SDSqyXjw_L3svybhHYUGyQuTmUQEDjgjJfBOifwHIsDs
         RPeBz1NomqeifVPq5GTCWFo5k_MNIQURR2Wj0AHC2k7JZfu2iWjUHLF8
         ExFZLZ4nlmsvJu_mvifMYiikfNfsZAudISOa6O73yPZtL04k_1FI7WDf
         rb2w7OqKLWDXzlpcxohPVOLQwpA3mFNRKdY-bQz4Z4KX9lfz1cne31N4
         -8BKmojpw-OdQjKdLOGkC445Fb_K1tlDQXw2sBF",
     "tag": "e2m0Vm7JvjK2VpCKXS-kyg"
   }

                Figure 200: General JWE JSON Serialization

   The resulting JWE object using the flattened JWE JSON Serialization:

   {
     "unprotected": {
       "alg": "A128KW",
       "kid": "81b20965-8332-43d9-a468-82160ad91ac8",
       "enc": "A128GCM"
     },
     "encrypted_key": "244YHfO_W7RMpQW81UjQrZcq5LSyqiPv",
     "iv": "YihBoVOGsR1l7jCD",
     "ciphertext": "qtPIMMaOBRgASL10dNQhOa7Gqrk7Eal1vwht7R4TT1uq-
         arsVCPaIeFwQfzrSS6oEUWbBtxEasE0vC6r7sphyVziMCVJEuRJyoAHF
         SP3eqQPb4Ic1SDSqyXjw_L3svybhHYUGyQuTmUQEDjgjJfBOifwHIsDs
         RPeBz1NomqeifVPq5GTCWFo5k_MNIQURR2Wj0AHC2k7JZfu2iWjUHLF8
         ExFZLZ4nlmsvJu_mvifMYiikfNfsZAudISOa6O73yPZtL04k_1FI7WDf
         rb2w7OqKLWDXzlpcxohPVOLQwpA3mFNRKdY-bQz4Z4KX9lfz1cne31N4
         -8BKmojpw-OdQjKdLOGkC445Fb_K1tlDQXw2sBF",
     "tag": "e2m0Vm7JvjK2VpCKXS-kyg"
   }

               Figure 201: Flattened JWE JSON Serialization




<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                   [Page 100]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-101" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.13" href="#section-5.13">5.13</a>.  Encrypting to Multiple Recipients</span>

   This example illustrates encryption content for multiple recipients.
   As this example has multiple recipients, only the general JWE JSON
   Serialization is possible.

   Note that RSAES-PKCS1-v1_5 uses random data to generate the
   ciphertext; it might not be possible to exactly replicate the results
   in this section.

   Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in
   <a href="#section-1.1">Section 1.1</a>.

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.13.1" href="#section-5.13.1">5.13.1</a>.  Input Factors</span>

   The following are supplied before beginning the encryption process:

   o  Plaintext content; this example uses the Plaintext from Figure 72.

   o  Recipient keys; this example uses the following:

      *  The RSA public key from Figure 73 for the first recipient.

      *  The EC public key from Figure 108 for the second recipient.

      *  The AES symmetric key from Figure 138 for the third recipient.

   o  Key encryption algorithms; this example uses the following:

      *  "RSA1_5" for the first recipient.

      *  "ECDH-ES+A256KW" for the second recipient.

      *  "A256GCMKW" for the third recipient.

   o  Content encryption algorithm; this example uses "A128CBC-HS256".

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.13.2" href="#section-5.13.2">5.13.2</a>.  Generated Factors</span>

   The following are generated before encrypting:

   o  AES symmetric key as the Content Encryption Key (CEK); this
      example uses the key from Figure 202.

   o  Initialization Vector; this example uses the Initialization Vector
      from Figure 203.





<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                   [Page 101]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-102" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   zXayeJ4gvm8NJr3IUInyokTUO-LbQNKEhe_zWlYbdpQ

           Figure 202: Content Encryption Key, base64url-encoded

   VgEIHY20EnzUtZFl2RpB1g

           Figure 203: Initialization Vector, base64url-encoded

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.13.3" href="#section-5.13.3">5.13.3</a>.  Encrypting the Key to the First Recipient</span>

   Performing the "RSA1_5" key encryption operation over the CEK
   (Figure 202) with the first recipient's RSA key (Figure 73) produces
   the following Encrypted Key:

   dYOD28kab0Vvf4ODgxVAJXgHcSZICSOp8M51zjwj4w6Y5G4XJQsNNIBiqyvUUA
   OcpL7S7-cFe7Pio7gV_Q06WmCSa-vhW6me4bWrBf7cHwEQJdXihidAYWVajJIa
   KMXMvFRMV6iDlRr076DFthg2_AV0_tSiV6xSEIFqt1xnYPpmP91tc5WJDOGb-w
   qjw0-b-S1laS11QVbuP78dQ7Fa0zAVzzjHX-xvyM2wxj_otxr9clN1LnZMbeYS
   rRicJK5xodvWgkpIdkMHo4LvdhRRvzoKzlic89jFWPlnBq_V4n5trGuExtp_-d
   bHcGlihqc_wGgho9fLMK8JOArYLcMDNQ

         Figure 204: Recipient #1 Encrypted Key, base64url-encoded

   The following is generated after encrypting the CEK for the first
   recipient:

   o  Recipient JWE Unprotected Header from Figure 205.

   {
     "alg": "RSA1_5",
     "kid": "frodo.baggins@hobbiton.example"
   }

    Figure 205: Recipient #1 JWE Per-Recipient Unprotected Header JSON

















<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                   [Page 102]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-103" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The following is the assembled first recipient JSON:

   {
     "encrypted_key": "dYOD28kab0Vvf4ODgxVAJXgHcSZICSOp8M51zjwj4w
         6Y5G4XJQsNNIBiqyvUUAOcpL7S7-cFe7Pio7gV_Q06WmCSa-vhW6me4b
         WrBf7cHwEQJdXihidAYWVajJIaKMXMvFRMV6iDlRr076DFthg2_AV0_t
         SiV6xSEIFqt1xnYPpmP91tc5WJDOGb-wqjw0-b-S1laS11QVbuP78dQ7
         Fa0zAVzzjHX-xvyM2wxj_otxr9clN1LnZMbeYSrRicJK5xodvWgkpIdk
         MHo4LvdhRRvzoKzlic89jFWPlnBq_V4n5trGuExtp_-dbHcGlihqc_wG
         gho9fLMK8JOArYLcMDNQ",
     "header": {
       "alg": "RSA1_5",
       "kid": "frodo.baggins@hobbiton.example"
     }
   }

                       Figure 206: Recipient #1 JSON

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.13.4" href="#section-5.13.4">5.13.4</a>.  Encrypting the Key to the Second Recipient</span>

   The following is generated before encrypting the CEK for the second
   recipient:

   o  Ephemeral EC private key on the same curve as the EC public key;
      this example uses the private key from Figure 207.

   {
     "kty": "EC",
     "crv": "P-384",
     "x": "Uzdvk3pi5wKCRc1izp5_r0OjeqT-I68i8g2b8mva8diRhsE2xAn2Dt
         MRb25Ma2CX",
     "y": "VDrRyFJh-Kwd1EjAgmj5Eo-CTHAZ53MC7PjjpLioy3ylEjI1pOMbw9
         1fzZ84pbfm",
     "d": "1DKHfTv-PiifVw2VBHM_ZiVcwOMxkOyANS_lQHJcrDxVY3jhVCvZPw
         MxJKIE793C"
   }

     Figure 207: Ephemeral Private Key for Recipient #2, in JWK Format













<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                   [Page 103]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-104" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   Performing the "ECDH-ES+A256KW" key encryption operation over the CEK
   (Figure 202) with the following:

   o  Static Elliptic Curve public key (Figure 108).

   o  Ephemeral Elliptic Curve private key (Figure 207).

   produces the following Encrypted Key:

   ExInT0io9BqBMYF6-maw5tZlgoZXThD1zWKsHixJuw_elY4gSSId_w

         Figure 208: Recipient #2 Encrypted Key, base64url-encoded

   The following is generated after encrypting the CEK for the second
   recipient:

   o  Recipient JWE Unprotected Header from Figure 209.

   {
     "alg": "ECDH-ES+A256KW",
     "kid": "peregrin.took@tuckborough.example",
     "epk": {
       "kty": "EC",
       "crv": "P-384",
       "x": "Uzdvk3pi5wKCRc1izp5_r0OjeqT-I68i8g2b8mva8diRhsE2xAn2
           DtMRb25Ma2CX",
       "y": "VDrRyFJh-Kwd1EjAgmj5Eo-CTHAZ53MC7PjjpLioy3ylEjI1pOMb
           w91fzZ84pbfm"
     }
   }

    Figure 209: Recipient #2 JWE Per-Recipient Unprotected Header JSON



















<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                   [Page 104]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-105" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The following is the assembled second recipient JSON:

   {
     "encrypted_key": "ExInT0io9BqBMYF6-maw5tZlgoZXThD1zWKsHixJuw
         _elY4gSSId_w",
     "header": {
       "alg": "ECDH-ES+A256KW",
       "kid": "peregrin.took@tuckborough.example",
       "epk": {
         "kty": "EC",
         "crv": "P-384",
         "x": "Uzdvk3pi5wKCRc1izp5_r0OjeqT-I68i8g2b8mva8diRhsE2xA
             n2DtMRb25Ma2CX",
         "y": "VDrRyFJh-Kwd1EjAgmj5Eo-CTHAZ53MC7PjjpLioy3ylEjI1pO
             Mbw91fzZ84pbfm"
       }
     }
   }

                       Figure 210: Recipient #2 JSON

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.13.5" href="#section-5.13.5">5.13.5</a>.  Encrypting the Key to the Third Recipient</span>

   The following is generated before encrypting the CEK for the third
   recipient:

   o  Initialization Vector for key wrapping; this example uses the
      Initialization Vector from Figure 211.

   AvpeoPZ9Ncn9mkBn

     Figure 211: Recipient #2 Initialization Vector for Key Wrapping,
                             base64url-encoded

   Performing the "A256GCMKW" key encryption operation over the CEK
   (Figure 202) with the following:

   o  AES symmetric key (Figure 138); and

   o  Initialization Vector (Figure 211)

   produces the following:

   o  Encrypted Key from Figure 212.

   o  Authentication Tag from Figure 213.





<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                   [Page 105]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-106" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   a7CclAejo_7JSuPB8zeagxXRam8dwCfmkt9-WyTpS1E

         Figure 212: Recipient #3 Encrypted Key, base64url-encoded

   59Nqh1LlYtVIhfD3pgRGvw

      Figure 213: Recipient #3 Authentication Tag from Key Wrapping,
                             base64url-encoded

   The following is generated after encrypting the CEK for the third
   recipient:

   o  Recipient JWE Unprotected Header; this example uses the header
      from Figure 214.

   {
     "alg": "A256GCMKW",
     "kid": "18ec08e1-bfa9-4d95-b205-2b4dd1d4321d",
     "tag": "59Nqh1LlYtVIhfD3pgRGvw",
     "iv": "AvpeoPZ9Ncn9mkBn"
   }

    Figure 214: Recipient #3 JWE Per-Recipient Unprotected Header JSON

   The following is the assembled third recipient JSON:

   {
     "encrypted_key": "a7CclAejo_7JSuPB8zeagxXRam8dwCfmkt9-WyTpS1
         E",
     "header": {
       "alg": "A256GCMKW",
       "kid": "18ec08e1-bfa9-4d95-b205-2b4dd1d4321d",
       "tag": "59Nqh1LlYtVIhfD3pgRGvw",
       "iv": "AvpeoPZ9Ncn9mkBn"
     }
   }

                       Figure 215: Recipient #3 JSON

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.13.6" href="#section-5.13.6">5.13.6</a>.  Encrypting the Content</span>

   The following is generated before encrypting the content:

   o  JWE Protected Header; this example uses the header from
      Figure 216, encoded to base64url [<a href="./rfc4648" title="&quot;The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings&quot;">RFC4648</a>] as Figure 217.






<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                   [Page 106]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-107" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   {
     "enc": "A128CBC-HS256"
   }

                   Figure 216: JWE Protected Header JSON

   eyJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2In0

            Figure 217: JWE Protected Header, base64url-encoded

   Performing the content encryption operation over the Plaintext
   (Figure 72) with the following:

   o  CEK (Figure 202),

   o  Initialization Vector (Figure 203), and

   o  JWE Protected Header (Figure 217) as the authenticated data

   produces the following:

   o  Ciphertext from Figure 218.

   o  Authentication Tag from Figure 219.

   ajm2Q-OpPXCr7-MHXicknb1lsxLdXxK_yLds0KuhJzfWK04SjdxQeSw2L9mu3a
   _k1C55kCQ_3xlkcVKC5yr__Is48VOoK0k63_QRM9tBURMFqLByJ8vOYQX0oJW4
   VUHJLmGhF-tVQWB7Kz8mr8zeE7txF0MSaP6ga7-siYxStR7_G07Thd1jh-zGT0
   wxM5g-VRORtq0K6AXpLlwEqRp7pkt2zRM0ZAXqSpe1O6FJ7FHLDyEFnD-zDIZu
   kLpCbzhzMDLLw2-8I14FQrgi-iEuzHgIJFIJn2wh9Tj0cg_kOZy9BqMRZbmYXM
   Y9YQjorZ_P_JYG3ARAIF3OjDNqpdYe-K_5Q5crGJSDNyij_ygEiItR5jssQVH2
   ofDQdLChtazE

                 Figure 218: Ciphertext, base64url-encoded

   BESYyFN7T09KY7i8zKs5_g

             Figure 219: Authentication Tag, base64url-encoded













<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                   [Page 107]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-108" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The following is generated after encrypting the Plaintext:

   o  JWE Shared Unprotected Header parameters; this example uses the
      header from Figure 220.

   {
     "cty": "text/plain"
   }

              Figure 220: JWE Shared Unprotected Header JSON

<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.13.7" href="#section-5.13.7">5.13.7</a>.  Output Results</span>

   The following compose the resulting JWE object:

   o  Recipient #1 JSON (Figure 206)

   o  Recipient #2 JSON (Figure 210)

   o  Recipient #3 JSON (Figure 215)

   o  Initialization Vector (Figure 203)

   o  Ciphertext (Figure 218)

   o  Authentication Tag (Figure 219)

   The JWE Compact Serialization is not presented because it does not
   support this use case; the flattened JWE JSON Serialization is not
   presented because there is more than one recipient.





















<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                   [Page 108]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-109" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The resulting JWE object using the general JWE JSON Serialization:

   {
     "recipients": [
       {
         "encrypted_key": "dYOD28kab0Vvf4ODgxVAJXgHcSZICSOp8M51zj
             wj4w6Y5G4XJQsNNIBiqyvUUAOcpL7S7-cFe7Pio7gV_Q06WmCSa-
             vhW6me4bWrBf7cHwEQJdXihidAYWVajJIaKMXMvFRMV6iDlRr076
             DFthg2_AV0_tSiV6xSEIFqt1xnYPpmP91tc5WJDOGb-wqjw0-b-S
             1laS11QVbuP78dQ7Fa0zAVzzjHX-xvyM2wxj_otxr9clN1LnZMbe
             YSrRicJK5xodvWgkpIdkMHo4LvdhRRvzoKzlic89jFWPlnBq_V4n
             5trGuExtp_-dbHcGlihqc_wGgho9fLMK8JOArYLcMDNQ",
         "header": {
           "alg": "RSA1_5",
           "kid": "frodo.baggins@hobbiton.example"
         }
       },
       {
         "encrypted_key": "ExInT0io9BqBMYF6-maw5tZlgoZXThD1zWKsHi
             xJuw_elY4gSSId_w",
         "header": {
           "alg": "ECDH-ES+A256KW",
           "kid": "peregrin.took@tuckborough.example",
           "epk": {
             "kty": "EC",
             "crv": "P-384",
             "x": "Uzdvk3pi5wKCRc1izp5_r0OjeqT-I68i8g2b8mva8diRhs
                 E2xAn2DtMRb25Ma2CX",
             "y": "VDrRyFJh-Kwd1EjAgmj5Eo-CTHAZ53MC7PjjpLioy3ylEj
                 I1pOMbw91fzZ84pbfm"
           }
         }
       },
       {
         "encrypted_key": "a7CclAejo_7JSuPB8zeagxXRam8dwCfmkt9-Wy
             TpS1E",
         "header": {
           "alg": "A256GCMKW",
           "kid": "18ec08e1-bfa9-4d95-b205-2b4dd1d4321d",
           "tag": "59Nqh1LlYtVIhfD3pgRGvw",
           "iv": "AvpeoPZ9Ncn9mkBn"
         }
       }
     ],
     "unprotected": {
       "cty": "text/plain"
     },
     "protected": "eyJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2In0",



<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                   [Page 109]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-110" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


     "iv": "VgEIHY20EnzUtZFl2RpB1g",
     "ciphertext": "ajm2Q-OpPXCr7-MHXicknb1lsxLdXxK_yLds0KuhJzfWK
         04SjdxQeSw2L9mu3a_k1C55kCQ_3xlkcVKC5yr__Is48VOoK0k63_QRM
         9tBURMFqLByJ8vOYQX0oJW4VUHJLmGhF-tVQWB7Kz8mr8zeE7txF0MSa
         P6ga7-siYxStR7_G07Thd1jh-zGT0wxM5g-VRORtq0K6AXpLlwEqRp7p
         kt2zRM0ZAXqSpe1O6FJ7FHLDyEFnD-zDIZukLpCbzhzMDLLw2-8I14FQ
         rgi-iEuzHgIJFIJn2wh9Tj0cg_kOZy9BqMRZbmYXMY9YQjorZ_P_JYG3
         ARAIF3OjDNqpdYe-K_5Q5crGJSDNyij_ygEiItR5jssQVH2ofDQdLCht
         azE",
     "tag": "BESYyFN7T09KY7i8zKs5_g"
   }

                Figure 221: General JWE JSON Serialization

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-6" href="#section-6">6</a>.  Nesting Signatures and Encryption</span>

   This example illustrates nesting a JSON Web Signature (JWS) structure
   within a JSON Web Encryption (JWE) structure.  The signature uses the
   "PS256" (RSASSA-PSS) algorithm; the encryption uses the "RSA-OAEP"
   (RSAES-OAEP) key encryption algorithm and the "A128GCM" (AES-GCM)
   content encryption algorithm.

   Note that RSASSA-PSS uses random data to generate the signature, and
   RSAES-OAEP uses random data to generate the ciphertext; it might not
   be possible to exactly replicate the results in this section.

   Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in
   <a href="#section-1.1">Section 1.1</a>.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-6.1" href="#section-6.1">6.1</a>.  Signing Input Factors</span>

   The following are supplied before beginning the signing operation:

   o  Payload content; this example uses the JSON Web Token [<a href="#ref-JWT" title="&quot;JSON Web Token (JWT)&quot;">JWT</a>]
      content from Figure 222, encoded as base64url [<a href="./rfc4648" title="&quot;The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings&quot;">RFC4648</a>] to produce
      Figure 223.

   o  RSA private key; this example uses the key from Figure 224.

   o  "alg" parameter of "PS256".

   {
     "iss": "hobbiton.example",
     "exp": 1300819380,
     "http://example.com/is_root": true
   }

                Figure 222: Payload Content, in JSON Format



<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                   [Page 110]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-111" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   eyJpc3MiOiJob2JiaXRvbi5leGFtcGxlIiwiZXhwIjoxMzAwODE5MzgwLCJodH
   RwOi8vZXhhbXBsZS5jb20vaXNfcm9vdCI6dHJ1ZX0

              Figure 223: Payload Content, base64url-encoded

   {
     "kty": "RSA",
     "kid": "hobbiton.example",
     "use": "sig",
     "n": "kNrPIBDXMU6fcyv5i-QHQAQ-K8gsC3HJb7FYhYaw8hXbNJa-t8q0lD
         KwLZgQXYV-ffWxXJv5GGrlZE4GU52lfMEegTDzYTrRQ3tepgKFjMGg6I
         y6fkl1ZNsx2gEonsnlShfzA9GJwRTmtKPbk1s-hwx1IU5AT-AIelNqBg
         cF2vE5W25_SGGBoaROVdUYxqETDggM1z5cKV4ZjDZ8-lh4oVB07bkac6
         LQdHpJUUySH_Er20DXx30Kyi97PciXKTS-QKXnmm8ivyRCmux22ZoPUi
         nd2BKC5OiG4MwALhaL2Z2k8CsRdfy-7dg7z41Rp6D0ZeEvtaUp4bX4aK
         raL4rTfw",
     "e": "AQAB",
     "d": "ZLe_TIxpE9-W_n2VBa-HWvuYPtjvxwVXClJFOpJsdea8g9RMx34qEO
         EtnoYc2un3CZ3LtJi-mju5RAT8YSc76YJds3ZVw0UiO8mMBeG6-iOnvg
         obobNx7K57-xjTJZU72EjOr9kB7z6ZKwDDq7HFyCDhUEcYcHFVc7iL_6
         TibVhAhOFONWlqlJgEgwVYd0rybNGKifdnpEbwyHoMwY6HM1qvnEFgP7
         iZ0YzHUT535x6jj4VKcdA7ZduFkhUauysySEW7mxZM6fj1vdjJIy9LD1
         fIz30Xv4ckoqhKF5GONU6tNmMmNgAD6gIViyEle1PrIxl1tBhCI14bRW
         -zrpHgAQ",
     "p": "yKWYoNIAqwMRQlgIBOdT1NIcbDNUUs2Rh-pBaxD_mIkweMt4Mg-0-B
         2iSYvMrs8horhonV7vxCQagcBAATGW-hAafUehWjxWSH-3KccRM8toL4
         e0q7M-idRDOBXSoe7Z2-CV2x_ZCY3RP8qp642R13WgXqGDIM4MbUkZSj
         cY9-c",
     "q": "uND4o15V30KDzf8vFJw589p1vlQVQ3NEilrinRUPHkkxaAzDzccGgr
         WMWpGxGFFnNL3w5CqPLeU76-5IVYQq0HwYVl0hVXQHr7sgaGu-483Ad3
         ENcL23FrOnF45m7_2ooAstJDe49MeLTTQKrSIBl_SKvqpYvfSPTczPcZ
         kh9Kk",
     "dp": "jmTnEoq2qqa8ouaymjhJSCnsveUXnMQC2gAneQJRQkFqQu-zV2PKP
         KNbPvKVyiF5b2-L3tM3OW2d2iNDyRUWXlT7V5l0KwPTABSTOnTqAmYCh
         Gi8kXXdlhcrtSvXldBakC6saxwI_TzGGY2MVXzc2ZnCvCXHV4qjSxOrf
         P3pHFU",
     "dq": "R9FUvU88OVzEkTkXl3-5-WusE4DjHmndeZIlu3rifBdfLpq_P-iWP
         BbGaq9wzQ1c-J7SzCdJqkEJDv5yd2C7rnZ6kpzwBh_nmL8zscAk1qsun
         nt9CJGAYz7-sGWy1JGShFazfP52ThB4rlCJ0YuEaQMrIzpY77_oLAhpm
         DA0hLk",
     "qi": "S8tC7ZknW6hPITkjcwttQOPLVmRfwirRlFAViuDb8NW9CrV_7F2Oq
         UZCqmzHTYAumwGFHI1WVRep7anleWaJjxC_1b3fq_al4qH3Pe-EKiHg6
         IMazuRtZLUROcThrExDbF5dYbsciDnfRUWLErZ4N1Be0bnxYuPqxwKd9
         QZwMo0"
   }

            Figure 224: RSA 2048-Bit Private Key, in JWK Format




<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                   [Page 111]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-112" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-6.2" href="#section-6.2">6.2</a>.  Signing Operation</span>

   The following is generated to complete the signing operation:

   o  JWS Protected Header; this example uses the header from
      Figure 225, encoded using base64url [<a href="./rfc4648" title="&quot;The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings&quot;">RFC4648</a>] to produce
      Figure 226.

   {
     "alg": "PS256",
     "typ": "JWT"
   }

                   Figure 225: JWS Protected Header JSON

   eyJhbGciOiJQUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9

            Figure 226: JWS Protected Header, base64url-encoded

   Performing the signature operation over the combined JWS Protected
   Header (Figure 226) and payload content (Figure 222) produces the
   following signature:

   dPpMqwRZxFYi1UfcDAaf8M99o7kwUWtiXZ-ByvVuJih4MhJ_aZqciprz0OWaIA
   kIvn1qskChirjKvY9ESZNUCP4JjvfyPS-nqjJxYoA5ztWOyFk2cZNIPXjcJXSQ
   wXPO9tEe-v4VSqgD0aKHqPxYog4N6Cz1lKph1U1sYDSI67_bLL7elg_vkjfMp5
   _W5l5LuUYGMeh6hxQIaIUXf9EwV2JmvTMuZ-vBOWy0Sniy1EFo72CRTvmtrIf5
   AROo5MNliY3KtUxeP-SOmD-LEYwW9SlkohYzMVAZDDOrVbv7KVRHpeYNaK75KE
   QqdCEEkS_rskZS-Qtt_nlegTWh1mEYaA

               Figure 227: JWS Signature, base64url-encoded

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-6.3" href="#section-6.3">6.3</a>.  Signing Output</span>

   The following compose the resulting JWS object:

   o  JWS Protected Header (Figure 226)

   o  Payload content (Figure 223)

   o  Signature (Figure 227)










<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                   [Page 112]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-113" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The resulting JWS object using the JWS Compact Serialization (which
   is the plaintext input to the following encryption operation):

   eyJhbGciOiJQUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9
   .
   eyJpc3MiOiJob2JiaXRvbi5leGFtcGxlIiwiZXhwIjoxMzAwODE5MzgwLCJodH
   RwOi8vZXhhbXBsZS5jb20vaXNfcm9vdCI6dHJ1ZX0
   .
   dPpMqwRZxFYi1UfcDAaf8M99o7kwUWtiXZ-ByvVuJih4MhJ_aZqciprz0OWaIA
   kIvn1qskChirjKvY9ESZNUCP4JjvfyPS-nqjJxYoA5ztWOyFk2cZNIPXjcJXSQ
   wXPO9tEe-v4VSqgD0aKHqPxYog4N6Cz1lKph1U1sYDSI67_bLL7elg_vkjfMp5
   _W5l5LuUYGMeh6hxQIaIUXf9EwV2JmvTMuZ-vBOWy0Sniy1EFo72CRTvmtrIf5
   AROo5MNliY3KtUxeP-SOmD-LEYwW9SlkohYzMVAZDDOrVbv7KVRHpeYNaK75KE
   QqdCEEkS_rskZS-Qtt_nlegTWh1mEYaA

                   Figure 228: JWS Compact Serialization

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-6.4" href="#section-6.4">6.4</a>.  Encryption Input Factors</span>

   The following are supplied before beginning the encryption process:

   o  Plaintext content; this example uses the content from Figure 228.

   o  RSA public key; this example uses the key from Figure 84.

   o  "alg" parameter of "RSA-OAEP".

   o  "enc" parameter of "A128GCM".

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-6.5" href="#section-6.5">6.5</a>.  Encryption Generated Factors</span>

   The following are generated before encrypting:

   o  AES symmetric key as the Content Encryption Key (CEK); this
      example uses the key from Figure 229.

   o  Initialization Vector; this example uses the Initialization Vector
      from Figure 230.

   0RHSNYwN-6-2QBGsYTZLSQ

           Figure 229: Content Encryption Key, base64url-encoded

   GbX1i9kXz0sxXPmA

           Figure 230: Initialization Vector, base64url-encoded





<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                   [Page 113]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-114" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-6.6" href="#section-6.6">6.6</a>.  Encrypting the Key</span>

   Performing the key encryption operation over the CEK (Figure 229)
   with the RSA key (Figure 84) produces the following Encrypted Key:

   a0JHRoITfpX4qRewImjlStn8m3CPxBV1ueYlVhjurCyrBg3I7YhCRYjphDOOS4
   E7rXbr2Fn6NyQq-A-gqT0FXqNjVOGrG-bi13mwy7RoYhjTkBEC6P7sMYMXXx4g
   zMedpiJHQVeyI-zkZV7A9matpgevAJWrXzOUysYGTtwoSN6gtUVtlLaivjvb21
   O0ul4YxSHV-ByK1kyeetRp_fuYJxHoKLQL9P424sKx2WGYb4zsBIPF4ssl_e5I
   R7nany-25_UmC2urosNkoFz9cQ82MypZP8gqbQJyPN-Fpp4Z-5o6yV64x6yzDU
   F_5JCIdl-Qv6H5dMVIY7q1eKpXcV1lWO_2FefEBqXxXvIjLeZivjNkzogCq3-I
   apSjVFnMjBxjpYLT8muaawo1yy1XXMuinIpNcOY3n4KKrXLrCcteX85m4IIHMZ
   a38s1Hpr56fPPseMA-Jltmt-a9iEDtOzhtxz8AXy9tsCAZV2XBWNG8c3kJusAa
   mBKOYwfk7JhLRDgOnJjlJLhn7TI4UxDp9dCmUXEN6z0v23W15qJIEXNJtqnblp
   ymooeWAHCT4e_Owbim1g0AEpTHUdA2iiLNs9WTX_H_TXuPC8yDDhi1smxS_X_x
   pkIHkiIHWDOLx03BpqDTivpKkBYwqP2UZkcxqX2Fo_GnVrNwlK7Lgxw6FSQvDO
   0

               Figure 231: Encrypted Key, base64url-encoded

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-6.7" href="#section-6.7">6.7</a>.  Encrypting the Content</span>

   The following is generated before encrypting the Plaintext:

   o  JWE Protected Header; this example uses the header from
      Figure 232, encoded using base64url [<a href="./rfc4648" title="&quot;The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings&quot;">RFC4648</a>] to produce
      Figure 233.

   {
     "alg": "RSA-OAEP",
     "cty": "JWT",
     "enc": "A128GCM"
   }

                   Figure 232: JWE Protected Header JSON

   eyJhbGciOiJSU0EtT0FFUCIsImN0eSI6IkpXVCIsImVuYyI6IkExMjhHQ00ifQ

            Figure 233: JWE Protected Header, base64url-encoded












<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                   [Page 114]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-115" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   Performing the content encryption operation over the Plaintext
   (Figure 228) with the following:

   o  CEK (Figure 229);

   o  Initialization Vector (Figure 230); and

   o  JWE Protected Header (Figure 233) as authenticated data

   produces the following:

   o  Ciphertext from Figure 234.

   o  Authentication Tag from Figure 235.

   SZI4IvKHmwpazl_pJQXX3mHv1ANnOU4Wf9-utWYUcKrBNgCe2OFMf66cSJ8k2Q
   kxaQD3_R60MGE9ofomwtky3GFxMeGRjtpMt9OAvVLsAXB0_UTCBGyBg3C2bWLX
   qZlfJAAoJRUPRk-BimYZY81zVBuIhc7HsQePCpu33SzMsFHjn4lP_idrJz_glZ
   TNgKDt8zdnUPauKTKDNOH1DD4fuzvDYfDIAfqGPyL5sVRwbiXpXdGokEszM-9C
   hMPqW1QNhzuX_Zul3bvrJwr7nuGZs4cUScY3n8yE3AHCLurgls-A9mz1X38xEa
   ulV18l4Fg9tLejdkAuQZjPbqeHQBJe4IwGD5Ee0dQ-Mtz4NnhkIWx-YKBb_Xo2
   zI3Q_1sYjKUuis7yWW-HTr_vqvFt0bj7WJf2vzB0TZ3dvsoGaTvPH2dyWwumUr
   lx4gmPUzBdwTO6ubfYSDUEEz5py0d_OtWeUSYcCYBKD-aM7tXg26qJo21gYjLf
   hn9zy-W19sOCZGuzgFjPhawXHpvnj_t-0_ES96kogjJLxS1IMU9Y5XmnwZMyNc
   9EIwnogsCg-hVuvzyP0sIruktmI94_SL1xgMl7o03phcTMxtlMizR88NKU1WkB
   siXMCjy1Noue7MD-ShDp5dmM

                 Figure 234: Ciphertext, base64url-encoded

   KnIKEhN8U-3C9s4gtSpjSw

             Figure 235: Authentication Tag, base64url-encoded

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-6.8" href="#section-6.8">6.8</a>.  Encryption Output</span>

   The following compose the resulting JWE object:

   o  JWE Protected Header (Figure 233)

   o  Encrypted Key (Figure 231)

   o  Initialization Vector (Figure 230)

   o  Ciphertext (Figure 234)

   o  Authentication Tag (Figure 235)





<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                   [Page 115]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-116" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The resulting JWE object using the JWE Compact Serialization:

   eyJhbGciOiJSU0EtT0FFUCIsImN0eSI6IkpXVCIsImVuYyI6IkExMjhHQ00ifQ
   .
   a0JHRoITfpX4qRewImjlStn8m3CPxBV1ueYlVhjurCyrBg3I7YhCRYjphDOOS4
   E7rXbr2Fn6NyQq-A-gqT0FXqNjVOGrG-bi13mwy7RoYhjTkBEC6P7sMYMXXx4g
   zMedpiJHQVeyI-zkZV7A9matpgevAJWrXzOUysYGTtwoSN6gtUVtlLaivjvb21
   O0ul4YxSHV-ByK1kyeetRp_fuYJxHoKLQL9P424sKx2WGYb4zsBIPF4ssl_e5I
   R7nany-25_UmC2urosNkoFz9cQ82MypZP8gqbQJyPN-Fpp4Z-5o6yV64x6yzDU
   F_5JCIdl-Qv6H5dMVIY7q1eKpXcV1lWO_2FefEBqXxXvIjLeZivjNkzogCq3-I
   apSjVFnMjBxjpYLT8muaawo1yy1XXMuinIpNcOY3n4KKrXLrCcteX85m4IIHMZ
   a38s1Hpr56fPPseMA-Jltmt-a9iEDtOzhtxz8AXy9tsCAZV2XBWNG8c3kJusAa
   mBKOYwfk7JhLRDgOnJjlJLhn7TI4UxDp9dCmUXEN6z0v23W15qJIEXNJtqnblp
   ymooeWAHCT4e_Owbim1g0AEpTHUdA2iiLNs9WTX_H_TXuPC8yDDhi1smxS_X_x
   pkIHkiIHWDOLx03BpqDTivpKkBYwqP2UZkcxqX2Fo_GnVrNwlK7Lgxw6FSQvDO
   0
   .
   GbX1i9kXz0sxXPmA
   .
   SZI4IvKHmwpazl_pJQXX3mHv1ANnOU4Wf9-utWYUcKrBNgCe2OFMf66cSJ8k2Q
   kxaQD3_R60MGE9ofomwtky3GFxMeGRjtpMt9OAvVLsAXB0_UTCBGyBg3C2bWLX
   qZlfJAAoJRUPRk-BimYZY81zVBuIhc7HsQePCpu33SzMsFHjn4lP_idrJz_glZ
   TNgKDt8zdnUPauKTKDNOH1DD4fuzvDYfDIAfqGPyL5sVRwbiXpXdGokEszM-9C
   hMPqW1QNhzuX_Zul3bvrJwr7nuGZs4cUScY3n8yE3AHCLurgls-A9mz1X38xEa
   ulV18l4Fg9tLejdkAuQZjPbqeHQBJe4IwGD5Ee0dQ-Mtz4NnhkIWx-YKBb_Xo2
   zI3Q_1sYjKUuis7yWW-HTr_vqvFt0bj7WJf2vzB0TZ3dvsoGaTvPH2dyWwumUr
   lx4gmPUzBdwTO6ubfYSDUEEz5py0d_OtWeUSYcCYBKD-aM7tXg26qJo21gYjLf
   hn9zy-W19sOCZGuzgFjPhawXHpvnj_t-0_ES96kogjJLxS1IMU9Y5XmnwZMyNc
   9EIwnogsCg-hVuvzyP0sIruktmI94_SL1xgMl7o03phcTMxtlMizR88NKU1WkB
   siXMCjy1Noue7MD-ShDp5dmM
   .
   KnIKEhN8U-3C9s4gtSpjSw

                   Figure 236: JWE Compact Serialization

















<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                   [Page 116]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-117" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The resulting JWE object using the general JWE JSON Serialization:

   {
     "recipients": [
       {
         "encrypted_key": "a0JHRoITfpX4qRewImjlStn8m3CPxBV1ueYlVh
             jurCyrBg3I7YhCRYjphDOOS4E7rXbr2Fn6NyQq-A-gqT0FXqNjVO
             GrG-bi13mwy7RoYhjTkBEC6P7sMYMXXx4gzMedpiJHQVeyI-zkZV
             7A9matpgevAJWrXzOUysYGTtwoSN6gtUVtlLaivjvb21O0ul4YxS
             HV-ByK1kyeetRp_fuYJxHoKLQL9P424sKx2WGYb4zsBIPF4ssl_e
             5IR7nany-25_UmC2urosNkoFz9cQ82MypZP8gqbQJyPN-Fpp4Z-5
             o6yV64x6yzDUF_5JCIdl-Qv6H5dMVIY7q1eKpXcV1lWO_2FefEBq
             XxXvIjLeZivjNkzogCq3-IapSjVFnMjBxjpYLT8muaawo1yy1XXM
             uinIpNcOY3n4KKrXLrCcteX85m4IIHMZa38s1Hpr56fPPseMA-Jl
             tmt-a9iEDtOzhtxz8AXy9tsCAZV2XBWNG8c3kJusAamBKOYwfk7J
             hLRDgOnJjlJLhn7TI4UxDp9dCmUXEN6z0v23W15qJIEXNJtqnblp
             ymooeWAHCT4e_Owbim1g0AEpTHUdA2iiLNs9WTX_H_TXuPC8yDDh
             i1smxS_X_xpkIHkiIHWDOLx03BpqDTivpKkBYwqP2UZkcxqX2Fo_
             GnVrNwlK7Lgxw6FSQvDO0"
       }
     ],
     "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJSU0EtT0FFUCIsImN0eSI6IkpXVCIsImVuYy
         I6IkExMjhHQ00ifQ",
     "iv": "GbX1i9kXz0sxXPmA",
     "ciphertext": "SZI4IvKHmwpazl_pJQXX3mHv1ANnOU4Wf9-utWYUcKrBN
         gCe2OFMf66cSJ8k2QkxaQD3_R60MGE9ofomwtky3GFxMeGRjtpMt9OAv
         VLsAXB0_UTCBGyBg3C2bWLXqZlfJAAoJRUPRk-BimYZY81zVBuIhc7Hs
         QePCpu33SzMsFHjn4lP_idrJz_glZTNgKDt8zdnUPauKTKDNOH1DD4fu
         zvDYfDIAfqGPyL5sVRwbiXpXdGokEszM-9ChMPqW1QNhzuX_Zul3bvrJ
         wr7nuGZs4cUScY3n8yE3AHCLurgls-A9mz1X38xEaulV18l4Fg9tLejd
         kAuQZjPbqeHQBJe4IwGD5Ee0dQ-Mtz4NnhkIWx-YKBb_Xo2zI3Q_1sYj
         KUuis7yWW-HTr_vqvFt0bj7WJf2vzB0TZ3dvsoGaTvPH2dyWwumUrlx4
         gmPUzBdwTO6ubfYSDUEEz5py0d_OtWeUSYcCYBKD-aM7tXg26qJo21gY
         jLfhn9zy-W19sOCZGuzgFjPhawXHpvnj_t-0_ES96kogjJLxS1IMU9Y5
         XmnwZMyNc9EIwnogsCg-hVuvzyP0sIruktmI94_SL1xgMl7o03phcTMx
         tlMizR88NKU1WkBsiXMCjy1Noue7MD-ShDp5dmM",
     "tag": "KnIKEhN8U-3C9s4gtSpjSw"
   }

                Figure 237: General JWE JSON Serialization











<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                   [Page 117]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-118" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


   The resulting JWE object using the flattened JWE JSON Serialization:

   {
     "encrypted_key": "a0JHRoITfpX4qRewImjlStn8m3CPxBV1ueYlVhjurC
         yrBg3I7YhCRYjphDOOS4E7rXbr2Fn6NyQq-A-gqT0FXqNjVOGrG-bi13
         mwy7RoYhjTkBEC6P7sMYMXXx4gzMedpiJHQVeyI-zkZV7A9matpgevAJ
         WrXzOUysYGTtwoSN6gtUVtlLaivjvb21O0ul4YxSHV-ByK1kyeetRp_f
         uYJxHoKLQL9P424sKx2WGYb4zsBIPF4ssl_e5IR7nany-25_UmC2uros
         NkoFz9cQ82MypZP8gqbQJyPN-Fpp4Z-5o6yV64x6yzDUF_5JCIdl-Qv6
         H5dMVIY7q1eKpXcV1lWO_2FefEBqXxXvIjLeZivjNkzogCq3-IapSjVF
         nMjBxjpYLT8muaawo1yy1XXMuinIpNcOY3n4KKrXLrCcteX85m4IIHMZ
         a38s1Hpr56fPPseMA-Jltmt-a9iEDtOzhtxz8AXy9tsCAZV2XBWNG8c3
         kJusAamBKOYwfk7JhLRDgOnJjlJLhn7TI4UxDp9dCmUXEN6z0v23W15q
         JIEXNJtqnblpymooeWAHCT4e_Owbim1g0AEpTHUdA2iiLNs9WTX_H_TX
         uPC8yDDhi1smxS_X_xpkIHkiIHWDOLx03BpqDTivpKkBYwqP2UZkcxqX
         2Fo_GnVrNwlK7Lgxw6FSQvDO0",
     "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJSU0EtT0FFUCIsImN0eSI6IkpXVCIsImVuYy
         I6IkExMjhHQ00ifQ",
     "iv": "GbX1i9kXz0sxXPmA",
     "ciphertext": "SZI4IvKHmwpazl_pJQXX3mHv1ANnOU4Wf9-utWYUcKrBN
         gCe2OFMf66cSJ8k2QkxaQD3_R60MGE9ofomwtky3GFxMeGRjtpMt9OAv
         VLsAXB0_UTCBGyBg3C2bWLXqZlfJAAoJRUPRk-BimYZY81zVBuIhc7Hs
         QePCpu33SzMsFHjn4lP_idrJz_glZTNgKDt8zdnUPauKTKDNOH1DD4fu
         zvDYfDIAfqGPyL5sVRwbiXpXdGokEszM-9ChMPqW1QNhzuX_Zul3bvrJ
         wr7nuGZs4cUScY3n8yE3AHCLurgls-A9mz1X38xEaulV18l4Fg9tLejd
         kAuQZjPbqeHQBJe4IwGD5Ee0dQ-Mtz4NnhkIWx-YKBb_Xo2zI3Q_1sYj
         KUuis7yWW-HTr_vqvFt0bj7WJf2vzB0TZ3dvsoGaTvPH2dyWwumUrlx4
         gmPUzBdwTO6ubfYSDUEEz5py0d_OtWeUSYcCYBKD-aM7tXg26qJo21gY
         jLfhn9zy-W19sOCZGuzgFjPhawXHpvnj_t-0_ES96kogjJLxS1IMU9Y5
         XmnwZMyNc9EIwnogsCg-hVuvzyP0sIruktmI94_SL1xgMl7o03phcTMx
         tlMizR88NKU1WkBsiXMCjy1Noue7MD-ShDp5dmM",
     "tag": "KnIKEhN8U-3C9s4gtSpjSw"
   }

               Figure 238: Flattened JWE JSON Serialization
















<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                   [Page 118]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-119" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-7" href="#section-7">7</a>.  Security Considerations</span>

   This document is designed to provide examples for developers to use
   in checking their implementations.  As such, it does not follow some
   of the security considerations and recommendations in the core
   documents (i.e., [<a href="#ref-JWS" title="&quot;JSON Web Signature (JWS)&quot;">JWS</a>], [<a href="#ref-JWE" title="&quot;JSON Web Encryption (JWE)&quot;">JWE</a>], [<a href="#ref-JWK" title="&quot;JSON Web Key (JWK)&quot;">JWK</a>], and [<a href="#ref-JWA" title="&quot;JSON Web Algorithms (JWA)&quot;">JWA</a>]).  For instance:

   o  it does not always generate a new CEK value for every encrypted
      example;

   o  it does not always generate a new Initialization Vector (IV) value
      for every encrypted example; and

   o  it does not always generate a new ephemeral key for every
      ephemeral key example.

   For each example, data that is expected to be generated for each
   signing or encryption operation is isolated to sections titled
   "Generated Factors".

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-8" href="#section-8">8</a>.  References</span>

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-8.1" href="#section-8.1">8.1</a>.  Normative References</span>

   [<a id="ref-JWA">JWA</a>]      Jones, M., "JSON Web Algorithms (JWA)", <a href="./rfc7518">RFC 7518</a>,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7518, May 2015,
              &lt;<a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7518">http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7518</a>&gt;.

   [<a id="ref-JWE">JWE</a>]      Jones, M. and J. Hildebrand, "JSON Web Encryption (JWE)",
              <a href="./rfc7516">RFC 7516</a>, DOI 10.17487/RFC7516, May 2015,
              &lt;<a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7516">http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7516</a>&gt;.

   [<a id="ref-JWK">JWK</a>]      Jones, M., "JSON Web Key (JWK)", <a href="./rfc7517">RFC 7517</a>,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7517, May 2015,
              &lt;<a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7517">http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7517</a>&gt;.

   [<a id="ref-JWS">JWS</a>]      Jones, M., Bradley, J., and N. Sakimura, "JSON Web
              Signature (JWS)", <a href="./rfc7515">RFC 7515</a>, DOI 10.17487/RFC7515, May
              2015, &lt;<a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7515">http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7515</a>&gt;.

   [<a id="ref-RFC4648">RFC4648</a>]  Josefsson, S., "The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data
              Encodings", <a href="./rfc4648">RFC 4648</a>, DOI 10.17487/RFC4648, October 2006,
              &lt;<a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4648">http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4648</a>&gt;.








<span class="grey">Miller                        Informational                   [Page 119]</span></pre>
<hr class='noprint'/><!--NewPage--><pre class='newpage'><span id="page-120" ></span>
<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc7520">RFC 7520</a>                      JOSE Cookbook                     May 2015</span>


<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-8.2" href="#section-8.2">8.2</a>.  Informative References</span>

   [<a id="ref-JWT">JWT</a>]      Jones, M., Bradley, J., and N. Sakimura, "JSON Web Token
              (JWT)", <a href="./rfc7519">RFC 7519</a>, DOI 10.17487/RFC7519, May 2015,
              &lt;<a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7519">http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7519</a>&gt;.

   [<a id="ref-LOTR-FELLOWSHIP">LOTR-FELLOWSHIP</a>]
              Tolkien, J., "The Fellowship of the Ring", HarperCollins
              Publishers, ePub Edition, ISBN 9780061952838, March 2009.

   [<a id="ref-RFC1951">RFC1951</a>]  Deutsch, P., "DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification
              version 1.3", <a href="./rfc1951">RFC 1951</a>, DOI 10.17487/RFC1951, May 1996,
              &lt;<a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1951">http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1951</a>&gt;.

   [<a id="ref-RFC7095">RFC7095</a>]  Kewisch, P., "jCard: The JSON Format for vCard", <a href="./rfc7095">RFC 7095</a>,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7095, January 2014,
              &lt;<a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7095">http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7095</a>&gt;.

Acknowledgements

   Most of the examples herein use quotes and character names found in
   the novel "The Fellowship of the Ring" [<a href="#ref-LOTR-FELLOWSHIP">LOTR-FELLOWSHIP</a>], written by
   J. R. R. Tolkien.

   Thanks to Richard Barnes, Brian Campbell, Mike Jones, and Jim Schaad
   for their input and review of the text.  Thanks to Brian Campbell for
   verifying the Compact Serialization examples.

Author's Address

   Matthew Miller
   Cisco Systems, Inc.

   EMail: mamille2@cisco.com

















Miller                        Informational                   [Page 120]
</pre>