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<H1>Tasks related to generating output</H1>
<P>
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<H1><A NAME="SEC2" HREF="output_toc.html#SEC2">Commonly used Output patterns for PTG</A></H1>
<P>
The module <CODE>PtgCommon</CODE> provides definitions for frequently used
PTG patterns. These patterns fall into two categories:
The first one supports different types of output leaves; the
second contains frequently used patterns for building sequences.
<P>
The module does not have generic parameters.
It is used by including
<PRE>
$/Output/PtgCommon.fw
</PRE>
in a <CODE>.specs</CODE> file.
<P>
The module introduces PTG specifications for patterns named <CODE>Id,
AsIs, CString, PString, CChar, Numb, Seq, CommaSeq</CODE>. When using
<CODE>PtgCommon.fw</CODE> these names must
not be specified in any other PTG specification.
<P>
The functions provided by this module
may be used in <TT>`.lido'</TT> specifications or in
<TT>`.c'</TT> files. To introduce prototypes for the defined functions, use
the header file <CODE>PtgCommon.h</CODE>.
<P>
<H4>Frequently Used Patterns</H4>
<A NAME="IDX6"></A>
<P>
The module <CODE>PtgCommon</CODE> provides useful and
commonly used PTG patterns, especially for the output of
non-literal terminal symbols.
They are documented
both by showing their PTG pattern definitions and the signature of
the resulting pattern functions:
<P>
<A NAME="IDX7"></A>
<A NAME="IDX8"></A>
<DL COMPACT>
<DT><CODE>Pattern: <CODE>Id: [PtgOutId $ int]</CODE></CODE>
<DD><DT><CODE>Resulting Function: <CODE>PTGNode PTGId(int id)</CODE></CODE>
<DD>The argument <CODE>id</CODE> must refer to an identifier or a string stored in
the character storage module of Eli, see <A HREF="lib_1.html#SEC6">Character Storage Module of Library Reference Manual</A>. The PTG pattern produces the
same identifier or character string in the output.
<A NAME="IDX9"></A>
<A NAME="IDX10"></A>
<A NAME="IDX11"></A>
<P>
<DT><CODE>Pattern: <CODE>AsIs: $ string</CODE></CODE>
<DD><DT><CODE>Resulting Function: <CODE>PTGNode PTGAsIs(char *string)</CODE></CODE>
<DD>The PTG pattern produces the specified argument <CODE>string</CODE> in the output.
The character string is not copied, only the pointer is.
<A NAME="IDX12"></A>
<A NAME="IDX13"></A>
<A NAME="IDX14"></A>
<P>
<DT><CODE>Pattern: <CODE>Numb: $ int</CODE></CODE>
<DD><DT><CODE>Resulting Function: <CODE>PTGNode PTGNumb(int numb)</CODE></CODE>
<DD>The PTG pattern produces the given integral number.
<A NAME="IDX15"></A>
<A NAME="IDX16"></A>
<A NAME="IDX17"></A>
<A NAME="IDX18"></A>
<P>
<DT><CODE>Pattern: <CODE>CString: [CPtgOutstr $ string]</CODE></CODE>
<DD><DT><CODE>Resulting Function: <CODE>PTGNode PTGCString(char *string)</CODE></CODE>
<DD><DT><CODE>and <CODE>PTGNode PTGCStringId(int id)</CODE></CODE>
<DD>The argument is a string.
The PTG pattern function produces the same character string
quoted according to the rules of the C language.
<CODE>PTGCStringId</CODE> is macro based on <CODE>PTGCString</CODE>.
It takes an index into the character storage module of
Eli, see
<A HREF="lib_1.html#SEC6">Character Storage Module of Library Reference Manual</A>.
It produces the string stored there
quoted according to the rules of the C language..
<P>
<A NAME="IDX19"></A>
<A NAME="IDX20"></A>
<A NAME="IDX21"></A>
<A NAME="IDX22"></A>
<P>
<DT><CODE>Pattern: <CODE>PString: [PPtgOutstr $ string]</CODE></CODE>
<DD><DT><CODE>Resulting Function: <CODE>PTGNode PTGPString(char *string)</CODE></CODE>
<DD><DT><CODE>and <CODE>PTGNode PTGPStringId(int id)</CODE></CODE>
<DD>The argument is a string.
The PTG pattern function produces the same character string
quoted according to the rules of the Pascal language.
<CODE>PTGPStringId</CODE> is macro based on <CODE>PTGPString</CODE>.
It takes an index into the character storage module of
Eli, see <A HREF="lib_1.html#SEC6">Character Storage Module of Library Reference Manual</A>. It produces the string stored there
quoted according to the rules of the Pascal language..
<A NAME="IDX23"></A>
<A NAME="IDX24"></A>
<A NAME="IDX25"></A>
<P>
<DT><CODE>Pattern: <CODE>CChar: [CPtgOutchar $ int]</CODE></CODE>
<DD><DT><CODE>Resulting Function: <CODE>PTGNode PTGCChar(int c)</CODE></CODE>
<DD>The PTG pattern produces the specified value as C character literal.
<A NAME="IDX26"></A>
<A NAME="IDX27"></A>
<P>
<DT><CODE>Pattern: <CODE>Seq: $ $</CODE></CODE>
<DD><DT><CODE>Resulting Function: <CODE>PTGNode PTGPSeq(PTGNode, PTGNode)</CODE></CODE>
<DD>Takes two arguments and yields a new node that prints the concatenation
of the given patterns.
<A NAME="IDX28"></A>
<A NAME="IDX29"></A>
<P>
<DT><CODE>Pattern: <CODE>CommaSeq: $ { ", " } $</CODE></CODE>
<DD><DT><CODE>Resulting Function: <CODE>PTGNode PTGPCommaSeq(PTGNode, PTGNode)</CODE></CODE>
<DD>Takes two arguments and yields their concatenation
separated by a comma. By enclosing the separator
with braces, it is assured that a comma will be printed, only if none of the
arguments refers to the predefined value <CODE>PTGNULL</CODE> that
yields an empty output. This makes the pattern well suited to be used
in conjunction with the <CODE>CONSTITUENTS</CODE> construct.
See <A HREF="ptg_2.html#SEC6">Optional Parts in Patterns of Pattern-based text generator</A>, for details.
<A NAME="IDX30"></A>
<A NAME="IDX31"></A>
<P>
<DT><CODE>Pattern: <CODE>Eol: $ "\n"</CODE></CODE>
<DD><DT><CODE>Resulting Function: <CODE>PTGNode PTGEol(PTGNode)</CODE></CODE>
<DD>This pattern attaches a newline at the end of the given text.
Note that the
PTG output functions do not automatically put a newline at the end of the output.
</DL>
<P>
<H4>Useful Embedded Functions</H4>
<P>
The functions embedded in the PTG patterns defined in
<CODE>PTGCommon.fw</CODE> (See <A HREF="output_2.html#SEC2">Commonly used Output patterns for PTG</A>) might also be useful
in user defined patterns. These functions are:
<P>
<A NAME="IDX32"></A>
<DL COMPACT>
<DT><CODE><CODE>void PtgOutId (PTG_OUTPUT_FILE fs, int c);</CODE></CODE>
<DD>takes an index into the character storage module of
Eli, see <A HREF="lib_1.html#SEC6">Character Storage Module of Library Reference Manual</A>. It outputs the string stored there.
<A NAME="IDX33"></A>
<P>
<DT><CODE><CODE>void (PTG_OUTPUT_FILE fs, char *s);</CODE></CODE>
<DD>takes a string argument and outputs the same string quoted according
to the rules of the C language.
<A NAME="IDX34"></A>
<P>
<DT><CODE><CODE>void (PTG_OUTPUT_FILE fs, int c);</CODE></CODE>
<DD>takes an integer character code and outputs the character.
<A NAME="IDX35"></A>
<P>
<DT><CODE><CODE>void (PTG_OUTPUT_FILE fs, int c);</CODE></CODE>
<DD>takes a string argument and outputs the same string quoted according
to the rules of the Pascal language.
<P>
</DL>
<P>
<H4>Examples</H4>
<P>
The first example will use a PTG pattern that prints an identifier or a
floating point number. This is done by defining the symbol role
<CODE>PtgLeaf</CODE> that computes a <CODE>ptg</CODE> attribute. It generates the
source text of the identifier when processed through a ptg processing
function. This role can be inherited by a tree symbol that appears
directly above a terminal, that was processed through the <CODE>mkidn</CODE>
gla processor.
<P>
<PRE>
CLASS SYMBOL PtgLeaf: ptg: PTGNode;
CLASS SYMBOL PtgLeaf COMPUTE
THIS.ptg = PTGId(TERM);
END;
</PRE>
<P>
In this example, the class symbol <CODE>PtgLeaf</CODE> can be used
later to denote all the different grammar symbols that compute ptg leaf
patterns. This is done for example in the second example, that computes
a PTG pattern that prints all occurrences of <CODE>PtgLeaf</CODE> in a comma
separated list.
<P>
<PRE>
CLASS SYMBOL LeafCommaList: ptg: PTGNode;
CLASS SYMBOL LeafCommaList COMPUTE
THIS.ptg =
CONSTITUENTS PtgLeaf.ptg
WITH (PTGNode, PTGCommaSeq, IDENTICAL, PTGNull);
END;
</PRE>
<P>
Please refer to <A HREF="lidoref_4.html#SEC5">Symbol Specifications of Lido Reference Manual</A>, for an explanation of symbol computations,
see <A HREF="lidoref_9.html#SEC16">CONSTITUENT(S) of Lido Reference Manual</A>,
for an explanation of the <CODE>CONSTITUENT(S)</CODE>-construct and
read <A HREF="lidoref_12.html#SEC21">Predefined Entities of Lido Reference Manual</A>, for an explanation of the predefined <CODE>IDENTICAL</CODE>-function.
<A NAME="IDX36"></A>
<P>
<H4>Special Situation when Using C String Literals</H4>
<P>
A special situation occurs, if C string literals are input tokens and
are to be reproduced identically.
Two different token processors can be used to store the string:
If the <CODE>c_mkstr</CODE> processor is specified in a <TT>`.gla'</TT> file,
<PRE>
CStringLit: $\" (auxCString) [c_mkstr]
</PRE>
the string is interpreted and the result is stored.
Such a string can be processed with the
pattern functions <CODE>PTGCStringId()</CODE> and <CODE>PTGPStringId()</CODE>
to yield C or Pascal string literals on output.
However, as strings are null terminated in Eli, the first occurrence of
an embedded zero-character terminates the string, and the result is
truncated. A solution for this would be to not interpret the control
sequences and to store the string verbatim as it is provided on input.
That is achieved by the token processor <CODE>mkstr</CODE>:
<PRE>
CStringLit: $\" (auxCString) [mkstr]
</PRE>
<A NAME="IDX37"></A>
As control sequences are not interpreted by <CODE>mkstr</CODE>,
<CODE>PTGPString</CODE> and <CODE>PTGCString</CODE> can not be used to
produce an identical output string. Instead, the pattern function
<CODE>PTGAsIs</CODE> is to be used. Since the latter token processor can handle
embedded zero characters, it is used in the
canned description <CODE>C_STRING_LIT</CODE> for C string literals.
See <A HREF="lex_2.html#SEC13">Canned Descriptions of Lexical Analysis</A>.
<A NAME="IDX38"></A>
<A NAME="IDX39"></A>
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