@c -*-texinfo-*-
@c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.
@c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 
@c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions.
@setfilename ../info/intro

@c =============================================================
@c = <using $B0zCO$5$s$,4IM}$9$k(BGPL$B$NF|K\8lLu(B>
@c =============================================================
@node Copying, Introduction, Top, Top
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@c @unnumbered GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
@c @center Version 2, June 1991
@unnumbered GNU$B0lHL8xM-;HMQ5vBz=q(B
@center 1991$BG/(B6$B7n(B $B%P!<%8%g%s(B2.0 

@display
Copyright @copyright{} 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111, USA
675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA @footnote{$B!ZCm0U![(B
$B8=:_!"$3$N%P!<%8%g%s(B2$B$NH/9T<T(B(FSF)$B=;=j$O!"@5<0$K?7$7$$=;=j$N(B @*
$B!!(B59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA @*
$B$KJQ$o$C$F$$$k!#(B}
@ifinfo
$B!ZCm0U![(B $B8=:_!"$3$N%P!<%8%g%s(B2$B$NH/9T<T(B(FSF)$B=;=j$O!"@5<0$K?7$7$$=;=j$N(B
59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA $B$KJQ$o$C$F$$$k!#(B
@end ifinfo

@c Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
@c of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
$B2??M$b!"0J2<$NFbMF$rJQ99$7$J$$$G$=$N$^$^J#<L$9$k>l9g$K8B$j!"(B
$BK\;HMQ5vBz=q$rJ#@=$7$?$jHRI[$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!#(B
@end display

@c @unnumberedsec Preamble
@unnumberedsec $B$O$8$a$K(B

@c   The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
@c freedom to share and change it.  By contrast, the GNU General Public
@c License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
@c software---to make sure the software is free for all its users.  This
@c General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
@c Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
@c using it.  (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
@c the GNU Library General Public License instead.)  You can apply it to
@c your programs, too.
 $B$[$H$s$I$N%=%U%H%&%'%"$N;HMQ5vBz$O!"%=%U%H%&%'%"$r6&M-$7!"(B
$BJQ99$9$k%f!<%6$N<+M3$rC%$&$3$H$r0U?^$7$F$$$^$9!#(B
$B$=$l$KBP$7$F!"2f!9$N(BGNU$B0lHL8xM-;HMQ5vBz$O!"(B
$B%U%j!<!&%=%U%H%&%'%"$r6&M-$7$?$jJQ99$9$k<+M3$r%f!<%6$KJ]>Z$9$k$?$a$N$b$N!"(B
$BB($A%U%j!<!&%=%U%H%&%'%"$,$=$N%f!<%6A4$F$K$H$C$F(B
$B%U%j!<$G$"$k$3$H$rJ]>Z$9$k$?$a$N$b$N$G$9!#(B
$BK\;HMQ5vBz$O!"(BFree Software Foundation$B$N$[$H$s$IA4$F$N%=%U%H%&%'%"$K(B
$BE,MQ$5$l$k$@$1$G$J$/!"(B
$B%W%m%0%i%`$N:n@.<T$,K\;HMQ5vBz$K0M$k$H$7$?>l9g$N$=$N%W%m%0%i%`$K$b(B
$BE,MQ$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!#(B
$B!J$=$NB>$N(B Free Software Foundation $B$N%=%U%H%&%'%"$N$$$/$D$+$O!"(B
$BK\5vBz=q$G$O$J$/!"(BGNU$B%i%$%V%i%j0lHL8xM-;HMQ5vBz$GJ]8n$5$l$^$9!#!K(B
$B$"$J$?$O<+J,$N%W%m%0%i%`$K$b$3$l$rE,MQ$G$-$^$9!#(B

@c   When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
@c price.  Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
@c have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
@c this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
@c if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it
@c in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
 $B2f!9$,%U%j!<!&%=%U%H%&%'%"$K$D$$$F8@$&>l9g$O(B
$B<+M3$N$3$H$K8@5Z$7$F$$$k$N$G$"$C$F!"2A3J$N$3$H$G$O$"$j$^$;$s!#(B
$B2f!9$N0lHL8xM-;HMQ5vBz$N3F>r9`$O!"<!$N;vJA$r3N<B$K<B8=$9$k$3$H$r(B
$BL\E*$H$7$FN)0F$5$l$F$$$^$9!#(B
@itemize @bullet
@item
$B%U%j!<!&%=%U%H%&%'%"$NJ#@=J*$r<+M3$KHRI[$G$-$k$3$H(B
$B!J$=$7$F!"K>$`$J$i$"$J$?$N$3$N%5!<%S%9$KBP$7$FBP2A$r@A5a$G$-$k$3$H!K!#(B
@item
$B%=!<%9!&%3!<%I$r<B:]$K<u$1<h$k$+!"$"$k$$$O!"(B
$B4uK>$7$5$($9$l$P$=$l$rF~<j$9$k$3$H$,2DG=$G$"$k$3$H!#(B
@item
$BF~<j$7$?%=%U%H%&%'%"$rJQ99$7$?$j!"(B
$B?7$7$$%U%j!<!&%W%m%0%i%`$N0lIt$H$7$F;HMQ$G$-$k$3$H!#(B
@item
$B0J>e$N3FFbMF$r9T$J$&$3$H$,$G$-$k$H$$$&$3$H$r%f!<%6<+?H$,CN$C$F$$$k$3$H!#(B
@end itemize

@c   To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
@c anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
@c These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
@c distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
 $B$3$N$h$&$J%f!<%6$N8"Mx$r<i$k$?$a$K!"2f!9$O!"(B
$B2??M$b$3$l$i$N8"Mx$rH]Dj$7$?$j!"$"$k$$$OJ|4~$9$k$h$&$K(B
$B%f!<%6$K5a$a$k$3$H$O$G$-$J$$$H$$$&@)8B>r9`$r@_$1$kI,MW$,$"$j$^$9!#(B
$B$3$l$i$N@)8B>r9`$O!"%f!<%6$,!"%U%j!<!&%=%U%H%&%'%"$NJ#@=J*$r(B
$BHRI[$7$?$jJQ99$7$h$&$H$9$k>l9g$K$O!"$=$N%f!<%6<+?H$,<i$k$Y$-5AL3$H$b$J$j$^$9!#(B

@c   For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
@c gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
@c you have.  You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
@c source code.  And you must show them these terms so they know their
@c rights.
 $BNc$($P!"$"$J$?$,%U%j!<!&%=%U%H%&%'%"$NJ#@=J*$rHRI[$9$k>l9g!"(B
$BM-=~$+L5=~$+$K$+$+$o$i$:!"(B
$B$"$J$?$O<+J,$N;}$C$F$$$k8"Mx$rA4$FAj<j$KM?$($J$1$l$P$J$j$^$;$s!#(B
$B$"$J$?$O!"Aj<j$b$^$?%=!<%9!&%3!<%I$r<u$1<h$C$?$jF~<j$G$-$k$H$$$&$3$H$r(B
$BG'$a$J$1$l$P$J$j$^$;$s!#(B
$B$5$i$K$"$J$?$O!"H`$i$,<+J,$?$A$N8"Mx$rCN$k$h$&$K!"(B
$B$3$l$i$N>r9`$rCN$i$7$a$J$1$l$P$J$j$^$;$s!#(B

@c   We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and
@c (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
@c distribute and/or modify the software.
$B!!2f!9$O<!$N#2$D$NJ}K!$G%f!<%6$N8"Mx$r<i$j$^$9!#(B
$B!J#1!K%=%U%H%&%'%"$KCx:n8"$r<gD%$7!"(B
$B!J#2!KK\;HMQ5vBz$N>r9`$N2<$G(B
$B%=%U%H%&%'%"$rJ#@=!&HRI[!&JQ99$9$k8"Mx$r%f!<%6$KM?$($^$9!#(B

@c   Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
@c that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
@c software.  If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
@c want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
@c that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
@c authors' reputations.
 $B$^$?!"3F:n@.<T$d2f!9<+?H$r<i$k$?$a$K!"(B
$BK\%U%j!<!&%=%U%H%&%'%"$,L5J]>Z$G$"$k$3$H$r(B
$BA4$F$N?M!9$,N;2r$7$F$$$kI,MW$,$"$j$^$9!#(B
$B$5$i$K!"B>$NC/$+$K$h$C$FJQ99$5$l$?%=%U%H%&%'%"$,HRI[$5$l$?>l9g!"(B
$B<uNN<T$O$=$N%=%U%H%&%'%"$,%*%j%8%J%k!&%P!<%8%g%s$G$O$J$$$H$$$&$3$H$r(B
$BCN$i$5$l$kI,MW$,$"$j$^$9!#(B
$B$=$l$O!"B>?M$N4XM?$K$h$C$F863+H/<T$KBP$9$kI>2A$,(B
$B1F6A$5$l$J$$$h$&$K$9$k$?$a$G$9!#(B

@c   Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software
@c patents.  We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free
@c program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the
@c program proprietary.  To prevent this, we have made it clear that any
@c patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
 $B:G8e$K!"$I$N%U%j!<!&%W%m%0%i%`$b%=%U%H%&%'%"FC5v$K@d$($:6<$+$5$l$F$$$^$9!#(B
$B2f!9$O!"%U%j!<!&%W%m%0%i%`$N:FHRI[<T$,8D?ME*$KFC5v8"$r<hF@$7!"(B
$B;v<B>e$=$N%W%m%0%i%`$r<+J,$N:b;:$K$7$F$7$^$&$H$$$&4m81$r(B
$BHr$1$?$$$H4j$C$F$$$^$9!#(B
$B$3$l$rKI$0$?$a$K2f!9$O!"$$$:$l$NFC5v$b!"(B
$BC/$G$b<+M3$K;HMQ$G$-$k$h$&$K;HMQ5vBz$5$l$k$Y$-$+!"(B
$B$"$k$$$O2??M$KBP$7$F$bA4$/;HMQ$5$;$J$$$+$N!"(B
$B$$$:$l$+$K$9$Y$-$G$"$k$3$H$rL@$i$+$K$7$F$-$^$7$?!#(B

@c   The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
@c modification follow.
 $BJ#<L!&HRI[!&JQ99$KBP$9$k@53N$J>r9`$H>r7o$r<!$K<($7$^$9!#(B

@iftex
@c @unnumberedsec TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
@unnumberedsec GNU$B0lHL8xM-;HMQ5vBz$N2<$G$NJ#@=!"HRI[!"JQ99$K4X$9$k>r9`$H>r7o(B
@end iftex
@ifinfo
@c @center TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
@center GNU$B0lHL8xM-;HMQ5vBz$N2<$G$NJ#@=!"HRI[!"JQ99$K4X$9$k>r9`$H>r7o(B
@end ifinfo

@enumerate 1
@item
@c This License applies to any program or other work which contains
@c a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
@c under the terms of this General Public License.  The ``Program'', below,
@c refers to any such program or work, and a ``work based on the Program''
@c means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law:
@c that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it,
@c either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another
@c language.  (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in
@c the term ``modification''.)  Each licensee is addressed as ``you''.
$BK\;HMQ5vBz$O!"K\0lHL8xM-;HMQ5vBz$N3F>r9`$K=>$C$FHRI[$5$l$k$H$$$&(B
$BCx:n8"<T$+$i$N9pCNJ8$,I=<($5$l$F$$$k%W%m%0%i%`$d$=$NB>$N:n@.J*$KE,MQ$5$l$^$9!#(B
$B0J2<$K$*$$$F!V%W%m%0%i%`!W$H$O!"$=$N$h$&$J%W%m%0%i%`$d:n@.J*$r;X$9$b$N$H$7!"(B
$B$^$?!"!V%W%m%0%i%`@8@.J*!W$H$O!">e=R$7$?!V%W%m%0%i%`!W<+?H!"$^$?$O!"(B
$BCx:n8"K!2<$K$*$1$kA4$F$NGI@8J*!($9$J$o$A!"$=$N!V%W%m%0%i%`!W$NA4ItKt$O0lIt$r!"(B
$B$=$N$^$^Kt$OJQ99$7$F!"3n$D!?Kt$OB>$N8@8l$KJQ49$7$F!"(B
$BFbIt$KAH$_9~$s$@:n@.J*$r0UL#$7$^$9!#(B
$B!J0J2<!"8@8lJQ49$O!VJQ99!W$H$$$&MQ8l$NCf$KL5>r7o$K4^$^$l$k$b$N$H$7$^$9!#!K(B
$BK\;HMQ5vBz$K$h$C$F5vBz$r<u$1$k<T$r!V$"$J$?!W$H8F$S$^$9!#!!(B

@c Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
@c covered by this License; they are outside its scope.  The act of
@c running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program
@c is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the
@c Program (independent of having been made by running the Program).
@c Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
$BJ#@=!"HRI[!"JQ990J30$N9T0Y$OK\;HMQ5vBz$NBP>]$H$7$^$;$s!#(B
$B$=$l$i$OK\;HMQ5vBz$NHO0O30$G$9!#(B
$B!V%W%m%0%i%`!W$r<B9T$5$;$k9T0Y$K4X$7$F@)Ls$O$"$j$^$;$s!#(B
$B!V%W%m%0%i%`!W$N=PNO$O!"(B
$B!J!V%W%m%0%i%`!W$r<B9T$5$;$F:n@.$5$;$?$+$I$&$+$H$OL54X78$K!K(B
$B$=$NFbMF$,!V%W%m%0%i%`@8@.J*!W$G$"$k>l9g$K8B$jK\;HMQ5vBz$NBP>]$H$J$j$^$9!#(B
$B$3$l$,Ev$F$O$^$k$+$I$&$+$O!"!V%W%m%0%i%`!W$,2?$r$9$k$b$N$+$K0M$j$^$9!#(B

@item
@c You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's
@c source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
@c conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
@c copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the
@c notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty;
@c and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License
@c along with the Program.
$B$"$J$?$O!"$I$N$h$&$JG^BN>e$XJ#@=$7$h$&$H$9$k>l9g$G$"$C$F$b!"(B
$BF~<j$7$?!V%W%m%0%i%`!W$N%=!<%9!&%3!<%I$r(B
$B$=$N$^$^$NFbMF$GJ#<L$7$?>e$GE,@5$JCx:n8"I=<($HJ]>Z$NJ|4~$rL@3N!"(B
$B3n$DE,@5$KIU5-$9$k>l9g$K8B$j!"J#@=Kt$OHRI[$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!#(B
$B$=$N>l9g!"K\;HMQ5vBz5Z$SL5J]>Z$K4X$9$k5-:\ItJ,$O!"(B
$BA4$F85$N$^$^$N7A$GI=<($7$F$/$@$5$$!#(B
$B$^$?!"!V%W%m%0%i%`!W$NHRI[@h$KBP$7$F$O!"(B
$B!V%W%m%0%i%`!W$H6&$KK\;HMQ5vBz=q$N<L$7$rEO$7$F$/$@$5$$!#(B

@c You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and
@c you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
$BJ#@=J*$N0z$-EO$7$KMW$9$k<BHq$O@A5a$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!#(B
$B$^$?!"$"$J$?FH<+$NJ]>Z$r9T$J$&>l9g$O$=$l$rM-=~$H$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!#(B

@item
@c You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
@c of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and
@c distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1
@c above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
$B<!$N3F>r7o$rA4$FK~$?$7$F$$$k8B$j!"$"$J$?$O!"(B
$B!V%W%m%0%i%`!WKt$O$=$N0lItJ,$rJQ99$7$F!V%W%m%0%i%`@8@.J*!W$H$9$k$3$H$,$G$-!"(B
$B$5$i$K!"JQ99HG$d1&:n@.J*$r>e5-Bh#29`$K=>$C$FJ#@=Kt$OHRI[$9$k$3$H$b$G$-$^$9!#(B

@enumerate a
@item
@c You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices
@c stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
$B%U%!%$%k$rJQ99$7$?;]$H$=$NJQ99F|$H$r!"JQ99$7$?%U%!%$%k>e$KL@3N$KI=<($9$k$3$H!#(B

@item
@c You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in
@c whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any
@c part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third
@c parties under the terms of this License.
$BJQ99$7$?$+H]$+$rLd$o$:!"K^$=!V%W%m%0%i%`!W(B
$BKt$O$=$N0lItJ,$rFbIt$KAH$_9~$s$G$$$k$+(B
$BKt$O$=$l$+$iGI@8$7$?@8@.J*$rHRI[$9$k>l9g$K$O!"(B
$B$=$NA4BN$rK\;HMQ5vBz$N>r9`$K=>$C$FBh;0<T$XL5=~$G;HMQ5vBz$9$k$3$H!#(B

@item
@c If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
@c when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
@c interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an
@c announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a
@c notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide
@c a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under
@c these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this
@c License.  (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but
@c does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on
@c the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
$BJQ99$7$?%W%m%0%i%`$,<B9T;~$KDL>o$NBPOCE*$JJ}K!$G(B
$B%3%^%s%I$rFI$`$h$&$K$J$C$F$$$k$H$9$l$P!"(B
$B:G$bIaDL$NJ}K!$GBPOCE*$K$=$N%W%m%0%i%`$r<B9T$9$k;~$K!"(B
$B<!$NFbMF$r<($9J88@$,%W%j%s%?$X0u;z$5$l$k$+!"0?$$$O2hLL$KI=<($5$l$k$3$H!#(B
@itemize @bullet
@item
$BE,@Z$JCx:n8"I=<(!#(B
@item
$BL5J]>Z$G$"$k$3$H!J$"$J$?$,FH<+$KJ]>Z$9$k>l9g$O!"$=$N;]!K!#(B
@item
$BHRI[$r<u$1$k<T$b!"(B
$BK\;HMQ5vBz$HF10l$N>r9`$K=>$C$F!V%W%m%0%i%`!W$r:FHRI[$G$-$k$3$H!#(B
@item
$BHRI[$r<u$1$k<T$,K\;HMQ5vBz=q$N<L$7$r;2>H$9$kJ}K!!#(B
$B!JNc30$H$7$F!"!V%W%m%0%i%`!W<+BN$OBPOCE*$G$"$C$F$b5/F0;~$NJ88@$r(B
$BDL>o$O0u;z$7$J$$$N$J$i$P!"(B
$B$"$J$?$N!V%W%m%0%i%`@8@.J*!W$O$3$N$h$&$JJ88@$r0u;z$9$kI,MW$O$"$j$^$;$s!#!K(B
@end itemize
@end enumerate

@c These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole.  If
@c identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program,
@c and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in
@c themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those
@c sections when you distribute them as separate works.  But when you
@c distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based
@c on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of
@c this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the
@c entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
$B$3$l$i$NMW7o$OJQ99$5$l$?:n@.J*$K$bA4$FE,MQ$5$l$^$9!#(B
$B$=$NJQ99HG$N0?$kItJ,$,!V%W%m%0%i%`!W$NGI@8J*$G$O$J$/!"(B
$B$7$+$b$=$l<+BNFHN)$G0[$J$k:n@.J*$@$H9gM}E*$K9M$($i$l$k>l9g!"(B
$B$"$J$?$,$=$l$i$rJL$N:n@.J*$H$7$FHRI[$7$?;~$O!"(B
$BK\;HMQ5vBz$H$=$N>r9`$O$=$l$i$NItJ,$K$OE,MQ$5$l$^$;$s!#(B
$B$7$+$7!"$=$l$i$r!V%W%m%0%i%`@8@.J*!W$N0lIt$H$7$FHRI[$9$k>l9g$O!"(B
$BA4BN$,K\;HMQ5vBz$N>r9`$K=>$C$FHRI[$5$l$J$1$l$P$J$i$:!"(B
$B;HMQ5vBz$r<u$1$kB>$NA4$F$N<T$KBP$9$k5vBz$b(B
$B%W%m%0%i%`A4BN$K$o$?$C$FM?$($i$l$J$1$l$P$J$i$:!"(B
$B7k2L$H$7$F!"C/$,=q$$$?$+$K$+$+$o$i$:!"(B
$BA4$F$NItJ,$KK\;HMQ5vBz$,E,MQ$5$l$J$1$l$P$J$j$^$;$s!#(B

@c Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest
@c your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to
@c exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or
@c collective works based on the Program.
$B$3$N$h$&$K!"K\>r9`$N0U?^$9$k$H$3$m$O!"(B
$B40A4$K$"$J$?$K$h$C$F=q$+$l$?:n@.J*$K$D$$$F!"8"Mx$rMW5a$7$?$j!"(B
$B$"$J$?$H8"Mx4X78$rAh$&$3$H$G$O$"$j$^$;$s!#(B
$B$`$7$m$=$NL\E*$O!":n@.J*$,!V%W%m%0%i%`@8@.J*!W(B
$B$G$"$k>l9g$K$=$NGI@8J*$d=89gJ*$NHRI[$r5,@)$9$k$3$H$K$"$j$^$9!#(B

@c In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program
@c with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of
@c a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under
@c the scope of this License.
$B$5$i$K!"!V%W%m%0%i%`!W!JKt$O!V%W%m%0%i%`@8@.J*!W!K$H(B
$B!V%W%m%0%i%`@8@.J*!W$H$O$J$i$J$$B>$N%W%m%0%i%`$H$r!"(B
$BC1$KJ]4I$dHRI[$N$?$a$KF10l$NG^BN>e$K$^$H$a$F5-O?$7$?$H$7$F$b!"(B
$BK\;HMQ5vBz$OB>$N%W%m%0%i%`$K$OE,MQ$5$l$^$;$s!#(B

@item
@c You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
@c under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of
@c Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
$B$"$J$?$O!"0J2<$N$&$A$$$:$l$+#1$D$rK~$?$98B$j!"(B
$B>e5-Bh#29`5Z$SBh#39`$K=>$C$F!V%W%m%0%i%`!W(B
$B!JKt$O!">e5-Bh#39`$G8@5Z$7$F$$$k!V%W%m%0%i%`@8@.J*!W!K$r(B
$B%*%V%8%'%/%H!&%3!<%IKt$O<B9T2DG=$J7A<0$GJ#@=5Z$SHRI[$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!#(B

@enumerate a
@item
@c Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
@c source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections
@c 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
$BBP1~$9$k5!3#FI$_<h$j2DG=$J%=!<%9!&%3!<%I0l<0$r0l=o$K0z$-EO$9$3$H!#(B
$B$=$N>l9g!"$=$N%=!<%9!&%3!<%I$N0z$-EO$7$O>e5-Bh#29`5Z$SBh#39`$K=>$C$F!"(B
$BDL>o%=%U%H%&%'%"$N8r49$KMQ$$$i$l$kG^BN$G9T$J$o$l$k$3$H!#(B

@item
@c Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
@c years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your
@c cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete
@c machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
@c distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium
@c customarily used for software interchange; or,
$B>/$J$/$H$b#3G/4V$NM-8z4|4V$rDj$a!"(B
$B3n$D$=$N4|4VFb$G$"$l$PBP1~$9$k5!3#FI$_<h$j2DG=$J%=!<%9!&%3!<%I0l<0$NJ#@=$r!"(B
$B%=!<%9HRI[$K4X$o$k<BHq0J>e$NBP2A$rMW5a$;$:$KDs6!$9$k;]!"(B
$B5Z$S$=$N>l9g$K$O>e5-Bh#29`5Z$SBh#39`$K=>$C$F!"(B
$BDL>o%=%U%H%&%'%"$N8r49$KMQ$$$i$l$kG^BN$GDs6!$5$l$k;]$r5-:\$7$?=qLL$r!"(B
$BBh;0<T$K0l=o$K0z$-EO$9$3$H!#(B

@item
@c Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
@c to distribute corresponding source code.  (This alternative is
@c allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
@c received the program in object code or executable form with such
@c an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
$BBP1~$9$k%=!<%9!&%3!<%IHRI[$N?=$7=P$K:]$7$F!"(B
$B$"$J$?$,F@$?>pJs$r0l=o$K0z$-EO$9$3$H!#(B
$B!J$3$NA*Br;h$O!"1DMx$rL\E*$H$7$J$$HRI[$G$"$C$F!"(B
$B3n$D$"$J$?$,>e5-$N!J#b!K9`$K4p$E$$$F!"(B
$B%*%V%8%'%/%H!&%3!<%I0?$$$O<B9T2DG=7A<0$N(B
$B%W%m%0%i%`$7$+F~<j$7$F$$$J$$>l9g$K8B$jE,MQ$5$l$kA*Br9`L\$G$9!#!K(B
@end enumerate

@c The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
@c making modifications to it.  For an executable work, complete source
@c code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any
@c associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to
@c control compilation and installation of the executable.  However, as a
@c special exception, the source code distributed need not include
@c anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary
@c form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the
@c operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component
@c itself accompanies the executable.
$B$J$*!"%=!<%9!&%3!<%I$H$O!"JQ99:n6H$KE,$7$?5-=R7A<0$r;X$7$^$9!#(B
$B$^$?!"<B9T2DG=7A<0$N%U%!%$%k$KBP1~$9$k%=!<%9!&%3!<%I0l<0$H$O!"(B
$B$=$l$K4^$^$l$kA4%b%8%e!<%k$KBP1~$9$kA4$F$N%=!<%9!&%3!<%I!"(B
$B5Z$S$"$i$f$k4XO"$N%$%s%?%U%'!<%9Dj5A%U%!%$%k!"(B
$B5Z$S<B9T$r2DG=$K$9$k%3%s%Q%$%k$H%$%s%9%H!<%k$N@)8f$K4X$9$k5-=R$r;X$7$^$9!#(B
$BFCJL$JNc30$H$7$F!"<B9T2DG=$J%U%!%$%k$,F0:n$9$k%*%Z%l!<%F%#%s%0!&%7%9%F%`$N(B
$B<gMW$J9=@.MWAG!J%3%s%Q%$%i!"%+!<%M%k$J$I!K$H6&$K(B
$B!J%=!<%9!&%3!<%IKt$O%P%$%J%j$N$I$A$i$+$G!KHRI[$5$l$F$$$k$b$N$K$D$$$F$O!"(B
$B$=$N9=@.MWAG<+BN$,<B9T7A<0$KIU?o$7$F$$$J$$>l9g$K8B$j!"(B
$BHRI[$5$l$k%=!<%9!&%3!<%I$K4^$a$kI,MW$O$"$j$^$;$s!#(B

@c If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering
@c access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent
@c access to copy the source code from the same place counts as
@c distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not
@c compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
$B<B9T2DG=7A<0$^$?$O%*%V%8%'%/%H!&%3!<%I$NHRI[$,!"(B
$B;X<($5$l$?>l=j$+$i$NJ#@=$N$?$a$N%"%/%;%98"$NIjM?$G$"$k>l9g!"(B
$BF1$8>l=j$+$i$N%=!<%9!&%3!<%I$NJ#@=$N$?$a$NF1Ey$J%"%/%;%98"$rIjM?$9$l$P!"(B
$B$?$H$(Bh;0<T$K%*%V%8%'%/%H!&%3!<%I$H6&$K%=!<%9$NJ#@=$r6/$$$J$/$H$b!"(B
$B%=!<%9!&%3!<%I$rHRI[$7$?$b$N$H$_$J$7$^$9!#(B

@item
@c You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
@c except as expressly provided under this License.  Any attempt
@c otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is
@c void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
@c However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under
@c this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
@c parties remain in full compliance.
$BK\;HMQ5vBz$,L@<(E*$K5vBz$7$F$$$k>l9g$r=|$-!"$"$J$?$O!"(B
$B!V%W%m%0%i%`!W$rJ#@=!"JQ99!"%5%V%i%$%;%s%9!"HRI[$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$;$s!#(B
$BK\;HMQ5vBz$K=>$o$:$K!V%W%m%0%i%`!W$rJ#@=!"JQ99!"%5%V%i%$%;%s%9!"(B
$BHRI[$7$h$&$H$9$k9T0Y$O!"$=$l<+BN$,L58z$G$"$j!"3n$D!"(B
$BK\;HMQ5vBz$,$"$J$?$K5vBz$7$F$$$k!V%W%m%0%i%`!W$N8"Mx$r<+F0E*$K>CLG$5$;$^$9!#(B
$B$=$N>l9g!"K\;HMQ5vBz$K=>$C$F$"$J$?$+$iJ#@=J*$d$=$N8"Mx$rF@$F$$$kBh;0<T$O!"(B
$BK\;HMQ5vBz$K40A4$K=>$C$F$$$k>l9g$K8B$j!"(B
$B0zB3$-M-8z$J;HMQ8"8B$r;}$D$b$N$H$7$^$9!#(B

@item
@c You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
@c signed it.  However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or
@c distribute the Program or its derivative works.  These actions are
@c prohibited by law if you do not accept this License.  Therefore, by
@c modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the
@c Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and
@c all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying
@c the Program or works based on it.
$B$"$J$?$O$^$@F10U$N0u$H$7$F=pL>$7$F$$$J$$$N$G!"(B
$BK\;HMQ5vBz$r<u$1F~$l$kI,MW$O$"$j$^$;$s!#(B
$B$7$+$7!"$"$J$?$K!V%W%m%0%i%`!WKt$O$=$NGI@8J*$rJQ99Kt$O:FHRI[$9$k5v2D$r(B
$BM?$($k$b$N$OK\;HMQ5vBz0J30$K$O$"$j$^$;$s!#(B
$B$3$l$i$N9T0Y$O!"$"$J$?$,$b$7K\;HMQ5vBz$r<u$1F~$l$J$$$N$G$"$l$P!"(B
$BK!N'$K$h$C$F6X$8$i$l$^$9!#(B
$B=>$C$F!"$"$J$?$,!V%W%m%0%i%`!W!JKt$O!V%W%m%0%i%`@8@.J*!W!K$NJQ99Kt$OHRI[$r(B
$B9T$($P!"$=$l<+BN$G$"$J$?$OK\;HMQ5vBz$r<u$1F~$l!"3n$D!"(B
$B!V%W%m%0%i%`!WKt$O$=$N!V%W%m%0%i%`@8@.J*!W$NJ#@=!"HRI[!"JQ99$K(B
$B4X$9$k$3$l$i$N>r9`$H>r7o$NA4$F$r<u$1F~$l$?$3$H$r<($7$^$9!#(B

@item
@c Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
@c Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
@c original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to
@c these terms and conditions.  You may not impose any further
@c restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein.
@c You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to
@c this License.
$B$"$J$?$,!V%W%m%0%i%`!W!JKt$O$=$N!V%W%m%0%i%`@8@.J*!W!K$r:FHRI[$9$k$H<+F0E*$K!"(B
$B$=$N<uNN<T$O!"85$N;HMQ5vBz<T$+$i!"K\;HMQ5vBz$N>r9`$K=>$C$F!V%W%m%0%i%`!W$r(B
$BJ#@=!"HRI[!"JQ99$9$k$3$H$rFbMF$H$9$k;HMQ5vBz$r<u$1$?$b$N$H$7$^$9!#(B
$B$"$J$?$O!"<uNN<T$K5vBz$5$l$?8"Mx$N9T;H$K$D$$$F!"(B
$B$5$i$K@)Ls$r2C$($k$3$H$O$G$-$^$;$s!#(B
$B$"$J$?$K$O!"Bh;0<T$KK\;HMQ5vBz$N<u$1F~$l$r6/$$$k@UG$$O$"$j$^$;$s!#(B

@item
@c If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
@c infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
@c conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
@c otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
@c excuse you from the conditions of this License.  If you cannot
@c distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
@c License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you
@c may not distribute the Program at all.  For example, if a patent
@c license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by
@c all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then
@c the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to
@c refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
$B:[H==j$NH=7h!"Kt$OFC5v?/32$N?=$7N)$F!"Kt$O!JFC5vLdBj$K8B$i$J$$!K(B
$B2?$i$+$NM}M3$N7k2L$H$7$F!"$"$J$?$K2]$;$i$l$?>r7o$,K\;HMQ5vBz$H(B
$BAjF~$l$J$$$b$N$G$"$C$?$H$7$F$b!J:[H==j$NL?Na!"7@Ls!"$=$NB>$K$h$k$b$N$G$"$l!K!"(B
$BK\;HMQ5vBz$N>r7o$,LH=|$5$l$k$b$N$G$O$"$j$^$;$s!#(B
$BK\;HMQ5vBz$K$h$k@UL3$H!"$=$NB>$N2?$i$+$N4XO"@UL3$rF1;~$KK~$?$9BVMM$G(B
$BHRI[$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$J$$$J$i$P!"(B
$B$"$J$?$O!V%W%m%0%i%`!W$rA4$/HRI[$7$F$O$$$1$^$;$s!#(B
$BNc$($P!"FC5v8"$NFbMF$,!"$"$J$?$+$iD>@\Kt$O4V@\$KJ#@=$r<u$1<h$C$?A4$F$N?M$K(B
$B;HMQNA$N$J$$%W%m%0%i%`$N:FHRI[$r5v$5$J$$$b$N$G$"$l$P!"(B
$B$"$J$?$,$+$+$kFC5v>e$NMW@A$HK\;HMQ5vBz$NN>J}$rK~B-$5$;$kJ}K!$O!"(B
$B!V%W%m%0%i%`!W$NHRI[$r40A4$KCGG0$9$k$3$H$@$1$G$9!#(B

@c If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
@c any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
@c apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other
@c circumstances.
$BK\>r9`$N0?$kItJ,$,2?$i$+$NFCJL$J>u672<$GL58z$^$?$OE,MQIT2DG=$K$J$C$?>l9g!"(B
$BK\>r9`$N$=$NB>$N;D$j$NItJ,$,E,MQ$5$l$k$h$&$K0U?^$5$l$F$*$j!"$^$?!"(B
$BK\>r9`$OA4BN$H$7$F$=$NB>$N>u67$KEv$F$O$^$k$h$&$K0U?^$5$l$F$$$^$9!#(B

@c It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
@c patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any
@c such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
@c integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
@c implemented by public license practices.  Many people have made
@c generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
@c through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
@c system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing
@c to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot
@c impose that choice.
$BK\>r9`$NL\E*$O!"FC5v$d$=$NB>$N:b;:8"$r?/32$7$?$j!"(B
$B$=$N$h$&$J8"Mx$K4p$E$/<gD%$NBEEv@-$rAh$&$h$&$K$"$J$?$K(B
$B4+$a$k$3$H$G$O$"$j$^$;$s!#(B
$BK\>r9`$NM#0l$NL\E*$O!"%U%j!<!&%=%U%H%&%'%"$NHRI[%7%9%F%`$N40A4@-$r<i$k$3$H$G!"(B
$B$=$l$O8xM-;HMQ5vBz$N<BA)$K$h$C$FMz9T$5$l$^$9!#(B
$BB?$/$N?M!9$,!"$3$N%7%9%F%`$N0l4S$7$?E,MQ$r?.Mj$7$F!"(B
$B$3$N%7%9%F%`$rDL$8$FHRI[$5$l$F$$$kI}9-$$HO0O$N%=%U%H%&%'%"$K@K$7$_$J$$9W8%$r(B
$B$7$F$/$l$^$7$?!#(B
$B:n@.<T$d4sB#<T$,B>$N2?$i$+$N%7%9%F%`$rDL$8$F%=%U%H%&%'%"$r(B
$BHRI[$7$?$$$H7h$a$k$3$H$OH`$i$N<+M30U;V$G$"$j!"(B
$B;HMQ5vBz$r<u$1$k<T$O$=$NA*Br$r6/$$$k$3$H$O$G$-$^$;$s!#(B

@c This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
@c be a consequence of the rest of this License.
$BK\>r9`$O!"K\;HMQ5vBz$NB>$N>r9`$N0UL#FbMF$,2?$G$"$k$+$r(B
$B40A4$KL@$i$+$K$9$k$3$H$r0U?^$7$F$$$^$9!#(B

@item
@c If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
@c certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
@c original copyright holder who places the Program under this License
@c may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
@c those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among
@c countries not thus excluded.  In such case, this License incorporates
@c the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
$B!V%W%m%0%i%`!W$NHRI[!&;HMQ$,!"$"$k9q$K$*$$$FFC5vKt$OCx:n8"$G(B
$BJ]8n$5$l$?%$%s%?%U%'!<%9$N$I$A$i$+$G@)8B$5$l$k>l9g!"(B
$B!V%W%m%0%i%`!W$rK\;HMQ5vBz2<$K$*$$$?86Cx:n8"J];}<T$O!"(B
$B$=$N9q$r=|30$9$k;]$NL@<(E*$JHRI[CO0h@)8B$r2C$(!"(B
$B$=$l0J30$N!J=|30$5$l$J$$!K9q$K8BDj$7$FHRI[$,(B
$B5v$5$l$k$h$&$K$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!#(B
$B$=$N$h$&$J>l9g!"$=$N@)8B$rK\;HMQ5vBz$NK\J8$K(B
$B$"$?$+$b=q$+$l$F$$$k$+$N$h$&$KK\;HMQ5vBz$NCf$KAH$_F~$l$i$l$k$b$N$H$7$^$9!#(B

@item
@c The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
@c of the General Public License from time to time.  Such new versions will
@c be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
@c address new problems or concerns.
Free Software Foundation $B$O?o;~!"K\0lHL8xM-;HMQ5vBz$N2~D{HG!"(B
$BKt$O?7HG$r8xI=$9$k$3$H$,$"$j$^$9!#(B
$B$=$N$h$&$J?7$7$$%P!<%8%g%s$O!"(B
$B8=9T$N%P!<%8%g%s$H4pK\E*$KJQ$o$k$H$3$m$O$"$j$^$;$s$,!"(B
$B?7$7$$LdBj$d7|0F;v9`$KBP1~$9$k$?$a$K:YIt$G$O0[$J$k$+$b$7$l$^$;$s!#(B

@c Each version is given a distinguishing version number.  If the Program
@c specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and ``any
@c later version'', you have the option of following the terms and conditions
@c either of that version or of any later version published by the Free
@c Software Foundation.  If the Program does not specify a version number of
@c this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software
@c Foundation.
$B3F%P!<%8%g%s$O!"%P!<%8%g%sHV9f$K$h$C$F6hJL$7$^$9!#(B
$B!V%W%m%0%i%`!WCf$KK\;HMQ5vBz$N%P!<%8%g%sHV9f$N;XDj$,$"$k>l9g$O!"(B
$B$=$N;XDj$5$l$?%P!<%8%g%s$+!"Kt$O$=$N8e$K(BFree Software Foundation$B$+$i(B
$B8xI=$5$l$F$$$k$$$:$l$+$N%P!<%8%g%s$+$i#1$D$rA*Br$7$F!"(B
$B$=$N>r9`$H>r7o$K=>$C$F$/$@$5$$!#(B
$B!V%W%m%0%i%`!WCf$KK\;HMQ5vBz$N%P!<%8%g%sHV9f$N;XDj$,$J$$>l9g$O!"(B
Free Software Foundation $B$,8xI=$7$?$I$N%P!<%8%g%s$G$bA*Br$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!#(B

@item
@c If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
@c programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author
@c to ask for permission.  For software which is copyrighted by the Free
@c Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes
@c make exceptions for this.  Our decision will be guided by the two goals
@c of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and
@c of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
$B!V%W%m%0%i%`!W$N0lIt$rHRI[>r7o$N0[$J$kB>$N%U%j!<!&%W%m%0%i%`$K(B
$BAH$_9~$_$?$$>l9g$O!"$=$N3+H/<T$K=qLL$G5v2D$r5a$a$F$/$@$5$$!#(B 
Free Software Foundation $B$,Cx:n8"$r;}$C$F$$$k%=%U%H%&%'%"$K$D$$$F$O!"(B
Free Software Foundation $B$X=qLL$rDs=P$7$F$/$@$5$$!#(B
$B$3$N$h$&$J>l9g$KBP1~$9$k$?$a$K2f!9$ONc30E*=hM}$r$9$k$3$H$b$"$j$^$9$,!"(B
$B$=$NH=CG4p=`$H$J$k$N$O!"<!$N#2$D$NL\I8$N<B8=$K9gCW$9$k$+H]$+$H$$$&E@$G$9!#(B
$BB($A!"#1$D$O2f!9$N%U%j!<!&%=%U%H%&%'%"$NA4$F$NGI@8J*$r(B
$B%U%j!<$J>uBV$KJ]$D$3$H$G$"$j!"$b$&#1$D$O%=%U%H%&%'%"$N6&M-$H:FMxMQ$H$r(B
$B9-$/B%?J$5$;$k$3$H$G$9!#(B

@iftex
@c @heading NO WARRANTY
@heading $BL5J]>Z(B
@end iftex
@ifinfo
@c @center NO WARRANTY
@center $BL5J]>Z(B
@end ifinfo

@item
@c BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
@c FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW@.  EXCEPT WHEN
@c OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
@c PROVIDE THE PROGRAM ``AS IS'' WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED
@c OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
@c MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE@.  THE ENTIRE RISK AS
@c TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU@.  SHOULD THE
@c PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING,
@c REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
$B!V%W%m%0%i%`!W$OL5=~$G;HMQ5vBz$5$l$^$9$N$G!"E,MQK!Na$NHO0OFb$G!"(B
$B!V%W%m%0%i%`!W$NJ]>Z$O0l@Z$"$j$^$;$s!#(B
$BCx:n8"<T$d$=$NB>$NBh;0<T$OA4$/L5J]>Z$G!V$=$N$^$^!W$N>uBV$G!"3n$D!"(B
$BL@<($+0EL[$G$"$k$+$rLd$o$:0l@Z$NJ]>Z$r$D$1$J$$$GDs6!$9$k$b$N$H$7$^$9!#(B
$B$3$3$G$$$&J]>Z$H$O!";T>l@-$dFCDjL\E*E,9g@-$K$D$$$F$N0EL[$NJ]>Z$b4^$^$l$^$9$,!"(B
$B$=$l$K8BDj$5$l$k$b$N$G$O$"$j$^$;$s!#(B
$B!V%W%m%0%i%`!W$NIJ<A$d@-G=$K4X$9$kA4$F$N%j%9%/$O$"$J$?$,Ii$&$b$N$H$7$^$9!#(B
$B!V%W%m%0%i%`!W$K7g4Y$,$"$k$H$o$+$C$?>l9g!"(B
$B$=$l$KH<$&0l@Z$NGI@8HqMQ$d=$M}!&D{@5$KMW$9$kHqMQ$OA4$F$"$J$?$NIiC4$H$7$^$9!#(B

@item
@c IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
@c WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
@c REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
@c INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
@c OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
@c TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY
@c YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
@c PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
@c POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
$BE,MQK!Na$NDj$a!"Kt$O=qLL$K$h$k9g0U$,$"$k>l9g$r=|$-!"(B
$BCx:n8"<T$d>e5-5vBz$r<u$1$F!V%W%m%0%i%`!W$NJQ99!&:FHRI[$r0Y$7F@$kBh;0<T$O!"(B
$B!V%W%m%0%i%`!W$r;HMQ$7$?$3$H!"(B
$B$^$?$O;HMQ$G$-$J$$$3$H$K5/0x$9$k0l@Z$NB;32$K$D$$$F2?$i$N@UG$$bIi$$$^$;$s!#(B
$BCx:n8"<T$dA05-$NBh;0<T$,!"$=$N$h$&$JB;32$NH/@8$9$k2DG=@-$K$D$$$F(B
$BCN$i$5$l$F$$$?>l9g$G$bF1MM$G$9!#(B
$B$J$*!"$3$3$G$$$&B;32$K$ODL>oB;32!"FCJLB;32!"6vH/B;32!"4V@\B;32$,4^$^$l$^$9(B
$B!J%G!<%?$N>C<:!"Kt$O$=$N@53N$5$NAS<:!"$"$J$?$dBh;0<T$,Ho$C$?B;<:!"(B
$BB>$N%W%m%0%i%`$H$N%$%s%?%U%'!<%9$NITE,9g2=!"Ey$b4^$^$l$^$9$,!"(B
$B$3$l$K8BDj$5$l$k$b$N$G$O$"$j$^$;$s!K!#(B
@end enumerate

@iftex
@c @heading END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
@heading $B0J>e(B
@end iftex
@ifinfo
@c @center END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
@center $B0J>e(B
@end ifinfo

@c = $B0J2<$OF|K\8lLu$K4X$7$?ItJ,(B
@heading $BCm0U(B
 $B1QJ8J8=q!J(BGNU General Public License$B!K$r@5<0J8=q$H$9$k!#(B
$B$3$NOBJ8J8=q$OJ[8n;N$N0U8+$r:N$jF~$l$F!"(B
$B$G$-$k$@$1@53N$K1QJ8J8=q$rK]Lu$7$?$b$N$G$"$k$,!"(B
$BK!N'E*$KM-8z$J7@Ls=q$G$O$J$$!#(B

@unnumberedsec $BOBJ8J8=q<+BN$N:FG[I[$K4X$7$F(B
 $B$$$+$J$kG^BN$G$b<!$N>r7o$,$9$Y$FK~$?$5$l$F$$$k>l9g$K8B$j!"(B
$BK\OBJ8J8=q$r$=$N$^$^J#<L$7G[I[$9$k$3$H$r5v2D$9$k!#(B
$B$^$?!"$"$J$?$OBh;0<T$KBP$7$FK\5v2D9pCN$HF10l$N5v2D$rM?$($k>l9g$K8B$j!"(B
$B:FG[I[$9$k$3$H$,5v2D$5$l$F$$$^$9!#(B
@itemize @bullet
@item
$B<uNN!"G[I[$5$l$?%3%T!<$KCx:n8"I=<($*$h$SK\5vBz9pCN$,(B
$BA0$b$C$F:\$;$i$l$F$$$k$3$H!#!!(B
@item
$B%3%T!<$N<uNN<T$,$5$i$K:FG[I[$9$k>l9g!"(B
$B$=$NG[I[<T$,K\9pCN$HF1$85v2D$rM?$($F$$$k$3$H!#(B
@item
$BOBJ8J8=q$NK\J8$r2~JQ$7$J$$$3$H!#(B
@end itemize

@page
@c @unnumberedsec How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
@unnumberedsec $B$"$J$?$N?7$7$$%W%m%0%i%`$K$3$l$i$N>r9`$rE,MQ$9$kJ}K!(B

@c   If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
@c possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
@c free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
 $B$"$J$?$,?7$7$/%W%m%0%i%`$r:n@.$7!"$=$l$r8xMQ$K6!$7$?$$>l9g$O!"(B
$B%W%m%0%i%`$r%U%j!<!&%=%U%H%&%'%"$K$7$F!"(B
$BA4$F$N?M!9$,0J>e$N3F>r9`$K=>$C$F$3$l$r:FHRI[$dJQ99$r$9$k$3$H$,(B
$B$G$-$k$h$&$K$9$k$N$,:GNI$NJ}K!$G$9!#(B

@c   To do so, attach the following notices to the program.  It is safest
@c to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
@c convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
@c the ``copyright'' line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
 $B$=$&$9$k$?$a$K$O!"%W%m%0%i%`$K0J2<$NI=<($r$7$F$/$@$5$$!#(B
$B$=$N>l9g!"L5J]>Z$G$"$k$H$$$&$3$H$r:G$b8z2LE*$KEA$($k$?$a$K!"(B
$B%=!<%9!&%U%!%$%k$NKAF,$K$=$NA4J8$rI=<($9$l$P:G$b0BA4$G$9$,!"(B
$B$=$NB>$NJ}K!$GI=<($9$k>l9g$G$b!"!VCx:n8"I=<(!W$HA4J8$rFI$_=P$90Y$N(B
$B%"%I%l%9$X$N%]%$%s%?$@$1$O%U%!%$%k>e$KI=<($7$F$*$$$F$/$@$5$$!#(B

@smallexample
@c @var{one line to give the program's name and an idea of what it does.}
@c Copyright (C) 19@var{yy}  @var{name of author}
@var{$B%W%m%0%i%`L>$H$I$s$JF0:n$r$9$k$b$N$+$K$D$$$F$N4JC1$J@bL@$N9T(B}
$B#C#o#p#y#r#i#g#h#t!J#C!K!!#1#9!{!{G/!"(B@var{$BCx:n8"<TL>(B}

@c This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
@c modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
@c as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
@c of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
$BK\%W%m%0%i%`$O%U%j!<!&%=%U%H%&%'%"$G$9!#(B
$B$"$J$?$O!"(BFree Software Foundation$B$,8xI=$7$?(BGNU $B0lHL8xM-;HMQ5vBz$N(B
$B!V%P!<%8%g%s#2!W0?$$$O$=$l0J9_$N3F%P!<%8%g%s$NCf$+$i$$$:$l$+$rA*Br$7!"(B
$B$=$N%P!<%8%g%s$,Dj$a$k>r9`$K=>$C$FK\%W%m%0%i%`$r(B
$B:FHRI[$^$?$OJQ99$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!#(B

@c This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
@c but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
@c MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE@.  See the
@c GNU General Public License for more details.
$BK\%W%m%0%i%`$OM-MQ$H$O;W$$$^$9$,!"HRI[$K$"$?$C$F$O!"(B
$B;T>l@-5Z$SFCDjL\E*E,9g@-$K$D$$$F$N0EL[$NJ]>Z$r4^$a$F!"(B
$B$$$+$J$kJ]>Z$b9T$J$$$^$;$s!#(B
$B>\:Y$K$D$$$F$O(BGNU $B0lHL8xM-;HMQ5vBz=q$r$*FI$_$/$@$5$$!#(B

@c You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
@c along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
@c Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
$B$"$J$?$O!"K\%W%m%0%i%`$H0l=o$K(BGNU$B0lHL8xM-;HMQ5vBz$N<L$7$r(B
$B<u$1<h$C$F$$$k$O$:$G$9!#(B
$B$=$&$G$J$$>l9g$O!"(B@*
$B!!(BFree Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
@footnote{$B!ZCm0U![8=:_!"$3$N%P!<%8%g%s(B2$B$NH/9T<T(B(FSF)$B=;=j$O!"(B
$B@5<0$K?7$7$$=;=j$N(B
59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA $B$KJQ$o$C$F$$$k!#(B}
@ifinfo
$B!ZCm0U![(B $B8=:_!"$3$N%P!<%8%g%s(B2$B$NH/9T<T(B(FSF)$B=;=j$O!"@5<0$K?7$7$$=;=j$N(B
 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA $B$KJQ$o$C$F$$$k!#(B
@end ifinfo
$B$X<j;f$r=q$$$F$/$@$5$$!#(B
@end smallexample

@c Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
$B$^$?!"%f!<%6$,EE;R%a%$%k$d=q?.$G$"$J$?$HO"Mm$r$H$kJ}K!$K$D$$$F$N>pJs$b(B
$B=q$-E:$($F$/$@$5$$!#(B

@c If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
@c when it starts in an interactive mode:
$B%W%m%0%i%`$,BPOCE*$KF0:n$9$k>l9g$O!"(B
$BBPOC%b!<%I$G5/F0$7$?;~$K<!$N$h$&$JC;$$9pCNJ8$,I=<($5$l$k$h$&$K$7$F$/$@$5$$!#(B

@smallexample
@c Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19@var{yy} @var{name of author}
@c Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details
@c type `show w'.  This is free software, and you are welcome
@c to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' 
@c for details.
$B#G#n#o#m#o#v#i#s#i#o#n!!%P!<%8%g%s#6#9!"#C#o#p#y#r#i#g#h#t!J#C!K#1#9!{!{G/(B @var{$BCx:n8"<TL>(B}
Gnomovision $B$O40A4$KL5J]>Z$G$9!#>\:Y$O(B show w $B$H%?%$%W$7$F$/$@$5$$!#(B
$B$3$l$O%U%j!<!&%=%U%H%&%'%"$J$N$G!"FCDj$N>r7o$N2<$G$3$l$r:FHRI[$9$k(B
$B$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!#>\:Y$O(B show c $B$H%?%$%W$7$F$/$@$5$$!#(B
@end smallexample

@c The hypothetical commands @samp{show w} and @samp{show c} should show
@c the appropriate parts of the General Public License.  Of course, the
@c commands you use may be called something other than @samp{show w} and
@c @samp{show c}; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items---whatever
@c suits your program.
$B>e5-$N(B@samp{show w}$B$d(B@samp{show c}$B$O3F!9!"(B
$BK\0lHL8xM-;HMQ5vBz$N4XO"$9$kItJ,$rI=<($9$k%3%^%s%I$r;X$7$^$9!#(B
$B$b$A$m$s!"$"$J$?$,;H$&$3$l$i$N%3%^%s%I$O(B@samp{show w}$B$d(B@samp{show c}$B$H$$$C$?(B
$B8F$SL>$G$J$/$F$b9=$$$^$;$s!#(B
$B$5$i$K!"$=$l$i$N%3%^%s%I$O$"$J$?$N%W%m%0%i%`$K9g$o$;$k0Y$K!"(B
$B%^%&%9$G%/%j%C%/$7$?$j%a%K%e!<7A<0$K$9$k$3$H$b$G$-$^$9!#(B

@c You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
@c school, if any, to sign a ``copyright disclaimer'' for the program, if
@c necessary.  Here is a sample; alter the names:
$B$^$?!"I,MW$HG'$a$?>l9g$K$O!"$"$J$?$N8[$$<g(B
$B!J$"$J$?$,%W%m%0%i%^$H$7$FF/$$$F$$$k>l9g!K$d:_@R$9$k3X9;$+$i!"(B
$B$=$N%W%m%0%i%`$KBP$9$k!VCx:n8"J|4~!W$rG'$a$?=pL>F~$j$N=qLL$rF~<j$7$F$/$@$5$$!#(B
$B$3$3$K$=$NJ8Nc$r:\$;$^$9!#L>A0$OJQ$($F$/$@$5$$!#(B

@smallexample
@group
@c Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright
@c interest in the program `Gnomovision'
@c (which makes passes at compilers) written 
@c by James Hacker.
Yoyodyne, Inc. $B$O!"(BJames Hacker $B$,3+H/$7$?%W%m%0%i%`(B`Gnomovision' 
$B!J%3%s%Q%$%i$K$D$J$2$k%W%m%0%i%`!K$K$D$$$F$NCx:n8"K!>e$NA4$F$N8"Mx$rJ|4~$9$k!#(B

@c @var{signature of Ty Coon}, 1 April 1989
@c Ty Coon, President of Vice
@var{$B#T#y!!#C#o#o#n!!$N=pL>(B}$B!$!!#1!!#A#p#r#i#l!!#1#9#8#9(B
$B#T#y!!#C#o#o#n!$!!I{<RD9(B
@end group
@end smallexample

@c This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
@c proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine library, you may
@c consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
@c library.  If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General
@c Public License instead of this License.
$BK\0lHL8xM-;HMQ5vBz$O!"$"$J$?$N%W%m%0%i%`$r:b;:8"$NBP>]$H$J$C$F$$$k(B
$BB>$N%W%m%0%i%`$KAH$_9~$`$3$H$OG'$a$F$$$^$;$s!#(B
$B$"$J$?$N%W%m%0%i%`$,%5%V%k!<%A%s!&%i%$%V%i%j$G$"$C$F!"(B
$B$"$J$?$,$=$N%i%$%V%i%j$r:b;:8"$NBP>]$H$J$C$F$$$kB>$N%"%W%j%1!<%7%g%s$H(B
$B%j%s%/$5$;$k$3$H$K$h$C$F!"$5$i$KM-MQ$J$b$N$K$7$h$&$H$9$k>l9g$K$O!"(B
$BK\;HMQ5vBz=q$NBe$o$j$K!"(BGNU$B%i%$%V%i%j0lHL8xM-;HMQ5vBz=q$K=>$C$F$/$@$5$$!#(B
@c =============================================================
@c = $B0J>e$N(BGPL$B$NF|K\8lLu$K4X$7$F$NLd$$9g$o$;$O!"0J2<$N%"%I%l%9$K(B
@c = $B$*4j$$$$$?$7$^$9!#(B
@c = mieko@gnu.org $B$b$7$/$O(B hikichi@gnu.org
@c =============================================================

@node Introduction, Lisp Data Types, Copying, Top
@c @chapter Introduction
@chapter $B$O$8$a$K(B

@c   Most of the GNU Emacs text editor is written in the programming
@c language called Emacs Lisp.  You can write new code in Emacs Lisp and
@c install it as an extension to the editor.  However, Emacs Lisp is more
@c than a mere ``extension language''; it is a full computer programming
@c language in its own right.  You can use it as you would any other
@c programming language.
GNU Emacs$B%F%-%9%H%(%G%#%?$NBgItJ,$O!"(B
Emacs Lisp$B$H8F$P$l$k%W%m%0%i%`8@8l$G5-=R$7$F$"$j$^$9!#(B
Emacs Lisp$B$G?7$?$J%3!<%I$r=q$$$F!"(B
$B$=$l$r%(%G%#%?$N3HD%$H$7$F%$%s%9%H!<%k$G$-$^$9!#(B
$B$7$+$7!"(BEmacs Lisp$B$O!"C1$J$k!X3HD%8@8l!Y$G$O$"$j$^$;$s!#(B
$B$=$l<+?H!"$l$C$-$H$7$?%W%m%0%i%`8@8l$G$9!#(B
$BB>$N%W%m%0%i%`8@8l$G$G$-$k$3$H$O!"(BEmacs Lisp$B$G$G$-$^$9!#(B

@c   Because Emacs Lisp is designed for use in an editor, it has special
@c features for scanning and parsing text as well as features for handling
@c files, buffers, displays, subprocesses, and so on.  Emacs Lisp is
@c closely integrated with the editing facilities; thus, editing commands
@c are functions that can also conveniently be called from Lisp programs,
@c and parameters for customization are ordinary Lisp variables.
Emacs Lisp$B$O!"%(%G%#%?$G;H$&$?$a$K@_7W$7$F$"$k$?$a!"(B
$B%U%!%$%k!"%P%C%U%!!"%G%#%9%W%l%$!"%5%V%W%m%;%9$J$I$r07$&5!G=$K2C$($F!"(B
$B%F%-%9%H$rAv::$72r@O$9$kFCJL$J5!G=$b$"$j$^$9!#(B
Emacs Lisp$B$OJT=85!9=$KL)$KAH$_9~$^$l$F$$$^$9!#(B
$B$3$N$?$a!"JT=8%3%^%s%I$O(BLisp$B%W%m%0%i%`$+$i$b8F$S=P$;$k4X?t$G$9$7!"(B
$B%+%9%?%^%$%:$N$?$a$N%Q%i%a!<%?$OIaDL$N(BLisp$BJQ?t$G$9!#(B

@c   This manual attempts to be a full description of Emacs Lisp.  For a
@c beginner's introduction to Emacs Lisp, see @cite{An Introduction to
@c Emacs Lisp Programming}, by Bob Chassell, also published by the Free
@c Software Foundation.  This manual presumes considerable familiarity with
@c the use of Emacs for editing; see @cite{The GNU Emacs Manual} for this
@c basic information.
$BK\=q$O!"(BEmacs Lisp$B$r40A4$K5-=R$9$k$3$H$rL\;X$7$F$$$^$9!#(B
$B=i?4<T8~$1$NF~Lg$K$O!"(BFree Software Foundation$B4)!"(B
Bob Chassell$B$N(B@cite{An Introduction to  Emacs Lisp Programming}
@footnote{$B!ZLuCm![F|K\8lLu!'(B
$B!X(BEmacs Lisp$B%W%m%0%i%_%s%0F~Lg!Y!"%"%9%-!<=PHG6I!"(BISBN 4-7561-1805-4}
$B$r$4Mw$/$@$5$$!#(B
$BK\=q$G$O!"(BEmacs$B$NA`:n$r=OCN$7$F$$$k$b$N$H2>Dj$7$^$9!#(B
$BA`:n$K4X$9$k4pK\E*$J>pJs$O!"(B@cite{The GNU Emacs Manual}
@footnote{$B!ZLuCm![F|K\8lLu!'(B
$B!X(BGNU Emacs$B%^%K%e%"%k!Y!"%"%9%-!<=PHG6I!"(BISBN 4-7561-3002-X}
$B$r;2>H$7$F$/$@$5$$!#(B

@c   Generally speaking, the earlier chapters describe features of Emacs
@c Lisp that have counterparts in many programming languages, and later
@c chapters describe features that are peculiar to Emacs Lisp or relate
@c specifically to editing.
$B$*$*$^$+$K$$$($P!";O$a$N$[$&$N>O$G$O!"(B
$BB?$/$N%W%m%0%i%`8@8l$K8+$i$l$k5!G=$KAjEv$9$k(BEmacs Lisp$B$N5!G=$r@bL@$7!"(B
$B$"$H$N$[$&$N>O$G$O!"(B
Emacs Lisp$B$KFCM-$N5!G=$dJT=8$KFC2=$7$?5!G=$r@bL@$7$^$9!#(B

@c   This is edition 2.5.
$BK\=q$O!"(B2.5$BHG$G$9!#(B

@menu
* Caveats::             Flaws and a request for help.
* Lisp History::        Emacs Lisp is descended from Maclisp.
* Conventions::         How the manual is formatted.
* Version Info::        Which Emacs version is running?
* Acknowledgements::    The authors, editors, and sponsors of this manual.
@end menu

@node Caveats
@c @section Caveats
@section $B7Y9p(B

@c   This manual has gone through numerous drafts.  It is nearly complete
@c but not flawless.  There are a few topics that are not covered, either
@c because we consider them secondary (such as most of the individual
@c modes) or because they are yet to be written.  Because we are not able
@c to deal with them completely, we have left out several parts
@c intentionally.  This includes most information about usage on VMS.
$BK\=q$O!"?tB?$/$NAp9F$r=E$M$F$-$^$7$?!#(B
$B$[$\40`z$K6a$$$O$:$G$9$,!"8m$j$O3'L5$G$O$"$j$^$;$s!#(B
$B$U$l$F$$$J$$OCBj$b>/$J$+$i$:$"$j$^$9!#(B
$B!JBgItJ,$N8DJL$N%b!<%I$N$h$&$J!KI{<!E*$HB*$($F$$$kOCBj$d!"(B
$B$^$@<9I.$7$F$$$J$$OCBj$b$"$j$^$9!#(B
$B40A4$K$O$3$l$i$KBP=h$7$-$l$^$;$s$N$G!"(B
$B0U?^E*$K>J$$$?$3$H$,$i$b$"$j$^$9!#(B
$B$?$H$($P!"(BVMS$B$K$*$1$kMxMQJ}K!$K4X$9$k>pJs$G$9!#(B

@c   The manual should be fully correct in what it does cover, and it is
@c therefore open to criticism on anything it says---from specific examples
@c and descriptive text, to the ordering of chapters and sections.  If
@c something is confusing, or you find that you have to look at the sources
@c or experiment to learn something not covered in the manual, then perhaps
@c the manual should be fixed.  Please let us know.
$BK\=q$G<h$j>e$2$?$3$H$,$i$K4X$7$F$O!"K\=q$O40`z$G$"$k$Y$-$G$9$+$i!"(B
$BNcBj$d5-=RFbMF$+$i>O$d@a$N9=@.=g=x$H$$$C$?$3$H$^$G!"(B
$B9-$/0U8+$r5a$a$F$$$^$9!#(B
$B:.Mp$r>7$/$h$&$J5-=R$d!"K\=q$G$U$l$F$$$J$$$3$H$,$i$r(B
$B3X$V$?$a$K%=!<%9$d<B83$GD4$Y$kI,MW$,$"$k$H$-$K$O!"(B
$BK\=q$r2~D{$9$Y$-$J$N$G$7$g$&!#(B
$B$=$N$H$-$O!"$<$R!"65$($F$/$@$5$$!#(B

@iftex
@c   As you use the manual, we ask that you mark pages with corrections so
@c you can later look them up and send them in.  If you think of a simple,
@c real-life example for a function or group of functions, please make an
@c effort to write it up and send it in.  Please reference any comments to
@c the chapter name, section name, and function name, as appropriate, since
@c page numbers and chapter and section numbers will change and we may have
@c trouble finding the text you are talking about.  Also state the number
@c of the edition you are criticizing.
$BK\=q$rFI$`$H$-$K$O!"%Z!<%8$KD{@5$r=q$-9~$_!"(B
$B$"$H$G$o$l$o$l$KJs9p$G$-$k$h$&$K$*4j$$$7$^$9!#(B
1$B$D$N4X?t$d0lO"$N4X?t8~$1$K!"4JAG$G<BMQ$KB($7$?Nc$r;W$$IU$$$?$J$i$P!"(B
$B$=$l$r=q$->e$2$FAw$C$F$/$@$5$$!#(B
$B>O!?@a!?4X?t$NL>A0$rE,59F~$l$F$/$@$5$$!#(B
$B$H$$$&$N$O!"%Z!<%8HV9f$d>O@aHV9f$OJQ99$5$l$k2DG=@-$,9b$/!"(B
$B$I$NItJ,$K4X$7$F$J$N$+H=CG$G$-$J$$>l9g$,$"$k$+$i$G$9!#(B
$B$=$l$+$i!"$I$NHG$KBP$9$k0U8+$+$b=q$$$F$/$@$5$$!#(B
@end iftex
@ifinfo

@c As you use this manual, we ask that you send corrections as soon as you
@c find them.  If you think of a simple, real life example for a function
@c or group of functions, please make an effort to write it up and send it
@c in.  Please reference any comments to the node name and function or
@c variable name, as appropriate.  Also state the number of the edition
@c which you are criticizing.
$BK\=q$rFI$`$H$-$K$O!"D{@52U=j$r$_$D$1$?$i$9$0Aw$C$F$/$@$5$k$h$&$K$*4j$$$7$^$9!#(B
1$B$D$N4X?t$d0lO"$N4X?t8~$1$K!"4JAG$G<BMQ$KB($7$?Nc$r;W$$IU$$$?$J$i$P!"(B
$B$=$l$r=q$->e$2$F!"Aw$C$F$/$@$5$$!#(B
$B>O!?@a!?4X?t$NL>A0$rE,59F~$l$F$/$@$5$$!#(B
$B$=$l$+$i!"$I$NHG$KBP$9$k0U8+$+$b=q$$$F$/$@$5$$!#(B
@end ifinfo

@c Please mail comments and corrections to
$B0U8+$dD{@5$O!"2<5-$X%a%$%k$7$F$/$@$5$$!#(B

@example
bug-lisp-manual@@gnu.org
@end example

@noindent
@c We let mail to this list accumulate unread until someone decides to
@c apply the corrections.  Months, and sometimes years, go by between
@c updates.  So please attach no significance to the lack of a reply---your
@c mail @emph{will} be acted on in due time.  If you want to contact the
@c Emacs maintainers more quickly, send mail to
@c @code{bug-gnu-emacs@@gnu.org}.
$B$3$3$KC_@Q$5$l$?%a%$%k$O!"C/$+$,2~D{:n6H$r;O$a$k$^$G$O!"FI$_=P$7$^$;$s!#(B
$B2~D{$^$G$K!"?t$+7n!"$H$-$K$O!"?tG/7P2a$9$k$3$H$b$"$j$^$9!#(B
$B$G$9$+$i!"JV;v$,$J$$$HJ034$7$J$$$G$/$@$5$$!#(B
$B$"$J$?$N%a%$%k$O!"$=$N$&$A=hM}(B@emph{$B$5$l$^$9(B}$B!#(B
Emacs$BJ]<i%0%k!<%W$K?WB.$KO"Mm$7$?$$>l9g$K$O!"(B
@code{bug-gnu-emacs@@gnu.org}$B$K%a%$%k$7$F$/$@$5$$!#(B

@node Lisp History
@c @section Lisp History
@section Lisp$B$NNr;K(B
@c @cindex Lisp history
@cindex Lisp$B$NNr;K(B

@c   Lisp (LISt Processing language) was first developed in the late 1950s
@c at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for research in artificial
@c intelligence.  The great power of the Lisp language makes it ideal
@c for other purposes as well, such as writing editing commands.
Lisp$B!J(BLISt Processing language$B!"%j%9%H=hM}8@8l!K$O!"(B
$B?M9)CNG=$N8&5f8~$1$K(B1950$BG/BeKv$K(BMIT$B$G=i$a$F3+H/$5$l$^$7$?!#(B
Lisp$B8@8l$O$H$F$b6/NO$J$N$G!"(B
$B%(%G%#%?%3%^%s%I$r5-=R$9$k$J$I$NB>$NL\E*$K$bM}A[E*$J$N$G$9!#(B

@cindex Maclisp
@cindex Common Lisp
@c   Dozens of Lisp implementations have been built over the years, each
@c with its own idiosyncrasies.  Many of them were inspired by Maclisp,
@c which was written in the 1960s at MIT's Project MAC.  Eventually the
@c implementors of the descendants of Maclisp came together and developed a
@c standard for Lisp systems, called Common Lisp.  In the meantime, Gerry
@c Sussman and Guy Steele at MIT developed a simplified but very powerful
@c dialect of Lisp, called Scheme.
$BD9G/$K$o$?$C$F2?%@!<%9$b$N(BLisp$B$,<BAu$5$l$F$*$j!"(B
$B$=$l$>$l$,FH<+$NFCD'$rM-$7$F$$$^$9!#(B
$B$=$NB?$/$O!"(B1960$BG/Be$N(BMIT$B$N(BMAC$B%W%m%8%'%/%H$G3+H/$5$l$?(BMaclisp$B$N(B
$B1F6A$r<u$1$F$$$^$9!#(B
$B:G=*E*$K$O!"(BMaclisp$B$N7OE}$N<BAu<TC#$O6&F1$7$F!"(B
Common Lisp$B$H8F$P$l$k(BLisp$B%7%9%F%`$N5,3J$r3+H/$7$^$7$?!#(B
$B$=$&$3$&$9$k$&$A$K!"(BMIT$B$N(BGerry Sussman$B$H(BGuy Steele$B$O!"(B
$BC1=c2=$7$F$"$k$,Hs>o$K6/NO$J(BScheme$B$H8F$P$l$k(BLisp$B$NJ}8@$r3+H/$7$^$7$?!#(B

@c   GNU Emacs Lisp is largely inspired by Maclisp, and a little by Common
@c Lisp.  If you know Common Lisp, you will notice many similarities.
@c However, many features of Common Lisp have been omitted or
@c simplified in order to reduce the memory requirements of GNU Emacs.
@c Sometimes the simplifications are so drastic that a Common Lisp user
@c might be very confused.  We will occasionally point out how GNU Emacs
@c Lisp differs from Common Lisp.  If you don't know Common Lisp, don't
@c worry about it; this manual is self-contained.
GNU Emacs$B$O(BMaclisp$B$N1F6A$r6/$/<u$1$F$$$^$9$,!"(B
Common Lisp$B$+$i$N1F6A$O>/$J$$$G$9!#(B
Common Lisp$B$rCN$C$F$$$kFI<T$O!"(B
Common Lisp$B$H$NB?$/$NN`;wE@$K5$$E$+$l$k$G$7$g$&!#(B
$B$7$+$7$J$,$i!"(BCommon Lisp$B$NB?$/$N5!G=$O!"(B
$B>J$$$F$"$k$+!"C1=c2=$7$F$"$j$^$9!#(B
$B$3$l$O!"(BGNU Emacs$B$,I,MW$H$9$k%a%b%jNL$r:o8:$9$k$?$a$G$9!#(B
$B$H$-$K$O!"7`E*$KC1=c2=$7$F$"$k$?$a$K!"(B
Common Lisp$B%f!<%6!<$O:.Mp$9$k$+$b$7$l$^$;$s!#(B
GNU Emacs Lisp$B$H(BCommon Lisp$B$H$NAj0cE@$O!"(B
$B$3$H$"$k$4$H$K;XE&$9$k$D$b$j$G$9!#(B
Common Lisp$B$rCN$i$J$$FI<T$O!"2?$b?4G[$9$k$3$H$O$"$j$^$;$s!#(B
$BK\=q$O<+8J407k$7$F$$$^$9!#(B

@pindex cl
@c   A certain amount of Common Lisp emulation is available via the
@c @file{cl} library @xref{Top,, Common Lisp Extension, cl, Common Lisp
@c Extensions}.
@file{cl}$B%i%$%V%i%j$K$h$j!"(BCommon Lisp$B$r$+$J$j%(%_%e%l!<%H$G$-$^$9!#(B
@xref{Top,, Common Lisp Extension, cl, Common Lisp Extensions}$B!#(B

@c   Emacs Lisp is not at all influenced by Scheme; but the GNU project has
@c an implementation of Scheme, called Guile.  We use Guile in all new GNU
@c software that calls for extensibility.
Emacs Lisp$B$O(BScheme$B$N1F6A$r$^$C$?$/<u$1$F$$$^$;$s!#(B
$B$7$+$7!"(BGNU$B%W%m%8%'%/%H$K$O!"(BGuile$B$H8F$P$l$k(BScheme$B$N<BAu$,$"$j$^$9!#(B
$B3HD%$,I,MW$J$9$Y$F$N?7$?$J(BGNU$B%=%U%H%&%'%"$G$O(BGuile$B$r;H$$$^$9!#(B

@node Conventions
@c @section Conventions
@section $BI=5-K!(B

@c This section explains the notational conventions that are used in this
@c manual.  You may want to skip this section and refer back to it later.
$BK\@a$G$O!"K\=q$GMQ$$$kI=5-K!$r@bL@$7$^$9!#(B
$BK\@a$rFI$_Ht$P$7$F!"$"$H$G;2>H$7$F$b$+$^$$$^$;$s!#(B

@menu
* Some Terms::               Explanation of terms we use in this manual.
* nil and t::                How the symbols @code{nil} and @code{t} are used.
* Evaluation Notation::      The format we use for examples of evaluation.
* Printing Notation::        The format we use when examples print text.
* Error Messages::           The format we use for examples of errors.
* Buffer Text Notation::     The format we use for buffer contents in examples.
* Format of Descriptions::   Notation for describing functions, variables, etc.
@end menu

@node Some Terms
@c @subsection Some Terms
@subsection $BMQ8l(B

@c   Throughout this manual, the phrases ``the Lisp reader'' and ``the Lisp
@c printer'' refer to those routines in Lisp that convert textual
@c representations of Lisp objects into actual Lisp objects, and vice
@c versa.  @xref{Printed Representation}, for more details.  You, the
@c person reading this manual, are thought of as ``the programmer'' and are
@c addressed as ``you''.  ``The user'' is the person who uses Lisp
@c programs, including those you write.
$BK\=q$G$O!"!X(BLisp$B%j!<%@!Y$*$h$S!X(BLisp$B%W%j%s%?!Y$H$$$&8@MU$G!"(B
Lisp$B%*%V%8%'%/%H$N%F%-%9%HI=8=$r<B:]$N(BLisp$B%*%V%8%'%/%H$KJQ49$9$k(B
Lisp$BFbIt$N%k!<%F%#%s72!"$*$h$S!"5U$NJQ49$r9T$&%k!<%F%#%s72$r;X$7$^$9!#(B
$B>\$7$/$O!"(B@xref{Printed Representation}$B!#(B
$BK\=q$NFI<T$r!X%W%m%0%i%^!Y$H9M$($F!XFI<T!Y$H8F$S$^$9!#(B
$B!X%f!<%6!<!Y$H$O:n<T<+?H$r4^$a$?(BLisp$B%W%m%0%i%`$r;H$&?M$N$3$H$G$9!#(B

@c @cindex fonts
@cindex $B%U%)%s%H(B
@c   Examples of Lisp code appear in this font or form: @code{(list 1 2
@c 3)}.  Names that represent metasyntactic variables, or arguments to a
@c function being described, appear in this font or form:
@c @var{first-number}.
Lisp$B%3!<%I$NNc$O!"(B@code{(list 1 2 3)}$B$H$$$&7A<0$G!"(B
$B$3$N%U%)%s%H$G5-$7$^$9!#(B
$B%a%?$JJQ?t$NL>A0$d@bL@BP>]$N4X?t$KBP$9$k0z?t$NL>A0$O!"(B
@var{first-number}$B$H$$$&7A<0$G!"$3$N%U%)%s%H$G=q$-$^$9!#(B

@node nil and t
@c @subsection @code{nil} and @code{t}
@subsection @code{nil}$B$H(B@code{t}
@c @cindex @code{nil}, uses of
@c @cindex truth value
@c @cindex boolean
@c @cindex false
@cindex @code{nil}$B$N;H$$J}(B
@cindex $B??M}CM(B
@cindex $B%V!<%kCM(B
@cindex $B56!J(Bfalse$B!K(B
@cindex false$B!J56!K(B

@c   In Lisp, the symbol @code{nil} has three separate meanings: it
@c is a symbol with the name @samp{nil}; it is the logical truth value
@c @var{false}; and it is the empty list---the list of zero elements.
@c When used as a variable, @code{nil} always has the value @code{nil}.
Lisp$B$G$O!"%7%s%\%k(B@code{nil}$B$K$O(B3$B$D$N0[$J$k0UL#$,$"$j$^$9!#(B
$B$^$:!"(B@code{nil}$B$H$$$&L>A0$N%7%s%\%k$G$9!#(B
2$B$D$a$O!"??M}CM$N(B@var{$B56(B}$B!J(Bfalse$B!K$G$9!#(B
3$B$D$a$O!"6u%j%9%H!"$D$^$j!"MWAG?t$,(B0$B8D$N%j%9%H$G$9!#(B
$BJQ?t$H$7$F;H$C$?>l9g!"(B@code{nil}$B$NCM$O$D$M$K(B@code{nil}$B$G$9!#(B

@c   As far as the Lisp reader is concerned, @samp{()} and @samp{nil} are
@c identical: they stand for the same object, the symbol @code{nil}.  The
@c different ways of writing the symbol are intended entirely for human
@c readers.  After the Lisp reader has read either @samp{()} or @samp{nil},
@c there is no way to determine which representation was actually written
@c by the programmer.
Lisp$B%j!<%@$K$H$C$F$O!"(B@samp{()}$B$H(B@samp{nil}$B$OF10l$G$9!#(B
$B$I$A$i$b!"F1$8%*%V%8%'%/%H!"%7%s%\%k(B@code{nil}$B$rI=$7$^$9!#(B
$B%7%s%\%k$r0[$J$C$?=q$-J}$K$9$k$N$O!"40A4$K?M4V8~$1$G$9!#(B
@samp{()}$B$d(B@samp{nil}$B$r(BLisp$B%j!<%@$,FI$_<h$C$?$"$H$G$O!"(B
$B%W%m%0%i%^$,<B:]$K$I$A$i$NI=5-$rMQ$$$?$+$o$+$j$^$;$s!#(B

@c   In this manual, we use @code{()} when we wish to emphasize that it
@c means the empty list, and we use @code{nil} when we wish to emphasize
@c that it means the truth value @var{false}.  That is a good convention to use
@c in Lisp programs also.
$BK\=q$G$O!"6u%j%9%H$r6/D4$9$k$H$-$K$O(B@code{()}$B$r;H$$!"(B
$B??M}CM$N(B@var{$B56(B}$B$r6/D4$9$k$H$-$K$O(B@code{nil}$B$r;H$$$^$9!#(B
$B$3$l$O!"(BLisp$B%W%m%0%i%`$G$b;H$&$H$h$$47=,$G$9!#(B

@example
@c (cons 'foo ())                ; @r{Emphasize the empty list}
@c (not nil)                     ; @r{Emphasize the truth value @var{false}}
(cons 'foo ())                ; @r{$B6u%j%9%H$G$"$k$3$H$r6/D4$9$k(B}
(not nil)                     ; @r{$B??M}CM$N(B@var{$B56(B}$B$G$"$k$3$H$r6/D4$9$k(B}
@end example

@c @cindex @code{t} and truth
@c @cindex true
@cindex @code{t}$B$H??(B
@cindex $B??!J(Btrue$B!K(B
@cindex true$B!J??!K(B
@c   In contexts where a truth value is expected, any non-@code{nil} value
@c is considered to be @var{true}.  However, @code{t} is the preferred way
@c to represent the truth value @var{true}.  When you need to choose a
@c value which represents @var{true}, and there is no other basis for
@c choosing, use @code{t}.  The symbol @code{t} always has the value
@c @code{t}.
$B??M}CM$N??$rI,MW$H$9$k>lLL$G$O!"(B
@code{nil}$B0J30$NCM$O!"(B@var{$B??(B}$B!J(Btrue$B!K$G$"$k$H$_$J$7$^$9!#(B
$B$7$+$7!"(B@var{$B??(B}$B$rI=$9K>$^$7$$=q$-J}$O(B@code{t}$B$G$9!#(B
@var{$B??(B}$B$rI=$9CM$,I,MW$J$H$-!"(B
$BE,Ev$JH=CG4p=`$,$J$$>l9g$K$O(B@code{t}$B$r;H$$$^$9!#(B
$B%7%s%\%k(B@code{t}$B$NCM$O$D$M$K(B@code{t}$B$G$9!#(B

@c   In Emacs Lisp, @code{nil} and @code{t} are special symbols that always
@c evaluate to themselves.  This is so that you do not need to quote them
@c to use them as constants in a program.  An attempt to change their
@c values results in a @code{setting-constant} error.  The same is true of
@c any symbol whose name starts with a colon (@samp{:}).  @xref{Constant
@c Variables}.
Emacs Lisp$B$G$O!"(B@code{nil}$B$H(B@code{t}$B$OFCJL$J%7%s%\%k$G$"$j!"(B
$BI>2A$9$k$H$=$l<+?H$K$J$j$^$9!#(B
$B$=$N$?$a!"$3$l$i$r%W%m%0%i%`Fb$GDj?t$H$7$F;H$&$H$-!"(B
$B$3$l$i$r%/%)!<%H$9$kI,MW$O$"$j$^$;$s!#(B
$B$3$l$i$NCM$rJQ99$7$h$&$H$9$k$H!"%(%i!<(B@code{setting-constant}$B$K$J$j$^$9!#(B
$B%3%m%s!J(B@samp{:}$B!K$G;O$^$kL>A0$N%7%s%\%k$bF1MM$G$9!#(B
@xref{Constant Variables}$B!#(B

@node Evaluation Notation
@c @subsection Evaluation Notation
@subsection $BI>2A$NI=5-K!(B
@c @cindex evaluation notation
@c @cindex documentation notation
@cindex $BI>2A$NI=5-K!(B
@cindex $BI=5-K!!"I>2A(B
@cindex $B5-=R$NI=5-K!(B
@cindex $BI=5-K!!"5-=R(B

@c   A Lisp expression that you can evaluate is called a @dfn{form}.
@c Evaluating a form always produces a result, which is a Lisp object.  In
@c the examples in this manual, this is indicated with @samp{@result{}}:
$BI>2A2DG=$J(BLisp$B<0$r(B@dfn{$B%U%)!<%`(B}$B!J(Bform$B!"7A<0!K$H8F$S$^$9!#(B
$B%U%)!<%`$rI>2A$9$k$H!"(BLisp$B%*%V%8%'%/%H$G$"$k7k2L$r@8$8$^$9!#(B
$BK\=q$NNcBj$G$O!"$3$l$r(B@samp{@result{}}$B$GI=$7$^$9!#(B

@example
(car '(1 2))
     @result{} 1
@end example

@noindent
@c You can read this as ``@code{(car '(1 2))} evaluates to 1''.
$B$3$l$O!"!X(B@code{(car '(1 2))}$B$rI>2A$9$k$H(B1$B$K$J$k!Y$HFI$_$^$9!#(B

@c   When a form is a macro call, it expands into a new form for Lisp to
@c evaluate.  We show the result of the expansion with
@c @samp{@expansion{}}.  We may or may not show the result of the
@c evaluation of the expanded form.
$B%U%)!<%`$,%^%/%m8F$S=P$7$N>l9g$K$O!"(B
Lisp$B$,I>2A$9$Y$-?7$?$J%U%)!<%`$KE83+$7$^$9!#(B
$BE83+7k2L$r(B@samp{@expansion{}}$B$GI=$7$^$9!#(B
$BE83+$7$?%U%)!<%`$NI>2A7k2L$r<($9>l9g$b$"$l$P!"(B
$B<($5$J$$>l9g$b$"$j$^$9!#(B

@example
(third '(a b c))
     @expansion{} (car (cdr (cdr '(a b c))))
     @result{} c
@end example

@c   Sometimes to help describe one form we show another form that
@c produces identical results.  The exact equivalence of two forms is
@c indicated with @samp{@equiv{}}.
$B$"$k%U%)!<%`$r@bL@$9$k$H$-$K!"(B
$BF10l$N7k2L$r@8$8$kJL$N%U%)!<%`$r<($9$3$H$,$"$j$^$9!#(B
2$B$D$N$^$C$?$/Ey2A$J%U%)!<%`$r(B@samp{@equiv{}}$B$GI=$7$^$9!#(B

@example
(make-sparse-keymap) @equiv{} (list 'keymap)
@end example

@node Printing Notation
@c @subsection Printing Notation
@subsection $B7k2LI=<($NI=5-K!(B
@c @cindex printing notation
@cindex $B7k2LI=<($NI=5-K!(B
@cindex $BI=5-K!!"7k2LI=<((B

@c   Many of the examples in this manual print text when they are
@c evaluated.  If you execute example code in a Lisp Interaction buffer
@c (such as the buffer @samp{*scratch*}), the printed text is inserted into
@c the buffer.  If you execute the example by other means (such as by
@c evaluating the function @code{eval-region}), the printed text is
@c displayed in the echo area.  You should be aware that text displayed in
@c the echo area is truncated to a single line.
$BK\=q$N?tB?$/$NNcBj$O!"I>2A$9$k$H%F%-%9%H$rI=<($7$^$9!#(B
$B!J(B@samp{*scratch*}$B%P%C%U%!$N$h$&$J!K(BLisp$BBPOC%P%C%U%!$GNcBj$N%3!<%I$r(B
$B<B9T$9$k$H!"I=<(%F%-%9%H$O%P%C%U%!$KA^F~$5$l$^$9!#(B
$B!J4X?t(B@code{eval-region}$B$GI>2A$9$k$J$I$N!K(B
$BJL$N<jCJ$GNcBj$r<B9T$9$k$H!"I=<(%F%-%9%H$O%(%3!<NN0h$KI=<($5$l$^$9!#(B
$B%(%3!<NN0h$KI=<($5$l$k%F%-%9%H$O!"(B1$B9T$K@Z$j5M$a$i$l$F$$$k$3$H$K(B
$BCm0U$7$F$/$@$5$$!#(B

@c   Examples in this manual indicate printed text with @samp{@print{}},
@c irrespective of where that text goes.  The value returned by evaluating
@c the form (here @code{bar}) follows on a separate line.
$BK\=q$NNcBj$G$O!"I=<(>l=j$K$OL54X78$K!"(B
$BI=<(%F%-%9%H$r(B@samp{@print{}}$B$GI=$7$^$9!#(B
$B%U%)!<%`$rI>2A$7$?7k2LJV$5$l$kCM!J$3$3$G$O(B@code{bar}$B!K$O!"(B
$B8eB3$N9T$KJ,$1$F=q$-$^$9!#(B

@example
@group
(progn (print 'foo) (print 'bar))
     @print{} foo
     @print{} bar
     @result{} bar
@end group
@end example

@node Error Messages
@c @subsection Error Messages
@subsection $B%(%i!<%a%C%;!<%8(B
@c @cindex error message notation
@cindex $B%(%i!<%a%C%;!<%8$NI=5-K!(B
@cindex $BI=5-K!!"%(%i!<%a%C%;!<%8(B

@c   Some examples signal errors.  This normally displays an error message
@c in the echo area.  We show the error message on a line starting with
@c @samp{@error{}}.  Note that @samp{@error{}} itself does not appear in
@c the echo area.
$B%(%i!<$rDLCN$9$kNcBj$b$"$j$^$9!#(B
$B$3$l$O!"DL>o!"%(%3!<NN0h$K%(%i!<%a%C%;!<%8$rI=<($7$^$9!#(B
$B%(%i!<%a%C%;!<%8$O!"(B@samp{@error{}}$B$G;O$^$k9T$K<($7$^$9!#(B
$B%(%3!<NN0h$K$O!"(B@samp{@error{}}$B$OI=<($5$l$J$$$3$H$KCm0U$7$F$/$@$5$$!#(B

@example
(+ 23 'x)
@error{} Wrong type argument: number-or-marker-p, x
@end example

@node Buffer Text Notation
@c @subsection Buffer Text Notation
@subsection $B%P%C%U%!Fb$N%F%-%9%H$NI=5-K!(B
@c @cindex buffer text notation
@cindex $B%P%C%U%!Fb$N%F%-%9%H$NI=5-K!(B
@cindex $BI=5-K!!"%P%C%U%!Fb$N%F%-%9%H(B

@c   Some examples show modifications to text in a buffer, with ``before''
@c and ``after'' versions of the text.  These examples show the contents of
@c the buffer in question between two lines of dashes containing the buffer
@c name.  In addition, @samp{@point{}} indicates the location of point.
@c (The symbol for point, of course, is not part of the text in the buffer;
@c it indicates the place @emph{between} two characters where point is
@c currently located.)
$B%P%C%U%!Fb$N%F%-%9%H$r=$@5$9$kNcBj$b$"$j$^$9!#(B
$B$3$N$h$&$J>l9g!"!X<B9TA0!Y$H!X<B9T8e!Y$N%F%-%9%H$r<($7$^$9!#(B
$B$=$l$i$NNcBj$G$O!"%P%C%U%!L>$r4^$a$?%@%C%7%e$+$i@.$k(B2$B9T$G64$s$G!"(B
$BEv3:%P%C%U%!$NFbMF$r<($7$^$9!#(B
$B$5$i$K!"%]%$%s%H0LCV$r(B@samp{@point{}}$B$GI=$7$^$9!#(B
$B!J$b$A$m$s!"%]%$%s%H$rI=$95-9f$O!"%P%C%U%!Fb$N%F%-%9%H$N0lIt$G$O$J$$!#(B
$B8=:_%]%$%s%H$,0LCV$9$k(B2$B$D$NJ8;z$N(B@emph{$B$"$$$@(B}$B$rI=$9!#!K(B

@example
---------- Buffer: foo ----------
This is the @point{}contents of foo.
---------- Buffer: foo ----------

(insert "changed ")
     @result{} nil
---------- Buffer: foo ----------
This is the changed @point{}contents of foo.
---------- Buffer: foo ----------
@end example

@node Format of Descriptions
@c @subsection Format of Descriptions
@subsection $B5-=R7A<0(B
@c @cindex description format
@cindex $B5-=R7A<0(B

@c   Functions, variables, macros, commands, user options, and special
@c forms are described in this manual in a uniform format.  The first
@c line of a description contains the name of the item followed by its
@c arguments, if any.
$B4X?t!"JQ?t!"%^%/%m!"%3%^%s%I!"%f!<%6!<%*%W%7%g%s!"(B
$B%9%Z%7%c%k%U%)!<%`$O!"K\=q$G$OE}0l$7$?7A<0$G5-=R$7$^$9!#(B
$BBh(B1$B9TL\$O!"$=$l$>$l$NL>A0$H!"0z?t$,$"$l$P0z?t72$G$9!#(B
@ifinfo
@c The category---function, variable, or whatever---appears at the
@c beginning of the line.
$B4X?t!"JQ?t!"%^%/%m!"%3%^%s%I!"%f!<%6!<%*%W%7%g%s$NJ,N`$r9TF,$K=q$-$^$9!#(B
@end ifinfo
@iftex
@c The category---function, variable, or whatever---is printed next to the
@c right margin.
$B1&C<$K$O!"4X?t!"JQ?t$J$I$NJ,N`$r<($7$^$9!#(B
@end iftex
@c The description follows on succeeding lines, sometimes with examples.
$B$3$l$K@bL@J8$,B3$-!">l9g$K$h$C$F$ONcBj$b<($7$^$9!#(B

@menu
* A Sample Function Description::       A description of an imaginary
                                          function, @code{foo}.
* A Sample Variable Description::       A description of an imaginary
                                          variable,
                                          @code{electric-future-map}.  
@end menu

@node A Sample Function Description
@c @subsubsection A Sample Function Description
@subsubsection $B4X?t$N5-=RNc(B
@c @cindex function descriptions
@c @cindex command descriptions
@c @cindex macro descriptions
@c @cindex special form descriptions
@cindex $B4X?t$N5-=R(B
@cindex $B5-=R!"4X?t(B
@cindex $B%3%^%s%I$N5-=R(B
@cindex $B5-=R!"%3%^%s%I(B
@cindex $B%^%/%m$N5-=R(B
@cindex $B5-=R!"%^%/%m(B
@cindex $B%9%Z%7%c%k%U%)!<%`$N5-=R(B
@cindex $B5-=R!"%9%Z%7%c%k%U%)!<%`(B

@c   In a function description, the name of the function being described
@c appears first.  It is followed on the same line by a list of argument
@c names.  These names are also used in the body of the description, to
@c stand for the values of the arguments.
$B4X?t$N5-=R$G$O!"$^$:;O$a$K@bL@BP>]$N4X?tL>$,$"$j$^$9!#(B
$BF1$89T$K$O!"0z?tL>$NJB$S$bB3$-$^$9!#(B
$B$3$l$i$NL>A0$O!"@bL@J8$NCf$G0z?t$NCM$r;2>H$9$k$?$a$K;H$$$^$9!#(B

@c   The appearance of the keyword @code{&optional} in the argument list
@c indicates that the subsequent arguments may be omitted (omitted
@c arguments default to @code{nil}).  Do not write @code{&optional} when
@c you call the function.
$B0z?t$J$i$S$K%-!<%o!<%I(B@code{&optional}$B$,8=$l$F$$$l$P!"(B
$B$=$l0J9_$N0z?t$r>JN,$G$-$k$3$H$r<($7$^$9!J>JN,$7$?0z?t$NCM$O(B@code{nil}$B!K!#(B
$B4X?t$r8F$S=P$9$H$-$K(B@code{&optional}$B$r=q$$$F$O$$$1$^$;$s!#(B

@c   The keyword @code{&rest} (which must be followed by a single argument
@c name) indicates that any number of arguments can follow.  The single
@c following argument name will have a value, as a variable, which is a
@c list of all these remaining arguments.  Do not write @code{&rest} when
@c you call the function.
$B%-!<%o!<%I(B@code{&rest} $B!J$3$N$"$H$K$O(B1$B$D$N0z?tL>$@$1$,B3$/!K$O!"(B
$B;D$j$N0z?t$,2?8D$G$b$h$$$3$H$r<($7$^$9!#(B
$BD>8e$K$"$k(B1$B$D$N0z?tL>$O!"JQ?t$H$7$F$NCM$r;}$A!"(B
$B$=$NCM$O;D$j$N$9$Y$F$N0z?t$N%j%9%H$G$9!#(B
$B4X?t$r8F$S=P$9$H$-$K(B@code{&rest}$B$r=q$$$F$O$$$1$^$;$s!#(B

@c   Here is a description of an imaginary function @code{foo}:
$B$G$O!"2>A[E*$J4X?t(B@code{foo}$B$N5-=R$r0J2<$K<($7$^$9!#(B

@defun foo integer1 &optional integer2 &rest integers
@c The function @code{foo} subtracts @var{integer1} from @var{integer2},
@c then adds all the rest of the arguments to the result.  If @var{integer2}
@c is not supplied, then the number 19 is used by default.
$B4X?t(B@code{foo}$B$O!"(B@var{integer2}$B$+$i(B@var{integer1}$B$r0z$-;;$7!"(B
$B;D$j$N$9$Y$F$N0z?t$r8:;;7k2L$K2C$($k!#(B
@var{integer2}$B$r;XDj$7$J$$$H!"%G%U%)%k%H$G$O!"?t(B19$B$+$i0z$-;;$9$k!#(B

@example
(foo 1 5 3 9)
     @result{} 16
(foo 5)
     @result{} 14
@end example

@need 1500
@c More generally,
$B$h$j0lHLE*$K$O!"$D$.$N$H$*$j!#(B

@example
(foo @var{w} @var{x} @var{y}@dots{})
@equiv{}
(+ (- @var{x} @var{w}) @var{y}@dots{})
@end example
@end defun

@c   Any argument whose name contains the name of a type (e.g.,
@c @var{integer}, @var{integer1} or @var{buffer}) is expected to be of that
@c type.  A plural of a type (such as @var{buffers}) often means a list of
@c objects of that type.  Arguments named @var{object} may be of any type.
@c (@xref{Lisp Data Types}, for a list of Emacs object types.)  Arguments
@c with other sorts of names (e.g., @var{new-file}) are discussed
@c specifically in the description of the function.  In some sections,
@c features common to the arguments of several functions are described at
@c the beginning.
$B!J(B@var{integer}$B!"(B@var{integer1}$B!"(B@var{buffer}$B$J$I$N!K7?L>$rL>A0$H$9$k0z?t$O!"(B
$B$=$N7?$NCM$G$"$k$H2>Dj$7$^$9!#(B
$B!J(B@var{buffers}$B$N$h$&$K!K7?$rJ#?t7A$K$7$?>l9g$K$O!"(B
$B$7$P$7$P!"$=$N7?$N%*%V%8%'%/%H$N%j%9%H$r0UL#$7$^$9!#(B
@var{object}$B$H$$$&L>A0$N0z?t$O!"G$0U$N7?$G$+$^$$$^$;$s!#(B
$B!J(BEmacs$B%*%V%8%'%/%H$N7?$N0lMw$K$D$$$F$O!"(B@pxref{Lisp Data Types}$B!K!#(B
$B!J(B@var{new-file}$B$J$I$N!K$=$NB>$NL>A0$N0z?t$O!"4X?t$N@bL@J8$NCf$G8@5Z$7$^$9!#(B
$BJ#?t$N4X?t$N0z?t$K6&DL$9$kFCD'$K$D$$$F!"(B
$B@a$N;O$a$G@bL@$9$k>l9g$b$"$j$^$9!#(B

@c   @xref{Lambda Expressions}, for a more complete description of optional
@c and rest arguments.
@code{&optional}$B$H(B@code{&rest}$B$K$D$$$F$N>\$7$$@bL@$O!"(B
@xref{Lambda Expressions}$B!#(B

@c   Command, macro, and special form descriptions have the same format,
@c but the word `Function' is replaced by `Command', `Macro', or `Special
@c Form', respectively.  Commands are simply functions that may be called
@c interactively; macros process their arguments differently from functions
@c (the arguments are not evaluated), but are presented the same way.
$B%3%^%s%I!"%^%/%m!"%9%Z%7%c%k%U%)!<%`$N5-=R$bF1$87A<0$G$9$,!"(B
$B!V4X?t!W$N$+$o$j$K(B
$B!V%3%^%s%I!W!"!V%^%/%m!W!"!V%9%Z%7%c%k%U%)!<%`!W$N$$$:$l$+$G$9!#(B
$B%3%^%s%I$O!"BPOCE*$K8F$S=P$;$kC1$J$k4X?t$G$9!#(B
$B%^%/%m$O4X?t$H$O0c$C$?J}K!$G0z?t$r=hM}$7$^$9!J0z?t$rI>2A$7$J$$!K$,!"(B
$BF1$8J}K!$G0z?t$r5-$7$^$9!#(B

@c   Special form descriptions use a more complex notation to specify
@c optional and repeated arguments because they can break the argument
@c list down into separate arguments in more complicated ways.
@c @samp{@r{[}@var{optional-arg}@r{]}} means that @var{optional-arg} is
@c optional and @samp{@var{repeated-args}@dots{}} stands for zero or more
@c arguments.  Parentheses are used when several arguments are grouped into
@c additional levels of list structure.  Here is an example:
$B%9%Z%7%c%k%U%)!<%`$N5-=R$G$O!">JN,2DG=$J0z?t$d7+$jJV$5$l$k0z?t$r(B
$B<($9$?$a$K!"$h$jJ#;($J5-K!$r;H$$$^$9!#(B
$B$H$$$&$N$O!"0z?tJB$S$r8D!9$N0z?t$KJ,N%$9$kJ}K!$,J#;($@$+$i$G$9!#(B
@samp{@r{[}@var{optional-arg}@r{]}}$B$O!"(B
@var{optional-arg}$B$,>JN,2DG=$G$"$k$3$H$r<($7$^$9!#(B
$B$^$?!"(B@samp{@var{repeated-args}@dots{}}$B$O!"(B0$B8D0J>e$N0z?t$r<($7$^$9!#(B
$B$$$/$D$+$N0z?t$r%j%9%H9=B$$NFbB&$K$^$H$a$k$H$-$K$O!"(B
$B3g8L$r;H$$$^$9!#(B

@defspec count-loop (@var{var} [@var{from} @var{to} [@var{inc}]]) @var{body}@dots{}
@c This imaginary special form implements a loop that executes the
@c @var{body} forms and then increments the variable @var{var} on each
@c iteration.  On the first iteration, the variable has the value
@c @var{from}; on subsequent iterations, it is incremented by one (or by
@c @var{inc} if that is given).  The loop exits before executing @var{body}
@c if @var{var} equals @var{to}.  Here is an example:
$B$3$N2>A[E*$J%9%Z%7%c%k%U%)!<%`$O!"(B
$B%U%)!<%`72(B@var{body}$B$r<B9T$7$F$+$iJQ?t(B@var{var}$B$rA}$d$9$3$H$r(B
$BH?I|$9$k%k!<%W$r<B8=$9$k!#(B
$B:G=i$O!"JQ?t$NCM$O(B@var{from}$B$G$"$k!#(B
$B0J9_$NH?I|$G$O!"JQ?t$r(B1$B!J$"$k$$$O!";XDj$,$"$l$P(B@var{inc}$B$@$1!KA}$d$9!#(B
@var{var}$B$,(B@var{to}$B$KEy$7$/$J$k$H!"(B
@var{body}$B$r<B9T$;$:$K%k!<%W$+$iH4$1$k!#(B
$BNc$r<($9!#(B

@example
(count-loop (i 0 10)
  (prin1 i) (princ " ")
  (prin1 (aref vector i))
  (terpri))
@end example

@c If @var{from} and @var{to} are omitted, @var{var} is bound to
@c @code{nil} before the loop begins, and the loop exits if @var{var} is
@c non-@code{nil} at the beginning of an iteration.  Here is an example:
@var{from}$B$H(B@var{to}$B$r>JN,$9$k$H!"(B
$B%k!<%W3+;OA0$K(B@var{var}$B$K(B@code{nil}$B$rB+G{$7!"(B
$B3FH?I|$N3+;O;~$K(B@var{var}$B$,(B@code{nil}$B0J30$G$"$k$H%k!<%W$+$iH4$1=P$k!#(B

@example
(count-loop (done)
  (if (pending)
      (fixit)
    (setq done t)))
@end example

@c In this special form, the arguments @var{from} and @var{to} are
@c optional, but must both be present or both absent.  If they are present,
@c @var{inc} may optionally be specified as well.  These arguments are
@c grouped with the argument @var{var} into a list, to distinguish them
@c from @var{body}, which includes all remaining elements of the form.
$B$3$N%9%Z%7%c%k%U%)!<%`$G$O!"0z?t(B@var{from}$B$H(B@var{to}$B$O>JN,$G$-$k$,!"(B
$BN><T$rF1;~$K;XDj$9$k$+!"F1;~$K>JN,$9$k$3$H!#(B
$B$3$l$i$r;XDj$7$?>l9g!"(B@var{inc}$B$r;XDj$7$F$b$h$$!#(B
$B$3$l$i$N0z?t$O!"0z?t(B@var{var}$B$H$H$b$K%j%9%H$K$^$H$a$k!#(B
$B$3$l$O(B@var{body}$B$H6hJL$9$k$?$a$G$"$j!"(B
@var{body}$B$O;D$j$N%U%)!<%`$NMWAG$9$Y$F$r4^$`!#(B
@end defspec

@node A Sample Variable Description
@c @subsubsection A Sample Variable Description
@subsubsection $BJQ?t$N5-=RNc(B
@c @cindex variable descriptions
@c @cindex option descriptions
@cindex $BJQ?t$N5-=RNc(B
@cindex $B5-=RNc!"JQ?t(B
@cindex $B%*%W%7%g%s$N5-=RNc(B
@cindex $B5-=RNc!"%*%W%7%g%s(B

@c   A @dfn{variable} is a name that can hold a value.  Although any
@c variable can be set by the user, certain variables that exist
@c specifically so that users can change them are called @dfn{user
@c options}.  Ordinary variables and user options are described using a
@c format like that for functions except that there are no arguments.
@dfn{$BJQ?t(B}$B!J(Bvariable$B!K$O!"CM$rJ];}$9$k$?$a$NL>A0$G$9!#(B
$B%f!<%6!<$O$I$s$JJQ?t$G$b@_Dj$G$-$^$9$,!"(B
$B%f!<%6!<$,JQ992DG=$JFCDj$NJQ?t72$,$"$j!"(B
$B$=$l$i$r(B@dfn{$B%f!<%6!<%*%W%7%g%s(B}$B!J(Buser options$B!K$H8F$S$^$9!#(B
$BIaDL$NJQ?t$b%f!<%6!<%*%W%7%g%s$b4X?t$N5-=R$HF1$87A<0$G<($7$^$9$,!"(B
$B$=$l$i$K0z?t$O$"$j$^$;$s!#(B

@c   Here is a description of the imaginary @code{electric-future-map}
@c variable.@refill
$B2>A[E*$JJQ?t(B@code{electric-future-map}$B$N5-=RNc$r<($7$^$9!#(B

@defvar electric-future-map
@c The value of this variable is a full keymap used by Electric Command
@c Future mode.  The functions in this map allow you to edit commands you
@c have not yet thought about executing.
$B$3$NJQ?t$NCM$O!"(BElectric Command Future$B%b!<%I$G;HMQ$9$k(B
$B40A4$J%-!<%^%C%W$G$"$k!#(B
$B$3$N%^%C%W$K4^$^$l$k4X?t$O!"$^$@<B9T$7$F$$$J$$%3%^%s%I$NJT=8$r2DG=$K$9$k!#(B
@end defvar

@c   User option descriptions have the same format, but `Variable' is
@c replaced by `User Option'.
$B%f!<%6!<%*%W%7%g%s$N5-=R$bF1$87A<0$G$9$,!"(B
$B!VJQ?t!W$N$+$o$j$K!V%f!<%6!<%*%W%7%g%s!W$G$9!#(B

@node Version Info
@c @section Version Information
@section $BHG>pJs(B

@c   These facilities provide information about which version of Emacs is
@c in use.
$B$3$l$i$N5!9=$O!";HMQCf$N(BEmacs$B$NHG$K4X$9$k>pJs$rDs6!$7$^$9!#(B

@c @deffn Command emacs-version
@deffn $B%3%^%s%I(B emacs-version
@c This function returns a string describing the version of Emacs that is
@c running.  It is useful to include this string in bug reports.
$B$3$N4X?t$O!"<B9TCf$N(BEmacs$B$NHG$r5-=R$7$?J8;zNs$rJV$9!#(B
$B$3$NJ8;zNs$O%P%0$NJs9p$K4^$a$k$HM-1W$G$"$k!#(B

@smallexample
@group
(emacs-version)
  @result{} "GNU Emacs 20.3.5 (i486-pc-linux-gnulibc1, X toolkit)
 of Sat Feb 14 1998 on psilocin.gnu.org"
@end group
@end smallexample

@c Called interactively, the function prints the same information in the
@c echo area.
$BBPOCE*$K8F$S=P$9$H!"$3$N4X?t$OF1$8>pJs$r%(%3!<NN0h$KI=<($9$k!#(B
@end deffn

@defvar emacs-build-time
@c The value of this variable indicates the time at which Emacs was built
@c at the local site.  It is a list of three integers, like the value
@c of @code{current-time} (@pxref{Time of Day}).
$B$3$NJQ?t$NCM$O!"%m!<%+%k$N%5%$%H$G(BEmacs$B$r9=C[$7$?F|;~$r<($9!#(B
3$B$D$N@0?t$+$i@.$k%j%9%H$G$"$j!"(B
@code{current-time}$B$HF1MM$N$b$N!J(B@pxref{Time of Day}$B!K!#(B

@example
@group
emacs-build-time
     @result{} (13623 62065 344633)
@end group
@end example
@end defvar

@defvar emacs-version
@c The value of this variable is the version of Emacs being run.  It is a
@c string such as @code{"20.3.1"}.  The last number in this string is not
@c really part of the Emacs release version number; it is incremented each
@c time you build Emacs in any given directory.
$B$3$NJQ?t$NCM$O!"<B9TCf$N(BEmacs$B$NHGHV9f!#(B
@code{"20.3.1"}$B$N$h$&$JJ8;zNs$G$"$k!#(B
$B$3$NJ8;zNs$N:G8e$N?t;z$O!"(BEmacs$B$N%j%j!<%9HGHV9f$N0lIt$G$O$J$/!"(B
$BFCDj$N%G%#%l%/%H%j$G(BEmacs$B$r9=C[$9$k$?$S$KA}$($k!#(B
@end defvar

@c   The following two variables have existed since Emacs version 19.23:
$B$D$.$N(B2$B$D$NJQ?t$O!"(BEmacs 19.23$B0J9_$KB8:_$7$^$9!#(B

@defvar emacs-major-version
@c The major version number of Emacs, as an integer.  For Emacs version
@c 20.3, the value is 20.
Emacs$B$N%a%8%c!<HGHV9f$rI=$9@0?t!#(B
Emacs 20.3$B$G$O!"CM$O(B20$B!#(B
@end defvar

@defvar emacs-minor-version
@c The minor version number of Emacs, as an integer.  For Emacs version
@c 20.3, the value is 3.
Emacs$B$N%^%$%JHGHV9f$rI=$9@0?t!#(B
Emacs 20.3$B$G$O!"CM$O(B3$B!#(B
@end defvar

@node Acknowledgements
@c @section Acknowledgements
@section $B<U<-(B

@c   This manual was written by Robert Krawitz, Bil Lewis, Dan LaLiberte,
@c Richard M. Stallman and Chris Welty, the volunteers of the GNU manual
@c group, in an effort extending over several years.  Robert J. Chassell
@c helped to review and edit the manual, with the support of the Defense
@c Advanced Research Projects Agency, ARPA Order 6082, arranged by Warren
@c A. Hunt, Jr. of Computational Logic, Inc.
$BK\=q$O!"(BRobert Krawitz$B!"(BBil Lewis$B!"(BDan LaLiberte$B!"(B
Richard M. Stallman$B!"(BChris Welty$B!"(BGNU$B%^%K%e%"%k%W%m%8%'%/%H$N%\%i%s%F%#%"(B
$B$K$h$k2?G/$K$b$o$?$kEXNO$G<9I.$5$l$^$7$?!#(B
Computational Logic$B<R$N(BWarren A. Hunt, Jr.$B$,<jG[$7$?(B
$B9qKI>J(BAdvanced Research Projects Agency$B!"(BARPA Order 6082$B$N1g=u$N$b$H!"(B
Robert J. Chassell$B$OK\=q$N%l%S%e!<$HJT=8$K6(NO$7$F$/$l$^$7$?!#(B

@c   Corrections were supplied by Karl Berry, Jim Blandy, Bard Bloom,
@c Stephane Boucher, David Boyes, Alan Carroll, Richard Davis, Lawrence
@c R. Dodd, Peter Doornbosch, David A. Duff, Chris Eich, Beverly
@c Erlebacher, David Eckelkamp, Ralf Fassel, Eirik Fuller, Stephen Gildea,
@c Bob Glickstein, Eric Hanchrow, George Hartzell, Nathan Hess, Masayuki
@c Ida, Dan Jacobson, Jak Kirman, Bob Knighten, Frederick M. Korz, Joe
@c Lammens, Glenn M. Lewis, K. Richard Magill, Brian Marick, Roland
@c McGrath, Skip Montanaro, John Gardiner Myers, Thomas A. Peterson,
@c Francesco Potorti, Friedrich Pukelsheim, Arnold D. Robbins, Raul
@c Rockwell, Per Starback, Shinichirou Sugou, Kimmo Suominen, Edward Tharp,
@c Bill Trost, Rickard Westman, Jean White, Matthew Wilding, Carl Witty,
@c Dale Worley, Rusty Wright, and David D. Zuhn.
$B0J2<$NJ}!9$,D{@5$rAw$C$F$/$l$^$7$?!#(B
Karl Berry$B!"(BJim Blandy$B!"(BBard Bloom$B!"(B
Stephane Boucher$B!"(BDavid Boyes$B!"(BAlan Carroll$B!"(BRichard Davis$B!"(BLawrence
R. Dodd$B!"(BPeter Doornbosch$B!"(BDavid A. Duff$B!"(BChris Eich$B!"(BBeverly
Erlebacher$B!"(BDavid Eckelkamp$B!"(BRalf Fassel$B!"(BEirik Fuller$B!"(BStephen Gildea$B!"(B
Bob Glickstein$B!"(BEric Hanchrow$B!"(BGeorge Hartzell$B!"(BNathan Hess$B!"(B
Masayuki Ida$B!"(B
Dan Jacobson$B!"(BJak Kirman$B!"(BBob Knighten$B!"(BFrederick M. Korz$B!"(BJoe
Lammens$B!"(BGlenn M. Lewis$B!"(BK. Richard Magill$B!"(BBrian Marick$B!"(BRoland
McGrath$B!"(BSkip Montanaro$B!"(BJohn Gardiner Myers$B!"(BThomas A. Peterson$B!"(B
Francesco Potorti$B!"(BFriedrich Pukelsheim$B!"(BArnold D. Robbins$B!"(BRaul
Rockwell$B!"(BPer Starback$B!"(BShinichirou Sugou$B!"(BKimmo Suominen$B!"(BEdward Tharp$B!"(B
Bill Trost$B!"(BRickard Westman$B!"(BJean White$B!"(BMatthew Wilding$B!"(BCarl Witty$B!"(B
Dale Worley$B!"(BRusty Wright$B!"(BDavid D. Zuhn$B!#(B